BACKGROUND & AIMS: Many genotoxic agents kill tumor cells by inducing apoptosis; hence, mutations that suppress apoptosis produce resistance to chemotherapy. Although directly activating the apoptotic machinery may bypass these mutations, how to achieve this activation in cancer cells selectively is not clear. In this study, we show that the drug-resistant 293 cell line is unable to activate components of the apoptotic machinery-the ICE-like proteases (caspases)-following treatment with an anticancer drug. Remarkably, extracts from untreated cells spontaneously activate caspases and induce apoptosis in a cell-free system, indicating that drug-resistant cells have not only the apoptotic machinery but also its activator. Comparing extracts from cells with defined genetic differences, we show that this activator is generated by the adenovirus E1A oncogene and is absent from normal cells. We provide preliminary characterization of this oncogene generated activity (OGA) and show that partially purified OGA activates caspases when added to extracts from untransformed cells. We suggest that agents that link OGA to caspases in cells would kill tumor cells otherwise resistant to conventional cancer therapy. As this killing relies on an activity generated by an oncogene, the effect of these agents should be selective for transformed cells.

背景与目标： 许多遗传毒性剂通过诱导细胞凋亡杀死肿瘤细胞。因此，抑制细胞凋亡的突变产生了对化学疗法的抗性。尽管直接激活凋亡机制可能绕过这些突变，但是如何在癌细胞中选择性地实现这种激活尚不清楚。在这项研究中，我们显示抗药性293细胞系无法激活抗凋亡药物ICE样蛋白酶（胱天蛋白酶）的凋亡机制的组成部分。值得注意的是，未经处理的细胞提取物可自发激活胱天蛋白酶并在无细胞系统中诱导凋亡，这表明耐药细胞不仅具有凋亡机制，还具有其激活剂。比较具有确定的遗传差异的细胞提取物，我们表明该激活剂是由腺病毒E1A癌基因产生的，而正常细胞中却不存在。我们提供了此致癌基因产生的活性（OGA）的初步表征，并表明当添加到未转化细胞的提取物中时，部分纯化的OGA会激活胱天蛋白酶。我们建议，将OGA与细胞中的半胱氨酸蛋白酶连接的药剂会杀死肿瘤细胞，否则它们会对常规的癌症治疗产生抵抗力。由于这种杀伤作用依赖于癌基因产生的活性，因此这些药剂对转化细胞的作用应该是选择性的。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:An effective screening tool for colorectal cancer is still lacking. Analysis of the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) linked to cancer is a new frontier in cancer screening, as tumour growth involves several metabolic changes leading to the production of specific compounds that can be detected in exhaled breath. This study investigated whether patients with colorectal cancer have a specific VOC pattern compared with the healthy population. METHODS:Exhaled breath was collected in an inert bag (Tedlar(®) ) from patients with colorectal cancer and healthy controls (negative at colonoscopy), and processed offline by thermal-desorber gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to evaluate the VOC profile. During the trial phase VOCs of interest were identified and selected, and VOC patterns able to discriminate patients from controls were set up; in the validation phase their discriminant performance was tested on blinded samples. A probabilistic neural network (PNN) validated by the leave-one-out method was used to identify the pattern of VOCs that better discriminated between the two groups. RESULTS:Some 37 patients and 41 controls were included in the trial phase. Application of a PNN to a pattern of 15 compounds showed a discriminant performance with a sensitivity of 86 per cent, a specificity of 83 per cent and an accuracy of 85 per cent (area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve 0·852). The accuracy of PNN analysis was confirmed in the validation phase on a further 25 subjects; the model correctly assigned 19 patients, giving an overall accuracy of 76 per cent. CONCLUSION:The pattern of VOCs in patients with colorectal cancer was different from that in healthy controls. The PNN in this study was able to discriminate patients with colorectal cancer with an accuracy of over 75 per cent. Breath VOC analysis appears to have potential clinical application in colorectal cancer screening, although further studies are required to confirm its reliability in heterogeneous clinical settings.

背景与目标： 背景：仍然缺乏有效的大肠癌筛查工具。与癌症有关的挥发性有机化合物（VOC）的分析是癌症筛查的一个新领域，因为肿瘤的生长涉及多种代谢变化，从而导致可以在呼出气中检测到的特定化合物的产生。这项研究调查了结直肠癌患者与健康人群相比是否具有特定的VOC模式。
方法：从大肠癌和健康对照（结肠镜检查阴性）患者的惰性袋（Tedlar®）中收集呼气，并通过热脱附气相色谱-质谱法离线处理以评估VOC曲线。在试验阶段，确定并选择了感兴趣的挥发性有机化合物，并建立了能够将患者与对照区分开的挥发性有机化合物模式；在验证阶段，对盲样品进行了判别性能的测试。通过留一法验证的概率神经网络（PNN）被用来识别可以更好地区分两组的VOC的模式。
结果：约37例患者和41例对照组被纳入试验阶段。将PNN应用于15种化合物的模式显示出判别性能，灵敏度为86％，特异性为83％，准确度为85％（在接收器工作特性（ROC）曲线下的面积0·852下） 。在验证阶段，对另外25名受试者确认了PNN分析的准确性；该模型正确分配了19位患者，总体准确率为76％。
结论：大肠癌患者的VOCs模式与健康人不同。这项研究中的PNN能够以超过75％的准确度区分大肠癌患者。呼吸VOC分析似乎在结肠直肠癌筛查中具有潜在的临床应用，尽管需要进一步的研究来证实其在异类临床环境中的可靠性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Water-soluble hyperbranched polyamine functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes nanocomposite (WHPA-OMCNT) was successfully prepared and applied to water remediation in this paper. WHPA-OMCNT was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), zeta potential, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) analyses. WHPA-OMCNT exhibited excellent adsorption performance for removal of organic dyes e.g., methylene blue (MB), malachite green (MG) and methyl violet (MV). The equilibrium adsorption capacity was 800.0 mg g-1 for MB, 840.3 mg g-1 for MG and 970.9 mg g-1 for MV under the optimal conditions. The pseudo-second order equation and the Langmuir model exhibited good correlation with the adsorption kinetic and isotherm data for all three pollutants, respectively. The thermodynamic results (ΔG < 0, ΔH < 0, ΔS < 0) implied that the adsorption process of MB, MG and MV was feasible, exothermic and spontaneous in nature. A possible adsorption mechanism has been proposed, where H-bonding, electrostatic attraction and π-π stacking interactions dominated the adsorption of the organic dyes. In addition, the excellent reproducibility endowed WHPA-OMCNT with the potential for application in water treatment.

背景与目标： ：成功制备了水溶性超支化多胺功能化多壁碳纳米管纳米复合材料（WHPA-OMCNT），并将其应用于水的修复。 WHPA-OMCNT通过傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR），热重分析（TGA），ζ电位，扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和透射电子显微镜（TEM）分析进行了表征。 WHPA-OMCNT表现出优异的吸附性能，可去除亚甲基蓝（MB），孔雀石绿（MG）和甲基紫（MV）等有机染料。在最佳条件下，MB的平衡吸附容量为800.0μgg-1，MG为840.3μmgg-1，MV为970.9μmgg-1。伪二级方程和Langmuir模型分别与这三种污染物的吸附动力学和等温线数据显示出良好的相关性。热力学结果（ΔG<0，ΔH<0，ΔS<0）表明MB，MG和MV的吸附过程是可行的，放热的和自然的。提出了一种可能的吸附机理，其中H键，静电吸引和π-π堆积相互作用主导了有机染料的吸附。此外，出色的重现性赋予WHPA-OMCNT潜在的水处理应用潜力。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Malaria control is compromised worldwide by continuously evolving drug-resistant strains of the parasite demanding exploration of natural resources for developing newer antimalarials. The northeastern region of India is endemic for malaria characterized by high prevalence of drug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum strains. Many plants are used by the indigenous communities living in the northeast India in their traditional system of medicine for the treatment of malarial fever. Folklore claim of antimalarial property of one such plant Brucea mollis was evaluated in vitro and in vivo for antiplasmodial activity. Crude extracts from dried B. mollis root powder were prepared through soxhlet extraction using petroleum ether, methanol, and water sequentially. Methanol extract was further partitioned between chloroform and water. These extracts were tested in vitro against laboratory-adapted chloroquine-sensitive and chloroquine-resistant strains of P. falciparum. In in vitro evaluation, extracts were found more active on the chloroquine-sensitive strain. Methanolic-chloroform (IC(50) 5.1 μg ml(-1)) and methanolic-aqueous (IC(50) 13.9 μg ml(-1)) extracts recorded significant in vitro antiplasmodial activity which was also supported by their promising in vivo activity (ED(50) 72 and 30 mg kg(-1) bw day(-1), respectively) against chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium yoelli N-67 strain in Swiss albino mice. Methanolic-aqueous extract-treated mice survived on average for 14 days that was comparable to the reference drug chloroquine. This is the first report of antiplasmodial activity of B. mollis validating the traditional use of this plant as antimalarial in the northeast India and calls for further detailed investigations.

背景与目标： 疟疾的控制在全球范围内受到不断发展的寄生虫耐药菌株的影响，需要开发自然资源来开发新型抗疟药。印度东北地区是疟疾的地方病，其特征是耐药性恶性疟原虫菌株的高流行。生活在印度东北部的土著社区使用许多植物的传统医学系统来治疗疟疾。在体外和体内评估了一种此类植物布鲁斯软体动物的抗疟疾特性的民俗学说。通过依次使用石油醚，甲醇和水进行索氏提取，从干燥的B. mollis根粉中提取粗制物。甲醇提取物进一步在氯仿和水之间分配。这些提取物在体外针对恶性疟原虫的实验室适应性对氯喹敏感和耐氯喹的菌株进行了测试。在体外评估中，发现提取物对氯喹敏感菌株更具活性。甲醇-氯仿（IC（50）5.1μgml（-1））和甲醇-水（IC（50）13.9μgml（-1））提取物记录到显着的体外抗血浆活性，其有希望的体内活性也支持（分别针对ED（50）72和30 mg kg（-1）bw day（-1））对抗瑞士白化病小鼠中对氯喹耐药的约氏疟原虫N-67株。甲醇-水提取物处理的小鼠平均存活14天，与参考药物氯喹相当。这是印度软体动物的抗疟原虫活性的首次报道，证实了该植物在印度东北部作为抗疟药的传统用途，并要求进行进一步的详细研究。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Persistent organic pollutants (POPs), due to their persistence and bioconcentration in lipid-rich tissue, bioaccumulate in food chains, resulting in elevated concentrations in humans. This study was performed to determine and compare levels of POPs in human adipose and muscle tissues in the female population of Singapore. In total, 36 human adipose tissues and 8 human muscle tissues were collected from volunteer expectant mothers admitted to the National University Hospital Singapore for cesarean section delivery between August 2003 and January 2005. Samples were analyzed using a validated and quality-assured gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) method in conjunction with microwave-assisted extraction (MAE). Analytes recoveries from certified reference materials, that is, IRMM-446 (polychlorinated biphenyls [PCBs] in pork fat) and BCR-430 (organochlorine pesticides in pork fat), were between 70 and 130%, indicating reliable analytical precision for this methodology. MAE efficiency for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) was compared to Soxhlet extraction (SE) efficiency and yielded comparable results (variation < 13%). Analytical results indicate that p,p'-DDE of the dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) residues group is the predominant compound in adipose tissue, followed by beta-hexachlorocyclohexane (beta-HCH) among HCH isomers, then hexachlorobenzene (HCB) compound and specific PCB and PBDE congeners. Among the 36 adipose tissues, the lipid contents in adipose tissue were in the range of 60% to 95%, while in the 8 muscle tissues, lipids were undetectable. However, the profile of PCBs and pesticide residues present in muscle tissues were similar to those in adipose tissues.

背景与目标： ：持久性有机污染物（POPs）由于其在富含脂质的组织中的持久性和生物浓度而在食物链中生物富集，从而导致人类体内的污染物浓度升高。进行这项研究是为了确定和比较新加坡女性人口中人类脂肪和肌肉组织中的持久性有机污染物水平。在2003年8月至2005年1月间，从新加坡国立大学医院剖宫产的自愿孕妇中收集了36种人体脂肪组织和8种人体肌肉组织。光谱法（GC-MS）与微波辅助萃取（MAE）结合使用。从经认证的参考材料（猪肉脂肪中的多氯联苯[PCB]）和BCR-430（猪肉脂肪中的有机氯农药）中分析物的回收率在70％至130％之间，表明该方法的可靠分析精度。将多溴联苯醚（PBDEs）的MAE效率与索氏提取（SE）效率进行比较，得出可比较的结果（差异<13％）。分析结果表明，二氯二苯基三氯乙烷（DDT）残基组的p，p'-DDE是脂肪组织中的主要化合物，其次是HCH异构体中的β-六氯环己烷（beta-HCH），然后是六氯苯（HCB）化合物和特定的PCB和PBDE同系物。在这36个脂肪组织中，脂肪组织中的脂质含量在60％至95％的范围内，而在8个肌肉组织中，脂质却未检出。但是，肌肉组织中存在的多氯联苯和农药残留的情况与脂肪组织中的情况相似。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Cefpodoxime proxetil is a third generation cephalosporin antibiotic demonstrates pH dependent solubility and is highly soluble only in acidic pH. The purpose of this investigation was to design and develop immediate release tablets of cefpodoxime proxetil by direct compression method and determine the effect of different solid buffers (organic acids) such as fumaric acid (formulations F1-F4), maleic acid (formulations M1-M4) and citric acid (formulations C1-C4) by using cefpodoxime and acid in the ratios of 4:1, 2:1, 1:1 and 1:2 to achieve pH-independent release of the drug. Physical parameters and assay were found to be within the acceptable range as prescribed in USP 36 / NF 31. In vitro dissolution studies of each formulation were performed in distilled water, USP dissolution medium, HCl buffer solution of pH 1.2, phosphate buffer solutions of pH 4.5 and 6.8 to observe the drug release. The formulations F3, F4, M4 were selected for film coating on the basis of better drug release profile, to protect the drug from chemical degradation through hydrolysis. Film coated formulation F3, F4 and M4 showed a remarkable in vitro release of the drug (72.88±0.43 to 92.67±0.71%) within 30min of observation in all dissolution media and further evaluated by model independent and model dependent approaches. The drug release was found to be best fit to Weibull model as highest r2adjusted (0.924-0.998) and lowest AIC (18.416-54.710) values were obtained in all dissolution media. R Gui® applied for stability studies of F3 and F4 formulations, showing shelf lives of 28 & 27months at ambient and 33 months at accelerated temperatures. Formulation F4 was chosen as best formulation on the basis of physical properties, highest dissolution rate and stability studies.

背景与目标： ：头孢泊肟酯是第三代头孢菌素抗生素，显示出pH依赖性溶解度，仅在酸性pH值下高度可溶。这项研究的目的是通过直接压缩方法设计和开发头孢泊肟肟酯的速释片，并确定不同的固体缓冲剂（有机酸）如富马酸（配方F1-F4），马来酸（配方M1-M4）的作用）和柠檬酸（配方C1-C4），使用头孢泊肟和酸的比例为4：1、2：1、1：1和1：2，以实现不依赖pH值的药物释放。发现物理参数和测定均在USP 36 / NF 31规定的可接受范围内。每种制剂的体外溶出度研究是在蒸馏水，USP溶出介质，pH 1.2的HCl缓冲溶液，pH 1.2的磷酸盐缓冲溶液中进行的。 4.5和6.8观察药物释放情况。基于更好的药物释放曲线，选择制剂F3，F4，M4进行薄膜包衣，以保护药物免受水解的化学降解。薄膜包衣的制剂F3，F4和M4在观察到的30分钟内在所有溶出介质中均显示出显着的药物体外释放（72.88±0.43至92.67±0.71％），并通过模型独立和模型依赖的方法进行了进一步评估。发现在所有溶出介质中均获得了最高的r2调整值（0.924-0.998）和最低的AIC值（18.416-54.710），从而使药物释放最适合于Weibull模型。 RGui®应用于F3和F4配方的稳定性研究，在室温下的保质期为28和27个月，在加速温度下的保质期为33个月。根据物理性能，最高的溶出速率和稳定性研究，选择配方F4作为最佳配方。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Organic matter amendments are applied to contaminated soil to provide a better habitat for re-vegetation and remediation, and olive mill waste compost (OMWC) has been described as a promising material for this aim. We report here the results of an incubation experiment carried out in flooded conditions to study its influence in As and metal solubility in a trace elements contaminated soil. NPK fertilisation and especially organic amendment application resulted in increased As, Se and Cu concentrations in pore water. Independent of the amendment, dimethylarsenic acid (DMA) was the most abundant As species in solution. The application of OMWC increased pore water dissolved organic-carbon (DOC) concentrations, which may explain the observed mobilisation of As, Cu and Se; phosphate added in NPK could also be in part responsible of the mobilisation caused in As. Therefore, the application of soil amendments in mine soils may be particularly problematic in flooded systems.

背景与目标： ：有机物改良剂用于受污染的土壤，以提供更好的生境和植被修复环境，橄榄磨碎料（OMWC）被描述为实现这一目标的有前途的材料。我们在此报告在淹没条件下进行的孵化实验的结果，以研究其在微量元素污染土壤中的砷和金属溶解度的影响。氮磷钾施肥，尤其是有机改良剂的施用导致孔隙水中砷，硒和铜的浓度增加。独立于修订案，二甲基砷酸（DMA）是溶液中最丰富的As物种。 OMWC的应用增加了孔隙水溶解有机碳（DOC）的浓度，这可以解释观察到的As，Cu和Se的迁移。氮磷钾中添加的磷酸也可能部分负责砷中的动员。因此，在水淹系统中，在土壤中使用土壤改良剂可能特别成问题。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Pleurotus eryngii is a nutritional and medicinal food rich in polysaccharides that enhance the host immune system as a response to various diseases. The present study investigated the effects of P. eryngii extracts (PEE) on the progress of atopic dermatitis (AD)-like skin lesions in NC/Nga mice induced by 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB). We evaluated skin dermatitis severity, ear thickness, histopathological examination, and cytokines level in DNCB-applied mice treated with PEE. Continuous treatment of PEE inhibited the development of the AD-like skin lesions. PEE suppressed DNCB-induced dermatitis severity, serum level of IgE and thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC), and mRNA expression of TNF-α, INF-γ, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 in mice. In addition, PEE reduced thickness of the dermis and dermal infiltration of inflammatory cells and mast cells in histopathological examination. These results indicate that PEE inhibits allergic contact dermatitis through the modulating of T helper (Th)1 and Th2 responses and diminishing the inflammatory cells and mast cells infiltration in the skin lesions in NC/Nga mice.

背景与目标： 杏鲍菇（Pururotus eryngii）是一种营养和药用食品，富含多糖，可增强宿主的免疫系统，以应对各种疾病。本研究调查了杏鲍菇提取物（PEE）对2,4-二硝基氯苯（DNCB）诱导的NC / Nga小鼠特应性皮炎（AD）样皮肤病变进展的影响。我们评估了用PEE治疗的DNCB应用小鼠的皮肤皮炎严重程度，耳朵厚度，组织病理学检查和细胞因子水平。 PEE的持续治疗抑制了AD样皮肤病变的发展。 PEE抑制了DNCB引起的皮炎的严重性，小鼠的IgE和胸腺的血清水平以及激活调节的趋化因子（TARC）以及TNF-α，INF-γ，IL-4，IL-5和IL-13的mRNA表达。另外，在组织病理学检查中，PEE减少了真皮的厚度以及炎性细胞和肥大细胞的真皮浸润。这些结果表明，PEE通过调节T辅助（Th）1和Th2反应并减少NC / Nga小鼠皮肤病变中的炎症细胞和肥大细胞浸润来抑制过敏性接触性皮炎。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Oxidation of low density lipoproteins (LDL) favours cholesterol loading in macrophages and formation of "foam cells", typical of the early atheroma lesions. LDL cholesterol oxidation generates oxysterols, extremely cytotoxic molecular species with diverse biological activities. Vegetable polyphenols are dietary components of pharmacological interest for their anti-oxidant properties. Ginkgo biloba L. (Gingkoaceae) leaves and Vaccinium myrtillus L. (Ericaceae) fruits are known for their beneficial effects in the treatment of various diseases involving free radicals and oxidative damage to biological lipids. In this study we investigated the effect of Ginkgo biloba L. and Vaccinium myrtillus L. extracts on the formation of cholesterol oxides during the photo induced oxidation of human LDL. The results demonstrate a concentration dependent inhibition of oxysterol formation in the presence of both extracts. Protection against oxidation was confirmed by the partial restoration of the normal electrophoretic mobility of LDL, which has been influenced by the UV irradiation. These effects extend knowledge of the therapeutic action of Ginkgo biloba L. and Vaccinium myrtillus L. as agents in anti-atherosclerotic regimens.

背景与目标： 低密度脂蛋白（LDL）的氧化有助于巨噬细胞中的胆固醇负载和形成“泡沫细胞”，这是早期动脉粥样硬化病变的典型表现。 LDL胆固醇的氧化产生氧固醇，这是具有多种生物活性的极具细胞毒性的分子物种。植物多酚因其抗氧化性能而成为具有药理学意义的饮食成分。银杏叶（Gingkoaceae）叶和牛痘越桔（Ericaceae）水果因其在治疗多种疾病中的有益作用而广为人知，这些疾病涉及自由基和对生物脂质的氧化损伤。在这项研究中，我们研究了银杏叶提取物和牛痘越桔提取物在光诱导人LDL氧化过程中对胆固醇氧化物形成的影响。结果表明在两种提取物存在下，浓度依赖性抑制氧固醇的形成。 LDL的正常电泳迁移率已部分恢复，这证实了抗氧化的作用，该迁移率已受到紫外线辐射的影响。这些作用扩展了银杏叶和越桔越桔作为抗动脉粥样硬化治疗剂的治疗作用的知识。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Amendments of olive orchard soil with two different preparations of olive mill solid waste (OMWMs) at the rate of 9tonha(-1) per year for five years in two different plots were compared with an industry standard soil amendment using urea. Both the OMWMs amendments showed significant increases in total organic carbon and humic substances in soil of approximately 40% and 58%, respectively, without negative effects on tree growth and yield. This work has shown that olive oil mill waste (OMW) can be recycled safely using the bioremediation system used in this study. We suggest that this system is particularly beneficial to organic farming and is an alternative solution to direct spreading of raw OMW on farm lands.

背景与目标： ：在两种不同的土地上，以每年9tonha（-1）的速率在两种不同的土地上对两种不同的橄榄磨固体废物（OMWMs）进行的橄榄果园土壤改良，与使用尿素的工业标准土壤改良剂进行了比较。两项OMWM修正案均显示土壤中的总有机碳和腐殖质分别显着增加了约40％和58％，而对树木的生长和产量没有负面影响。这项工作表明，使用本研究中使用的生物修复系统可以安全地回收橄榄油厂废料（OMW）。我们建议该系统特别有利于有机耕作，是直接将原始OMW散布在农田上的替代解决方案。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Regulatory agencies and photochemical models of ozone rely on self-reported industrial emission rates of organic gases. Incorrect self-reported emissions can severely impact on air quality models and regulatory decisions. We compared self-reported emissions of organic gases in Houston, Texas, to measurements at a receptor site near the Houston ship channel, a major petrochemical complex. We analyzed hourly observations of total nonmethane organic carbon and 54 hydrocarbon compounds from C-2 to C-9 for the period June through November, 1993. We were able to demonstrate severe inconsistencies between reported emissions and major sources as derived from the data using a multivariate receptor model. The composition and the location of the sources as deduced from the data are not consistent with the reported industrial emissions. On the other hand, our observationally based methods did correctly identify the location and composition of a relatively small nearby chemical plant. This paper provides strong empirical evidence that regulatory agencies and photochemical models are making predictions based on inaccurate industrial emissions.

背景与目标： ：臭氧的管理机构和光化学模型依赖于自我报告的工业有机气体排放率。不正确的自我报告排放会严重影响空气质量模型和法规决策。我们将得克萨斯州休斯敦的自报有机气体排放量与主要石化综合体休斯敦船舶航道附近的接收站的测量结果进行了比较。我们分析了1993年6月至1993年11月从C-2到C-9的总非甲烷有机碳和54种碳氢化合物的小时观测值。多元受体模型。从数据推论出的源的组成和位置与所报告的工业排放量不一致。另一方面，我们的基于观测的方法确实能够正确识别附近相对较小的化工厂的位置和组成。本文提供了有力的经验证据，表明监管机构和光化学模型正在基于不准确的工业排放量做出预测。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The chemistry and biology of organic natural guanidines are reviewed, including the isolation, structure determination, synthesis, biosynthesis and biological activities of alkaloids, non-ribosomal peptides, guanidine-bearing terpenes, polyketides and shikimic acid derivatives from natural sources.

背景与目标： ：综述了有机天然胍的化学和生物学，包括天然来源生物碱，非核糖体肽，带胍基的萜烯，聚酮化合物和iki草酸衍生物的分离，结构测定，合成，生物合成和生物活性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Black tea is consumed worldwide and is believed to play a role in cancer prevention. Xerophilic aflatoxigenic fungi are highly hazardous contaminants of tea since they are associated with tea quality impairment and human health risk. The present study reports isolation of such xerophilic and aflatoxigenic fungi associated with marketed tea. Twenty different tea samples collected from the local markets of Tamilnadu, India were investigated for fungal contamination. The results indicated contamination by 0.38% Aspergillus flavus. Other common contaminant fungi including Penicillium spp. (0.30%), Pacelomyces spp. (0.14%), and Mucor spp. (0.19%) were also isolated. Amongst the fungi isolated Aspergillus niger ML01 and A. flavus ML02 were found to be xerophilic aflatoxigenic mycoflora. Phylogenetic analysis based on 28S rRNA revealed their close ancestry. The chloroform and acetone extracts of spices Elettaria cardamomum and Syzygium aromaticum exhibited antifungal inhibitory activity on growth and toxin elaboration of both these xerophilic tea contaminants A. niger ML01 and A. flavus ML02. The results advocate the use of these spices plant or their extracts as novel antimicrobials which may add preservation and flavour in marketed tea.

背景与目标： ：红茶在全球范围内消费，被认为在预防癌症中起作用。嗜黄曲霉毒素真菌是茶的高度有害污染物，因为它们与茶质量受损和人类健康风险相关。本研究报道了与市售茶相关的这种嗜干性和黄曲霉性真菌的分离。调查了从印度泰米尔纳德邦当地市场收集的20种不同茶叶样品中的真菌污染情况。结果表明被0.38％的黄曲霉污染。其他常见的污染真菌包括青霉菌。 （0.30％），Pacelomyces spp。 （0.14％）和Mucor spp。也分离出（0.19％）。在分离出的真菌中，发现黑曲霉ML01和黄曲霉ML02是嗜干性的黄曲霉毒素性分枝杆菌。基于28S rRNA的系统发育分析揭示了它们的近缘。香料小豆蔻（Elettaria cardamomum）和芳香蒲（Syzygiumaromaticum）的氯仿和丙酮提取物对这些干性茶污染物黑曲霉ML01和黄曲霉ML02的生长和毒素加工均表现出抗真菌抑制活性。结果提倡将这些香料植物或其提取物用作新型抗菌剂，这些抗菌剂可能会增加市售茶的保鲜性和风味。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Three bacteria namely Bacillus luciferensis K2, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens K12 and Bacillus subtilis BioCWB possessing plant growth promotion and biocontrol potential against phytopathogens and rice leaf folder were identified from organic soils of Sikkim, India. The results revealed significant higher production of phytohormones IAA (97.1 μg mL-1) and GA3 (10.6 μg mL-1) was found in K2, whereas BioCWB had higher phosphate solubilization (570.0 μg mL-1) efficacy and also possessed nitrogen fixation ability (5.34 log copy number mL-1 culture). All these bacteria had higher antagonistic activities against phytopathogens viz. Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium proliferatum, Athelia rolfsii and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and also had higher larvicidal activity against rice leaf folder Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenne) under in vitro conditions. Molecular insights into the antagonistic mechanisms of Bacillus strains deciphered the presence of several antimicrobial peptides (ericin, subtilin, surfactin, iturin, bacilysin, subtilosin, fengycin and bacillomycin), volatiles (dimethyl disulphide, methyl-Furan, acetic acid, Z-1,3-pentadiene and 3-hexyn-2-ol) and soluble metabolites (9-octadecenamide, E-15-heptadecenal, E-3-eicosene and 5-octadecene). Furthermore, liquid microbial inoculum prepared using the bacterial strains (K2, K12 and BioCWB) were evaluated under glass house (rice) and field condition (capsicum), which significantly enhanced plant growth in rice and yield in capsicum compared to control. The present study revealed the combination of Bacillus spp. (K2, K12 and BioCWB) can be used as bio-inoculants for improving agricultural production in Sikkim. Moreover, for the first time, we demonstrated plant growth promoting (PGP) traits, antifungal and insecticidal properties of B. luciferensis.

背景与目标： ：从印度锡金的有机土壤中鉴定出了三种荧光素细菌，它们分别是萤光芽孢杆菌K2，解淀粉芽孢杆菌K12和枯草芽孢杆菌BioCWB，它们具有促进植物生长，对植物病原菌和稻谷折叠的生物防治潜力。结果表明，在K2中发现植物激素IAA（97.1μgmL-1）和GA3（10.6μgmL-1）的产量更高，而BioCWB具有更高的磷酸盐溶解（570.0μgmL-1）功效并且还具有固氮能力（5.34日志副本数mL-1培养）。所有这些细菌对植物病原体具有更高的拮抗活性。在体外培养条件下，茄枯萎菌，枯萎镰刀菌，罗非鱼（Athelia rolfsii）和炭疽菌（Colletotrichum gloeosporioides）均具有较高的杀幼虫活性。对芽孢杆菌菌株拮抗机制的分子洞察力揭示了几种抗菌肽（草酸，枯草杆菌素，表面活性素，伊图林，杆菌肽，枯草杆菌蛋白酶，丰霉素和杆菌霉素），挥发物（二甲基二硫化物，甲基呋喃，乙酸，Z-1， 3-戊二烯和3-己炔-2-醇）和可溶性代谢产物（9-十八烯酰胺，E-15-庚烯醛，E-3-二十碳烯和5-十八烯）。此外，在温室（大米）和田间条件（辣椒）下评估了使用细菌菌株（K2，K12和BioCWB）制备的液体微生物接种物，与对照相比，这大大提高了水稻的植物生长和辣椒的产量。本研究揭示了芽孢杆菌属的组合。 （K2，K12和BioCWB）可以用作生物制剂，以改善锡金的农业生产。此外，我们首次展示了萤光芽孢杆菌的植物生长促进（PGP）特性，抗真菌和杀虫特性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Chewing of areca nuts is quite popular in various regions worldwide. Previous studies have demonstrated the pharmacological and toxicological effects of fresh areca nuts. However, processed areca nuts, which are popular in the Hunan province of China, have not been extensively studied for its biological effect. This study aimed at investigating the impact of the acrea nut extracts (ANE) prepared from the raw material, the semi-product, and the final product on the immune system and inflammation-related markers in the Kunming mice. The mice were assigned to seven different groups and administered different ANE at two concentrations (1X and 5X) for four weeks. Total body weight gain and organ coefficient of the liver, spleen, and kidney, as well as the immune system and inflammation-related markers were evaluated. The results revealed that processed areca nuts have a much milder effect on the mice immune system and some inflammatory markers than fresh areca nut in the Kunming mice. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Chewing various forms of areca nuts is popular in China, Southeast Asia, and other regions. People from Hunan, China prefer to chew a processed areca nut, which has rarely been studied. This manuscript explores the effects of three kinds of areca nut extracts on the immune system- and inflammation-related indicators in Kunming mice. The obtained results revealed that processed areca nuts had significantly milder effects than the raw nut/nut extract, particularly on the body weight, immune responses, and inflammatory markers. The results of the present study provide some new directions for the areca nut industry and raise public awareness for the undesirable effects of areca nuts.

背景与目标： ：槟榔的咀嚼在全球各个地区都非常流行。先前的研究表明新鲜槟榔的药理和毒理作用。然而，在中国湖南省很流行的槟榔加工后的坚果由于其生物学作用尚未得到广泛的研究。这项研究的目的是调查由原料，半成品和最终产品制成的鹰嘴豆提取物（ANE）对昆明小鼠免疫系统和炎症相关标记的影响。将小鼠分为七个不同的组，并以两种浓度（1X和5X）施用不同的ANE，持续四个星期。评估了肝脏，脾脏和肾脏的总体重增加和器官系数，以及免疫系统和炎症相关标记。结果表明，与昆明小鼠新鲜槟榔相比，加工后的槟榔对小鼠免疫系统和某些炎症标志物的影响要轻得多。实际应用：咀嚼各种形式的槟榔在中国，东南亚和其他地区非常流行。来自中国湖南的人们更喜欢咀嚼一种加工过的槟榔，这一点鲜有研究。该手稿探讨了三种槟榔提取物对昆明小鼠免疫系统和炎症相关指标的影响。获得的结果表明，加工的槟榔比生坚果/坚果提取物具有明显更温和的作用，特别是在体重，免疫反应和炎症标记上。本研究的结果为槟榔产业提供了一些新的方向，并提高了公众对槟榔的不良影响的认识。