BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Amendments of olive orchard soil with two different preparations of olive mill solid waste (OMWMs) at the rate of 9tonha(-1) per year for five years in two different plots were compared with an industry standard soil amendment using urea. Both the OMWMs amendments showed significant increases in total organic carbon and humic substances in soil of approximately 40% and 58%, respectively, without negative effects on tree growth and yield. This work has shown that olive oil mill waste (OMW) can be recycled safely using the bioremediation system used in this study. We suggest that this system is particularly beneficial to organic farming and is an alternative solution to direct spreading of raw OMW on farm lands.

背景与目标： ：在两种不同的土地上，以每年9tonha（-1）的速率在两种不同的土地上对两种不同的橄榄磨固体废物（OMWMs）进行的橄榄果园土壤改良，与使用尿素的工业标准土壤改良剂进行了比较。两项OMWM修正案均显示土壤中的总有机碳和腐殖质分别显着增加了约40％和58％，而对树木的生长和产量没有负面影响。这项工作表明，使用本研究中使用的生物修复系统可以安全地回收橄榄油厂废料（OMW）。我们建议该系统特别有利于有机耕作，是直接将原始OMW散布在农田上的替代解决方案。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Regulatory agencies and photochemical models of ozone rely on self-reported industrial emission rates of organic gases. Incorrect self-reported emissions can severely impact on air quality models and regulatory decisions. We compared self-reported emissions of organic gases in Houston, Texas, to measurements at a receptor site near the Houston ship channel, a major petrochemical complex. We analyzed hourly observations of total nonmethane organic carbon and 54 hydrocarbon compounds from C-2 to C-9 for the period June through November, 1993. We were able to demonstrate severe inconsistencies between reported emissions and major sources as derived from the data using a multivariate receptor model. The composition and the location of the sources as deduced from the data are not consistent with the reported industrial emissions. On the other hand, our observationally based methods did correctly identify the location and composition of a relatively small nearby chemical plant. This paper provides strong empirical evidence that regulatory agencies and photochemical models are making predictions based on inaccurate industrial emissions.

背景与目标： ：臭氧的管理机构和光化学模型依赖于自我报告的工业有机气体排放率。不正确的自我报告排放会严重影响空气质量模型和法规决策。我们将得克萨斯州休斯敦的自报有机气体排放量与主要石化综合体休斯敦船舶航道附近的接收站的测量结果进行了比较。我们分析了1993年6月至1993年11月从C-2到C-9的总非甲烷有机碳和54种碳氢化合物的小时观测值。多元受体模型。从数据推论出的源的组成和位置与所报告的工业排放量不一致。另一方面，我们的基于观测的方法确实能够正确识别附近相对较小的化工厂的位置和组成。本文提供了有力的经验证据，表明监管机构和光化学模型正在基于不准确的工业排放量做出预测。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The chemistry and biology of organic natural guanidines are reviewed, including the isolation, structure determination, synthesis, biosynthesis and biological activities of alkaloids, non-ribosomal peptides, guanidine-bearing terpenes, polyketides and shikimic acid derivatives from natural sources.

背景与目标： ：综述了有机天然胍的化学和生物学，包括天然来源生物碱，非核糖体肽，带胍基的萜烯，聚酮化合物和iki草酸衍生物的分离，结构测定，合成，生物合成和生物活性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Black tea is consumed worldwide and is believed to play a role in cancer prevention. Xerophilic aflatoxigenic fungi are highly hazardous contaminants of tea since they are associated with tea quality impairment and human health risk. The present study reports isolation of such xerophilic and aflatoxigenic fungi associated with marketed tea. Twenty different tea samples collected from the local markets of Tamilnadu, India were investigated for fungal contamination. The results indicated contamination by 0.38% Aspergillus flavus. Other common contaminant fungi including Penicillium spp. (0.30%), Pacelomyces spp. (0.14%), and Mucor spp. (0.19%) were also isolated. Amongst the fungi isolated Aspergillus niger ML01 and A. flavus ML02 were found to be xerophilic aflatoxigenic mycoflora. Phylogenetic analysis based on 28S rRNA revealed their close ancestry. The chloroform and acetone extracts of spices Elettaria cardamomum and Syzygium aromaticum exhibited antifungal inhibitory activity on growth and toxin elaboration of both these xerophilic tea contaminants A. niger ML01 and A. flavus ML02. The results advocate the use of these spices plant or their extracts as novel antimicrobials which may add preservation and flavour in marketed tea.

背景与目标： ：红茶在全球范围内消费，被认为在预防癌症中起作用。嗜黄曲霉毒素真菌是茶的高度有害污染物，因为它们与茶质量受损和人类健康风险相关。本研究报道了与市售茶相关的这种嗜干性和黄曲霉性真菌的分离。调查了从印度泰米尔纳德邦当地市场收集的20种不同茶叶样品中的真菌污染情况。结果表明被0.38％的黄曲霉污染。其他常见的污染真菌包括青霉菌。 （0.30％），Pacelomyces spp。 （0.14％）和Mucor spp。也分离出（0.19％）。在分离出的真菌中，发现黑曲霉ML01和黄曲霉ML02是嗜干性的黄曲霉毒素性分枝杆菌。基于28S rRNA的系统发育分析揭示了它们的近缘。香料小豆蔻（Elettaria cardamomum）和芳香蒲（Syzygiumaromaticum）的氯仿和丙酮提取物对这些干性茶污染物黑曲霉ML01和黄曲霉ML02的生长和毒素加工均表现出抗真菌抑制活性。结果提倡将这些香料植物或其提取物用作新型抗菌剂，这些抗菌剂可能会增加市售茶的保鲜性和风味。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Three bacteria namely Bacillus luciferensis K2, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens K12 and Bacillus subtilis BioCWB possessing plant growth promotion and biocontrol potential against phytopathogens and rice leaf folder were identified from organic soils of Sikkim, India. The results revealed significant higher production of phytohormones IAA (97.1 μg mL-1) and GA3 (10.6 μg mL-1) was found in K2, whereas BioCWB had higher phosphate solubilization (570.0 μg mL-1) efficacy and also possessed nitrogen fixation ability (5.34 log copy number mL-1 culture). All these bacteria had higher antagonistic activities against phytopathogens viz. Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium proliferatum, Athelia rolfsii and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and also had higher larvicidal activity against rice leaf folder Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenne) under in vitro conditions. Molecular insights into the antagonistic mechanisms of Bacillus strains deciphered the presence of several antimicrobial peptides (ericin, subtilin, surfactin, iturin, bacilysin, subtilosin, fengycin and bacillomycin), volatiles (dimethyl disulphide, methyl-Furan, acetic acid, Z-1,3-pentadiene and 3-hexyn-2-ol) and soluble metabolites (9-octadecenamide, E-15-heptadecenal, E-3-eicosene and 5-octadecene). Furthermore, liquid microbial inoculum prepared using the bacterial strains (K2, K12 and BioCWB) were evaluated under glass house (rice) and field condition (capsicum), which significantly enhanced plant growth in rice and yield in capsicum compared to control. The present study revealed the combination of Bacillus spp. (K2, K12 and BioCWB) can be used as bio-inoculants for improving agricultural production in Sikkim. Moreover, for the first time, we demonstrated plant growth promoting (PGP) traits, antifungal and insecticidal properties of B. luciferensis.

背景与目标： ：从印度锡金的有机土壤中鉴定出了三种荧光素细菌，它们分别是萤光芽孢杆菌K2，解淀粉芽孢杆菌K12和枯草芽孢杆菌BioCWB，它们具有促进植物生长，对植物病原菌和稻谷折叠的生物防治潜力。结果表明，在K2中发现植物激素IAA（97.1μgmL-1）和GA3（10.6μgmL-1）的产量更高，而BioCWB具有更高的磷酸盐溶解（570.0μgmL-1）功效并且还具有固氮能力（5.34日志副本数mL-1培养）。所有这些细菌对植物病原体具有更高的拮抗活性。在体外培养条件下，茄枯萎菌，枯萎镰刀菌，罗非鱼（Athelia rolfsii）和炭疽菌（Colletotrichum gloeosporioides）均具有较高的杀幼虫活性。对芽孢杆菌菌株拮抗机制的分子洞察力揭示了几种抗菌肽（草酸，枯草杆菌素，表面活性素，伊图林，杆菌肽，枯草杆菌蛋白酶，丰霉素和杆菌霉素），挥发物（二甲基二硫化物，甲基呋喃，乙酸，Z-1， 3-戊二烯和3-己炔-2-醇）和可溶性代谢产物（9-十八烯酰胺，E-15-庚烯醛，E-3-二十碳烯和5-十八烯）。此外，在温室（大米）和田间条件（辣椒）下评估了使用细菌菌株（K2，K12和BioCWB）制备的液体微生物接种物，与对照相比，这大大提高了水稻的植物生长和辣椒的产量。本研究揭示了芽孢杆菌属的组合。 （K2，K12和BioCWB）可以用作生物制剂，以改善锡金的农业生产。此外，我们首次展示了萤光芽孢杆菌的植物生长促进（PGP）特性，抗真菌和杀虫特性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Chewing of areca nuts is quite popular in various regions worldwide. Previous studies have demonstrated the pharmacological and toxicological effects of fresh areca nuts. However, processed areca nuts, which are popular in the Hunan province of China, have not been extensively studied for its biological effect. This study aimed at investigating the impact of the acrea nut extracts (ANE) prepared from the raw material, the semi-product, and the final product on the immune system and inflammation-related markers in the Kunming mice. The mice were assigned to seven different groups and administered different ANE at two concentrations (1X and 5X) for four weeks. Total body weight gain and organ coefficient of the liver, spleen, and kidney, as well as the immune system and inflammation-related markers were evaluated. The results revealed that processed areca nuts have a much milder effect on the mice immune system and some inflammatory markers than fresh areca nut in the Kunming mice. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Chewing various forms of areca nuts is popular in China, Southeast Asia, and other regions. People from Hunan, China prefer to chew a processed areca nut, which has rarely been studied. This manuscript explores the effects of three kinds of areca nut extracts on the immune system- and inflammation-related indicators in Kunming mice. The obtained results revealed that processed areca nuts had significantly milder effects than the raw nut/nut extract, particularly on the body weight, immune responses, and inflammatory markers. The results of the present study provide some new directions for the areca nut industry and raise public awareness for the undesirable effects of areca nuts.

背景与目标： ：槟榔的咀嚼在全球各个地区都非常流行。先前的研究表明新鲜槟榔的药理和毒理作用。然而，在中国湖南省很流行的槟榔加工后的坚果由于其生物学作用尚未得到广泛的研究。这项研究的目的是调查由原料，半成品和最终产品制成的鹰嘴豆提取物（ANE）对昆明小鼠免疫系统和炎症相关标记的影响。将小鼠分为七个不同的组，并以两种浓度（1X和5X）施用不同的ANE，持续四个星期。评估了肝脏，脾脏和肾脏的总体重增加和器官系数，以及免疫系统和炎症相关标记。结果表明，与昆明小鼠新鲜槟榔相比，加工后的槟榔对小鼠免疫系统和某些炎症标志物的影响要轻得多。实际应用：咀嚼各种形式的槟榔在中国，东南亚和其他地区非常流行。来自中国湖南的人们更喜欢咀嚼一种加工过的槟榔，这一点鲜有研究。该手稿探讨了三种槟榔提取物对昆明小鼠免疫系统和炎症相关指标的影响。获得的结果表明，加工的槟榔比生坚果/坚果提取物具有明显更温和的作用，特别是在体重，免疫反应和炎症标记上。本研究的结果为槟榔产业提供了一些新的方向，并提高了公众对槟榔的不良影响的认识。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To detect the expression level of organic anion-transporting polypeptide 1B3 (OATP1B3) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and to determine the relationship between OATP1B3 expression, clinicopathological features, and prognosis. METHODS:Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining was performed to detect the expression of OATP1B3 in 131 HCC specimens and in 89 adjacent nontumorous tissues. Moreover, the expression levels of OATP1B3 in 30 pairs of tumor and matched adjacent nontumorous tissues were detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and 34 pairs of tumor and matched adjacent nontumorous tissues were detected by Western blotting. The χ2 test was applied to analyze the correlation between OATP1B3 expression and the clinical parameters of HCC patients. The prognostic value of OATP1B3 in HCC patients was estimated by Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and the Cox stepwise proportional hazards model. RESULTS:Compared with that in adjacent nontumorous tissues (25.8%, 23/89), OATP1B3 expression was significantly downregulated in tumor tissues (59.5%, 78/131) (P < 0.0001). Moreover, OATP1B3 expression was markedly correlated with tumor size, recurrence, tumor differentiation, and tumor node metastasis (TNM) stage (P < 0.05 for each). However, age, sex, tumor capsule status, HBsAg, cirrhosis, tumor number, vascular invasion, and serum alpha fetoprotein were not associated with OATP1B3 expression. The overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) of HCC patients who had high expression of OATP1B3 were significantly longer than those of patients with low expression (33.0% vs 12.9%, P = 0.001; 18.8% vs 5.3%, P < 0.0001). Cox multivariate analysis showed that OATP1B3, invasion, and TNM stage (P < 0.05 for each) were independent prognostic factors of OS in HCC patients and that OATP1B3 and TNM stage (both P < 0.05) were independent prognostic factors of DFS in HCC patients. CONCLUSIONS:The expression of OATP1B3 in HCC patients was significantly lower than that in adjacent nontumorous tissues. OATP1B3 expression may be a potential prognostic marker in HCC patients.

背景与目标： 目的：检测有机阴离子转运多肽1B3（OATP1B3）在肝细胞癌（HCC）中的表达水平，并探讨OATP1B3的表达，临床病理特征与预后的关系。
方法：采用免疫组织化学（IHC）染色法检测131例肝癌标本和89例非肿瘤组织中OATP1B3的表达。此外，通过定量实时聚合酶链反应检测30对肿瘤和匹配的邻近非肿瘤组织中OATP1B3的表达水平，并通过Western印迹检测34对肿瘤和匹配的邻近非肿瘤组织中的OATP1B3的表达水平。 χ2检验用于分析OATP1B3表达与肝癌患者临床指标之间的相关性。通过Kaplan-Meier生存分析和Cox逐步比例风险模型评估OATP1B3在HCC患者中的预后价值。
结果：与邻近的非肿瘤组织相比（25.8％，23/89），OATP1B3表达在肿瘤组织中显着下调（59.5％，78/131）（P <0.0001）。此外，OATP1B3的表达与肿瘤的大小，复发，肿瘤的分化和肿瘤结转移（TNM）阶段显着相关（每个P <0.05）。但是，年龄，性别，肿瘤包膜状态，HBsAg，肝硬化，肿瘤数目，血管侵犯和血清甲胎蛋白与OATP1B3表达无关。 OATP1B3高表达的HCC患者的总生存期（OS）和无病生存期（DFS）明显低于低表达的HCC患者（33.0％vs 12.9％，P = 0.001; 18.8％vs 5.3％， P <0.0001）。 Cox多变量分析显示，OATP1B3，侵袭和TNM分期（各P <0.05）是HCC患者OS的独立预后因素，而OATP1B3和TNM分期（均P <0.05）是HCC患者DFS的独立预后因素。
结论：肝癌患者OATP1B3的表达明显低于癌旁组织。 OATP1B3表达可能是肝癌患者的潜在预后标志物。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) enables the investigation of protein folding in solution. Herein, a proof-of-concept for obtaining structural information about the folding of a protein in dependency of the amount of an organic cosolvent in the aqueous medium by means of this IMS-MS method is presented. By analyzing the protein with native nano-electrospray ionization IMS-MS, the impact of acetonitrile as a representative organic cosolvent and/or pH values on the folding of an enzyme was successfully evaluated in a fast and straightforward fashion, as exemplified for an ene reductase from Gluconobacter oxydans. The IMS-MS results are in agreement with findings from the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-based spectrophotometric enzyme activity tests under analogous conditions, and thus, also rationalizing these "wet" analytical data. For this ene reductase, a higher tolerance against CH3 CN in the presence of a buffer was observed by both analytical methods. The results suggest that this IMS-MS methodology could be a useful complementary tool to existing methods in process optimization and fine-tuning of solvent conditions for biotransformations.

背景与目标： ：离子迁移谱（IMS）与质谱（MS）结合使用，可以研究溶液中的蛋白质折叠。在此，提出了一种概念证明，用于借助于该IMS-MS方法获得关于蛋白质折叠的结构信息，该信息取决于水性介质中有机助溶剂的量。通过使用天然纳米电喷雾电离IMS-MS分析蛋白质，以快速，简单的方式成功评估了乙腈作为代表性的有机助溶剂和/或pH值对酶折叠的影响，例如烯键还原酶来自氧化葡糖杆菌。 IMS-MS的结果与在类似条件下基于烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸（NADPH）的分光光度酶活性测试的结果相符，因此也可以合理化这些“湿”分析数据。对于该烯还原酶，通过两种分析方法均观察到在缓冲液存在下对CH 3 CN的更高耐受性。结果表明，该IMS-MS方法可以作为现有方法的有用补充工具，用于工艺优化和生物转化溶剂条件的微调。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The reaction of transesterification between oils (e.g., olive oil) and ascorbic acid in polar anhydrous media (e.g., tert-amyl alcohol) catalyzed by immobilized lipases for the preparation of natural liposoluble antioxidants (e.g., ascorbyl oleate) was studied. Three commercial lipases were tested: Candida antarctica B lipase (CALB), Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase (TLL) and Rhizomucor miehei lipase (RML). Each lipase was immobilized by three different protocols: hydrophobic adsorption, anionic exchange and multipoint covalent attachment. The highest synthetic yields were obtained with CALB adsorbed on hydrophobic supports (e.g., the commercial derivative Novozym 435). The rates and yields of the synthesis of ascorbyl oleate were higher when using the solvent dried with molecular sieves, at high temperatures (e.g. 45°C) and with a small excess of oil (2 mol of oil per mol of ascorbic acid). The coating of CALB derivatives with polyethyleneimine (PEI) improved its catalytic behavior and allowed the achievement of yields of up to 80% of ascorbyl oleate in less than 24h. CALB adsorbed on a hydrophobic support and coated with PEI was 2-fold more stable than a non-coated derivative and one hundred-fold more stable than the best TLL derivative. The best CALB derivative exhibited a half-life of 3 days at 75°C in fully anhydrous media, and this derivative maintained full activity after 28 days at 45°C in dried tert-amyl alcohol.

背景与目标： ：研究了固定化脂肪酶催化的油（例如橄榄油）和抗坏血酸在极性无水介质（例如叔戊醇）之间的酯交换反应，用于制备天然脂溶性抗氧化剂（例如抗坏血酸油酸酯）。测试了三种商业脂肪酶：南极假丝酵母B脂肪酶（CALB），羊毛嗜热霉菌脂肪酶（TLL）和米根根霉脂肪酶（RML）。每种脂肪酶通过三种不同的方法固定：疏水吸附，阴离子交换和多点共价连接。 CALB吸附在疏水性载体（例如商业衍生物Novozym 435）上可获得最高的合成产率。当使用在高温（例如45℃）和少量过量的油（每摩尔抗坏血酸2摩尔油）下用分子筛干燥的溶剂时，抗坏血酸油酸酯的合成速率和产率较高。用聚乙烯亚胺（PEI）包覆CALB衍生物可改善其催化性能，并在不到24小时的时间内即可获得高达80％的抗坏血酸油酸酯的收率。吸附在疏水载体上并涂有PEI的CALB比未涂层的衍生物稳定2倍，比最好的TLL衍生物稳定100倍。最佳的CALB衍生物在完全无水的介质中在75°C下显示3天的半衰期，并且在45°C下在干燥的叔戊醇中28天后，该衍生物保持了全部活性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Detection of canines are well-known to be valuable in the location of contraband, such as explosives or narcotics. More recently, canines have been trained and utilized in the detection of concealed mass storage devices that might contain evidence of illegal activity such as child pornography. To lay the analytical foundation for this detection work, research was carried out to determine the volatile organic compounds associated with mass storage devices (MSD) that could be used by trained canines for detection. Headspace analysis of a variety of electronic devices was performed using solid phase microextraction (SPME) with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Analyses found several volatile compounds common to SIM and SD cards, as well as USB drives, including 2-propenenitrile, styrene, isophorone, hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone, and 2-furanmethanol, tetrahydro. Results indicated that mass storage devices do have a characteristic odor profile making detection with minimal false alerts feasible for trained canines.

背景与目标： ：众所周知，在诸如炸药或麻醉品等违禁品的地方，犬的检测很有价值。最近，已经对犬进行了训练和利用，以检测可能包含非法活动（例如儿童色情制品）证据的隐藏式大容量存储设备。为为该检测工作奠定分析基础，进行了研究以确定与大容量存储设备（MSD）相关的挥发性有机化合物，受训犬可以将其用于检测。使用固相微萃取（SPME）和气相色谱/质谱（GC / MS）对各种电子设备进行顶空分析。分析发现，SIM和SD卡以及USB驱动器共有几种挥发性化合物，包括2-丙烯腈，苯乙烯，异佛尔酮，羟基环己基苯基酮和2-呋喃甲醇，四氢化合物。结果表明，大容量存储设备的确具有特征性的气味特征，使得对受过训练的犬只进行最小限度的虚假警报检测即可。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The antiviral lamivudine is cleared predominantly by the kidney with a relevant contribution of renal tubular secretion. It is not clear which drug transporters mediate lamivudine renal secretion. Our aim was to investigate lamivudine as substrate of the renal drug transporters organic cation transporter 2 (OCT2) and multidrug and toxin extrusion proteins MATE1 and MATE2-K. Uptake experiments were performed in OCT2, MATE1, or MATE2-K single-transfected human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK) cells. Transcellular transport experiments were performed in OCT2 and/or MATE1 single- or double-transfected Madin-Darby canine kidney II (MDCK) cells grown on transwell filters. Lamivudine uptake was significantly increased in HEK-OCT2, HEK-MATE1, and HEK-MATE2-K cells compared to control cells. In transcellular experiments, OCT2 located in the basolateral membrane had no effect on transcellular lamivudine transport. MATE1 located in the apical membrane decreased intracellular concentrations and increased transcellular transport of lamivudine from the basal to the apical compartment. MATE1- or MATE2-K-mediated transport was increased by an oppositely directed pH gradient. Several simultaneously administered drugs inhibited OCT2- or MATE2-K-mediated lamivudine uptake. The strongest inhibitors were carvedilol for OCT2 and trimethoprim for MATE2-K (inhibition by 96.3 and 83.7% at 15 μM, respectively, p<0.001). Trimethoprim inhibited OCT2- and MATE2-K-mediated lamivudine uptake with IC₅₀ values of 13.2 and 0.66 μM, respectively. Transcellular lamivudine transport in OCT2-MATE1 double-transfected cells was inhibited by trimethoprim with an IC₅₀ value of 6.9 μM. Lamivudine is a substrate of renal drug transporters OCT2, MATE1, and MATE2-K. Concomitant administration of drugs that inhibit these transporters could decrease renal clearance of lamivudine.

背景与目标： ：抗病毒拉米夫定主要由肾脏清除，并与肾小管分泌有关。尚不清楚哪种药物转运蛋白介导拉米夫定的肾分泌。我们的目的是研究拉米夫定作为肾脏药物转运蛋白有机阳离子转运蛋白2（OCT2）以及多种药物和毒素挤出蛋白MATE1和MATE2-K的底物。在OCT2，MATE1或MATE2-K单转染的人胚胎肾293（HEK）细胞中进行摄取实验。在生长在超滤膜上的OCT2和/或MATE1单或双转染的Madin-Darby犬肾II（MDCK）细胞中进行了跨细胞运输实验。与对照细胞相比，HEK-OCT2，HEK-MATE1和HEK-MATE2-K细胞中拉米夫定的摄取显着增加。在跨细胞实验中，位于基底外侧膜的OCT2对跨细胞拉米夫定的转运没有影响。位于顶端膜的MATE1降低了拉米夫定从基底到顶端室的细胞内浓度并增加了拉米夫定的跨细胞转运。 MATE1或MATE2-K介导的转运通过相反的pH梯度增加。几种同时给药的药物抑制OCT2或MATE2-K介导的拉米夫定摄取。最强的抑制剂是卡维地洛对OCT2的抑制作用和甲氧苄啶对MATE2-K的抑制作用（在15μM时分别抑制96.3和83.7％，p <0.001）。甲氧苄啶抑制OCT2-和MATE2-K介导的拉米夫定摄取，IC 50值分别为13.2和0.66μM。甲氧苄氨嘧啶抑制了OCT2-MATE1双转染细胞中拉米夫定的细胞转运，IC 50值为6.9μM。拉米夫定是肾脏药物转运蛋白OCT2，MATE1和MATE2-K的底物。伴随使用抑制这些转运蛋白的药物可能会降低拉米夫定的肾脏清除率。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Bioactive glasses (BaG) can bind to human bone tissues and have been used in many biomedical applications for the last 30 years. However they usually are weak and brittle. On the other hand, composites that combine polymers and BaG are of particular interest, since they often show an excellent balance between stiffness and toughness. Bioactive glass-poly(vinyl alcohol) foams to be used in tissue engineering applications were previously developed by our group, using the sol-gel route. Since bioactive glass-polymer composite derived from the sol-gel process cannot be submitted to thermal treatments at high temperatures (above 400 degrees C), they usually have unreacted species that can cause cytotoxicity. This work reports a technique for stabilizing the sol-gel derived bioactive glass/poly(vinyl alcohol) hybrids by using glutaraldehyde (GA), NH(4)OH solutions and a blocking solution containing bovine serum albumin. PVA/BaG/GA hybrids were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM/EDX) analyses. Moreover, MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) biocompatibility and cytotoxicity assays were also conducted. The hybrids exhibited pore size varying from 80 to 820 mum. After treatments, no major changes in the pore structure were observed and high levels of cell viability were obtained.

背景与目标： ：生物活性玻璃（BaG）可以与人体骨组织结合，并且在过去30年中已用于许多生物医学应用中。然而，它们通常是脆弱而脆弱的。另一方面，结合聚合物和BaG的复合材料特别受关注，因为它们通常在刚度和韧性之间显示出极好的平衡。用于组织工程应用的生物活性玻璃-聚乙烯醇泡沫是我们小组先前使用溶胶-凝胶方法开发的。由于衍生自溶胶-凝胶法的生物活性玻璃-聚合物复合材料无法在高温（400摄氏度以上）下进行热处理，因此它们通常具有未反应的物种，会引起细胞毒性。这项工作报告了一种通过使用戊二醛（GA），NH（4）OH溶液和含有牛血清白蛋白的封闭溶液来稳定溶胶-凝胶衍生的生物活性玻璃/聚乙烯醇杂化物的技术。通过傅立叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）和扫描电子显微镜（SEM / EDX）分析来表征PVA / BaG / GA杂化物。此外，还进行了MTT（3- [4,5-二甲基噻唑-2-基] -2,5-二苯基四唑溴化物）生物相容性和细胞毒性测定。杂种表现出的孔径从80到820微米不等。处理后，未观察到孔结构的重大变化，并获得了高水平的细胞活力。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The antihyperglycemic effect of a water extract (WE) and an alkali extract (AE) of the Fomitopsis pinicola fruit body was studied in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. The STZ-induced diabetes mellitus (DM) control group lost a significant amount of body weight, whereas the normal control group (NC) gained weight; however, the DM-AE group gained a significant amount of weight, with weight gain approaching normal. Feed intake by the DM-AE group was also similar to the NC group. The liver and kidney weights per body weight increased with the STZ treatment; however, the weights were lower in the F. pinicola-treated groups and nearly normalized in the DM-AE group. The weights of the heart, lungs, and spleen were not influenced by the STZ treatment. Blood glucose levels of F. pinicola-treated DM groups were significantly lower than that of the DM group. In particular, STZ-induced hyperglycemia was remarkably inhibited by the AE-supplemented diet. Serum insulin levels were decreased with STZ injection; however, the decreased levels were almost restored to the NC level with F. pinicola supplementation. The increased serum fructosamine levels associated with hyperglycemia were decreased with the F. pinicola treatment. Cells of the pericentral regions were found to have significant swelling, and some necrotic cells were observed in the pancreas of DM animals; however, pancreatic tissue damage by STZ in the F. pinicola-supplemented diet groups was ameliorated. In this study, the AE from F. pinicola showed the highest antidiabetic effect among the treatments. These results indicate that constituents of F. pinicola may regulate hyperglycemia via either increased insulin secretion during recovery or the prevention of STZ-induced pancreatic damage. This is the first report of antihyperglycemic effects of F. pinicola in STZ-induced DM rats.

背景与目标： ：在链脲佐菌素（STZ）诱导的糖尿病大鼠中研究了Fomitopsis pinicola子实体的水提取物（WE）和碱提取物（AE）的降血糖作用。 STZ诱导的糖尿病（DM）对照组的体重明显减轻，而正常对照组（NC）体重增加；但是，DM-AE组的体重增加了很多，体重增加接近正常。 DM-AE组的采食量也与NC组相似。 STZ治疗使每单位体重的肝肾重量增加；然而，在F. pinicola处理组中，体重较低，而在DM-AE组中，体重几乎恢复正常。心脏，肺和脾脏的重量不受STZ治疗的影响。 F. pinicola处理的DM组的血糖水平显着低于DM组。尤其是，补充AE的饮食可以显着抑制STZ诱导的高血糖症。注射STZ可使血清胰岛素水平降低；然而，降低水平的补充几乎完全恢复到正常水平的F. pinicola。松果镰刀菌治疗可降低与高血糖症相关的血清果糖胺水平。发现中枢周围区域的细胞明显肿胀，并且在DM动物的胰腺中观察到一些坏死细胞。然而，在补充了F. pinicola的饮食组中，STZ对胰腺组织的损害得到了改善。在这项研究中，来自F. pinicola的AE在治疗中显示出最高的抗糖尿病作用。这些结果表明，F。pinicola的成分可能通过恢复过程中胰岛素分泌的增加或STZ诱导的胰腺损伤的预防来调节高血糖症。这是F. pinicola在STZ诱导的DM大鼠中降血糖作用的首次报道。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The antioxidant activities of water extract, methanol extract, ethyl acetate, and n-BuOH fractions of methanol extract from Lysimachia foenum-graecum Hance were investigated in this study. Various methods, such as the total antioxidant capacity measured by phosphomolybdenum method, scavenging activities towards 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, superoxide anion radical, and hydroxyl radical, were established in in vitro systems. The amounts of total phenolics and total flavonoids in the extracts and fractions were also determined by spectrophotometric methods. The results showed that all the extracts and fractions exhibited antioxidant and radical-scavenging activities at different magnitudes of potency. The decreasing order of antioxidant and radical-scavenging activities among the extracts assayed through all the four methods were found to be ethyl acetate fraction>n-BuOH fraction>methanol extract>water extract. This similar order of the amounts of total phenolics and total flavonoids shows that the extent of antioxidant and radical-scavenging activities is in accordance with the amounts of phenolics and flavonoids present in extracts and fractions. The extracts of L. foenum-graecum Hance might be valuable antioxidant natural sources and seemed to be applicable in both healthy medicine and food industry.

背景与目标： ：本研究研究了金钱草-香茅的水提取物，甲醇提取物，乙酸乙酯和甲醇提取物的n-BuOH级分的抗氧化活性。在体外系统中建立了多种方法，例如通过磷钼法测量的总抗氧化能力，对1,1-二苯基-2-吡啶并肼基（DPPH）自由基，超氧阴离子自由基和羟基自由基的清除活性。提取物和馏分中总酚和总黄酮的含量也通过分光光度法测定。结果表明，所有提取物和馏分在不同的效价下均表现出抗氧化和清除自由基的活性。通过四种方法测定的提取物中抗氧化剂和自由基清除活性的降低顺序为：乙酸乙酯级分> n-BuOH级分>甲醇提取液>水提取液。总酚和总类黄酮含量的这一相似顺序表明，抗氧化剂和自由基清除活性的程度与提取物和馏分中酚和类黄酮的含量一致。香菇（L. foenum-graecum Hance）的提取物可能是有价值的抗氧化剂天然来源，似乎适用于健康医学和食品工业。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Arsenic leaching by indigenous bacteria in abandoned Au-Ag mine tailings which contained approximately 3200 mg/kg of As was investigated after supply of various organic substrates. Sequential extraction analysis designed to determine the mode of As occurrence in the tailings revealed that most As (90%) was closely associated with the Fe fraction. When glucose was supplied as a C source, indigenous bacteria significantly enhanced the extent of As release from the tailings into solution under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Anaerobic indigenous bacteria leached more amount of As from the tailings than aerobes. Highly positive correlation between the extracted amounts of As and Fe implied that microbial dissolution of Fe(III)-oxides, whether it was ligand- and proton-promoted dissolution or reductive dissolution, might be dominantly responsible for the As release. Bacterial strains which were resistant to up to 100 mM As(V) was aerobically isolated from the tailings. One of the isolates appeared to reduce some aqueous As(V) to likely As(III) in a batch type experiment, which indicated that indigenous bacteria can mediate the electrochemical speciation and thus the mobility of As in the tailings. The results suggest that indigenous bacteria in As-contaminated tailings can increase As mobility from the solid media when microbially available organic substrates are supplied, and thus enhance the risk of As dispersion to nearby soil, sediment and groundwater.

背景与目标： ：在提供各种有机底物后，研究了原生细菌在废弃的Au-Ag矿尾矿中的砷浸出，其中该矿尾矿含大约3200 mg / kg的As。设计用于确定尾矿中As发生方式的顺序萃取分析表明，大多数As（90％）与Fe含量密切相关。当葡萄糖作为碳源供应时，在好氧和厌氧条件下，原生细菌都显着提高了砷从尾矿中释放到溶液中的程度。厌氧性本地细菌从尾矿中浸出的砷比有氧菌中的要多。砷和铁的提取量之间高度正相关，表明无论是配体和质子促进的溶解还是还原性溶解，Fe（III）-氧化物的微生物溶解可能是导致As释放的主要因素。从尾矿中需氧分离出对高达100 mM As（V）具有抗性的细菌菌株。在分批实验中，分离物中的一种似乎能将某些As（V）的水溶液还原为可能的As（III），这表明本地细菌可以介导电化学形态，因此可以在尾矿中迁移As。结果表明，当提供了微生物可利用的有机底物时，被砷污染的尾矿中的土著细菌可以提高固体介质中砷的迁移率，从而增加了砷扩散到附近土壤，沉积物和地下水的风险。