BACKGROUND & AIMS: :To better explore the clinical heterogeneity of bipolar mood states, we developed a dimensional scale for assessing all mood episodes (depressive, hypomanic, manic, mixed states) using the same tool. The Multidimensional Assessment of Thymic States (MATHYS) (Henry et al., 2008) provides two scores, a total score measuring a level of activation and a sub-score of emotional reactivity. The aim of this study was to establish the appropriate cut-off in total activation versus inhibition and in the emotional reactivity sub-score in bipolar disorders. Patients (n=187) during an acute episode and controls (n=89) filled in the MATHYS. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves were obtained to estimate the sensitivity and specificity of the global score and the emotional reactivity sub-score of the MATHYS, in order to differentiate patients from controls. ROC curves showed very satisfactory sensitivity and specificity levels both for the total score and the sub-score of emotional reactivity, thus providing an appropriate cut-off. Concerning the total score between 0 and 200, patients with a score lower than 91 had significant global inhibition and those with a score higher than 109 had significant global activation. Regarding the emotional reactivity sub-score between 0 and 40, patients with a score lower than 16 had significant emotional hyporeactivity and those with a score higher than 24 had significant emotional hyperreactivity. Our results provide cut-offs for the MATHYS to identify patients in an acute phase.

背景与目标： ：为了更好地探索双相情感状态的临床异质性，我们开发了一种用于使用同一工具评估所有情绪事件（抑郁，躁狂，躁狂，混合状态）的量表。胸腺状态的多维评估（MATHYS）（Henry等，2008）提供了两个评分，一个总评分用于衡量激活水平，另一个是情感反应分数。这项研究的目的是确定双相情感障碍的总激活与抑制以及情绪反应性亚评分的适当分界。急性发作期间的患者（n = 187）和对照组（n = 89）填写了MATHYS。获得接收者操作特征（ROC）曲线以估计MATHYS总体评分和情绪反应性子评分的敏感性和特异性，以区分患者与对照组。 ROC曲线在总分和情绪反应的亚评分中均显示出非常令人满意的敏感性和特异性水平，因此提供了适当的临界值。关于总分在0到200之间，得分低于91的患者具有显着的总体抑制作用，得分高于109的患者具有显着的全局抑制作用。对于0至40之间的情绪反应性子评分，得分低于16的患者有明显的情绪低反应性，而分数高于24的患者则有明显的情绪高反应性。我们的结果为MATHYS识别急性期患者提供了界限。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Activating KIR-HLA-C ligand complexes and HLA-G∗14bp insertion/deletion (+/-) polymorphism were associated to Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) and were suggested to correlate with inflammation during fetal development. We evaluated whether HLA-G∗14bp(+/-) and KIR-HLA-C complexes are associated with cognitive and behavioral scores and EEG profile in 119 ASD children (58 from Sardinia, 61 from Peninsular Italy). KIR2DS1-C2; KIR2DS2-C1; KIR2DL1-C2; KIR2DL2-C1; KIR2DL3-C1 and HLA-G∗14bp(+/-) were molecularly genotyped by Single Specific Primer PCR and gel electrophoresis. Univariate linear model analysis adjusted for age, gender and provenience showed statistically higher scores of Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) and Autistic Core Behavior in KIR2DS1-C2+/HLA-G∗14bp+ASD children (43.7±1.5, p=0.03; 3.3±0.1, p=0.03, respectively). These results suggested a synergistic polygenic association of KIR2DS1-HLAC2+/HLA-G∗14bp+ pattern with behavioral impairment in ASD children.

背景与目标： ：激活的KIR-HLA-C配体复合物和HLA-G * 14bp插入/缺失（/-）多态性与自闭症谱系障碍（ASD）相关，并被认为与胎儿发育过程中的炎症相关。我们评估了119名ASD儿童（58名来自撒丁岛，61名来自意大利半岛）的HLA-G * 14bp（/-）和KIR-HLA-C复合物是否与认知和行为评分以及脑电图谱相关。 KIR2DS1-C2; KIR2DS2-C1; KIR2DL1-C2; KIR2DL2-C1;通过单特异性引物PCR和凝胶电泳对KIR2DL3-C1和HLA-G * 14bp（/-）进行分子基因分型。根据年龄，性别和出身水平进行的单变量线性模型分析显示，在KIR2DS1-C2 / HLA-G * 14bp ASD儿童中，儿童自闭症评分量表（CARS）和自闭症核心行为在统计学上较高（43.7±1.5，p = 0.03; 3.3±分别为0.1，p = 0.03）。这些结果表明，KIR2DS1-HLAC2 / HLA-G * 14bp模式与ASD儿童的行为障碍存在协同的多基因关联。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: INTRODUCTION:The most severe complication of parenteral nutrition (PTN) is catheter-related infection (CRI). OBJECTIVES:To study the incidence rate and factors associated to CRI. MATERIAL AND METHODS:271 patients followed at the Nutrition Unit for 6 months. The composition of the PTN was calculated according to the metabolic demands. 20.3% received a lipid solution enriched with omega-3 fatty acids (SMOF Fresenius Kabi®) and 79.7% with olive oil (Clinoleic Baxter®). RESULTS:The rate of CRI was 25 per 1,000 days of PTN (55 patients: 61.7±17.8 years, 60.3% males, 29.3±10.6 days of hospital stay and 10.4% mortality). Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus was the most frequently isolated microorganism. There were no differences by age, gender, mortality, or composition of the PTN between patients with or without infection. The patients treated with omega-3 received more calories with the PTN, at the expense of higher intake of glucose and lipids. However, the rate of infection was similar, although there was a not significant trend towards a lower infection rate when using the omega-3 composition (14.5% vs. 23.1%, respectively, p = 0.112). The duration of the nutritional support was higher in patients with CRI (13.0 ± 9.7 vs. 9.3 ± 8.1, p = 0.038). Total mortality (16.9%) was independent of the presence or absence of CRI (10.4% vs. 18.7%, p = 0.090) or of the use of omega-3 lipids or olive oil in the PTN (10.9% vs. 18.5%, p = 0.125). CONCLUSION:Patients submitted to PTN have a high rate of CRI. The presence of infection is related to the duration of the PTN, being independent of the age, gender, and composition of the solution. The use of omega-3 lipid solutions may be beneficial although further studies are needed to confirm this.

背景与目标： 简介：肠胃外营养（PTN）的最严重并发症是导管相关感染（CRI）。
目的：研究CRI的发生率及相关因素。
材料与方法：271例患者在营养科接受了6个月的随访。根据代谢需要计算PTN的组成。 20.3％的人接受了富含omega-3脂肪酸（SMOF FreseniusKabi®）的脂质溶液，而79.7％的接受了橄榄油（ClinoleicBaxter®）的脂质溶液。
结果：PTN的CRI率为25/1000天（55例患者：61.7±17.8岁，男性为60.3％，住院时间为29.3±10.6天，死亡率为10.4％）。凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌是最常分离的微生物。在有或没有感染的患者之间，PTN的年龄，性别，死亡率或组成没有差异。用omega-3治疗的患者接受PTN吸收的卡路里更多，但要以增加葡萄糖和脂质的摄入为代价。但是，感染率相似，尽管使用omega-3组合物时感染率降低的趋势并不明显（分别为14.5％和23.1％，p = 0.112）。 CRI患者的营养支持持续时间更长（13.0±9.7与9.3±8.1，p = 0.038）。总死亡率（16.9％）与是否存在CRI（10.4％对18.7％，p = 0.090）或PTN中是否使用omega-3脂质或橄榄油无关（10.9％对18.5％， p = 0.125）。
结论：提交PTN的患者的CRI率很高。感染的存在与PTN的持续时间有关，而与溶液的年龄，性别和组成无关。尽管需要进一步的研究来证实这一点，但使用omega-3脂质溶液可能是有益的。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The need to find effective treatments for patients with Anorexia or Bulimia nervosa has led to the professionals who care for them to develop new forms of treatment that take into account the variables that cause resistance to change. Patients in this study (2006-2009) have the following characteristics: 340 patients who have 7 or more years of evolution and/or have tried numerous previous treatments without having succeeded in starting and / or maintaining the desired changes, that allowed them to recover steadily. As the proposed treatment, the patient-treatment team is based on the principles of the training model. It considers the patient holistically, it informs and provides him with resources to increase its commitment to change. Teaches the patient to take care physically and mentally as a way to regain their health and leave the disorder in a stable way. Includes family members as essential support in the recovery of their closest. Therapists require extensive experience in the treatment of ED, flexibility, ability to integrate with other team members even if they use different theoretical models, skills for group sessions, ability to handle negative emotions and frustration tolerance. Finally, the model presented below has been implemented, recovered patients whose stay in the disorder exceeded 15 years of development and led to permanent occupational disability.

背景与目标： 由于需要为患有厌食症或神经性贪食症的患者找到有效的治疗方法，因此引起了专业人士的关注，他们开发出了新的治疗形式，并考虑到了引起抗药性变化的因素。本研究（2006-2009年）的患者具有以下特征：340位患者经历了7年或更长时间的进化和/或尝试过多种先前的治疗而未成功开始和/或维持所需的改变，从而使他们得以康复稳步。作为建议的治疗方法，患者治疗团队基于培训模型的原则。它从整体上考虑患者，为患者提供信息并为其提供资源，以增加其对变化的承诺。教给病人身心上的照顾，以恢复健康并稳定地摆脱疾病。包括家庭成员，以帮助他们恢复最亲密的关系。治疗师需要在ED的治疗方面具有丰富的经验，灵活性，与其他团队成员融为一体的能力，即使他们使用不同的理论模型，小组会议的技能，应对负面情绪的能力和挫败感的容忍度。最终，实施了以下模型，恢复了在该疾病中停留超过15年并导致永久性职业残疾的患者。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: INTRODUCTION:Significant malnutrition exists in a high percentage of patients with head and neck cancer. Malnutrition is associated with defects in immune function that may impair the host response to malignancy. Malnutrition and immunosupression make patients highly susceptible to postoperative infections and complications. OBJECTIVES:Some studies of patients receiving immuno-nutrition in the perioperative period in head and neck cancer have shown beneficial effects on clinical outcome and inmune status. The authors carried out a systematic review of randomised control trials to determine whether perioperative immunonutrition has a role in the treatment of head and neck cancer. METHODS:14 trials of polymeric nutritional supplementation with immunonutrition were identified. Two studies compared two types of immunonutrition. RESULTS:A reduction in the length of postoperative hospital stay was seen in some trials, but the reason for this reduction is not clear. Some studides showed statistical differences with less complications in arginine-enhanced group and also showed a significant decrease of fistula complications in patients treated with a high arginine dose enhanced formula, if compared with a medium dose of arginine. CONCLUSION:[corrected] Those planning future studies face challenges. A suitable powered clinical trial is required before firm recommendations can be made on the use of immunonutrition in head and neck cancer patients postoperatively.

背景与目标： 简介：大量的营养不良存在于头颈癌患者中。营养不良与免疫功能缺陷有关，可能损害宿主对恶性肿瘤的反应。营养不良和免疫抑制使患者对术后感染和并发症高度敏感。
目的：一些对头颈部癌患者围手术期接受免疫营养治疗的患者的研究表明，其对临床结局和免疫状况具有有益作用。作者对随机对照试验进行了系统评价，以确定围手术期免疫营养是否在头颈癌的治疗中起作用。
方法：鉴定了14项免疫营养性高分子营养补充试验。两项研究比较了两种类型的免疫营养。
结果：在某些试验中，术后住院时间减少了，但是减少的原因尚不清楚。与中等剂量的精氨酸相比，精氨酸增强组的某些研究结果显示统计学差异且并发症较少，并且用高精氨酸剂量增强配方治疗的患者的瘘管并发症也显着减少。
结论：[已纠正]那些计划未来研究的人面临挑战。在对头颈癌患者术后使用免疫营养提出确切建议之前，需要进行适当的临床试验。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:Breast-feeding is associated with maternal health, such as electrolyte metabolism, lipid profile and body component change. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between duration of breast-feeding and obesity in postmenopausal women. METHODS:We analyzed data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2010-2012, a cross-sectional study in a Korean population. A total of 6621 postmenopausal women were analyzed. RESULTS:Body mass index and waist circumference were greater in women who had breast-fed for 6 months or more than in those who had not (BMI: 23.7±0.1 vs 24.5±0.1, P<0.0001; WC: 80.6±0.4 vs 82.8±0.3, P<0.001). This association persisted after adjustment for confounding factors (BMI: odds ratio[OR]1.54, 95% confidence interval[CI] 1.19-2.0; WC: OR1.67, 95% CI 1.29-2.17). The duration of breast-feeding tended to increase with increasing BMI and WC (P for trend, 0.001 for each). The proportions of women with greater BMI and WC increased with increasing duration of breast-feeding (27.3% in ≤6 months vs 41.2% in >18months, P<0.0001). CONCLUSION:The results of this study suggest that prolonged breast-feeding may be associated with greater BMI and WC among postmenopausal women.

背景与目标： 目的：母乳喂养与孕妇健康有关，例如电解质代谢，脂质分布和身体成分变化。这项研究的目的是评估绝经后妇女的母乳喂养时间与肥胖之间的关系。
方法：我们分析了2010-2012年韩国国民健康与营养检查调查（KNHANES）的数据，这是一项针对韩国人群的横断面研究。总共对6621名绝经后妇女进行了分析。
结果：母乳喂养6个月或更长时间的妇女的身体质量指数和腰围比没有母乳的妇女更大（BMI：23.7±0.1 vs 24.5±0.1，P <0.0001; WC：80.6±0.4 vs 82.8 ±0.3，P <0.001）。调整混杂因素（BMI：比值比[OR] 1.54，95％置信区间[CI] 1.19-2.0； WC：OR1.67，95％CI 1.29-2.17）后，这种关联仍然存在。母乳喂养的时间倾向于随着BMI和WC的增加而增加（趋势P，每种0.001）。 BMI和WC较高的女性比例随着母乳喂养时间的增加而增加（≤6个月为27.3％，而> 18个月为41.2％，P <0.0001）。
结论：这项研究的结果表明，延长母乳喂养可能与绝经后妇女的BMI和WC升高有关。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:The majority of patients with depressive disorders are treated by general practitioners (GPs) and are prescribed antidepressant medication. Patients prefer psychological treatments but they are under-used, mainly due to time constraints and limited accessibility. A promising approach to deliver psychological treatment is blended care, i.e. guided online treatment. However, the cost-effectiveness of blended care formatted as an online psychological treatment supported by the patients' own GP or general practice mental health worker (MHW) in routine primary care is unknown. We aim to demonstrate non-inferiority of blended care compared with usual care in patients with depressive symptoms or a depressive disorder in general practice. Additionally, we will explore the real-time course over the day of emotions and affect, and events within individuals during treatment. METHODS:This is a pragmatic non-inferiority trial including 300 patients with depressive symptoms, recruited by collaborating GPs and MHWs. After inclusion, participants are randomized to either blended care or usual care in routine general practice. Blended care consists of the 'Act and Feel' treatment: an eight-week web-based program based on behavioral activation with integrated monitoring of depressive symptomatology and automatized feedback. GPs or their MHWs coach the participants through regular face-to-face or telephonic consultations with at least three sessions. Depressive symptomatology, health status, functional impairment, treatment satisfaction, daily activities and resource use are assessed during a follow-up period of 12 months. During treatment, real-time fluctuations in emotions and affect, and daily events will be rated using ecological momentary assessment. The primary outcome is the reduction of depressive symptoms from baseline to three months follow-up. We will conduct intention-to-treat analyses and supplementary per-protocol analyses. DISCUSSION:This trial will show whether blended care might be an appropriate treatment strategy for patients with depressive symptoms and depressive disorder in general practice. TRIAL REGISTRATION:Netherlands Trial Register: NTR4757; 25 August 2014. http://www.trialregister.nl/trialreg/admin/rctview.asp?TC=4757 . (Archived by WebCite® at http://www.webcitation.org/6mnXNMGef ).

背景与目标： 背景：大多数抑郁症患者均由全科医生（GPs）进行治疗，并开了抗抑郁药。患者偏爱心理治疗，但由于时间紧迫且可及性有限，因此未得到充分利用。提供心理治疗的一种有前途的方法是混合护理，即指导性在线治疗。但是，由患者自己的全科医生或全科医生精神保健工作者（MHW）支持的在线初级心理保健形式的混合保健在常规初级保健中的成本效益尚不清楚。我们的目标是证明在一般情况下，患有抑郁症症状或抑郁症患者的混合护理与常规护理相比不劣于常规护理。此外，我们将探讨情绪，情感和治疗过程中个体内部事件的全天实时过程。
方法：这是一项务实的非自卑性试验，包括GP和MHW的协作招募的300例抑郁症患者。纳入后，将参与者随机分为常规常规护理中的混合护理或常规护理。混合护理由“行为与感觉”治疗组成：这是一个基于行为激活的八周基于网络的计划，具有对抑郁症状和自动反馈的集成监控。 GP或他们的MHW通过至少三节的定期面对面或电话咨询来指导参与者。在12个月的随访期内评估抑郁症状，健康状况，功能障碍，治疗满意度，日常活动和资源使用情况。在治疗过程中，情绪和情感的实时波动以及日常事件将使用生态瞬时评估进行评估。主要结果是抑郁症状从基线减少到三个月的随访。我们将进行意向性治疗分析和补充的按方案分析。
讨论：该试验将表明在一般实践中，混合护理是否可能是抑郁症和抑郁症患者的合适治疗策略。
试用注册：荷兰试用注册：NTR4757； 2014年8月25日。http://www.trialregister.nl/trialreg/admin/rctview.asp?TC=4757。 （由WebCite®存档，网址为http://www.webcitation.org/6mnXNMGef）。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The present investigation describes the effect on the isolated rat ileum of methanolic extracts derived from Conyza filaginoides (D. C.) Hieron (Asteraceae), Croton fragilis HBK. (Euphorbiaceae), Dodonaea viscosa Jacq. (Sapindaceae), Gymnosperma glutinosum (Spreng) Less. (Asteraceae), Parthenium tomentosum DC. var. stramonium (Greene) Rollins (Asteraceae), Potentilla thurberi A. Gray (Rosaceae), Pterogonum atrorubens (Englem.) H. Gross (Polygonaceae), Zornia venosa Mohlenbr. (Fabaceae) and Datura lanosa Barclay ex Bye (Solanaceae). In all the cases the extracts inhibited, in a concentration-dependent manner, the spontaneous contraction of the intestinal smooth muscle. The most active extract was that of D. viscosa. These findings tend to support the ethnomedical use of the selected species as spasmolytic agents in Mexican traditional medicine. Additionally, the potential antimicrobial activity of the extracts against pathogenic enterobacteria was investigated. Seven of the nine plants evaluated displayed antibacterial effects.

背景与目标： ：本研究描述了从Conyza filaginoides（D. C.）Hieron（Asteraceae），脆弱的巴豆HBK提取的甲醇提取物对离体大鼠回肠的作用。 （大戟科），Dodonaea viscosa Jacq。 （无患子科），裸子植物（Gymnosperma glutinosum）（Spreng）少。 （菊科），Parthenium tomentosum DC。变种amo（Greene）罗林斯（菊科），委陵菜A. Gray（蔷薇科），翼龙（Pterogonum atrorubens）（英）H. Gross（Po科），百日草（Zornia venosa）Mohlenbr （Fabaceae）和Datura lanosa Barclay ex Bye（Solanaceae）。在所有情况下，提取物均以浓度依赖性方式抑制肠平滑肌的自发收缩。活性最高的提取物是粘枝梭状芽胞杆菌。这些发现倾向于支持在种族学上将所选物种用作墨西哥传统医学中的解痉剂。此外，研究了提取物对病原性肠杆菌的潜在抗菌活性。被评估的九种植物中有七种显示出抗菌作用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVES:There is paucity of data on Primary immunodeficiency disorders (PID) from India. Here we describe the frequency of different primary immunodeficiency disorders, their clinical features and disease complications of 159 patients with PID diagnosed in a tertiary care center from India over the last 3 years. METHODS:We retrospectively reviewed the records of all the patients identified to have specific PID from 2008 to 2011. The diagnosed patients were classified according to guidelines of International Union of Immunological Society (IUIS) into eight different sub groups. RESULTS:The distribution pattern was as follows: diseases of immune dysregulation (29 %), phagocytic defects (29 %), predominant antibody deficiency (13 %), combined T and B cell deficiency (19 %) and other well defined diseases (10 %). CONCLUSION:The distribution pattern of PID varied significantly from those reported by western studies. This study highlights the need for development of more advanced facilities for diagnosis and management of PID in India and also the need for establishing population and hospital based registries.

背景与目标： 目的：印度缺乏有关原发性免疫缺陷疾病（PID）的数据。在这里，我们描述了过去3年间在印度三级护理中心诊断的159例PID的不同原发性免疫缺陷疾病的发生率，其临床特征和疾病并发症。
方法：我们回顾性回顾了2008年至2011年所有被鉴定为具有特定PID的患者的记录。根据国际免疫学会联合会（IUIS）的指南，将诊断出的患者分为八个不同的亚组。
结果：分布模式如下：免疫失调疾病（29％），吞噬缺陷（29％），主要抗体缺乏症（13％），T和B细胞联合缺乏症（19％）和其他明确疾病（10） ％）。
结论：PID的分布模式与西方研究报道的存在显着差异。这项研究突出了在印度开发用于PID诊断和管理的更先进设施的需求，以及建立以人口和医院为基础的注册表的需求。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE OF REVIEW:Neuroimaging has become a central technique of biological psychiatry and is uniquely suited to assess functional and structural brain changes in psychiatric patients in vivo. In this review, we highlight several recent developments that may enable the transition of psychiatric neuroimaging from laboratory to clinic. RECENT FINDINGS:We describe recent trends in refining imaging techniques for brain microstructure (diffusion imaging) and neurochemistry (magnetic resonance spectroscopy of neurotransmitters and metabolites) and their application to patients with mood disorders and individuals at risk, such as first-degree relatives. We also survey recent progress in imaging-guided deep brain stimulation (DBS), imaging-based (neurofeedback) therapies and studies looking at their convergent anatomical targets. These new interventional techniques, which aim to modulate brain circuits of emotion and motivation highlighted by functional imaging studies, have shown promising effects in several small studies. SUMMARY:The mapping of brain patterns associated with risk to develop mood disorders may pave the way for diagnostic/prognostic applications of neuroimaging. The neuromodulation techniques of DBS and neurofeedback, which target dysfunctional or compensatory circuits identified by functional imaging, may take neuroimaging into a new, therapeutic domain.

背景与目标： 审查的目的：神经影像学已成为生物学精神病学的中心技术，并且特别适合于评估体内精神病患者体内功能和结构的大脑变化。在这篇综述中，我们重点介绍了可能使精神神经影像学从实验室过渡到临床的最新进展。
最近的发现：我们描述了用于脑微结构（扩散成像）和神经化学（神经递质和代谢产物的磁共振波谱）的精细成像技术的最新趋势，以及它们在情绪障碍患者和高危人群（例如一级亲属）中的应用。我们还调查了影像引导的深部脑刺激（DBS），基于影像的（神经反馈）疗法和研究其趋同的解剖学目标的最新进展。这些新的干预技术旨在调节功能成像研究所强调的情绪和动机的大脑回路，在一些小型研究中显示出了令人鼓舞的效果。
摘要：与发展情绪障碍风险相关的大脑模式的映射可能为神经影像的诊断/预后应用铺平道路。 DBS和神经反馈的神经调节技术，以功能成像确定的功能障碍或代偿性电路为目标，可能会将神经成像带入新的治疗领域。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Neurons are specialized cells with a complex architecture that includes elaborate dendritic branches and a long, narrow axon that extends from the cell body to the synaptic terminal. The organized transport of essential biological materials throughout the neuron is required to support its growth, function, and viability. In this review, we focus on insights that have emerged from the genetic analysis of long-distance axonal transport between the cell body and the synaptic terminal. We also discuss recent genetic evidence that supports the hypothesis that disruptions in axonal transport may cause or dramatically contribute to neurodegenerative diseases.

背景与目标： 神经元是具有复杂结构的专门细胞，包括复杂的树突状分支和从细胞体延伸到突触末端的长而狭窄的轴突。需要有组织的重要生物材料在整个神经元中进行运输，以支持其生长，功能和生存能力。在这篇综述中，我们集中于从细胞体与突触末端之间的远距离轴突运输的遗​​传分析中得出的见解。我们还讨论了最新的遗传学证据，这些证据支持以下假设：轴突运输中断可能导致或严重导致神经退行性疾病。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVES:Approximately 30% of the adult Czech population smokes. Previous studies of smokers have documented diet sufficient in energy, but inadequate intake of dietary fibre, vitamins A, E, calcium and proteins. DESIGN:Nutrition was assessed between the groups of the probands (over 18 years aged, 667 smokers, 1044 nonsmokers, 428 past smokers) from 1% random sample of the Czech population. All volunteers completed a one day dietary recall after instruction from a nutrition expert. The dietary recall calculated energy, proteins, fats, vitamins C and E, cholesterol, fibre, calcium and iron intake using the Nutridan programme. RESULTS:Smokers had higher consumption of animal (p=0.0034), and total fat (p=0.0315), cholesterol (p=0.005), and lower intake of vitamin E (p=0.004) than nonsmokers. No other differences were found. The differences between past smokers and other groups were insignificant. CONCLUSION:The smokers consumed more total and animal fat, cholesterol and less of vitamin E than nonsmokers.

背景与目标： 目标：约30％的捷克成年人口吸烟。以前的吸烟者研究表明，饮食中能量充足，但饮食纤维，维生素A，E，钙和蛋白质的摄入不足。
设计：从捷克人群中随机抽取1％的先证者（18岁以上，667位吸烟者，1044位非吸烟者，428位过去吸烟者）之间评估营养。在营养专家的指导下，所有志愿者完成了一天的饮食召回。饮食召回使用Nutridan程序计算了能量，蛋白质，脂肪，维生素C和E，胆固醇，纤维，钙和铁的摄入量。
结果：与不吸烟者相比，吸烟者对动物的食用量较高（p = 0.0034），总脂肪（p = 0.0315），胆固醇（p = 0.005）和维生素E摄入量较低（p = 0.004）。没有发现其他差异。过去吸烟者与其他群体之间的差异微不足道。
结论：吸烟者比不吸烟者摄入了更多的总脂肪，动物脂肪，胆固醇和更少的维生素E。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Cholesterol lowering has been shown to be of benefit in reducing the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) in both patients with established CHD (secondary prevention) and those without (primary prevention). In secondary prevention trials, moderate cholesterol lowering reduced the rate of new events and decreased both morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disease. In primary prevention, a reduction of cholesterol by 20% has produced a 31% reduction in recurrent coronary morbidity, a 33% reduction in coronary mortality, and 22% less total mortality. The target of therapy is low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterolin patients with established CHD, goal LDL is < or = 100 mg/dL. In high-risk patients without established CHD, the target goal for LDL cholesterol is < or = 130 mg/dL. Nondrug measures, bile acid sequestrants, nicotinic acid, and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors all play important roles in cholesterol-lowering therapy.

背景与目标： 胆固醇降低已被证明在既有冠心病（二级预防）和非冠心病（一级预防）患者中均能降低冠心病（CHD）的风险。在二级预防试验中，适度降低胆固醇可降低新事件的发生率，并降低心血管疾病的发病率和死亡率。在一级预防中，降低20％的胆固醇可使复发性冠心病的发病率降低31％，使冠状动脉的死亡率降低33％，总死亡率降低22％。治疗的目标是在患有CHD的患者中使用低密度脂蛋白（LDL）胆固醇，目标LDL为<或= 100 mg / dL。在没有建立冠心病的高危患者中，低密度脂蛋白胆固醇的目标目标是<或= 130 mg / dL。非药物措施，胆汁酸螯合剂，烟酸和3-羟基-3-甲基戊二酰辅酶A（HMG-CoA）还原酶抑制剂均在降低胆固醇的治疗中起着重要作用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the evidence for the efficacy of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the diagnosis of disk position and configuration, disk perforation, joint effusion, and osseous and bone marrow changes in the temporomandibular joint. STUDY DESIGN:A PubMed literature search with specific indexing terms and a hand search were made. Two reviewers assessed the level of evidence of relevant publications as high, moderate, or low. Based on this, the evidence grade for diagnostic efficacy was rated as strong, moderately strong, limited, or insufficient. RESULTS:The literature search yielded 494 titles, of which 22 were relevant. No publication had a high level of evidence, and 12 had moderate and 10 low levels of evidence. The evidence grade for diagnostic efficacy expressed as sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values was insufficient. CONCLUSION:That evidence is insufficient emphasizes the need for high-quality studies on the diagnostic efficacy of MRI, incorporating accepted methodologic criteria.

背景与目标： 目的：评估磁共振成像（MRI）在诊断椎间盘位置和结构，椎间盘穿孔，关节积液以及颞下颌关节骨和骨髓变化方面的有效性的证据。
研究设计：进行了PubMed文献检索，包括特定的索引词和人工检索。两名审稿人对相关出版物的证据水平进行了评估，等级为高，中或低。基于此，诊断功效的证据等级被评为强，中度强，有限或不足。
结果：文献检索产生494种图书，其中22种具有相关性。没有出版物有高水平的证据，有12个有中度证据，有10个低水平证据。以敏感性，特异性和预测值表示的诊断功效的证据等级不足。
结论：证据不足，强调需要结合公认的方法学标准对MRI的诊断功效进行高质量的研究。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Relationships between eating and affective disorders remain complex and unclear. Brain glucose metabolism of anorectic patients has been demonstrated to be reduced both globally and regionally, with a particular relative hypometabolism in the parietal cortex. To explore the possible influence of weight loss or depressive symptomatology on brain metabolism, we studied age- and sex-matched low-weight anorectic and depressed patients, normal-weight depressed patients, and healthy volunteers. Absolute global and regional glucose activity levels were reduced in low-weight patients, with the lowest values being found for anorectic patients. In relative values, anorectic patients showed a significant parietal hypometabolism in comparison to control subjects while they had higher metabolism in the caudate nuclei when compared with the other groups. Absolute hypometabolism of glucose seems to be a consequence of low weight as it was found in both low-weight anorectic and low-weight depressive patients. In addition, absolute glucose values were significantly correlated with body mass index in all subjects. Future positron emission tomographic studies in psychiatric patients should control for alimentary parameters.

背景与目标： 饮食和情感障碍之间的关系仍然复杂且不清楚。厌食症患者的脑葡萄糖代谢已被证实在全球和区域均降低，顶叶皮层中存在特定的相对低代谢。为了探索减肥或抑郁症状对脑代谢的可能影响，我们研究了年龄和性别相匹配的低体重厌食症和抑郁症患者，正常体重的抑郁症患者以及健康志愿者。低体重患者的全球和区域绝对葡萄糖活性水平降低，而厌食患者的葡萄糖水平最低。在相对价值方面，与对照组相比，厌食患者的顶叶代谢明显降低，而尾核中的新陈代谢较其他组更高。葡萄糖的绝对低代谢似乎是低体重的结果，因为它在低体重厌食症患者和低体重抑郁症患者中均被发现。另外，在所有受试者中，绝对葡萄糖值与体重指数显着相关。未来精神病患者的正电子发射断层扫描研究应控制饮食参数。