BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This Special Issue of Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice provides a series of articles detailing efforts to consider the concepts of emotion and emotion regulation in relation to clinical assessment and psychopathology intervention efforts across the lifespan. In our commentary, we review some common themes and challenges presented in these articles to move forward the discussion of emotion's role in psychological therapy. We discuss efforts to conceptualize the role of context in defining emotion concepts and maximizing the relevancy of such concepts to treatment. We review the importance of imbuing efforts to develop emotion-focused treatments with emphases on positive, as well as negative, emotions and flexibility in the expression of these emotions. We also highlight the relevance of a lifespan developmental approach to the accurate use of emotion and emotion regulation concepts within treatment. Finally, we discuss the application of these issues to our own treatment development and evaluation efforts regarding a unified approach to the treatment of emotional disorders in adults and adolescents.

背景与目标： ：本期《临床心理学：科学与实践》特刊提供了一系列文章，详细介绍了在整个生命周期中考虑与临床评估和心理病理学干预工作相关的情绪和情绪调节概念的努力。在我们的评论中，我们回顾了这些文章中提出的一些常见主题和挑战，以推动对情绪在心理治疗中的作用的讨论。我们讨论了在概念上定义情境在定义情感概念中的作用以及使此类概念与治疗的相关性最大化的努力。我们回顾了努力开发以情感为重点的治疗方法的重要性，重点在于积极和消极情绪以及这些情绪表达的灵活性。我们还强调了终身发展方法与在治疗中正确使用情绪和情绪调节概念的相关性。最后，我们讨论了这些问题在我们自己的治疗开发和评估工作中的应用，涉及统一的成人和青少年情感障碍治疗方法。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Children with bipolar disorder (BD) or severe mood dysregulation (SMD) show behavioural and neural deficits during facial emotion processing. In those with other psychiatric disorders, such deficits have been associated with reduced attention to eye regions while looking at faces. METHODS:We examined gaze fixation patterns during a facial emotion labelling task among children with pediatric BD and SMD and among healthy controls. Participants viewed facial expressions with varying emotions (anger, fear, sadness, happiness, neutral) and emotional levels (60%, 80%, 100%) and labelled emotional expressions. RESULTS:Our study included 22 children with BD, 28 with SMD and 22 controls. Across all facial emotions, children with BD and SMD made more labelling errors than controls. Compared with controls, children with BD spent less time looking at eyes and made fewer eye fixations across emotional expressions. Gaze patterns in children with SMD tended to fall between those of children with BD and controls, although they did not differ significantly from either of these groups on most measures. Decreased fixations to eyes correlated with lower labelling accuracy in children with BD, but not in those with SMD or in controls. LIMITATIONS:Most children with BD were medicated, which precluded our ability to evaluate medication effects on gaze patterns. CONCLUSION:Facial emotion labelling deficits in children with BD are associated with impaired attention to eyes. Future research should examine whether impaired attention to eyes is associated with neural dysfunction. Eye gaze deficits in children with BD during facial emotion labelling may also have treatment implications. Finally, children with SMD exhibited decreased attention to eyes to a lesser extent than those with BD, and these equivocal findings are worthy of further study.

背景与目标： 背景：患有双相情感障碍（BD）或重度情绪失调（SMD）的儿童在面部情绪处理过程中表现出行为和神经缺陷。在患有其他精神疾病的患者中，此类缺陷与注视面部时对眼睛区域的关注减少有关。
方法：我们检查了在小儿BD和SMD患儿以及健康对照者的面部情感标签任务中的凝视注视方式。参与者以不同的情绪（愤怒，恐惧，悲伤，幸福，中立）和情绪水平（60％，80％，100％）观察面部表情，并标记情绪表情。
结果：我们的研究包括22例BD患儿，28例SMD患儿和22例对照。在所有面部表情中，BD和SMD患儿的标签错误均比对照组多。与对照组相比，患有BD的儿童花在眼睛上的时间更少，并且在情感表达上的视线更少。 SMD儿童的注视方式倾向于介于BD儿童和对照组儿童之间，尽管在大多数方面与这两个儿童组没有显着差异。 BD患儿眼内固定次数减少与标签准确度降低相关，但SMD患儿或对照组患儿眼内注视准确性降低。
局限性：大多数患有BD的儿童都接受了药物治疗，这使我们无法评估药物对注视方式的影响。
结论：BD儿童面部表情标记不足与视力受损有关。未来的研究应检查对眼睛的注意力受损是否与神经功能障碍有关。在面部情感标签过程中，BD儿童的眼睛注视缺陷也可能对治疗产生影响。最后，与BD患儿相比，SMD患儿对眼睛的注意力下降程度较小，这些模棱两可的发现值得进一步研究。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Mindfulness training ameliorates clinical and self-report measures of depression and chronic pain, but its use as an emotion regulation strategy-in individuals who do not meditate-remains understudied. As such, whether it (i) down-regulates early affective brain processes or (ii) depends on cognitive control systems remains unclear. We exposed meditation-naïve participants to two kinds of stimuli: negative vs. neutral images and painful vs. warm temperatures. On alternating blocks, we asked participants to either react naturally or exercise mindful acceptance. Emotion regulation using mindful acceptance was associated with reductions in reported pain and negative affect, reduced amygdala responses to negative images and reduced heat-evoked responses in medial and lateral pain systems. Critically, mindful acceptance significantly reduced activity in a distributed, a priori neurologic signature that is sensitive and specific to experimentally induced pain. In addition, these changes occurred in the absence of detectable increases in prefrontal control systems. The findings support the idea that momentary mindful acceptance regulates emotional intensity by changing initial appraisals of the affective significance of stimuli, which has consequences for clinical treatment of pain and emotion.

背景与目标： ：正念训练可改善抑郁症和慢性疼痛的临床和自我报告指标，但仍未研究将其作为情绪调节策略（对不打坐的人使用）的方法。因此，它是否（i）下调早期的情感性大脑过程或（ii）依赖于认知控制系统仍不清楚。我们将未经冥想的参与者暴露于两种刺激下：消极的图像与中性的图像以及痛苦的图像与温暖的温度。在交替的区块上，我们要求参与者自然反应或接受正念。使用正念接受的情绪调节与减少所报告的疼痛和负面影响，减少杏仁核对负像的反应以及在内侧和外侧疼痛系统中引起的热诱发反应有关。至关重要的是，正念的接受显着降低了对先天性疼痛敏感且特异的分布式先验神经学信号的活动。另外，这些变化发生在前额叶控制系统没有可检测到的增加的情况下。这些发现支持了这样的想法，即短暂的正念接受通过改变对刺激的情感意义的初步评估来调节情绪强度，这对疼痛和情绪的临床治疗具有影响。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Buck and Duffy (1980) and Borod et al. (1985) found evidence of deficits in spontaneous expressiveness in right brain-damaged (RBD) patients relative to LBD patients and controls. Using FACS, Mammucari et al. (1988) failed to replicate this result and questioned our methods and findings. This paper replies (a) that Mammucari et al. (1988)'s review of our work is selective and misleading; (b) that there are aspects of their study that can account for their null results, including the insufficient sensitivity of FACS for the measurement of spontaneous expressiveness; and (c) that the results of Mammucari et al. (1988) regarding "aversive eye movements" to a negative film in LBD and control, but not RBD, patients are in fact compatible with our findings. This paper also suggests a general strategy for the objective and comprehensive analysis of spontaneous emotional expressiveness.

背景与目标： ：Buck and Duffy（1980）和Borod等。 （1985年）发现相对于LBD患者和对照组，右脑损伤（RBD）患者自发性表达缺乏的证据。 Mammucari等人使用FACS。 （1988）未能复制这个结果，并质疑我们的方法和发现。本文答复（a）Mammucari等。 （1988）对我们工作的评论是有选择性和误导性的； （b）他们研究的某些方面可以解释其无效的结果，包括FACS对自发表达能力的敏感性不足； （c）Mammucari等人的结果。 （1988年）关于LBD和对照组中负片的“平均眼球运动”，而不是RBD，患者实际上与我们的发现相符。本文还提出了一种客观和全面分析自发情绪表达能力的一般策略。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

背景与目标： ：已经发布了对本文的修订，可以通过本文顶部的链接进行访问。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Previous studies have suggested increased sensitivity for emotional facial expressions and subtle impairments in emotion recognition from facial expressions in borderline personality disorder (BPD). It has been proposed that facial mimicry contributes to emotion recognition of and emotional response to facial expressions. This study investigated whether BPD patients differ in facial reactions, emotion recognition and their subjective emotional response to faces showing different emotional expressions. METHOD:Twenty-eight female BPD patients and 28 healthy controls underwent a facial recognition task with dynamic facial pictures while facial muscle activity (occipitofrontalis, corrugator supercilii, levator labii superioris, zygomaticus major and orbicularis oculi) was recorded. Furthermore, participants rated the emotional intensity of the presented faces and the intensity of their subjective feeling of this emotion. RESULTS:Compared to controls, BPD patients showed enhanced responses of the corrugator supercilii muscle in response to angry, sad and disgusted facial expressions, and attenuated responses of the levator labii superioris in response to happy and surprised faces. There were no overall group differences regarding emotion recognition performance or intensity ratings. CONCLUSION:These results do not support the view that facial recognition in BPD is impaired or that there is a general hypersensitivity to the emotional state of others. Instead, they suggest a negativity bias in BPD, expressed by reduced facial responding to positive social signals and increased facial responding to negative social signals. This is a pattern of facial reactions that might contribute to the difficulties in social interactions frequently reported by patients with this disorder.

背景与目标： 背景：先前的研究表明，边缘性人格障碍（BPD）中面部表情对情绪面部表情的敏感性增加，并且情绪识别中的细微损害。已经提出，面部模仿有助于面部表情的情绪识别和情绪响应。这项研究调查了BPD患者在面部反应，情绪识别以及他们对表现出不同情绪表达的面孔的主观情绪反应方面是否存在差异。
方法：对28名女性BPD患者和28名健康对照进行动态面部图像的面部识别任务，同时记录面部肌肉活动（枕额肌，皱rug，上睑提肌，肌和球菌）。此外，参与者对所呈现的面孔的情绪强度以及他们对这种情绪的主观感觉的强度进行了评估。
结果：与对照组相比，BPD患者表现出对愤怒，悲伤和厌恶的面部表情的反应，使上睑皱纹肌的反应增强，而对高兴和惊讶的面孔的上睑提肌的反应减弱。关于情绪识别性能或强度等级，总体上没有群体差异。
结论：这些结果不支持以下观点：BPD中的面部识别受损或对他人的情绪状态普遍过敏。相反，他们提出了BPD的消极偏见，表现为面部对积极的社会信号的反应减少，面部对消极的社会信号的反应增加。这是面部反应的一种模式，可能导致这种疾病患者经常报告的社交互动困难。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVES:To determine the neural responses invoked in the recognition of facial fear and disgust in euthymic bipolar patients as compared with healthy subjects. METHODS:This study examined 10 female euthymic bipolar patients, and 10 suitably matched healthy subjects using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while subjects were engaged in an explicit facial emotion recognition task involving fear, disgust and neutral expressions. The activation paradigm involved nominating the facial expression using specified response keys. Behavioural data were collected and analysed and both within-group (Fear versus Neutral; Disgust versus Neutral) and random-effects between-group analyses were performed on fMRI data using BrainVoyager (Brain Innovations, Maastricht, the Netherlands). RESULTS:Patients were equally accurate in identifying facial expressions as healthy subjects but were slower to respond, especially with respect to fear and disgust. Responses to fear and disgust (within-group analyses) resulted in activation of anticipated brain regions such as amygdala and insula, respectively. However, between-group random effects analysis revealed differential responses to both disgust and fear in both healthy subjects and euthymic bipolar patients such that euthymic bipolar patients responded largely to fear and healthy subjects responded more so to disgust. This partitioning of responsiveness was reflected by differential activation involving the hippocampus and amygdala. CONCLUSIONS:Greater responsiveness to fear with hippocampal activation in patients perhaps reflects recollection of traumatic events associated with past experiences of illness or simply the use of a more mnemonic (hippocampal) as opposed to affective (amygdala) approach when performing the task. It is possible that in bipolar disorder, prefrontal-subcortical network dysfunction that relegates neural processing to limbic regions is impaired and that clinically euthymic bipolar patients, although able to accurately and effectively identify emotions such as fear and disgust, are limited in their ability to interpret their salience. The implications of these findings are discussed.

背景与目标： 目的：确定与健康受试者相比，在正常人双相情感障碍患者中识别面部恐惧和厌恶时所引起的神经反应。
方法：本研究使用功能性磁共振成像（fMRI）检查了10名女性常态性双相情感障碍患者和10名适当匹配的健康受试者，而受试者则参与了涉及恐惧，厌恶和中性表情的明确面部情绪识别任务。激活范例涉及使用指定的响应键来提名面部表情。收集并分析行为数据，并使用BrainVoyager（Brain Innovations，马斯特里赫特，荷兰）对fMRI数据进行组内（恐惧与中性；厌恶与中性）和组间随机影响分析。
结果：患者在识别面部表情方面与健康受试者一样准确，但反应较慢，尤其是在恐惧和厌恶方面。对恐惧和厌恶的反应（组内分析）分别激活了预期的大脑区域，如杏仁核和岛状脑岛。但是，组间随机效应分析显示，健康受试者和正常人双相情感障碍患者对厌恶和恐惧的反应不同，因此，正常人双相情感障碍患者对恐惧的反应很大，而健康受试者对厌恶的反应则更大。反应的这种划分通过涉及海马和杏仁核的差异激活来反映。
结论：患者对海马激活后恐惧的反应性增强，可能反映出与过去疾病经历相关的创伤事件的回忆，或者在执行任务时仅使用记忆法（海马法）而不是情感法（扁桃体法）。在双相情感障碍中，将神经处理降级到边缘区域的额叶前皮质下网络功能障碍可能会受到损害，尽管临床上有幸福感的双相情感障碍患者虽然能够准确有效地识别出恐惧和厌恶之类的情绪，但其解释能力却受到限制。他们的显着性。讨论了这些发现的含义。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :What can psychopathology and its treatment tell us about cognitive emotional interactions? Standard approaches to interactions between emotion and cognition often adopt a variant of the idea that cognitive processes, subserved by dorsal and lateral cortical circuits, exert control and regulation of ventral, limbic brain areas associated with emotional expression and experience. However, it is becoming clear from studies on depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), that a binary, opponent theory of cognitive emotion interaction (CEI) and the dorsal-ventral model of neurocircuitry do not fully describe the data. We summarize recent research to suggest that networks of direct and indirect pathways exist by which cognition can regulate pathological emotion, and the inter-relationships of specific nodes within the networks need to be characterized.

背景与目标： ：心理病理学及其治疗方法可以告诉我们有关认知情感互动的信息吗？情绪与认知之间相互作用的标准方法通常采用以下观念的变体，即认知过程（由背侧和外侧皮质回路支持）对与情绪表达和体验相关的腹侧，边缘脑区施加控制和调节。然而，从对抑郁症，创伤后应激障碍（PTSD）和强迫症（OCD）的研究中可以明显看出，认知情感互动（CEI）的二元对立理论和神经回路的背腹模型并没有充分描述数据。我们总结了最近的研究，以表明存在直接和间接途径的网络，通过该网络认知可以调节病理情感，并且需要对网络中特定节点的相互关系进行表征。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) neurofeedback training of amygdala hemodynamic activity directly targets a neurobiological mechanism, which contributes to emotion regulation problems in borderline personality disorder (BPD). However, it remains unknown which outcome measures can assess changes in emotion regulation and affective instability, associated with amygdala downregulation in a clinical trial. The current study directly addresses this question. Twenty-four female patients with a DSM-IV BPD diagnosis underwent four runs of amygdala neurofeedback. Before and after the training, as well as at a six-weeks follow-up assessment, participants completed measures of emotion dysregulation and affective instability at diverse levels of analysis (verbal report, clinical interview, ecological momentary assessment, emotion-modulated startle, heart rate variability, and fMRI). Participants were able to downregulate their amygdala blood oxygen-dependent (BOLD) response with neurofeedback. There was a decrease of BPD symptoms as assessed with the Zanarini rating scale for BPD (ZAN-BPD) and a decrease in emotion-modulated startle to negative pictures after training. Further explorative analyses suggest that patients indicated less affective instability, as seen by lower hour-to-hour variability in negative affect and inner tension in daily life. If replicated by an independent study, our results imply changes in emotion regulation and affective instability for several systems levels, including behavior and verbal report. Conclusions are limited due to the lack of a control group. A randomized controlled trial (RCT) will be needed to confirm effectiveness of the training.

背景与目标： ：杏仁核血液动力学活动的实时功能磁共振成像（fMRI）神经反馈训练直接针对一种神经生物学机制，这会导致边缘性人格障碍（BPD）的情绪调节问题。然而，在临床试验中，哪些结果指标可以评估情绪调节和情感不稳定性的变化，与杏仁核下调相关，仍是未知的。当前的研究直接解决了这个问题。 24名诊断为DSM-IV BPD的女性患者接受了四次杏仁核神经反馈。培训前后，以及为期六周的随访评估中，参与者在各种分析水平（言语报告，临床访谈，生态瞬时评估，情绪调节的惊吓，心脏）中完成了情绪失调和情感不稳定性的测量率变异性和fMRI）。参与者能够通过神经反馈下调杏仁核血氧依赖性（BOLD）反应。用Zanarini BPD评分量表（ZAN-BPD）评估，BPD症状减少，而训练后的情绪调节惊吓至阴性图片则减少。进一步的探索性分析表明，患者的情绪不稳定程度较小，从负面影响和日常生活中内在紧张的每小时变化中可以看出。如果通过独立研究进行复制，我们的结果表明在几个系统级别（包括行为和口头报告）上，情绪调节和情感不稳定性都会发生变化。由于缺乏对照组，结论有限。需要进行随机对照试验（RCT）以确认培训的有效性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Emotional salience and working memory (WM) load are known to affect object processing in the ventral stream. However, the combined effect, which could be either synergistic or antagonistic, remains unclear. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging and a three-factorial design, we investigated the effects of WM load and emotional salience on object processing in the ventral visual stream. Twenty-three female subjects were shown blocks of task-irrelevant and more or less degraded visual stimuli that varied in emotional valence (negative or neutral) and phase coherence rendering them more or less noisy. Superimposed on these pictures, subjects saw colored squares on which they had to perform a demanding WM task (one-back, two-back). This WM task absorbs attentional resources normally available for the perceptual analysis of visual objects and can therefore be interpreted as a manipulation of attention. We hypothesized that attenuated processing resources in the lateral occipital complex (LOC) for these task-irrelevant pictures under high WM load (Rose et al., 2005) could be regained when they were of negative emotional valence. Our results indicate that both emotional salience and WM load critically depend on a minimum level of phase coherence of the stimuli to affect LOC activation. Furthermore, the influences of emotional salience and WM load do not interact with each other in LOC. Rather, emotional salience exerts a general multiplicative gain effect while preserving the difference in activation between low and high WM load. A connectivity analysis suggests that the emotional modulation might originate in the amygdalo-hippocampal junction.

背景与目标： ：众所周知，情感显着性和工作记忆（WM）负荷会影响腹侧流中的对象处理。然而，尚不清楚协同作用是协同作用还是拮抗作用。使用功能磁共振成像和三因素设计，我们研究了腹侧视觉流中WM负荷和情绪显着性对物体处理的影响。向二十三名女性受试者展示了与任务无关且或多或少退化的视觉刺激块，这些情绪刺激的情绪价（负性或中性）和相干性各不相同，从而或多或少地产生了噪音。在这些图片上，受试者看到彩色的正方形，他们必须在上面执行苛刻的WM任务（单向，两向）。此WM任务吸收了通常可用于视觉对象感知分析的注意力资源，因此可以解释为注意力的操纵。我们假设在高WM负荷下，这些与任务无关的图片在枕骨外侧复合体（LOC）中减弱的处理资源（Rose等，2005）可以恢复为负情绪价。我们的结果表明，情绪显着性和WM负荷都主要取决于刺激的最小相干水平，以影响LOC激活。此外，在LOC中，情绪显着性和WM负荷的影响不会相互影响。而是，情感显着性在保持低WM负载和高WM负载之间的激活差异的同时，发挥了普遍的乘法增益效果。连通性分析表明，情绪调节可能起源于杏仁核-海马体交界处。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Two experiments were carried out to determine whether expressive asymmetries in facial stimuli might underlie evidence of differential hemispheric responses to positive and negative emotion. Experiment 1 systematically varied stimulus orientation; Experiment 2 included both normally oriented and reversed (mirror-image) faces. We replicated previous reports of a left field advantage for happy faces and a right field superiority for sad faces only when normally oriented faces were used. Mirror-image stimuli tended to produce the opposite pattern of results, and a combination of the two (Exp. 2) eliminated the visual field differences for each emotion. The findings underscore the importance of controlling for stimulus asymmetries in visual laterality studies, and are discussed in terms of current notions about the lateralization of both the perception and expression of emotion.

背景与目标： ：进行了两个实验，以确定面部刺激中的表达不对称是否可能是半球对正面和负面情绪反应不同的证据。实验1系统地改变了刺激的方向；实验2包括法向和反面（镜面）。我们只复制了以前的报告，即只有使用正常朝向的面孔时，笑脸才能获得左视野优势，而悲伤面孔则具有出右视野优势。镜像刺激往往会产生相反的结果模式，两者的结合（实验2）消除了每种情感的视野差异。这些发现强调了在视觉偏侧性研究中控制刺激不对称的重要性，并根据有关情感的感知和表达的偏侧性的当前观念进行了讨论。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:Although past literature has emphasized the role of acquired capability in the relationship between nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) and suicide attempts, support for the indirect relationship of NSSI to suicide attempts through acquired capability is limited. Thus, research examining other factors that may underlie this relationship is needed. Across two studies, this research examined the indirect relationships of NSSI frequency to suicide attempts through both acquired capability and emotion regulation self-efficacy (ERSE). METHOD:Two large samples of adults (one nationwide community sample and one clinical sample of patients with substance use disorders) completed questionnaires and/or interviews. RESULTS:Results revealed significant indirect relationships of NSSI frequency to lifetime suicide attempts through ERSE, but not acquired capability, within both samples. CONCLUSIONS:Results highlight the relevance of ERSE to both suicide attempts and the NSSI-suicide attempt relationship, and suggest the potential utility of interventions aimed at increasing ERSE among individuals with repeated NSSI.

背景与目标： 目的：尽管过去的文献已经强调了获得性能力在非自杀性自我伤害（NSSI）和自杀未遂之间的关系中的作用，但通过获取性能力对NSSI与自杀未遂之间的间接关系的支持有限。因此，需要研究可能是这种关系基础的其他因素的研究。在两项研究中，这项研究通过获得性能力和情绪调节自我效能（ERSE）检验了NSSI频率与自杀企图之间的间接关系。
方法：完成两个大样本成年人（一个全国范围的社区样本和一个患有药物滥用障碍患者的临床样本）的问卷调查和/或访谈。
结果：结果显示，在两个样本中，NSSI频率与通过ERSE进行的终生自杀尝试之间存在显着的间接关系，但与获得的能力无关。
结论：结果突出了ERSE与自杀未遂和NSSI-自杀未遂关系的相关性，并暗示了旨在增加反复NSSI的个体中ERSE的干预措施的潜在实用性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Bipolar disorder (BD) is a severe, chronic disease with a heritability of 60-80%. BD is frequently misdiagnosed due to phenomenological overlap with other psychopathologies, an important issue that calls for the identification of biological and psychological vulnerability and disease markers. Altered structural and functional connectivity, mainly between limbic and prefrontal brain areas, have been proposed to underlie emotional and motivational dysregulation in BD and might represent relevant vulnerability and disease markers. In the present laboratory review we discuss functional and structural neuroimaging findings on emotional and motivational dysregulation from our research group in BD patients and healthy individuals at risk to develop BD. As a main result of our studies, we observed altered orbitofrontal and limbic activity and reduced connectivity between dorsal prefrontal and limbic brain regions, as well as reduced integrity of fiber tracts connecting prefrontal and subcortical brain structures in BD patients and high-risk individuals. Our results provide novel insights into pathophysiological mechanisms of bipolar disorder. The current laboratory review provides a specific view of our group on altered brain connectivity and underlying psychological processes in bipolar disorder based on our own work, integrating relevant findings from others. Thereby we attempt to advance neuropsychobiological models of BD.

背景与目标： 双相情感障碍（BD）是一种严重的慢性疾病，遗传力为60-80％。 BD由于与其他精神病理学的现象学重叠而经常被误诊，这是一个重要的问题，需要识别生物学和心理上的脆弱性以及疾病标志物。已经提出，主要在边缘和额叶前脑区域之间的结构和功能连接性改变是BD情绪和动机失调的基础，可能代表相关的脆弱性和疾病标志。在本实验室综述中，我们讨论了来自研究组的BD患者和有发展BD风险的健康个体在情绪和动机失调方面的功能和结构性神经影像学发现。作为我们研究的主要结果，我们观察到BD患者和高危个体的眶额和边缘活动改变，背侧额叶和边缘大脑区域之间的连通性降低，以及连接额叶和皮层下大脑结构的纤维束完整性降低。我们的结果为双相情感障碍的病理生理机制提供了新颖的见解。当前的实验室综述基于我们自己的工作，结合了其他人的相关发现，对我们的小组针对双相情感障碍的大脑连接性改变和潜在的心理过程提供了具体的见解。因此，我们尝试发展BD的神经心理生物学模型。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Film theorists and practitioners suggest that motion can be manipulated in movie scenes to elicit emotional responses in viewers. However, our understanding of the role of motion in emotion perception remains limited. On the one hand, movies continuously depict local motion- movements of objects and humans, which are crucial for generating emotional responses. Movie scenes also frequently portray global motion, mainly induced by large camera movements, global motion being yet another source of information used by the brain during natural vision. Here we used functional MRI to elucidate the contributions of local and global motion to emotion perception during movie viewing. Subjects observed long (1 min) movie segments depicting emotional or neutral content. Brain activity in areas that showed preferential responses to emotional content was strongly linked over time with frame-wide variations in global motion, and to a lesser extent with local motion information. Similarly, stronger responses to emotional content were recorded within regions of interest whose activity was attuned to global and local motion over time. Since global motion fields are experienced during self-motion, we suggest that camera movements may induce illusory self-motion cues in viewers that interact with the movie's narrative and with other emotional cues in generating affective responses.

背景与目标： 电影理论家和从业者建议，可以在电影场景中操纵运动，以引起观众的情感反应。但是，我们对运动在情绪感知中的作用的理解仍然有限。一方面，电影不断描绘物体和人类的局部运动，这对于产生情感反应至关重要。电影场景还经常刻画全局运动，这主要是由大型相机运动引起的，全局运动是自然视觉期间大脑使用的另一种信息来源。在这里，我们使用功能性MRI来阐明电影观看过程中局部和全局运动对情绪感知的贡献。受试者观察到长（1分钟）的电影片段，描绘出情感或中立的内容。随着时间的流逝，对情感内容表现出优先响应的区域的大脑活动与全帧运动的全帧变化密切相关，而与局部运动信息的影响程度较小。类似地，在感兴趣的区域内记录了对情感内容的更强响应，这些区域的活动随着时间的推移逐渐适应了全局和局部运动。由于在自运动过程中会经历全局运动场，因此我们建议相机运动可能会在观众中产生虚幻的自运动线索，这些观众与电影的叙事以及其他情感线索相互作用，从而产生情感反应。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Functional neuroimaging studies have demonstrated that following deafness, auditory regions can respond to tactile stimuli. However, research to date has not conclusively demonstrated the behavioral correlates of these functional changes, with most studies showing normal-like tactile capabilities in the deaf. It has recently been suggested that more cognitive and complex tactile processes, such as music perception, could help to uncover superior tactile capabilities in the deaf. Indeed, following deafness music seems to be perceived through vibration, but the extent to which they can perceive musical features though the tactile modality remains undetermined. The goal of this study was to investigate tactile identification of musical emotion in the deaf. Participants had to rate melodies based on their emotional perception. Stimuli were presented through an haptic glove. Data suggest that deaf and control participants were comparable in the identification of three of the four emotions tested (sad, fear/threat, peacefulness). However and most importantly, for the simplest emotion (happiness), significant differences emerged between groups, suggesting an improved tactile identification of musical emotion in the deaf. Results support the hypothesis that brain plasticity following deafness can lead to improved complex tactile ability.

背景与目标： 功能神经影像学研究表明，耳聋后，听觉区域可对触觉刺激作出反应。然而，迄今为止的研究尚未最终证明这些功能改变的行为相关性，大多数研究表明聋人具有正常的触觉能力。最近有人提出，更多的认知和复杂的触觉过程，例如音乐感知，可以帮助发现聋人的卓越触觉能力。的确，听觉上耳聋的音乐似乎是通过振动来感知的，但是尽管触觉模态仍未确定，但是他们可以感知音乐特征的程度。这项研究的目的是调查聋人音乐情感的触觉识别。参加者必须根据自己的情感感知来评价旋律。通过触觉手套呈现刺激。数据表明，在测试的四种情绪（悲伤，恐惧/威胁，安宁）中，三种与聋人和对照组的参与者具有可比性。但是，最重要的是，对于最简单的情感（幸福），各组之间出现了显着差异，这表明聋人中音乐情感的触觉识别得到了改善。结果支持以下假设：耳聋后大脑可塑性可导致复杂的触觉能力提高。