BACKGROUND & AIMS: :To better explore the clinical heterogeneity of bipolar mood states, we developed a dimensional scale for assessing all mood episodes (depressive, hypomanic, manic, mixed states) using the same tool. The Multidimensional Assessment of Thymic States (MATHYS) (Henry et al., 2008) provides two scores, a total score measuring a level of activation and a sub-score of emotional reactivity. The aim of this study was to establish the appropriate cut-off in total activation versus inhibition and in the emotional reactivity sub-score in bipolar disorders. Patients (n=187) during an acute episode and controls (n=89) filled in the MATHYS. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves were obtained to estimate the sensitivity and specificity of the global score and the emotional reactivity sub-score of the MATHYS, in order to differentiate patients from controls. ROC curves showed very satisfactory sensitivity and specificity levels both for the total score and the sub-score of emotional reactivity, thus providing an appropriate cut-off. Concerning the total score between 0 and 200, patients with a score lower than 91 had significant global inhibition and those with a score higher than 109 had significant global activation. Regarding the emotional reactivity sub-score between 0 and 40, patients with a score lower than 16 had significant emotional hyporeactivity and those with a score higher than 24 had significant emotional hyperreactivity. Our results provide cut-offs for the MATHYS to identify patients in an acute phase.

背景与目标： ：为了更好地探索双相情感状态的临床异质性，我们开发了一种用于使用同一工具评估所有情绪事件（抑郁，躁狂，躁狂，混合状态）的量表。胸腺状态的多维评估（MATHYS）（Henry等，2008）提供了两个评分，一个总评分用于衡量激活水平，另一个是情感反应分数。这项研究的目的是确定双相情感障碍的总激活与抑制以及情绪反应性亚评分的适当分界。急性发作期间的患者（n = 187）和对照组（n = 89）填写了MATHYS。获得接收者操作特征（ROC）曲线以估计MATHYS总体评分和情绪反应性子评分的敏感性和特异性，以区分患者与对照组。 ROC曲线在总分和情绪反应的亚评分中均显示出非常令人满意的敏感性和特异性水平，因此提供了适当的临界值。关于总分在0到200之间，得分低于91的患者具有显着的总体抑制作用，得分高于109的患者具有显着的全局抑制作用。关于0至40之间的情绪反应分数，得分低于16的患者有明显的情绪低反应性，而得分高于24的患者则有明显的情绪高反应性。我们的结果为MATHYS识别急性期患者提供了界限。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: INTRODUCTION:A pilot trial was carried out to determine if a focussed narrative interview could alleviate the components of suffering and anxiety and depression in advanced cancer patients. INTERVENTION:Patients recruited were invited to participate in a focussed narrative interview and reflect on their perspectives on their sense of "meaning", regarding suffering and their psychological, physical, social and spiritual well being - the emphasis was on allowing the patient to tell their story. Patients were encouraged to share what resources they themselves had utilised in addition to what professional care they may have received, to maintain a sense of well being. METHOD:Patients with advanced metastatic disease were recruited from hospices in the North West of England - the only exclusion criteria were not being able to understand written and spoken English and a non cancer diagnosis. At recruitment patients were asked to complete a numerical scale for suffering; the Brief Edinburgh Depression Scale, Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale (ESAS), FACIT Spiritual well being questionnaire, Demographic information was collected and patients were randomised to either the intervention arm of the trial or the usual care arm of the study. Patients in both groups were invited to complete each measure at 2, 4 and 8 weeks. RESULTS:One hundred people were recruited into the study - 49 were randomised to intervention group and 51 to control group. The median age of patients was 66 years age range (31-89 years) and 68% of patients were female. At baseline the ECOG performance of 75% of patients recruited was 1 or 2. The median survival of all patients in the study was 169.5 days (range 10 days to still alive at end of study). There was no significant difference at any timepoint in scores on suffering measure between intervention group and control group. At each time point the intervention demonstrated mean improvement in scores for depression and anxiety on ESAS - the greatest changes for both depression and anxiety were seen at 4 weeks. CONCLUSION:This pilot randomised controlled trial of a focussed narrative intervention demonstrated an improvement in mean changes in scores for depression and anxiety at 2, 4, and 8 weeks. We suggest this intervention may have beneficial effects on depression and anxiety, but a larger powered trial is required to determine the full effects.

背景与目标： 引言：进行了一项试验性试验，以确定集中的叙述性访谈是否可以减轻晚期癌症患者的痛苦，焦虑和抑郁情绪。
干预措施：应邀招募患者参加专门的叙述性访谈，并反思他们对“意义”感，痛苦以及心理，身体，社会和精神健康的看法-重点是让患者说出自己的想法。故事。鼓励患者分享他们自己除了已获得的专业护理外还使用了哪些资源，以保持健康感。
方法：患有晚期转移性疾病的患者是从英格兰西北部的一家医院中招募的，唯一的排除标准是不懂英语的口语和口语，并且不能诊断出癌症。在招募时，患者被要求填写痛苦的数字量表。简要的爱丁堡抑郁量表，埃德蒙顿症状评估量表（ESAS），FACIT精神健康问卷，人口统计信息，患者被随机分配至试验的干预组或研究的常规护理组。两组患者均被邀请在第2、4和8周完成每项测量。
结果：一百人被招募到研究中-49被随机分配到干预组和51到对照组。患者的中位年龄为66岁（31-89岁），患者中68％为女性。基线时，新招募患者的75％的ECOG表现为1或2。研究中所有患者的中位生存期为169.5天（研究结束后10天内仍存活）。干预组与对照组之间在任何时间点的痛苦程度评分均无显着差异。在每个时间点，干预措施均显示出ESAS抑郁和焦虑评分的平均改善-在第4周，抑郁和焦虑的变化最大。
结论：该集中叙述性干预的试验性随机对照试验表明，在第2、4和8周抑郁和焦虑评分的平均变化有所改善。我们建议这种干预措施可能会对抑郁和焦虑产生有益的影响，但需要进行更大的有力的试验才能确定其全面的影响。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:In healthy controls, the emotional charge of stimuli influences how well stimuli are remembered. Although patients with schizophrenia (SCZ) have deficits in memory and in emotional processing, studies on emotional memory modulation (EMM) in SCZ report contradictory results. The aim of this review was to investigate whether methodological differences could explain these contradictory results. METHOD:We reviewed the literature to investigate whether task differences could explain these differences. Due to the methodological differences, a meta-analysis was not possible. RESULTS:Fourteen studies were identified that used a total of 22 tasks to study EMM in patients with SCZ. Two-thirds of the tasks showed no differences in EMM between patients with SCZ and healthy controls. Differences in EMM were found more often when long-term compared to short-term memory was measured, when memory instructions were implicit instead of explicit and when stronger emotional stimuli were used. An overall memory deficit or the mode of retrieval was not related to EMM. CONCLUSION:Deficits in EMM in long-term compared to short-term memory point toward impaired emotional modulation of memory consolidation. Reduced EMM on implicit, but not explicit, tasks suggests a deficit in unconsciously using emotional content to modulate memory.

背景与目标： 目的：在健康的对照组中，刺激的情绪影响会影响人们对刺激的记忆程度。尽管精神分裂症（SCZ）患者的记忆力和情绪加工能力存在缺陷，但SCZ的情绪记忆调节（EMM）研究显示出矛盾的结果。这篇综述的目的是调查方法学上的差异是否可以解释这些矛盾的结果。
方法：我们回顾了文献，以调查任务差异是否可以解释这些差异。由于方法上的差异，无法进行荟萃分析。
结果：确定了十四项研究，总共使用了22个任务来研究SCZ患者的EMM。三分之二的任务显示SCZ患者和健康对照者之间的EMM无差异。当测量长期记忆与短期记忆相比，当记忆指令是隐式而非显式的，并且使用了较强的情绪刺激时，EMM的差异更常见。整体内存不足或检索模式与EMM不相关。
结论：与短期记忆相比，长期EMM缺陷表明记忆整合的情绪调节受损。隐式但非显式任务的EMM减少表明在不知不觉中使用情感内容来调节记忆的缺陷。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV groups disorders into diagnostic classes on the basis of the subjective criterion of "shared phenomenological features." The current mood and anxiety disorders reflect the logic of older models emphasizing the existence of discrete emotions and, consequently, are based on a fundamental distinction between depressed mood (central to the mood disorders) and anxious mood (a core feature of the anxiety disorders). This distinction, however, ignores subsequent work that has established the existence of a general negative affect dimension that (a) produces strong correlations between anxious and depressed mood and (b) is largely responsible for the substantial comorbidity between the mood and anxiety disorders. More generally, there are now sufficient data to eliminate the current rational system and replace it with an empirically based taxonomy that reflects the actual-not the assumed-similarities among disorders. The existing structural evidence establishes that the mood and anxiety disorders should be collapsed together into an overarching superclass of emotional disorders, which can be decomposed into three subclasses: the distress disorders (major depression, dysthymic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder), the fear disorders (panic disorder, agoraphobia, social phobia, specific phobia), and the bipolar disorders (bipolar I, bipolar II, cyclothymia). An empirically based system of this type will facilitate differential diagnosis and encourage the ultimate development of an etiologically based taxonomy.

背景与目标： ：《精神疾病诊断和统计手册-IV》基于“共有现象学特征”的主观标准将疾病归为诊断类。当前的情绪和焦虑症反映了强调离散情绪存在的较旧模型的逻辑，因此基于抑郁情绪（以情绪障碍为中心）和焦虑情绪（焦虑症的核心特征）之间的根本区别。然而，这种区别忽略了随后的工作，该工作确定了普遍的负面影响维度的存在，即（a）在焦虑和沮丧的情绪之间产生强烈的关联，（b）在很大程度上造成情绪和焦虑症之间的合并症。更广泛地说，现在有足够的数据来消除当前的理性系统，并用基于经验的分类法代替该分类法，该分类法反映了疾病之间的实际而非假设的相似性。现有的结构性证据表明，情绪和焦虑症应一起分解为情绪障碍的总体超类，可以将其分解为三个子类：窘迫障碍（重度抑郁，精神障碍，全身性焦虑障碍，创伤后应激障碍），恐惧症（恐慌症，广场恐惧症，社交恐惧症，特定恐惧症）和双相情感障碍（双相I型，双相II型，心律失常）。这种基于经验的系统将有助于差异诊断，并促进基于病因的分类法的最终发展。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Beat-to-beat fluctuations of heart rate (HR) convey information of the brain state with the cardiac time series reflecting the flow of efferent nerve traffic of the autonomic nervous system. Instantaneous HR was studied in mice during exposure to novelty and the expression of fear conditioned to an auditory cue as affective challenge to characterize baseline dynamics and conditioned adjustments to learned fear. These studies included pharmacological and genetic interventions of brain systems implicated in aversive emotional states, the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) system and the serotonin (5-HT)1A receptor. Non-linear analyses of neuroautonomic cardiac control provide for functionally adequate measures of dynamical properties. Both CRF1 and 5-HT1A receptor agonists elicited profound sympatho-vagal antagonism with pathological HR dynamics indicative of central autonomic dysregulation via mechanisms resulting in impaired fear adjustment. Non-linear measures provide for a qualitative assessment of dynamical features with regard to physiological or pathological state, are crucial for the translation of results from mouse to man, and may improve our understanding of brain-heart interactions for autonomic dysregulation in affective disorders.

背景与目标： ：心律的跳动波动传达了大脑状态的信息，而心脏时间序列则反映了自主神经系统传出神经的流量。研究了小鼠在接触新奇过程中的瞬时心率，并以听觉提示为条件的恐惧表达作为情感挑战，以表征基线动态和对所学恐惧的条件调节。这些研究包括涉及厌恶情绪状态的大脑系统的药理和遗传干预，促肾上腺皮质激素释放因子（CRF）系统和血清素（5-HT）1A受体。神经自主性心脏控制的非线性分析提供了动力学特性的功能上足够的度量。 CRF1和5-HT1A受体激动剂均引起深刻的交感迷走神经拮抗作用，其病理性HR动力学通过导致受损的恐惧调节的机制指示中枢植物神经调节异常。非线性测量可对生理或病理状态的动力学特征进行定性评估，对于将结果从小鼠转换为人类至关重要，并且可能会增进我们对情感障碍中自主神经失调的脑心相互作用的理解。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The factors that drive amygdalar responses to emotionally significant stimuli are still a matter of debate - particularly the proneness of the amygdala to respond to negatively-valenced stimuli has been discussed controversially. Furthermore, it is uncertain whether the amygdala responds in a modality-general fashion or whether modality-specific idiosyncrasies exist. Therefore, the present functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study systematically investigated amygdalar responding to stimulus valence and arousal of emotional expressions across visual and auditory modalities. During scanning, participants performed a gender judgment task while prosodic and facial emotional expressions were presented. The stimuli varied in stimulus valence and arousal by including neutral, happy and angry expressions of high and low emotional intensity. Results demonstrate amygdalar activation as a function of stimulus arousal and accordingly associated emotional intensity regardless of stimulus valence. Furthermore, arousal-driven amygdalar responding did not depend on the visual and auditory modalities of emotional expressions. Thus, the current results are consistent with the notion that the amygdala codes general stimulus relevance across visual and auditory modalities irrespective of valence. In addition, whole brain analyses revealed that effects in visual and auditory areas were driven mainly by high intense emotional facial and vocal stimuli, respectively, suggesting modality-specific representations of emotional expressions in auditory and visual cortices.

背景与目标： ：推动杏仁核对情绪上重要的刺激做出反应的因素仍是一个争论的问题，尤其是杏仁核对负价刺激做出反应的倾向性已经引起了争议。此外，不确定杏仁核是否以模态通用的方式响应或是否存在模态特定的特质。因此，本功能磁共振成像（fMRI）研究系统地研究了杏仁核对视觉和听觉方式上的刺激价和情绪表达的唤醒反应。在扫描过程中，参与者执行了性别判断任务，同时呈现了韵律和面部表情。刺激通过包含高低情绪强度的中性，快乐和愤怒表达而在刺激价和唤醒中发生变化。结果表明杏仁核激活与刺激觉醒有关，因此与情绪强度无关，而与刺激价无关。此外，唤醒驱动的杏仁核反应并不取决于情感表达的视觉和听觉方式。因此，当前结果与以下观点一致：杏仁核编码视觉和听觉形式上的总体刺激相关性，而与化合价无关。此外，全脑分析表明，视觉和听觉区域的影响分别主要由高强度的情绪面部和声音刺激所驱动，这暗示了听觉和视觉皮层中情绪表达的特定形式表征。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:In civilians, overweight and obesity are associated with emotional eating behaviors such as eating in response to stress, but this association has not been examined in Soldiers, a population with unique stressors. This cross-sectional study examined the relationship between perceived stress (PS), emotional eating (EE), and outcomes of body mass index (BMI), and failing Army body composition (BC) standards among Soldiers. METHODS:Soldiers (N = 1460, 83% male, 23.5 ± 5.2 years old) completed validated surveys on PS, EE, and adherence with military BC standards. Conditional process models and mediation models tested gender as a moderator and EE as a mediator of associations between PS and BMI and PS and BC failure, respectively. RESULTS:Higher PS was associated with more frequent self-reported EE behaviors (p < 0.001), higher BMI (p < 0.001), and BC failure (p < 0.001). BMI significantly increased with frequency of reported EE behaviors (p < 0.001). Gender was not a statistically significant moderator in the relationship between PS, EE, and, BMI (p = 0.83) or BC failure (p = 0.57). PS appears to affect BMI indirectly through EE behaviors (c' = 0.03, 95% CI: 0.02, 0.04). PS may affect BC failure directly (c' = 1.04, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.08) and indirectly (ab = 1.02, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.03) through EE as a mediator. CONCLUSIONS:EE behaviors may mediate the positive association between PS, BMI, and BC failure. Prospective investigation is warranted to better understand the role of EE in health-related outcomes among Soldiers and populations in high stress professions.

背景与目标： 背景：在平民中，超重和肥胖与情绪饮食行为有关，例如因压力而进食，但是这种联系尚未在具有独特压力源的士兵中进行检验。这项横断面研究检查了士兵之间的感知压力（PS），情感饮食（EE）和体重指数（BMI）的结果以及陆军身体成分（BC）标准不合格之间的关系。
方法：士兵（N = 1460，男性83％，23.5±5.2岁）完成了关于PS，EE和遵守军事BC标准的有效调查。条件过程模型和中介模型分别测试了性别作为PS和BMI与PS和BC失败之间的关联的主持人和EE。
结果：较高的PS与更频繁的自我报告的EE行为（p <0.001），较高的BMI（p <0.001）和BC衰竭（p <0.001）相关。 BMI随报告的EE行为频率显着增加（p <0.001）。在PS，EE和BMI（p = 0.83）或BC衰竭（p = 0.57）之间的关系中，性别不是统计学显着的调节剂。 PS似乎通过EE行为间接影响BMI（c'= 0.03，95％CI：0.02，0.04）。 PS可能通过EE作为介体直接影响BC失败（c'= 1.04，95％CI：1.01，1.08），间接影响（ab = 1.02，95％CI：1.01，1.03）。
结论：EE行为可能介导PS，BMI和BC衰竭之间的正相关。有必要进行前瞻性调查，以更好地了解EE在高压力职业的士兵和人群中与健康相关的结果中的作用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Individuals with alcohol use disorder (AUD) and other substance use disorders (SUDs) frequently show co-occurrent behavioral addictions (BAs) (i.e., gambling and compulsive sex) and other inflexible behaviors (IBs) (i.e., compulsive buying and dysfunctional eating behaviors). The covariation of these conditions might be explained by a role of emotion dysregulation (ED) and executive dysfunctions. This study aims at investigating whether ED and self-regulation of attention (SRA) could be common processes that underpin BAs and other IBs among individuals with AUD. The study hypothesized that SRA should represent a key protective factor for the relationships between ED and BAs/IBs. The research included 319 treatment-seeking individuals with a primary diagnosis of AUD. Five independent multiple parallel mediational models were tested. Self-report instruments were administered in order to assess ED, BAs and other IBs, which represented independent and dependent variables respectively. SRA was self-report assessed and, it was considered the key mediator variable. The analyses highlighted significant total effects of ED on the severity of BAs and IBs. SRA fully mediated the relationships between ED and BAs/IBs, with exception of gambling. ED and SRA should be considered common dimensions that explain the covariation of BAs and IBs among individuals with AUD. SRA represents an adaptive form of emotion regulation that sustains the engagement in goal-oriented behaviors. Future neuroimaging and longitudinal studies are recommended in order to demonstrate the role of ED and SRA on development, maintenance and treatment of BAs and IBs among individuals with SUDs.

背景与目标： ：患有酒精使用障碍（AUD）和其他物质使用障碍（SUD）的人经常表现出并发行为成瘾（BA）（即赌博和强迫性行为）和其他不灵活的行为（IB）（即强迫性购买和饮食失调）行为）。这些状况的协变可以用情绪失调（ED）和执行功能障碍的作用来解释。这项研究旨在调查ED和注意力自我调节（SRA）是否可能是支持AUD个体中BA和其他IB的常见过程。该研究假设SRA应该代表ED与BAs / IB之间关系的关键保护因素。该研究包括319名初步诊断为AUD的就医者。测试了五个独立的多重并行中介模型。管理自我报告工具是为了评估ED，BA和其他IB，它们分别代表独立变量和因变量。 SRA经过自我报告评估，被认为是关键的中介变量。分析强调了ED对BA和IBs严重程度的总体影响。 SRA完全调解了ED与BA / IB之间的关系，但赌博除外。应将ED和SRA视为共同的维度，以解释AUD个体中BA和IB的协变。 SRA代表一种情绪调节的自适应形式，可维持参与目标导向行为。建议进行进一步的神经影像学和纵向研究，以证明ED和SRA在SUD个体中发展BABA和IB的发展，维持和治疗中的作用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Individuals with burnout often report having difficulties with concentration and memory in everyday life. However, empirical evidence on cognitive decline using performance-based measures is limited and often obtained on small clinical samples. The aim of the present two studies was to investigate cognitive correlates of emotional exhaustion on otherwise healthy populations at different life stages with varying degrees of burnout. A total of 201 graduate and undergraduate students participated in Study 1, and a heterogeneous sample (N = 203) of working individuals took part in Study 2. Cognitive performance was assessed by self-reported cognitive difficulties and three performance-based cognitive tests of sustained attention, inhibition of irrelevant information, and inhibition of prepotent responses. Controlling for gender, age, and depression symptoms, multiple regression analyses in Study 1 indicated a positive relationship between emotional exhaustion and self-reported cognitive difficulties but no correlation with the performance-based cognitive measures. A similar pattern of results emerged in Study 2. However, we found tentative evidence for cognitive impairment on the sustained attention measure. The results of these two studies partially support previous findings and extend the literature on cognitive aspects of burnout.

背景与目标： ：有倦怠感的人经常报告在日常生活中注意力和记忆力有困难。但是，基于绩效的测量方法对认知能力下降的经验证据有限，并且通常在较小的临床样本上获得。本两项研究的目的是调查在不同生活阶段，职业倦怠程度不同的健康人群的情绪衰竭的认知相关性。共有201名研究生和本科生参加了研究1，不同类型的工作个体样本（N = 203）参与了研究2。通过自我报告的认知困难和三种基于表现的持续性认知测验来评估认知表现。注意，抑制不相关的信息以及抑制有力的反应。控制性别，年龄和抑郁症状后，研究1中的多元回归分析表明，情绪衰竭与自我报告的认知困难之间存在正相关关系，但与基于表现的认知指标无关。研究2中也出现了类似的结果。但是，我们发现了持续关注测评中认知障碍的初步证据。这两项研究的结果部分支持先前的发现，并扩展了关于倦怠认知方面的文献。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:The treatment of neuropathic pain is unsatisfactory at the present moment and the sigma 1 receptor has been identified as a new potential target for neuropathic pain. The aim of this study was to use an operant self-administration model to reveal the potential interest of a new sigma 1 receptor antagonist, S1RA, in chronic pain that was developed in mice by a partial ligation of the sciatic nerve. METHODS:Once that chronic pain had reached a steady state, mice were trained to maintain an operant behaviour to self-administer S1RA. The possible abuse liability of the analgesic compound was determined by evaluating operant self-administration in sham-operated mice. The influence of S1RA on the anhedonic state related to chronic pain was also evaluated by measuring the preference for palatable drink (2% sucrose solution) using a recently validated and highly sensitive behavioural device. RESULTS:Nerve-injured mice, but not sham-operated animals, acquired the operant responding to obtain S1RA (6 mg/kg/infusion). After 10 days of S1RA self-administration, neuropathic pain was significantly reduced in nerve-injured mice. In addition, an anhedonic state was revealed in nerve-injured mice by a decreased consumption of palatable drink, which was significantly attenuated by S1RA (25 mg/kg). CONCLUSIONS:These results reveal the analgesic efficacy of the sigma antagonist, S1RA, in neuropathic pain associated with an improvement of the emotional negative state and that was devoided of reinforcing effects. The operant responses evaluated in this new mouse model can have a high predictive value to estimate the clinical benefit/risk ratio of new analgesic compounds to treat chronic pain, such as S1RA.

背景与目标： 背景：目前对神经性疼痛的治疗还不能令人满意，sigma 1受体已被确定为神经性疼痛的新潜在靶标。这项研究的目的是使用一种有效的自我管理模型来揭示新型sigma 1受体拮抗剂S1RA在通过局部结扎坐骨神经引起的小鼠慢性疼痛中的潜在利益。
方法：一旦慢性疼痛达到稳定状态，就对小鼠进行训练以保持自我S1RA自我管理的操作行为。通过评估假手术小鼠的操作性自我给药来确定该镇痛剂可能的滥用责任。 S1RA对与慢性疼痛有关的性快感状态的影响也通过使用最近验证且高度敏感的行为设备测量对可口饮料（2％蔗糖溶液）的偏好来评估。
结果：神经损伤的小鼠获得了S1RA（6μg/ kg /输注）的反应，但没有假手术的动物。 S1RA自我给药10天后，神经损伤小鼠的神经性疼痛明显减轻。此外，减少可口饮料的摄入量可减轻神经损伤小鼠的快感状态，而S1RA（25μg/ kg）可以明显降低这种状态。
结论：这些结果揭示了西格玛拮抗剂S1RA在神经性疼痛中与情绪消极状态改善相关的镇痛效果，并且缺乏增强作用。在这种新的小鼠模型中评估的手术反应可以具有较高的预测价值，可以评估新型镇痛药（例如S1RA）的临床镇痛药的临床获益/风险比。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :To date, the notion of helpfulness of group processes has been equivocal in research on self-help groups. This article argues that findings drawn from the participants' subjective appraisals of helpfulness carry meanings different from those drawn from the correlational approach. In a mutual aid organization serving adults with mental health problems, the study found that, whereas universality, self-disclosure, and instillation of hope were the most valued processes, support and catharsis were the strongest correlates of benefits of participation. The authors propose a two-level hierarchy that distinguishes sustaining and beneficial factors. Different sets of factors should constitute the focus of facilitation at different stages of group development.

背景与目标： ：到目前为止，在自助小组的研究中，小组过程的帮助性概念一直是模棱两可的。本文认为，从参与者对帮助的主观评价中得出的结论与从相关方法中得出的含义不同。在一个为有精神健康问题的成年人提供服务的互助组织中，研究发现，普遍性，自我表露和灌输希望是最有价值的过程，而支持和宣泄则是参与所带来的利益的最重要联系。作者提出了一个两级层次结构，可以区分维持因素和有益因素。在群体发展的不同阶段，不同的因素集应该成为促进工作的重点。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE:The aim of this study was to determine the influence of emotional expression in spectral energy distribution in professional theater actors. STUDY DESIGN:The study design is a quasi-experimental study. METHOD:Thirty-seven actors, native Spanish speakers, were included. All subjects had at least 3 years of professional experience as a theater actor and no history of vocal pathology for the last 5 years. Participants were recorded during a read-aloud task of a 230-word passage, expressing six different emotions (happiness, sadness, fear, anger, tenderness, and eroticism) and without emotion (neutral state). Acoustical analysis with long-term average spectrum included three variables: the energy level difference between the F(1) and fundamental frequency (F(0)) regions, ratio between 1-5kHz and 5-8kHz, and alpha ratio. RESULTS:All the different emotions differ significantly from the neutral state for alpha ratio and 1-5/5-8kHz ratio. Only significant differences between "joy," "anger," and "eroticism" were found for L1-L0 ratio. Statistically significant differences between genders for the three acoustical variables were also found. CONCLUSION:The expression of emotion impacts the spectral energy distribution. On the one hand emotional states characterized by a breathy voice quality such as tenderness, sadness, and eroticism present a low harmonic energy above 1kHz, high glottal noise energy, and more energy on F(0) than overtones. On the other hand, emotional states such as joy, anger, and fear are characterized by high harmonic energy greater than 1kHz (less steep spectral slope declination), low glottal noise energy, and more energy on the F(1) than F(0) region.

背景与目标： 目的：本研究的目的是确定情感表达对专业戏剧演员光谱能量分布的影响。
研究设计：研究设计是一个准实验研究。
方法：包括37位演员，以西班牙语为母语。所有受试者均具有至少3年的戏剧演员专业经验，并且最近5年没有声音病理学史。在230字的朗读朗读任务中记录了参与者，他们表达了六种不同的情感（幸福，悲伤，恐惧，愤怒，温柔和色情），而没有情感（中立状态）。长期平均频谱的声学分析包括三个变量：F（1）和基频（F（0））区域之间的能级差，1-5kHz和5-8kHz之间的比率以及alpha比率。
结果：对于α比率和1-5 / 5-8kHz比率，所有不同的情绪都与中性状态显着不同。 L1-L0比率仅在“欢乐”，“愤怒”和“色情”之间发现显着差异。还发现在三个声学变量上性别之间的统计上显着差异。
结论：情绪表达影响光谱能量分布。一方面，以呼吸音质为特征的情绪状态，例如温柔，悲伤和色情，呈现出高于1kHz的低谐波能量，声门噪声高的能量以及F（0）上比泛音更多的能量。另一方面，诸如喜悦，愤怒和恐惧之类的情绪状态的特征是高谐波能量大于1kHz（频谱斜率偏斜较小），声门噪声低，并且F（1）上的能量大于F（0） ） 地区。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Parental incarceration (PI) is associated with adverse developmental outcomes for children affected. However, research in this area often reports conflicting results with few studies following children across time in non-U.S. POPULATIONS:Additionally, more research is called for using multi-informant perspectives rather than relying on adult reports of child outcomes alone. METHODS:This study used data from the first two waves of a nationally representative cohort study of 8,568 children aged 9 years and followed up at age 13 living in the Republic of Ireland (2007-2012). Propensity score matching was used to match children who had experienced PI by the age of nine to children who had not experienced PI by sociodemographics and experience of other stressful events. Mental health, as measured by self-concept (Piers-Harris II) and externalizing and internalizing difficulties (strength and difficulties questionnaire), was compared across both groups. RESULTS:Fifty of the 8,568 children (weighted percentage 0.9%) reported experiencing PI by the age of nine. These children came from more socially disadvantaged homes and were more likely to have experienced other potentially stressful life events. In comparison to a matched sample of children not affected by PI, children affected by PI reported higher levels of anxiety at age nine. Longitudinal analysis indicated these children affected by PI also reported lower levels of happiness at age 13 with higher levels of emotional difficulties reported by their primary caregiver. CONCLUSIONS:Children of incarcerated parents face a greater array of life challenges. PI had an association with child-reported levels of anxiety at age nine. PI also had a medium-term association on caregiver assessments of emotional difficulties of children affected as well child-reported levels of happiness over time.

背景与目标： 背景：亲子监禁（PI）与受影响儿童的不良发育结局相关。但是，该领域的研究通常报告的结果相互矛盾，在美国以外的地区，针对儿童的研究很少。
人口：此外，需要更多的研究来使用多信息的观点，而不是仅仅依靠成人对儿童结局的报告。
方法：本研究使用了全国代表性的队列研究的前两波数据，研究对象为爱尔兰共和国（2007-2012年）的8568名9岁且13岁以下的儿童。倾向得分匹配用于通过社会人口统计学和其他压力事件的经历来将9岁之前经历过PI的孩子与那些没有经历过PI的孩子进行匹配。通过自我概念（Piers-Harris II）以及内在和内在的困难（强度和困难问卷）对心理健康进行了比较。
结果：8568名儿童中有50名（加权百分比为0.9％）报告说到9岁时发生了PI。这些孩子来自社会地位较弱的家庭，更有可能经历过其他潜在的压力性生活事件。与未受PI影响的儿童的匹配样本相比，受PI影响的儿童在9岁时的焦虑水平更高。纵向分析表明，这些受PI影响的孩子在13岁时还报告了较低的幸福感，而其主要护理人员则报告了较高的情感障碍。
结论：被监禁父母的孩子面临着更大的生活挑战。 PI在9岁时与儿童报告的焦虑水平有关。 PI还与照料者评估有关受影响儿童的情绪困难以及儿童报告的幸福水平随着时间的推移而建立了中期协会。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Taking into consideration issues such as stigma and the mental health gap, this study explores narratives of anxious and depressed women treated in a community-based primary care service in a Rio de Janeiro favela about their suffering and care. We analysed 13 in-depth interviews using questions from Kadam's study. Framework analysis studied Access, Gateway, Trust, Psychosocial Issues, and Primary Mental Health Care, as key-concepts. Vulnerability and accessibility were the theoretical references. Thematic analysis found "suffering category", highlighting family and community problems, and "help seeking category", indicating how these women have coped with their emotional problems and addressed their needs through health services, community resources and self-help. Women's language patterns indicated links between implicit social rules and constraints to talk about suffering, especially if related to local violence. High medical turnover and overload are barriers for establishing a positive relationship with family physicians and continuity of care is a facilitator that promotes trust, security and adherence. Concluding, to plan community-based primary mental health care of this population, cultural and social factors must be comprehended as well as the work health teams conditions.

背景与目标： ：考虑到耻辱感和心理健康差距等问题，本研究探讨了在里约热内卢贫民窟的社区初级保健服务机构中接受治疗的焦虑和沮丧妇女的叙述，介绍了她们的痛苦和照料。我们使用Kadam研究中的问题分析了13次深度访谈。框架分析研究了访问，网关，信任，社会心理问题和初级精神卫生保健等关键概念。漏洞和可访问性是理论参考。专题分析发现“遭受苦难的类别”，突出家庭和社区问题以及“寻求帮助的类别”，表明这些妇女如何通过健康服务，社区资源和自助来应对自己的情感问题并满足其需求。妇女的语言模式表明，内隐的社会规则与谈论苦难的约束之间存在联系，特别是在与地方暴力有关的情况下。较高的医疗流失率和超负荷工作是与家庭医生建立积极关系的障碍，而护理的连续性则可促进信任，安全性和依从性。最后，要计划此人群的社区初级精神卫生保健，必须理解文化和社会因素以及工作健康团队的条件。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To investigate by behavioral methods the relationship between emotional stress and pain during experimental tooth movement in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS:Sixteen male Sprague-Dawley rats (210 to 250 g) were divided into two groups. The experimental group was treated with an active Ti-Ni appliance, and the control group received a passive appliance. A force of 20 gf was delivered by the active appliance between the maxillary first and second molars for 3 days. During this period the rat's behavior was evaluated eight times by means of open-field test and resistance-to-capture test. The specific parameters of animal activity were facial grooming, rearing, and locomotor activity, movement into the center of the open field, and response to capture. RESULTS:Parameters related to stress and pain were higher in the group carrying active appliance, compared to the group with a passive appliance. Statistically significant differences in stress-related behavior between control and experimental groups were found 8 hours after placing the appliance and were most evident on the second day. Pain-related behavior was significantly greater in the experimental group than in the control group at 24 hours. CONCLUSIONS:The increase in emotional stress evoked by orthodontic tooth movement may precede the appearance of periodontal pain.

背景与目标： 目的：通过行为方法研究实验性牙齿移动过程中情绪压力与疼痛之间的关系。
材料与方法：将16只雄性Sprague-Dawley大鼠（210至250克）分为两组。实验组用主动式Ti-Ni矫治器治疗，对照组接受被动式矫治器。活动装置在上颌第一磨牙和第二磨牙之间传递20 gf的力持续3天。在此期间，通过开放视野测试和抗捕获性测试对大鼠的行为进行了八次评估。动物活动的具体参数包括面部修饰，饲养和运动活动，移动到开放区域的中心以及对捕获的响应。
结果：与携带被动器具的组相比，携带主动器具的组中与压力和疼痛相关的参数更高。放置矫治器后8小时，对照组和实验组之间在与压力有关的行为上有统计上的显着差异，并且在第二天最为明显。实验组在24小时时的疼痛相关行为明显大于对照组。
结论：正畸牙齿运动引起的情绪压力增加可能是在牙周疼痛出现之前。