BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Hemostatic materials are of great importance in medicine. However, their successful implementation is still challenging as it depends on two, often counteracting, attributes; achieving blood coagulation rapidly, before significant blood loss, and enabling subsequent facile wound-dressing removal, without clot tears and secondary bleeding. Here we illustrate an approach for achieving hemostasis, rationally targeting both attributes, via a superhydrophobic surface with immobilized carbon nanofibers (CNFs). We find that CNFs promote quick fibrin growth and cause rapid clotting, and due to their superhydrophobic nature they severely limit blood wetting to prevent blood loss and drastically reduce bacteria attachment. Furthermore, minimal contact between the clot and the superhydrophobic CNF surface yields an unforced clot detachment after clot shrinkage. All these important attributes are verified in vitro and in vivo with rat experiments. Our work thereby demonstrates that this strategy for designing hemostatic patch materials has great potential.

背景与目标： : 止血材料在医学上非常重要。然而，它们的成功实施仍然具有挑战性，因为它取决于两个通常会抵消的属性: 在大量失血之前迅速实现凝血，并能够随后轻松去除伤口敷料，而不会出现血块撕裂和继发性出血。在这里，我们说明了一种通过固定有碳纳米纤维 (cnf) 的超疏水表面合理地针对这两个属性来实现止血的方法。我们发现cnf促进纤维蛋白快速生长并导致快速凝血，并且由于其超疏水性质，它们严重限制了血液润湿，以防止失血并大大减少细菌附着。此外，凝块与超疏水CNF表面之间的最小接触会在凝块收缩后产生非强制性的凝块脱离。通过大鼠实验在体外和体内验证了所有这些重要属性。因此，我们的工作证明了这种设计止血贴片材料的策略具有巨大的潜力。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :To function properly in the rigorous tissue environment, implanted scaffolds for tissue engineering are required to meet certain standards of strength and mechanical integrity. However, the soft nature and moisture condition of biomaterials impose great challenges to many existing techniques and instrumentations for measuring their mechanical properties at micro/nano scale. In this work, we demonstrate the testing methodologies of micro/nano fiber reinforced type I collagens, and obtain basic mechanical property data of two types of modified collagens-micro carbon fiber reinforced collagen (MCFR) and nano collagen fiber reinforced collagen (NCFR). Results show that mechanical properties of collagen tissues can be enhanced by reinforcing nano collagen fibers but weakened by micro carbon fiber reinforcements. Mechanisms are discussed on how natures of reinforcing fibers affect reinforcement to the collagen matrix, as well as how reinforcements behave within the collagen matrix in response to mechanical strain.

背景与目标： : 为了在严格的组织环境中正常运行，需要用于组织工程的植入支架以满足一定的强度和机械完整性标准。然而，生物材料的柔软性质和水分条件对许多现有的在微/纳米尺度上测量其机械性能的技术和仪器提出了巨大的挑战。在这项工作中，我们演示了微/纳米纤维增强I型胶原蛋白的测试方法，并获得了两种改性胶原蛋白的基本力学性能数据-微碳纤维增强胶原蛋白 (MCFR) 和纳米胶原纤维增强胶原蛋白 (NCFR)。结果表明，纳米胶原纤维的增强可以增强胶原组织的力学性能，而微碳纤维增强可以削弱胶原组织的力学性能。讨论了增强纤维的性质如何影响对胶原蛋白基质的增强，以及增强物如何响应机械应变在胶原蛋白基质内的行为的机理。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This paper reports the manufacturing by 3D printing of scaffolds for in-situ mineralization of hydroxyapatite using aqueous suspensions of alginate and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-grafted cellulose nanofibers (CNF). Bifunctional CNF with carboxyl and aldehyde moieties were prepared from bleached bagasse pulp and crosslinked with PVA. Aqueous hydrogels for 3D printing were prepared by directly mixing PVA-grafted CNF with sodium alginate, with and without the addition of phosphate ions. A calcium chloride solution was sprayed during the printing process in order to partially crosslink alginate and to increase the dimensional stability of the printed gel. At the end of the printing process, the prepared scaffolds were dipped into a CaCl2 solution to: i) complete alginate crosslinking and ii) promote hydroxyapatite nucleation and growth by reaction with phosphate ions. In order to better understand the mechanisms governing manufacturing of scaffolds by 3D printing, the rheological behavior of alginate/PVA-grafted CNF and the mechanical properties of unit filaments obtained by direct hydrogel extrusion were investigated. The final scaffolds were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). This study shows that 3D printed sodium alginate/PVA-grafted CNF hydrogels are promising scaffold materials for bone tissue engineering.

背景与目标： : 本文报道了使用藻酸盐和聚乙烯醇 (PVA) 接枝的纤维素纳米纤维 (CNF) 的水悬浮液通过3D打印制造用于原位矿化羟基磷灰石的支架的方法。由漂白甘蔗渣纸浆制备具有羧基和醛部分的双功能CNF，并与PVA交联。通过将PVA接枝的CNF与海藻酸钠直接混合，在添加和不添加磷酸根离子的情况下，制备用于3D打印的水凝胶。在印刷过程中喷洒氯化钙溶液，以部分交联藻酸盐并增加印刷凝胶的尺寸稳定性。在印刷过程结束时，将制备的支架浸入CaCl2溶液中，以: i) 完全藻酸盐交联，ii) 通过与磷酸根离子反应促进羟基磷灰石成核和生长。为了更好地了解通过3D打印控制支架制造的机理，研究了藻酸盐/PVA接枝的CNF的流变行为以及通过直接水凝胶挤出获得的单元长丝的机械性能。通过扫描电子显微镜 (SEM)，傅里叶变换红外光谱 (FTIR) 和热重分析 (TGA) 对最终支架进行了表征。这项研究表明，3D打印的海藻酸钠/PVA移植的CNF水凝胶是用于骨组织工程的有希望的支架材料。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Developing biomaterial constructs that closely mimic the natural tissue microenvironment with its complex chemical and physical cues is essential for improving the function and reliability of implantable devices, especially those that require direct neural-electrical interfaces. Here we demonstrate that free-standing vertically aligned carbon nanofiber (VACNF) arrays can be used as a multifunctional 3-D brush-like nanoengineered matrix that interpenetrates the neuronal network of PC12 cells. We found that PC12 neuron cells cultured on VACNF substrates can form extended neural network upon proper chemical and biochemical modifications. The soft 3-D VACNF architecture provides a new platform to fine-tune the topographical, mechanical, chemical, and electrical cues at subcellular nanoscale. This new biomaterial platform can be used for both fundamental studies of material-cell interactions and the development of chronically stable implantable neural devices. Micropatterned multiplex VACNF arrays can be selectively controlled by electrical and electrochemical methods to provide localized stimulation with extraordinary spatiotemporal resolution. Further development of this technology may potentially result in a highly multiplex closed-loop system with multifunctions for neuromodulation and neuroprostheses.

背景与目标： : 开发生物材料结构，以其复杂的化学和物理线索紧密模仿自然组织微环境，对于改善可植入设备的功能和可靠性至关重要，尤其是那些需要直接神经电接口的设备。在这里，我们证明了独立式垂直排列的碳纳米纤维 (VACNF) 阵列可以用作互连PC12细胞神经元网络的多功能3-D刷状纳米工程基质。我们发现，在VACNF底物上培养的PC12神经元细胞可以在适当的化学和生化修饰后形成扩展的神经网络。软3-D VACNF架构提供了一个新的平台，可以在亚细胞纳米级上微调地形，机械，化学和电线索。这种新的生物材料平台可用于材料-细胞相互作用的基础研究以及长期稳定的可植入神经设备的开发。可以通过电气和电化学方法选择性地控制微图案化的多重VACNF阵列，以提供具有非凡时空分辨率的局部刺激。该技术的进一步发展可能会导致高度多重的闭环系统，该系统具有用于神经调节和神经假体的多功能功能。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The purpose of this study was to synthesize a self-setting bioactive cement by incorporation of wollastonite nanofibers (WNFs) into calcium phosphate cement (CPC). The composition, morphology, setting time, compressive strength, hydrophilicity, and degradation of WNF-doped CPC (wnf-CPC) were investigated. Scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy were utilized. Additionally, methyl-thiazolyl-tetrazolium bromide assay, scanning electron microscopy, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy, and histological evaluation were used to study the cell and tissue responses to wnf-CPC, both in vitro and in vivo. The results confirmed that the addition of WNFs into CPC had no obvious effect on the setting time or the compressive strength of wnf-CPC, provided the WNF amount was not more than 10 wt%. However, the hydrophilicity and degradability of wnf-CPC were significantly improved by the addition of WNFs - this was because of the change of microstructure caused by the WNFs. The preferred dissolution of WNFs caused the formation of microporosity in wnf-CPC when soaked in tris hydrochloride solution. The microporosity enlarged the surface area of the wnf-CPC and so promoted degradation of the wnf-CPC when in contact with liquid. In addition, MG-63 cell attachment and proliferation on the wnf-CPC were superior to that on the CPC, indicating that incorporation of WNFs into CPC improved the biological properties for wnf-CPC. Following the implantation of wnf-CPC into bone defects of rabbits, histological evaluation showed that wnf-CPC enhanced the efficiency of new bone formation in comparison with CPC, indicating excellent biocompatibility and osteogenesis of wnf-CPC. In conclusion, wnf-CPC exhibited promising prospects in bone regeneration.

背景与目标： : 这项研究的目的是通过将硅灰石纳米纤维 (WNFs) 掺入磷酸钙水泥 (CPC) 中来合成自固化的生物活性水泥。研究了WNF掺杂的CPC (wnf-CPC) 的组成，形态，凝固时间，抗压强度，亲水性和降解。利用扫描电子显微镜，傅立叶变换红外光谱，x射线衍射和电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱。此外，还使用甲基-噻唑基-溴化四唑鎓测定，扫描电子显微镜，电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱和组织学评估来研究细胞和组织对wnf-CPC的体外和体内反应。结果证实，在CPC中添加WNFs对wnf-CPC的凝结时间或抗压强度没有明显影响，前提是WNF含量不超过10 wt %。然而，通过添加WNFs，wnf-CPC的亲水性和可降解性得到了显着改善-这是由于WNFs引起的微观结构变化。当浸泡在tris盐酸盐溶液中时，WNFs的优选溶解导致wnf-CPC中形成微孔。微孔扩大了wnf-CPC的表面积，因此在与液体接触时促进了wnf-CPC的降解。此外，MG-63细胞在wnf-CPC上的附着和增殖优于CPC，表明将WNFs掺入CPC中改善了wnf-CPC的生物学特性。将wnf-CPC植入兔骨缺损后，组织学评估表明，与CPC相比，wnf-CPC增强了新骨形成的效率，表明wnf-CPC具有出色的生物相容性和成骨作用。总之，wnf-CPC在骨再生方面具有广阔的前景。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The prolonged and continuous monitoring of mechanoacoustic heart signals is essential for the early diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases. These bodily acoustics have low intensity and low frequency, and measuring them continuously for long periods requires ultrasensitive, lightweight, gas-permeable mechanoacoustic sensors. Here, we present an all-nanofiber mechanoacoustic sensor, which exhibits a sensitivity as high as 10,050.6 mV Pa-1 in the low-frequency region (<500 Hz). The high sensitivity is achieved by the use of durable and ultrathin (2.5 µm) nanofiber electrode layers enabling a large vibration of the sensor during the application of sound waves. The sensor is ultralightweight, and the overall weight is as small as 5 mg or less. The devices are mechanically robust against bending, and show no degradation in performance even after 1,000-cycle bending. Finally, we demonstrate a continuous long-term (10 h) measurement of heart signals with a signal-to-noise ratio as high as 40.9 decibels (dB).

背景与目标： : 长期和连续监测机械声学心脏信号对于心血管疾病的早期诊断至关重要。这些身体声学具有低强度和低频，并且长时间连续测量它们需要超灵敏，轻巧，透气的机械声学传感器。在这里，我们提出了一种全纳米纤维机械声传感器，该传感器在低频区域 (<500Hz) 表现出高达10,050.6 mV Pa-1的灵敏度。通过使用耐用且超薄 (2.5 µ m) 的纳米纤维电极层来实现高灵敏度，从而在声波施加期间能够使传感器产生较大的振动。传感器是超轻的，总重量小到5毫克或更少。该装置在机械上是抗弯曲的，并且即使在1,000循环弯曲之后也不会显示性能下降。最后，我们证明了对心脏信号的连续长期 (10 h) 测量，其信噪比高达40.9分贝 (dB)。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A subchronic inhalation toxicity study of inhaled vapor grown carbon nanofibers (CNF) (VGCF-H) was conducted in male and female Sprague Dawley rats. The CNF test sample was composed of > 99.5% carbon with virtually no catalyst metals; Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller (BET) surface area measurements of 13.8 m2/g; and mean lengths and diameters of 5.8 µm and 158 nm, respectively.Four groups of rats per sex were exposed nose-only, 6 h/day, for 5 days/week to target concentrations of 0, 0.50, 2.5, or 25 mg/m3 VGCF-H over a 90-day period and evaluated 1 day later. Assessments included conventional clinical and histopathological methods, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) analysis, and cell proliferation (CP) studies of the terminal bronchiole (TB), alveolar duct (AD), and subpleural regions of the respiratory tract. In addition, groups of 0 and 25 mg/m3 exposed rats were evaluated at 3 months postexposure (PE). Aerosol exposures of rats to 0.54 (4.9 f/cc), 2.5 (56 f/cc), and 25 (252 f/cc) mg/m(3) of VGCF-H CNFs produced concentration-related small, detectable accumulation of extrapulmonary fibers with no adverse tissue effects. At the two highest concentrations, inflammation of the TB and AD regions of the respiratory tract was noted wherein fiber-laden alveolar macrophages had accumulated. This finding was characterized by minimal infiltrates of inflammatory cells in rats exposed to 2.5mg/m(3) CNF, inflammation along with some thickening of interstitial walls, and hypertrophy/hyperplasia of type II epithelial cells, graded as slight for the 25mg/m(3) concentration. At 3 months PE, the inflammation in the high dose was reduced. No adverse effects were observed at 0.54mg/m(3). BALF and CP endpoint increases versus controls were noted at 25mg/m(3) VGCF-H but not different from control values at 0.54 or 2.5mg/m(3). After 90 days PE, BALF biomarkers were still increased at 25mg/m(3), indicating that the inflammatory response was not fully resolved. Greater than 90% of CNF-exposed, BALF-recovered alveolar macrophages from the 25 and 2.5mg/m(3) exposure groups contained nanofibers (> 60% for 0.5mg/m(3)). A nonspecific inflammatory response was also noted in the nasal passages. The no-observed-adverse-effect level for VGCF-H nanofibers was considered to be 0.54mg/m(3) (4.9 fibers/cc) for male and female rats, based on the minimal inflammation in the terminal bronchiole and alveolar duct areas of the lungs at 2.5mg/m(3) exposures. It is noteworthy that the histopathology observations at the 2.5mg/m(3) exposure level did not correlate with the CP or BALF data at that exposure concentration. In addition, the results with CNF are compared with published findings of 90-day inhalation studies in rats with carbon nanotubes, and hypotheses are presented for potency differences based on CNT physicochemical characteristics. Finally, the (lack of) relevance of CNF for the high aspect ratio nanomaterials/fiber paradigm is discussed.

背景与目标： : 在雄性和雌性Sprague Dawley大鼠中进行了吸入蒸气生长的碳纳米纤维 (CNF) (vgcf-h) 的亚慢性吸入毒性研究。CNF测试样品由> 99.5% 碳组成，几乎没有催化剂金属; Brunauer，Emmett和Teller (BET) 的表面积测量值为13.8平方米/g; 平均长度和直径分别为5.8微米和158纳米。6 h/天，持续5天/周，在90天期间达到0、0.50、2.5或25 mg/m3 VGCF-H的目标浓度，并在1天后评估。评估包括常规的临床和组织病理学方法，支气管肺泡灌洗液 (BALF) 分析以及末端细支气管 (TB)，肺泡管 (AD) 和呼吸道胸膜下区域的细胞增殖 (CP) 研究。此外，在暴露后3个月 (PE) 评估0和25 mg/m3暴露大鼠组。大鼠气溶胶暴露于0.54 (4.9 f/cc) 、2.5 (56 f/cc) 和25 (252 f/cc) mg/m(3) 的VGCF-H CNFs产生与浓度相关的小的可检测的肺外纤维蓄积，没有不良组织影响。在两个最高浓度下，注意到TB和AD呼吸道区域的炎症，其中富含纤维的肺泡巨噬细胞已经积累。该发现的特征是暴露于2.5 mg/m(3) CNF的大鼠中炎症细胞的最小浸润，炎症以及间质壁的一些增厚以及II型上皮细胞的肥大/增生，对于25 mg/m(3) 浓度而言是轻微的。在3个月的PE时，高剂量的炎症减少。在0.54 mg/m(3) 下未观察到不良反应。在25 mg/m(3) VGCF-H时，BALF和CP端点相对于对照增加，但与0.54或2.5 mg/m(3) 时的对照值没有差异。PE 90天后，BALF生物标志物仍在25 mg/m(3) 处增加，表明炎症反应尚未完全解决。来自25和2.5 mg/m(3) 暴露组的大于90% 的CNF暴露、BALF回收的肺泡巨噬细胞含有纳米纤维 (> 60% 0.5 mg/m(3))。在鼻腔中也发现了非特异性炎症反应。基于终末细支气管和肺泡管区域的最小炎症，对于雄性和雌性大鼠，VGCF-H纳米纤维的未观察到的不良反应水平被认为是0.54 mg/m(3) (4.9纤维/cc)。在2.5 mg/m(3) 暴露下的肺的区域。值得注意的是，在2.5mg/m(3) 暴露水平下的组织病理学观察与该暴露浓度下的CP或BALF数据不相关。此外，将CNF的结果与碳纳米管大鼠90天吸入研究的公开结果进行了比较，并提出了基于CNT理化特性的效力差异假设。最后，讨论了CNF与高纵横比纳米材料/纤维范例的 (缺乏) 相关性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Herein, we fabricated a feasible and accurate sensing platform for the quantification of toxic organic pollutant 2-nitroaniline (2-NA) in water samples through electrocatalyst made up of bismuth molybdate (Bi2MoO6, BMO) functionalized carbon nanofiber (f-CNF) modified electrode. The preparation of BMO/f-CNF composite is of two methods, such as co-precipitation (C-BMO/f-CNF) and ultrasonication method (U-BMO/f-CNF). The physicochemical properties of the composites were characterized by XRD, FTIR, Raman, BET, FE-SEM, and HR-TEM techniques. At U-BMO/f-CNF, the charge transfer resistance was low (Rct = 12.47 Ω) compared to C-BMO/f-CNF because nanosized U-BMO particles correctly aim at the defective sites of the f-CNF surface wall. Further, the electrocatalytic activity of C&U-BMO/f-CNF composites was examined by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry techniques (DPV) for the electrochemical detection of 2-nitroaniline (2-NA). The U-BMO/f-CNF/GCE shows a higher cathodic current, wide dynamic linear range of 0.01-168.01 µM, and superior electrocatalytic activity with a low detection limit (0.0437 µM) and good sensitivity (0.6857 μA μM-1 cm-2). The excellent selectivity nature of U-BMO/f-CNF/GCE was observed in the presence of various organic pollutants and a few toxic metal cations. The practical applicability such as stability, repeatability towards 2-NA outcomes with accepted results. Besides, the practical viability of as proposed U-BMO/f-CNF sensor was investigated in soil and lake water samples delivers good recovery results. Hence from these analyses, we conclude that U-BMO/f-CNF/GCE potential for the determination of hazardous environmental pollutant 2-NA.

背景与目标： : 在此，我们通过由钼酸铋 (Bi2MoO6，BMO) 功能化的碳纳米纤维 (f-cnf) 修饰电极组成的电催化剂，制造了一种可行且准确的传感平台，用于定量水样中的有毒有机污染物2-硝基苯胺 (2-NA)。BMO/f-cnf复合材料的制备有两种方法，如共沉淀法 (c-bmo/f-cnf) 和超声法 (U-BMO/f-cnf)。通过XRD，FTIR，Raman，BET，fe-sem和hr-tem技术对复合材料的理化性能进行了表征。在U-BMO/f-CNF处，与C-BMO/f-CNF相比，电荷转移电阻低 (Rct = 12.47 Ω)，因为纳米尺寸的U-BMO颗粒正确地瞄准了f-cnf表面壁的缺陷部位。此外，通过循环伏安 (CV) 和差分脉冲伏安技术 (DPV) 检查了C & U-BMO/f-CNF复合材料的电催化活性，用于2-硝基苯胺 (2-NA) 的电化学检测。U-BMO/f-CNF/GCE显示出更高的阴极电流，0.01-168.01 µ m的宽动态线性范围以及优异的电催化活性，具有低检出限 (0.0437 µ m) 和良好的灵敏度 (0.6857 μ a μ m-1 cm-2)。在存在各种有机污染物和一些有毒金属阳离子的情况下，观察到U-BMO/f-CNF/GCE的优异选择性。实际适用性，如稳定性、对2-NA结果的可重复性和公认的结果。此外，还研究了所提出的U-BMO/f-CNF传感器在土壤和湖水样品中的实际可行性，并提供了良好的回收效果。因此，从这些分析中，我们得出结论，U-BMO/f-CNF/GCE在测定危险环境污染物2-NA方面的潜力。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Capping techniques have been used as a treatment modality for the prevention of neuroma formation and the management of neuropathic pain. However, the results are inconsistent and unpredictable. We hypothesize that this situation may be attributable, in part, to the disparities in the type of materials used to manufacturing of the conduits. METHODS:In this study, a rat model was used and the sciatic nerve was selected for evaluation. In 1 capping group, a sciatic nerve stump was capped with a nonaligned nanofiber conduit (the nonaligned group), whereas in a second capping group, the conduit was made of aligned nanofibers (the aligned group). In another group, the sciatic nerve stump was not capped as a control (the control group). The results of autotomy behavior, extent of neuroma formation, histological changes in the neuroma, and the expression of c-fos as a pain marker in the fourth lumbar spinal cord were evaluated at 8 weeks postoperatively. RESULTS:The control group presented more neuroma-like features in all the observed parameters in comparison with the 2 capping groups; of the 2 capping groups, the aligned group achieved even better outcomes than the nonaligned group. CONCLUSIONS:Our findings indicate that the aligned nanofiber conduit is a promising biomaterial for the nerve capping technique, and new treatment strategies using aligned nanofiber conduits may be developed for the management of painful amputated neuromas.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :On 11 March 2011, the day of the unforgettable disaster of the 9 magnitude Tohoku earthquake and quickly followed by the devastating Tsunami, a damageable amount of radionuclides had dispersed from the Fukushima Daiichi's damaged nuclear reactors. Decontamination of the dispersed radionuclides from seawater and soil, due to the huge amounts of coexisting ions with competitive functionalities, has been the topmost difficulty. Ferric hexacyanoferrate, also known as Prussian blue (PB), has been the most powerful material for selectively trapping the radioactive cesium ions; its high tendency to form stable colloids in water, however, has made PB to be impossible for the open-field radioactive cesium decontamination applications. A nano/nano combinatorial approach, as is described in this study, has provided an ultimate solution to this intrinsic colloid formation difficulty of PB. Cellulose nanofibers (CNF) were used to immobilize PB via the creation of CNF-backboned PB. The CNF-backboned PB (CNF/PB) was found to be highly tolerant to water and moreover, it gave a 139 mg/g capability and a million (106) order of magnitude distribution coefficient (Kd) for absorbing of the radioactive cesium ion. Field studies on soil and seawater decontaminations in Fukushima gave satisfactory results, demonstrating high capabilities of CNF/PB for practical applications.

背景与目标： : 2011年3月11日，这是东北9级地震令人难忘的灾难的一天，随后又发生了毁灭性的海啸，福岛第一核电站受损的核反应堆中散布了可破坏的放射性核素。由于大量具有竞争性功能的共存离子，海水和土壤中分散的放射性核素的去污一直是最困难的。六氰铁酸铁，也称为普鲁士蓝 (PB)，是选择性捕获放射性铯离子的最强大的材料; 但是，它在水中形成稳定胶体的高度趋势使PB无法用于露天放射性铯净化应用。如本研究中所述，纳米/纳米组合方法为PB的这种固有胶体形成困难提供了最终解决方案。纤维素纳米纤维 (CNF) 通过产生CNF背结的PB来固定PB。发现CNF背结PB (CNF/PB) 对水具有高度耐受性，此外，它具有139的  mg/g能力和百万 (106) 数量级的分布系数 (Kd) 吸收放射性铯离子。福岛土壤和海水净化的现场研究取得了令人满意的结果，证明了CNF/PB在实际应用中的强大能力。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Infections, especially those caused by multi-drug resistant pathogens, result in serious problems in wound healing process. In this study, Zataria multiflora (ZM) essential oil, as a strong natural antimicrobial agent, is incorporated into poly (vinyl alcohol)-based nanofiber mats to fabricate a novel wound dressing. Different amounts of ZM essential oil (0, 2, 5 and 10% (v/v)) were incorporated into chitosan/poly(vinyl alcohol)/gelatin (CS/PVA/Gel) solutions and then were successfully electrospun into beadless and uniform fibers with 95 ± 14, 154 ± 27, 187 ± 40 and 218 ± 58 nm in diameters, respectively. The produced nanofiber mats (CS/PVA/Gel/ZM) were chemically crosslinked by glutaraldehyde vapor. The chemical compositions of ZM essential oil and nanofiber mats were analyzed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), respectively. The antimicrobial activity of the CS/PVA/Gel/ZM nanofiber mats was determined by the AATCC100 method. The nanofiber mat loaded with 10% of ZM essential oil completely inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans after 24 h of incubation. Swelling investigations showed that the produced nanofibers have a substantial ability to take up water, in the range of 400-900%. Mechanical properties of the nanofiber mats were studied by tensile testing. Furthermore, they were found to be non-toxic by biocompatibility assays on mouse fibroblast (L929) cells. The obtained results have demonstrated that CS/PVA/Gel nanofiber mats, loaded with ZM essential oil, are promising alternatives to conventional wound dressings.

背景与目标： : 感染，尤其是由多重耐药病原体引起的感染，导致伤口愈合过程中出现严重问题。在这项研究中，Zataria multiflora (ZM) 精油作为一种强天然抗菌剂，被掺入基于聚乙烯醇的纳米纤维垫中，以制造一种新型的伤口敷料。将不同量的ZM精油 (0、2、5和10% (v/v)) 掺入壳聚糖/聚乙烯醇/明胶 (CS/PVA/Gel) 溶液中，然后以95   ±   14成功地电纺丝成无珠均匀纤维，直径分别为154   ±   27、187   ±   40和218   ±   58  nm。所产生的纳米纤维垫 (CS/PVA/Gel/ZM) 通过戊二醛蒸气化学交联。分别使用气相色谱-质谱 (gc-ms) 和傅里叶变换红外光谱 (FTIR) 分析了ZM精油和纳米纤维毡的化学成分。通过AATCC100方法测定了CS/PVA/Gel/ZM纳米纤维垫的抗菌活性。10% ZM精油的纳米纤维垫在培养24小时后完全抑制金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌和白色念珠菌的生长。溶胀研究表明，所产生的纳米纤维具有在400-900% 范围内吸收水的显著能力。通过拉伸测试研究了纳米纤维垫的机械性能。此外，通过对小鼠成纤维细胞 (L929) 细胞的生物相容性测定，发现它们是无毒的。获得的结果表明，装有ZM精油的CS/PVA/凝胶纳米纤维垫有望替代常规伤口敷料。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Cellulose nanofiber films (CNFF) were treated via a welding process using ionic liquids (ILs). Acid-base-conjugated ILs derived from 1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-ene [DBN] and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([emim][OAc]) were utilized. The removal efficiency of ILs from welded CNFF was assessed using liquid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The mechanical and physical properties of CNFF indicated surface plasticization of CNFF, which improved transparency. Upon treatment, the average CNFF toughness increased by 27%, and the films reached a Young's modulus of ∼5.8 GPa. These first attempts for IL "welding" show promise to tune the surfaces of biobased films, expanding the scope of properties for the production of new biobased materials in a green chemistry context. The results of this work are highly relevant to the fabrication of CNFFs using ionic liquids and related solvents.

背景与目标： : 使用离子液体 (ILs) 通过焊接工艺处理纤维素纳米纤维膜 (CNFF)。使用衍生自1,5-二氮杂双环 [4.3.0]non-5-ene [DBN] 和1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑鎓乙酸酯 ([emim][OAc]) 的酸碱共轭il。使用液态核磁共振 (NMR) 光谱和傅里叶变换红外光谱 (FTIR) 评估了焊接CNFF中ILs的去除效率。CNFF的机械和物理性能表明CNFF的表面塑化，从而提高了透明度。处理后，平均CNFF韧性增加27%，并且薄膜达到约5.8 GPa的杨氏模量。IL “焊接” 的这些首次尝试显示出有望调整生物基膜的表面，从而扩大了在绿色化学背景下生产新生物基材料的性能范围。这项工作的结果与使用离子液体和相关溶剂制造CNFFs高度相关。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The aim of this study was to develop controlled drug delivery by network scaffolds based on self-assembling peptide RADAFI and RADAFII. These two peptides self-assembled into interconnected nanofibrilar network structures with distinct physical morphologies. The hydrogels were also utilized for entrapment and release of some model guests, promising their future application as a drug delivery vehicle. Fickian diffusion controlled the release kinetics. Furthermore, the obtained release function was dependent on both rational design of the peptides used for hydrogel formation and choice of the entrapped molecules. On the basis of the striking different releases of these two peptide scaffolds, we suggested that guest size and lipophilicity influenced the release competitively. The release of RADAFI system was dominated by guest size, and the guest lipophilicity controlled the release behavior in RADAFII system. In a word, this work would potentially provide a spatially and temporally controlled delivery system for some functional drugs in the future.

背景与目标： : 这项研究的目的是开发基于自组装肽RADAFI和RADAFI的网络支架的受控药物递送。这两种肽自组装成具有不同物理形态的相互连接的纳米纤维网络结构。水凝胶还用于捕获和释放某些模型来宾，并有望将其作为药物输送载体。Fickian扩散控制了释放动力学。此外，获得的释放功能取决于用于水凝胶形成的肽的合理设计和截留分子的选择。基于这两种肽支架的显着不同释放，我们建议客体大小和亲脂性竞争性地影响释放。RADAFI系统的释放主要由来宾大小主导，来宾亲脂性控制了RADAFI系统的释放行为。总之，这项工作可能会在将来为某些功能药物提供空间和时间控制的递送系统。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Microalgae technology, if managed properly, has promising roles in solving food-water-energy nexus. The Achilles' heel is, however, to lower the costs associated with cultivation and harvesting. As a favorable technique, application of membrane process is strongly limited by membrane fouling. This study evaluates performance of nylon 6,6 nanofiber membrane (NFM) to a conventional polyvinylidene fluoride phase inverted membrane (PVDF PIM) for filtration of Chlorella vulgaris. Results show that nylon 6,6 NFM is superhydrophilic, has higher size of pore opening (0.22 vs 0.18 μm) and higher surface pore density (23 vs 18 pores/μm2) leading to higher permeance (1018 vs 493 L/m2hbar) and better fouling resistant. Such advantages help to outperform the filterability of PVDF PIM by showing much higher steady-state permeance (286 vs 120 L/m2hbar), with comparable biomass retention. In addition, unlike for PVDF PIM, imposing longer relaxation cycles further enhances the performance of the NFM (i.e., 178 L/m2hbar for 0.5 min and 236 L/m2hbar for 5 min). Overall findings confirm the advantages of nylon 6,6 NFM over the PVDF PIM. Such advantages can help to reduce required membrane area and specific aeration demand by enabling higher flux and lowering aeration rate. Nevertheless, developments of nylon 6,6 NFM material with respect to its intrinsic properties, mechanical strength and operational conditions of the panel can still be explored to enhance its competitiveness as a promising fouling resistant membrane material for microalgae filtration.

背景与目标： : 微藻技术，如果管理得当，在解决食物-水-能源关系方面具有广阔的作用。然而，致命弱点是为了降低与种植和收获相关的成本。作为一种有利的技术，膜工艺的应用受到膜污染的强烈限制。这项研究评估了尼龙6,6纳米纤维膜 (NFM) 在常规聚偏氟乙烯相倒置膜 (PVDF PIM) 上的性能，以过滤普通小球藻。结果表明，尼龙6,6 NFM是超亲水的，具有较高的孔开口尺寸 (0.22对0.18  μ m) 和较高的表面孔密度 (23对18孔/μ m2)，导致更高的渗透率 (1018对493 L/m2hbar) 和更好的抗污垢性能。这些优点通过显示出高得多的稳态渗透率 (286相对于120 L/m2hbar)，具有相当的生物量保留率，有助于优于PVDF PIM的过滤性。此外，与PVDF PIM不同，施加更长的弛豫周期进一步增强NFM的性能 (即，178  L/m2hbar为0.5  min，236  L/m2hbar为5  min)。总体发现证实了尼龙6,6 NFM优于PVDF PIM的优势。这些优点可以通过实现更高的通量和降低曝气速率来帮助减少所需的膜面积和特定的曝气需求。尽管如此，仍可以探索尼龙6,6 NFM材料在其固有性能、机械强度和面板操作条件方面的发展，以增强其作为用于微藻过滤的有希望的抗污染膜材料的竞争力。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Electrospinning is a simple versatile process used to produce nanofibers and collect them as a nanofiber mat. However, due to bending instability, electrospinning often produces a nanofiber mat with non-uniform mat thickness. In this study, we developed a uniform-thickness electrospun nanofiber mat (UTEN) production system with a movable collector based on real-time thickness measurement and thickness feedback control. This system is compatible with a collector with void regions such as a mesh-type collector, two-parallel-metal-plate collector, and ring-type collector, which facilitates the measurement of light transmittance across the produced nanofiber mat during electrospinning. A real-time measurement system was developed to measure light transmittance and convert it to the thickness of the nanofiber mat in real time using the Beer-Lambert law. Thickness feedback control was achieved by repeating the following sequences: (1) finding an optimal position of the movable collector based on the measured thickness of the nanofiber mat, (2) shifting the collector to an optimal position, and (3) performing electrospinning for a given time step. We found that the suggested thickness feedback control algorithm could significantly decrease the non-uniformity of the nanofiber mat by reducing the standard deviation by more than 8 and 3 times for the numerical simulation and experiments, respectively, when compared with the conventional electrospinning. As a pioneering research, this study will contribute to the development of an electrospinning system to produce robust and reliable nanofiber mats in many research and industrial fields such as biomedicine, environment, and energy.

背景与目标： : 静电纺丝是一种简单的通用工艺，用于生产纳米纤维并将其收集为纳米纤维垫。然而，由于弯曲不稳定性，静电纺丝通常会产生厚度不均匀的纳米纤维毡。在这项研究中，我们基于实时厚度测量和厚度反馈控制，开发了具有可移动收集器的均匀厚度电纺纳米纤维毡 (UTEN) 生产系统。该系统与具有空隙区域的收集器兼容，例如网状收集器，两个平行金属板收集器和环形收集器，这有助于在静电纺丝过程中测量整个纳米纤维毡的透光率。开发了一种实时测量系统，用于测量透光率并使用比尔-兰伯特定律将其实时转换为纳米纤维垫的厚度。通过重复以下顺序来实现厚度反馈控制 :( 1) 基于测量的纳米纤维垫的厚度找到可移动收集器的最佳位置，(2) 将收集器移动到最佳位置，以及 (3) 在给定的时间步长内进行静电纺丝。我们发现，与传统的静电纺丝相比，建议的厚度反馈控制算法通过将标准偏差分别降低8倍和3倍以上，可以显着降低纳米纤维毡的不均匀性。作为一项开创性的研究，这项研究将有助于开发一种静电纺丝系统，以在许多研究和工业领域 (例如生物医学，环境和能源) 中生产坚固可靠的纳米纤维毡。