BACKGROUND & AIMS: STUDY OBJECTIVE:We determine the effect of the duration of emergency department (ED) observation on computed tomography (CT) rate for children with minor blunt head trauma. METHODS:We performed a prospective cohort study of children with blunt head trauma and a Glasgow Coma Scale score greater than 14. We defined time from injury as the time from head injury to initial physician (emergency attending physician or fellow) assessment. For children who were observed in the ED before CT decisionmaking, we defined ED observation time as time from initial physician assessment to the decision whether to obtain a CT. After adjusting for time from injury, patient age, sex, physician type, and study month, we measured the effect of ED observation time on CT rate in each of the 3 Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network Traumatic Brain Injury risk groups. RESULTS:Of the 1,605 eligible patients, we enrolled 1,381 (86%). Of the enrolled patients, 676 (49%) were observed in the ED and 272 (20%) had a CT performed. After adjustment, every hour of ED observation time was associated with a decrease in CT rate for children in all 3 traumatic brain injury risk groups: high risk (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 0.11; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.05 to 0.24), intermediate risk (adjusted OR 0.28; 95% CI 0.21 to 0.36), and low risk (adjusted OR 0.47; 95% CI 0.31 to 0.73). All 8 children with a significant traumatic brain injury had an immediate CT. CONCLUSION:For children with minor blunt head trauma, ED observation time was associated with a time-dependent reduction in cranial CT rate, with no delay in the diagnosis of a significant traumatic brain injury.

背景与目标： 目的：我们确定急诊科（ED）观察时间对轻度颅脑外伤儿童的X线计算机断层扫描（CT）率的影响。
方法：我们对钝性头部外伤且格拉斯哥昏迷量表评分大于14的儿童进行了一项前瞻性队列研究。我们将受伤后的时间定义为从头部受伤到最初的医师（急诊医师或同伴）评估的时间。对于在做出CT决策之前在ED中进行观察的儿童，我们将ED观察时间定义为从最初的医师评估到决定是否获得CT的时间。在调整了受伤，患者年龄，性别，医师类型和研究月份的时间后，我们在3个儿科急诊应用研究网络创伤性脑损伤风险组中的每一个中测量了ED观察时间对CT率的影响。
结果：在1,605名合格患者中，我们招募了1,381名（86％）。在入组患者中，在ED中观察到676例（49％），并且进行了CT的272例（20％）。调整后，在所有三个创伤性脑损伤风险组中，儿童每小时的ED观察时间与儿童CT率降低相关：高风险（校正后的优势比[OR] 0.11； 95％置信区间[CI] 0.05至0.24） ，中等风险（调整后的OR为0.28； 95％CI为0.21至0.36）和低风险（调整后的OR为0.47； 95％CI为0.31至0.73）。所有8名患有严重颅脑外伤的儿童均立即进行了CT检查。
结论：对于轻微钝性颅脑外伤的儿童，ED观察时间与颅内CT率的时间依赖性降低有关，而对严重颅脑外伤的诊断没有延迟。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Little research has been conducted to validate pain assessment tools in critical care, especially for patients who cannot communicate verbally. OBJECTIVE:To validate the Critical-Care Pain Observation Tool. METHODS:A total of 105 cardiac surgery patients in the intensive care unit, recruited in a cardiology health center in Quebec, Canada, participated in the study. Following surgery, 33 of the 105 were evaluated while unconscious and intubated and 99 while conscious and intubated; all 105 were evaluated after extubation. For each of the 3 testing periods, patients were evaluated by using the Critical-Care Pain Observation Tool at rest, during a nociceptive procedure (positioning), and 20 minutes after the procedure, for a total of 9 assessments. Each patient's self-report of pain was obtained while the patient was conscious and intubated and after extubation. RESULTS:The reliability and validity of the Critical-Care Pain Observation Tool were acceptable. Interrater reliability was supported by moderate to high weighted kappa coefficients. For criterion validity, significant associations were found between the patients' self-reports of pain and the scores on the Critical-Care Pain Observation Tool. Discriminant validity was supported by higher scores during positioning (a nociceptive procedure) versus at rest. CONCLUSIONS:The Critical-Care Pain Observation Tool showed that no matter their level of consciousness, critically ill adult patients react to a noxious stimulus by expressing different behaviors that may be associated with pain. Therefore, the tool could be used to assess the effect of various measures for the management of pain.

背景与目标： 背景：很少进行研究来验证重症监护中的疼痛评估工具，特别是对于无法通过口头交流的患者。
目的：验证重症患者疼痛观察工具。
方法：在加拿大魁北克市心脏病健康中心招募的重症监护病房中共有105名心脏外科手术患者参加了这项研究。手术后，对105例中有33例进行了无意识和气管插管评估，有99例进行了有意识和气管插管评估。拔管后对所有105例进行评估。对于这三个测试阶段中的每个阶段，均在休息，伤害性手术（定位）期间以及手术后20分钟使用静息疼痛疼痛观察工具对患者进行评估，共进行9次评估。在患者清醒并插管时和拔管后，获得每个患者的自我疼痛报告。
结果：重症监护疼痛观察工具的可靠性和有效性是可以接受的。 Interrater的可靠性由中等到较高的加权Kappa系数提供支持。对于标准有效性，在患者的自我疼痛报告与重症监护疼痛观察工具的评分之间发现显着关联。定位（伤害性操作）与静止时的较高分数可支持判别有效性。
结论：重症监护疼痛观察工具显示，无论危重患者的意识水平如何，重症成年患者都会通过表达可能与疼痛相关的不同行为来对有害刺激做出反应。因此，该工具可用于评估各种疼痛控制措施的效果。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) with stent implantation is widely used for the treatment of coronary stenosis. However, restenosis after stent implantation frequently reported by intravascular ultrasound evaluation. This may occur because of the reduced luminal area after implantation, insufficient stent expansion, or by the elastic recoil of the stent (ERS). Quantitative evaluation of stent expanding should provide further information on how to decrease the incidence of re-stenosis. Many previous studies have observed stent properties in 2D. However, the stent geometry is changed in 3D space, and 3D measurements will provide further information on factors such as the risk for asymmetric ERS. We performed 3D reconstruction using high spatial resolution images obtained with a Micro-CT system to observe the 3D expansion behavior of a test stent and quantitatively evaluate ERS. The expansion behavior of each structural component of the stent varied, as did the ERS and eccentricity. ERS ranged from 2.4% to 9.2% during observation form proximal and distal positions in each component. The greatest difference in ERS between 2D and 3D measurements was 5.2%. 3D measurements provide more information on ERS than 2D measurements. Our result shows the importance of the observation, and the evaluation by three dimensions.

背景与目标： ：经支架植入的经皮腔内冠状动脉成形术（PTCA）被广泛用于治疗冠状动脉狭窄。但是，支架植入后的再狭窄经常通过血管内超声评估得到报道。这可能是由于植入后的管腔面积减小，支架扩张不足或支架（ERS）的弹性后坐力引起的。支架扩张的定量评估应提供有关如何减少再狭窄发生率的进一步信息。先前的许多研究都观察到了2D支架的特性。但是，支架的几何形状会在3D空间中发生变化，并且3D测量将提供有关诸如不对称ERS风险等因素的更多信息。我们使用Micro-CT系统获得的高空间分辨率图像进行了3D重建，以观察测试支架的3D扩展行为并定量评估ERS。支架的每个结构部件的膨胀行为都不同，ERS和偏心率也不同。在每个组件的近端和远端位置观察时，ERS范围从2.4％到9.2％。 2D和3D测量之间的ERS最大差异为5.2％。 3D测量比2D测量提供更多有关ERS的信息。我们的结果从三个维度显示了观察和评估的重要性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To investigate the characteristics of epidemiological distribution of the ossification of the ligamentum flavum (OLF) in the thoracic spine including the incidence, segmental distribution, and shape. METHODS:Chest spiral computed tomography scans of 993 cases (male 506, female 487, mean age 60 years, range 5-102 years) who presented due to chest symptoms were analyzed with axial slices combined with sagittal slices. The conditions of OLF in the thoracic spine, including segments, thickness, location, and dural sac compression, were recorded. Prevalence was standardized according to the "Age Structure of Population in Beijing 2008". RESULTS:Among the population investigated, the standardized prevalence rate was 63.9 %. The standardized prevalence rate for males (68.5 %) was higher than that for females (59.0 %). The highest prevalence rate of OLF was in the 50-59 years age group (79.2 %); however, high density originated it can be found in individuals aged 10-19 years. The comparison of different thoracic segments showed that T10-11 (44.0 %) and T11-12 (41.6 %) had the highest prevalence rates. CONCLUSION:The prevalence of ossification of the ligamentum flavum was highest in the 50-59 years group, but also occurred in early years. OLF occurs more frequently in the lower than in the upper and middle thoracic regions and its prevalence increases with aging.

背景与目标： 目的：探讨胸椎黄韧带骨化症的流行病学分布特征，包括发病率，节段分布和形态。
方法：采用轴向切面结合矢状切面分析了993例因胸部症状而出现的胸部螺旋CT扫描（男506例，女487例，平均年龄60岁，范围5-102岁）。记录胸椎OLF的状况，包括节段，厚度，位置和硬膜囊压缩。流行率根据“北京2008年人口年龄结构”进行了标准化。
结果：在所调查的人群中，标准化患病率为63.9％。男性的标准化患病率（68.5％）高于女性的标准化患病率（59.0％）。 OLF的最高患病率是在50-59岁年龄段（79.2％）；然而，高密度起源于10-19岁的人群。比较不同的胸段，发现T10-11（44.0％）和T11-12（41.6％）的患病率最高。
结论：黄韧带骨化的发生率在50-59岁组中最高，但也发生在早期。 OLF在下部胸部的发生率高于上部和中部胸腔区域，并且其发生率随着年龄的增长而增加。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVES:Production agriculture is commonly associated with high prevalence of ergonomic injuries, particularly during intensive manual labor and during harvesting. This paper intends to briefly describe an overview of oil palm plantation management highlighting the ergonomics problem each of the breakdown task analysis. METHODS:Although cross-sectional field visits were conducted in the current study, insight into past and present occupational safety and health concerns particularly regarding the ergonomics of oil palm plantations was further exploited. Besides discussion, video recordings were extensively used for ergonomics analysis. RESULTS:The unique commodity of oil palm plantations presents significantly different ergonomics risk factors for fresh fruit bunch (FFB) cutters during different stages of harvesting. Although the ergonomics risk factors remain the same for FFB collectors, the intensity of manual lifting increases significantly with the age of the oil palm trees-weight of FFB. CONCLUSIONS:There is urgent need to establish surveillance in order to determine the current prevalence of ergonomic injuries. Thereafter, ergonomics interventions that are holistic and comprehensive should be conducted and evaluated for their efficacy using approaches that are integrated, participatory and cost-effective.

背景与目标： 目的：生产农业通常与人体工学伤害的高发有关，尤其是在密集的体力劳动和收割期间。本文旨在简要介绍油棕种植园管理概述，重点介绍每个分解任务分析中的人机工程学问题。
方法：尽管在本研究中进行了横断面实地考察，但仍可以深入了解过去和现在的职业安全与健康问题，尤其是关于油棕种植园的人体工学方面。除讨论外，录像还被广泛用于人体工程学分析。
结果：油棕人工林的独特商品在收获的不同阶段对新鲜水果束（FFB）切割机的人体工程学危险因素具有显着不同。尽管FFB收集器的人机工程学风险因素保持不变，但手动举升的强度会随着油棕树的年龄（FFB重量）的增加而显着增加。
结论：迫切需要建立监测手段，以确定当前的人体工学伤害发生率。此后，应采用综合，参与性和成本效益好的方法，进行全面，全面的人体工程学干预措施并评估其有效性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The interaction between T4 DNA and basic polypeptides was observed using fluorescence microscopy. Free DNA molecules exhibited random Brownian motion accompanying the conformational change. With the addition of polycation, such as histone and polyarginine, DNA molecules tended to shrink to become spherical shapes. The persistent lengths and the distributions of long axis lengths of DNA-polyarginine complexes were determined from the video images at various polyarginine concentrations. It is demonstrated that the conformation of DNA changes in a biphasic manner in the presence of polyarginine.

背景与目标： ：使用荧光显微镜观察到T4 DNA和碱性多肽之间的相互作用。游离DNA分子随构象变化表现出随机的布朗运动。随着组蛋白和聚精氨酸等聚阳离子的加入，DNA分子趋于收缩成球形。 DNA-聚精氨酸复合物的持久长度和长轴长度的分布是从视频中不同聚精氨酸浓度确定的。证明在聚精氨酸存在下DNA的构象以双相方式改变。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: SUMMARY:In analysis of longitudinal data, it is often assumed that observation times are predetermined and are the same across study subjects. Such an assumption, however, is often violated in practice. As a result, the observation times may be highly irregular. It is well known that if the sampling scheme is correlated with the outcome values, the usual statistical analysis may yield bias. In this article, we propose joint modeling and analysis of longitudinal data with possibly informative observation times via latent variables. A two-step estimation procedure is developed for parameter estimation. We show that the resulting estimators are consistent and asymptotically normal, and that the asymptotic variance can be consistently estimated using the bootstrap method. Simulation studies and a real data analysis demonstrate that our method performs well with realistic sample sizes and is appropriate for practical use.

背景与目标： 摘要：在纵向数据分析中，通常假设观察时间是预先确定的，并且在研究对象之间是相同的。然而，这种假设在实践中经常被违反。结果，观察时间可能非常不规则。众所周知，如果采样方案与结果值相关，则通常的统计分析可能会产生偏差。在本文中，我们建议通过潜在变量对纵向数据进行联合建模和分析，并可能提供有益的观察时间。开发了两步估计程序来进行参数估计。我们证明了所得的估计量是一致且渐近正态的，并且可以使用bootstrap方法一致地估计渐近方差。仿真研究和实际数据分析表明，我们的方法在实际样本量下性能良好，适合实际使用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A retrospective review of 373 adult patients admitted to Harbor General Hospital between 1980 and 1984 for minor closed head injury (Glasgow coma scale 13-15) was performed to determine the benefits of skull radiography, computed tomographic (CT) scanning of the head, and admission for observation. Variables reviewed were mental status, neurological examination, presence or absence of loss of consciousness, clinical evidence of basilar skull fracture, and fracture on skull radiography. The neurological examination (including mental status and Glasgow coma scale) in the emergency room was the best predictor of subsequent deterioration or the presence of an operative hematoma. The only patients with Glasgow coma scale scores of 15 who required surgical evacuation of an extraaxial hematoma had focal neurological deficits referable to hemispheric compression, with or without an abnormal mental status. A Glasgow coma scale score of 13 or 14 places the patient at risk either of having a hematoma requiring surgery or of deteriorating. We recommend that a head CT scan be obtained on all patients with Glasgow coma scale scores of less than 15, abnormal mental status, or hemispheric neurological deficits. If no operative lesion is found on the CT scan, the patient should be admitted for observation because there is still a risk of deterioration. Those with a Glasgow coma scale score of 15, a normal mental status, and no hemispheric neurological deficit may be discharged to be observed at home by a competent observer despite basilar or calvarial skull fracture, loss of consciousness, or cranial nerve deficit. No benefit was gained from skull radiography in any group.

背景与目标： ：回顾性研究了1980年至1984年之间因轻微闭合性颅脑损伤（格拉斯哥昏迷评分为13-15）而在港口总医院住院的373名成年患者，以确定颅骨X线摄影，头部CT扫描的益处，和入场观察。所审查的变量包括精神状态，神经系统检查，是否存在意识丧失，基底颅骨骨折的临床证据以及颅骨X线片骨折。急诊室的神经系统检查（包括精神状态和格拉斯哥昏迷评分）是随后恶化或存在手术性血肿的最佳预测指标。仅有的需要格拉斯哥昏迷量表评分为15且需要手术清除轴外血肿的患者具有局灶性神经功能缺损，相当于半球压迫，无论是否患有异常的精神状态。格拉斯哥昏迷量表评分为13或14，使患者处于需要手术的血肿或恶化的危险中。我们建议对所有格拉斯哥昏迷评分低于15，精神状态异常或半球神经功能缺损的患者进行头部CT扫描。如果在CT扫描中未发现手术病变，则应允许患者进行观察，因为仍然存在恶化的风险。格拉斯哥昏迷评分为15，精神状态正常，半球神经功能缺损的人，即使基底或颅骨颅骨骨折，意识丧失或颅神经缺损，也可以由合格的观察者在家中观察到。在任何组中，颅骨放射照相均未获得任何益处。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Infantile hemangioma (IH) can lead to severe complications. The 595-nm pulsed dye laser is poorly effective on thick and deep IH. Long-pulsed alexandrite laser has the proper wavelength of 755 nm and a relatively deep penetration. Thus, this may be a safe and effective treatment method for relatively deep or thick IH. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES:This study aims to determine whether 595-nm pulsed dye laser and 755-nm long-pulsed alexandrite laser in sequential therapy are safer and more effective for relatively deep or thick hemangioma. MATERIALS AND METHODS:This was a prospective study. A total of 194 infantile IH patients (thickness greater than 2 mm and less than 8 mm) were randomly divided into two groups: control group (treated using 595-nm pulsed dye laser) and experimental group (treated by sequential therapy with 755-nm long-pulsed alexandrite laser and 595-nm dye laser). RESULTS:The control group had a total effective rate of 36.1%, while the experimental group had a total effective rate of 76.3%. Enumeration data were compared by X2 -test. The results were considered statistically significant at P < .05. CONCLUSION:Sequential therapy with 755-nm pulsed dye laser and 595-nm long-pulsed alexandrite laser is a safe and effective treatment approach for relatively deep or thick hemangioma.

背景与目标： 背景：小儿血管瘤（IH）可导致严重的并发症。 595 nm脉冲染料激光对厚和深IH效果不佳。长脉冲变石激光器具有适当的755 nm波长和相对较深的穿透力。因此，对于相对较深或较厚的IH，这可能是一种安全有效的治疗方法。
目的和目的：本研究旨在确定序贯治疗中的595 nm脉冲染料激光和755 nm长脉冲变石激光对于相对较深或较厚的血管瘤是否更安全，更有效。
材料与方法：这是一项前瞻性研究。总共194名婴儿IH患者（厚度大于2 mm且小于8 mm）被随机分为两组：对照组（使用595 nm脉冲染料激光治疗）和实验组（通过755 nm顺序治疗）长脉冲变石激光器和595 nm染料激光器）。
结果：对照组总有效率36.1％，实验组有76.3％。通过X2-检验比较枚举数据。结果被认为在P <.05上具有统计学意义。
结论：采用755nm脉冲染料激光和595nm长脉冲变石激光进行序贯治疗是治疗较深或较厚血管瘤的一种安全有效的方法。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Purpose:To evaluate the change of retinal thickness and ocular microvasculature in a rat model of retinitis pigmentosa using swept source optical coherence tomography angiography (SS-OCTA). Methods:Three-weeks-old Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) rats (n = 8) and age-matched control rats (n = 14) were imaged by a prototype SS-OCTA system. Follow-up measurements occurred every three weeks on six RCS rats until week 18, and cross-sectional measurements were conducted on control rats. Thicknesses of different retinal layers and the total retina were measured. The enface angiograms from superficial vascular plexiform (SVP) and deep capillary plexiform (DCP) were analyzed, and the image sharpness was also extracted from the choroidal angiograms. Immunohistochemical analysis was done in the RCS rats after week 18, as well as in three-week-old RCS rats and age-matched controls. Results:In RCS rats, the thicknesses of the ganglion cell complex, the nuclear layer, the debris/photoreceptor layer and the total retina decreased over the weeks (P < 0.001). The SVP metrics remained unchanged whereas the DCP metrics decreased significantly over the weeks (P < 0.001). The immunohistochemical analysis confirmed our OCTA findings of capillary dropout in the DCP. The choroidal plexus appeared indistinct initially due to scattering of light at the intact retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and became more visible after week nine probably due to RPE degeneration. Loss of choriocapillaris was visualized at week 18. In control rats, no vascular change was detected, but nuclear layers, photoreceptor layers and total retina showed slight thinning with age (P < 0.001). Conclusions:Photoreceptor degeneration in RCS rats was associated with the loss of capillaries in DCP, but not in SVP. The OCTA imaging allows for the characterization of structural and angiographic changes in rodent models.

背景与目标： 目的：使用扫频光源光学相干断层扫描血管造影（SS-OCTA）评估色素性视网膜炎大鼠模型中视网膜厚度和眼微血管的变化。
方法：使用原型SS-OCTA系统对三周大的皇家外科医学院（RCS）大鼠（n = 8）和年龄匹配的对照大鼠（n = 14）进行成像。在六只RCS大鼠上每三周进行一次随访测量，直到第18周为止，并在对照组大鼠上进行横断面测量。测量不同视网膜层和整个视网膜的厚度。分析了浅表血管丛状（SVP）和深层毛细管丛状（DCP）的面血管造影，并从脉络膜血管造影中提取图像清晰度。在第18周后在RCS大鼠中以及三周大的RCS大鼠和年龄匹配的对照组中进行了免疫组织化学分析。
结果：在RCS大鼠中，神经节细胞复合物，核层，碎片/感光层和总视网膜的厚度在几周内下降（P <0.001）。 SVP指标保持不变，而DCP指标在过去几周中显着下降（P <0.001）。免疫组织化学分析证实了我们在DCP中OCTA的毛细血管脱落现象。脉络丛起初由于在完整的视网膜色素上皮（RPE）处散射而显得模糊，在第9周后可能由于RPE变性而变得更加明显。在第18周观察到脉络膜毛细血管的丧失。在对照组中，未检测到血管变化，但是核层，感光层和整个视网膜随年龄增长而略微变薄（P <0.001）。
结论：RCS大鼠的光感受器变性与DCP中毛细血管的丢失有关，而与SVP中的毛细血管丢失无关。 OCTA成像可表征啮齿动物模型中的结构和血管造影变化。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Over the past decade, the global proliferation of cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (CyanoHABs) have presented a major risk to the public and wildlife, and ecosystem and economic services provided by inland water resources. As a consequence, water resources, environmental, and healthcare agencies are in need of early information about the development of these blooms to mitigate or minimize their impact. Results from various components of a novel multi-cloud cyber-infrastructure referred to as "CyanoTRACKER" for initial detection and continuous monitoring of spatio-temporal growth of CyanoHABs is highlighted in this study. The novelty of the CyanoTRACKER framework is the collection and integration of combined community reports (social cloud), remote sensing data (sensor cloud) and digital image analytics (computation cloud) to detect and differentiate between regular algal blooms and CyanoHABs. Individual components of CyanoTRACKER include a reporting website, mobile application (App), remotely deployable solar powered automated hyperspectral sensor (CyanoSense), and a cloud-based satellite data processing and integration tool. All components of CyanoTRACKER provided important data related to CyanoHABs assessments for regional and global water bodies. Reports and data received via social cloud including the mobile App, Twitter, Facebook, and CyanoTRACKER website, helped in identifying the geographic locations of CyanoHABs affected water bodies. A significant increase (124.92%) in tweet numbers related to CyanoHABs was observed between 2011 (total relevant tweets = 2925) and 2015 (total relevant tweets = 6579) that reflected an increasing trend of the harmful phenomena across the globe as well as an increased awareness about CyanoHABs among Twitter users. The CyanoHABs affected water bodies extracted via the social cloud were categorized, and smaller water bodies were selected for the deployment of CyanoSense, and satellite data analysis was performed for larger water bodies. CyanoSense was able to differentiate between ordinary algae and CyanoHABs through the use of their characteristic absorption feature at 620 nm. The results and products from this infrastructure can be rapidly disseminated via the CyanoTRACKER website, social media, and direct communication with appropriate management agencies for issuing warnings and alerting lake managers, stakeholders and ordinary citizens to the dangers posed by these environmentally harmful phenomena.

背景与目标： ：在过去的十年中，蓝藻有害藻华（CyanoHAB）的全球扩散给公众和野生生物以及内陆水资源提供的生态系统和经济服务带来了重大风险。因此，水资源，环境和医疗保健机构需要有关这些水华发展的早期信息，以减轻或最大程度地减少其影响。在这项研究中，重点介绍了新颖的多云网络基础设施各个组成部分的结果，这些基础设施被称为“ CyanoTRACKER”，用于CyanoHABs的时空生长的初始检测和连续监测。 CyanoTRACKER框架的新颖之处在于可以收集和集成组合的社区报告（社交云），遥感数据（传感器云）和数字图像分析（计算云），以检测和区分常规藻华和CyanoHAB。 CyanoTRACKER的各个组件包括报告网站，移动应用程序（App），可远程部署的太阳能自动高光谱传感器（CyanoSense）以及基于云的卫星数据处理和集成工具。 CyanoTRACKER的所有组件为区域和全球水体提供了与CyanoHAB评估有关的重要数据。通过社交云（包括移动应用程序，Twitter，Facebook和CyanoTRACKER网站）接收到的报告和数据，有助于确定受CyanoHAB影响的水体的地理位置。与CyanoHAB相关的推文数量显着增加（124.92％）在2011年（相关推文总数= 2925）和2015年（相关推文总数= 6579）之间，反映了全球有害现象的增加趋势以及增加的趋势在Twitter用户中了解CyanoHAB。对通过社交云提取的CyanoHAB受影响的水体进行了分类，并选择了较小的水体进行CyanoSense的部署，并对较大的水体进行了卫星数据分析。 CyanoSense能够通过使用其在620 nm处的特征吸收特征来区分普通藻类和CyanoHAB。该基础设施的结果和产品可以通过CyanoTRACKER网站，社交媒体迅速传播，并与适当的管理机构直接沟通，以发出警告并警告湖泊管理者，利益相关者和普通公民这些环境有害现象所构成的危险。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Improvements in gait speed following various training paradigms applied to patients post-stroke does not always lead to changes in walking performance, defined as gains in daily stepping activity. We hypothesized that testing conditions, specifically the presence of an observer, influences patient behaviors and resultant outcomes may overestimate their true walking capacity. This potential Hawthorne effect on spatiotemporal and biomechanical measures of locomotor function in individuals post-stroke has not been assessed previously. Fifteen ambulatory individuals with chronic stroke wore instrumented insoles and performed two separate normal-pace walking assessments, including unobserved conditions during which participants were unattended and unaware of data collection, and observed conditions with an investigator present. Gait analysis was conducted outside of a laboratory setting using instrumented insoles equipped with a 3D accelerometer and pressure sensors which captured the spatiotemporal kinematics, vertical ground reaction forces and foot acceleration. Data were compared using paired comparisons, with subsequent correlation and stepwise regression analyses to explore potential associations between Hawthorne-induced changes in walking strategies, gait speed and locomotor performance (daily stepping). Except for cadence, other measures of spatiotemporal parameters and swing kinematics (acceleration) were not significantly different between observed vs unobserved conditions. However, analyses of ground reaction forces revealed significantly greater paretic limb loading (Δ1st peak = 1.5 ± 1.6 N/kg Δ2nd peak = 1.4 ± 1.8 N/kg; p < 0.01) and increases in weight bearing symmetry (11-24%, p < 0.01) during observed vs unobserved conditions. This potential Hawthorne effect was greater in those with slower walking speeds and shorter stride lengths but was not related to daily stepping. The present findings suggest that biomechanical parameters of walking function may be related to the presence of an observer and highlight the need to separately measure locomotor capacity (gait speed) and performance (daily stepping).

背景与目标： ：针对中风后患者进行各种训练范例后，步态速度的提高并不总是导致步行性能的改变，步行能力的提高被定义为每日踩踏活动的增加。我们假设测试条件（特别是观察者的在场）会影响患者的行为，而产生的结果可能会高估他们的真实步行能力。之前尚未评估过这种霍桑对中风后个体运动功能的时空和生物力学测量的潜在影响。 15名患有中风的非卧床患者穿着仪器鞋垫，并进行了两次单独的正常步态步行评估，包括未观察到的参与者无人值守和不知道数据收集的状况，以及观察者在场的情况。使用配备3D加速度计和压力传感器的仪器化鞋垫在实验室环境之外进行步态分析，该鞋垫可捕获时空运动学，垂直地面反作用力和脚加速度。使用配对比较对数据进行比较，随后进行相关性和逐步回归分析，以探讨霍索恩（Hawthorne）诱发的步行策略变化，步态速度和运动能力（每日踏步）之间的潜在关联。除了节奏以外，观察到的和未观察到的条件之间的其他时空参数和摆动运动学（加速度）测量也没有显着差异。但是，对地面反作用力的分析表明，肢体肢体负荷显着增加（Δ1st峰= 1.5±1.6 N / kgΔ2nd峰= 1.4±1.8 N / kg; p <0.01），负重对称性增加（11-24％，p <0.01）。在步行速度较慢，步幅较短的人中，这种潜在的霍桑效应更大，但与日常踏步无关。本研究结果表明，步行功能的生物力学参数可能与观察者的存在有关，并强调需要分别测量运动能力（步态速度）和性能（每日踏步）。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Purpose: To study whether the glistening on implanted acrylic intraocular lenses increases or not.Method: 1. Prospective study: We studied the glistening on 49 implanted acrylic intraocular lenses, particularly the time of appearance and increase after glistening appeared. 2. Experiment: We kept an intraocular lens immersed in saline solution at 50 degrees centigrade for 2 hours and then moved this lens into saline solution at 35 degrees centigrade, and observed this lens during immersion.Results: 1. Prospective study: Glistening was present in 28 eyes (57%), and appeared from 2 to 16 months postoperatively. A few months after appearance it become stable and did not increase further. 2. Experiment: On the 10th day after observation, we could see glistening on the lenses. The points of glistening were 10 µm or less in size, and did not change during 60 days of observation.Conclusion: The glistening in acrylic intraocular lenses seemed to become stable a few months after appearance. This our experimental method is useful, because it gives us glistening similar to clinical cases in a short time.

背景与目标： ：目的：研究植入的丙烯酸类人工晶状体上的闪烁是否增加。方法：1.前瞻性研究：我们研究了植入的49个丙烯酸类人工晶状体上的闪烁，特别是出现后的时间和出现闪烁后的增加。 2.实验：我们将人工晶状体在50摄氏度的盐溶液中浸泡2小时，然后将其移入35摄氏度的盐溶液中，并在浸泡过程中观察该镜片。结果：1.前瞻性研究：存在闪耀现象28眼（57％）出现在术后2到16个月。出现几个月后，它变得稳定，并且没有进一步增加。 2.实验：观察后第10天，我们可以看到镜片上闪闪发光。闪点的大小为10μm或更小，并且在观察的60天内没有变化。我们的实验方法很有用，因为它使我们在短时间内闪闪发光，类似于临床病例。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We demonstrate the fabrication of three-dimensional (3-D) hollow microstructures embedded in photostructurable glass by a nonlinear multiphoton absorption process using a femtosecond (fs) laser. Fs laser direct writing followed by annealing and successive wet etching in dilute hydrofluoric (HF) acid solution resulted in the rapid manufacturing of microchips with 3-D hollow microstructures for the dynamic observation of living microorganisms and cells in fresh water. The embedded microchannel structure enables us to analyze the continuous motion of Euglena gracilis. A microchamber with a movable microneedle demonstrates its ability for the elucidation of the information transmission process in Pleurosira laevis. Such microchips, referred to as nano-aquariums realize the efficient and highly functional observation of microorganisms and cells.

背景与目标： ：我们演示了使用飞秒（fs）激光通过非线性多光子吸收过程制造嵌入可光化玻璃中的三维（3-D）中空微结构。 Fs激光直接写入，然后在稀氢氟酸（HF）溶液中进行退火和连续湿法蚀刻，可以快速制造具有3-D中空微结构的微芯片，用于动态观察淡水中的活微生物和细胞。嵌入式微通道结构使我们能够分析Euglena gracilis的连续运动。具有可移动微针的微腔室展示了其阐明Pleurosira laevis中信息传输过程的能力。这种称为纳米水族箱的微芯片实现了对微生物和细胞的高效且高度功能化的观察。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Sixteen experienced and 15 inexperienced observers watched videotapes showing participants of a back school program perform simple tasks to assess the functional adequacy of their posture. They had received basis or more extensive observer training. Intraclass correlation coefficients were computed as a measure of intra-and interobserver reliability. When individual judgments were compared, it was found that the judgments of the experienced observers were more reliable than those of the inexperienced observers. The additional observers training did not lead to a significant augmentation of reliability. By selecting the most reliable items two alternative measures of overall posture were constructured whose reliability coefficients ranged fromr=0.89 to 0.93 for the group of experienced observers. The reliability of the judgments by the more extensively trained inexperienced observers was also satisfactory. The observation method presented here can thus be regarded as a reliable and potentially valid instrument for assessing the outcome of back school programs.

背景与目标： ：十六名经验丰富的观察者和15名缺乏经验的观察者观看了录像带，这些录像带显示了返校计划的参与者执行简单的任务，以评估其姿势的功能是否适当。他们已经接受了基础训练或更广泛的观察员训练。计算组内相关系数作为观察者内部和观察者之间可靠性的量度。当比较个人判断时，发现经验丰富的观察者的判断比没有经验的观察者的判断更可靠。额外的观察员培训并没有导致可靠性的显着提高。通过选择最可靠的项目，构造了两种替代的整体姿势测量方法，对于经验丰富的观察者组，其可靠性系数范围从r = 0.89到0.93。训练有素的缺乏经验的观察员的判断可靠性也令人满意。因此，这里介绍的观察方法可以被认为是评估返校计划结果的可靠且潜在有效的工具。