BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:The validity of using the Remote Food Photography Method (RFPM) for measuring food intake of minority preschool children's intake is not well documented. OBJECTIVE:Our aim was to determine the validity of intake estimations made by human raters using the RFPM compared with those obtained by weighing all foods and beverages consumed by 3- to 5-year-old children (weighed method). DESIGN:We conducted a cross-sectional observational study. PARTICIPANTS/SETTINGS:A convenience sample of 54 3- to 5-year-old Hispanic and African-American children were observed during a 12-hour period at Baylor Metabolic Research Unit between June 2013 and January 2014. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:All foods/beverages consumed by the children were provided by Baylor research coordinators who took and wirelessly transmitted before-and-after pictures of the trays to trained human raters at the Pennington Biomedical Research Center who estimated grams consumed. Energy and macronutrients were calculated using the Food and Nutrient Database for Dietary Studies or food facts data provided by manufacturers. STATISTICAL ANALYSES:Paired t test, mean differences, and Bland-Altman limits of agreement were performed. RESULTS:Compared to the weighed method, the rater method significantly overestimated total intake by 34±71 g (P<0.0001), with a mean percent error of 2.9% (root mean square error=7.1%), and total energy intake by 75±102 kcal (P<0.0001), with a mean percent error of 7.5% (root mean square error=12.3%). The standard error for the macronutrient intakes ranged from 11.0% to 20.2%. The Bland-Altman approach demonstrated a positive slope for the rater method relative to the weighed method for total intake in grams (P=0.006), carbohydrate (P=0.01), and protein (P=0.01) (ie, magnitude of the bias increased with increasing intakes). CONCLUSIONS:The rater method overestimated total intake in grams and energy in kilocalories in minority preschool children in a well-controlled condition and needs to be further tested in a free-living environment.

背景与目标： 背景：使用远程食物摄影法（RFPM）来测量少数学龄前儿童的食物摄入量的有效性尚未得到充分证明。
目的：我们的目的是确定与使用3至5岁儿童对所有食品和饮料进行称重（称重法）得出的结果相比，使用RFPM进行的人类评估者对摄入量所作估计的有效性。
设计：我们进行了横断面观察研究。
参与者/地点：2013年6月至2014年1月期间，在12个小时的时间里，在贝勒代谢研究室观察了54名3至5岁的西班牙裔和非裔美国人儿童的便利样本。
主要观察指标：儿童食用的所有食物/饮料均由贝勒研究协调员提供，他们将托盘的照片前后无线传输至Pennington生物医学研究中心的受过训练的人类评估者，他们估计食用的克数。使用饮食研究的食物和营养数据库或制造商提供的食物事实数据计算能量和大量营养素。
统计分析：进行配对t检验，均数差和Bland-Altman一致性极限。
结果：与称量方法相比，评估者方法显着高估了总摄入量34±71 g（P <0.0001），平均百分比误差为2.9％（均方根误差= 7.1％），总能量摄入为75 ±102 kcal（P <0.0001），平均误差为7.5％（均方根误差为12.3％）。大量营养素摄入的标准误为11.0％至20.2％。 Bland-Altman方法显示评估者方法相对于总摄入量（克）（P = 0.006），碳水化合物（P = 0.01）和蛋白质（P = 0.01）（即偏差的大小）的加权方法具有正斜率随着摄入量的增加而增加）。
结论：评估者方法高估了少数学龄前儿童在良好控制条件下的总摄入量（以克为单位）和以卡路里为单位的能量（以卡路里为单位），需要在自由生活的环境中进行进一步的测试。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Coronary artery disease has a significant genetic predisposition, which mainly results from atherosclerosis. Miniature pig is an excellent model to investigate atherosclerosis. This study investigated whether the occurrence and development of atherosclerosis in the Wuzhishan miniature pigs (WZSPs) that were closely bred 12 generations had better consistency. The WZSPs (n = 9) were fed a high-cholesterol and high-fat diet (HCFD). After continuous feeding, 3 WZSPs each were sacrificed at 6, 8, and 12 months, respectively, and the general clinical manifestations and serological indexes were detected. The pathological changes of the major arteries and main organs were recorded. The results showed WZSPs were quite susceptible to the HCFD. At 6 months, plaque lesions appeared in the abdominal aorta and iliac artery, while at 8 months, they appeared in the coronary artery. At 12 months, atherosclerotic lesions could be found in all major arteries, while lipid core, cholesterol precipitation, and calcium deposition appeared in the most serious sites. The progression of arterial lesions and distribution of the lesions were highly consistent in the pigs. However, apparent variations in serum markers were observed. In conclusion, inbred WZSP is a good model to investigate atherosclerosis and has good predictability for the occurrence and development of the disease.

背景与目标： ：冠状动脉疾病具有明显的遗传易感性，主要是由动脉粥样硬化引起的。小型猪是研究动脉粥样硬化的优秀模型。本研究调查了在近代繁殖的五指山小型猪（WZSP）中动脉粥样硬化的发生和发展是否具有更好的一致性。 WZSP（n = 9）被喂食高胆固醇和高脂饮食（HCFD）。连续喂食后，分别在第6、8和12个月处死3只WZSP，并检测其一般临床表现和血清学指标。记录主要动脉和主要器官的病理变化。结果表明，WZSP对HCFD非常敏感。在6个月时，斑块病变出现在腹主动脉和动脉中，而在8个月时，它们出现在冠状动脉中。在第12个月时，所有主要动脉均可发现动脉粥样硬化病变，而最严重的部位则出现脂质核心，胆固醇沉淀和钙沉积。猪的动脉病变进展和病变分布高度一致。然而，观察到血清标志物的明显变化。总之，近交WZSP是研究动脉粥样硬化的良好模型，并且对疾病的发生和发展具有良好的可预测性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Continuous observations of larvae of the silkworm, Bombyx mori, revealed that feeding occurred at regular intervals throughout larval development. To investigate possible factors influencing meal-timing, the behaviours of diet-deprived Bombyx larvae were also analysed. Diet-deprivation resulted in longer durations of the first meals after diet replacement, but did not affect feeding patterns. Furthermore, long-term diet-deprivation promoted wandering behaviour and a consequent delay in feeding after diet replacement. Under diet-deprivation conditions, meal-starts appeared to be inducible by defecation and physical stimulation. However, stimulation-induced meal-starts were dependent on the time elapsed since the larvae's previous meals. Provided that more than 1h had elapsed since their previous meals, larvae could be induced to feed by defecation and tapping. At less than 1h post-meal, larvae were less likely to begin feeding after defecation or physical stimulation. Activated locomotions such as wandering and feeding were observed in the long-term diet-deprived larvae only after diet blocks were replaced, while long-term diet-deprived larvae did not show activated locomotion during the absence of diet blocks. Collectively, these data suggest that a combination of elevated locomotion activity and the presence of diet may be necessary for the initiation of feeding in diet-deprived larvae.

背景与目标： ：对蚕Bombyx mori幼虫的连续观察表明，在整个幼虫发育过程中，定期喂食。为了调查可能影响进餐时间的因素，还分析了饮食缺乏的家蚕幼虫的行为。饮食剥夺导致饮食替代后第一顿饭的时间更长，但不影响喂养方式。此外，长期的饮食剥夺促进了流浪行为，并因此在替代饮食后导致进食延迟。在缺乏饮食的情况下，排便和身体刺激似乎可以诱导进餐。然而，刺激引起的进餐开始取决于幼虫上一次进餐以来经过的时间。如果自从他们进餐以来已经超过1小时，则可以通过排便和敲打来诱使幼虫进食。餐后不到1小时，排便或身体刺激后，幼虫就不太可能开始进食。仅在更换饮食块后，长期饮食剥夺的幼虫才观察到激活的运动，如游荡和进食，而在缺乏饮食块的情况下，长期饮食剥夺的幼虫未表现出激活的运动。总体而言，这些数据表明，开始饮食剥夺的幼虫开始进食可能需要结合运动活动和饮食的存在。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a serious psychiatric illness associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Successful treatment results in weight restoration, but recidivism is common, and the rate of relapse is estimated to be as high as 50%. Maintenance of a healthy diet is central to the recovery process, but the relation between diet and relapse has not been investigated in AN patients. OBJECTIVE:The objective of the study was to determine whether diet energy density and diet variety in recently weight-restored women with AN predict outcome. DESIGN:After gaining weight to a body mass index (BMI; in kg/m(2)) of > or = 20, 47 hospitalized women completed 4-d food records, from which a mean diet energy density score (DEDS) and a mean diet variety score (DVS) were calculated. Outcome was determined at study end by using modified Morgan-Russell criteria, and it was dichotomized as "treatment success" or "treatment failure." Data were analyzed by using Student's t test. A logistic regression model was constructed to evaluate the effects of DEDS, DVS, and caloric intake on outcome. RESULTS:Groups did not differ significantly in mean measures of age, admission and weight-restored BMI, or caloric intake. However, DEDS and DVS were significantly higher in the success group than in the failure group. The success and failure groups were followed for a mean of 240 and 170 d, respectively. In the logistic regression model, DEDS (P = 0.016) and DVS (P = 0.048) but not caloric intake (P = 0.585) significantly predicted outcome. CONCLUSION:In recently weight-restored women with AN, lower DEDS and DVS but not caloric intake were associated with poor outcome.

背景与目标： 背景：神经性厌食症（AN）是一种严重的精神疾病，具有较高的发病率和死亡率。成功的治疗可以使体重恢复，但累犯是常见的，复发率估计高达50％。维持健康饮食对恢复过程至关重要，但尚未在AN患者中研究饮食与复发之间的关系。
目的：本研究的目的是确定近期体重减轻并患有AN的女性的饮食能量密度和饮食种类是否可以预测结果。
设计：体重增加到体重指数（BMI；以kg / m（2）表示）大于或等于20后，有47名住院妇女完成了4 d食物记录，从中得出平均饮食能量密度得分（DEDS）和计算平均饮食品种评分（DVS）。在研究结束时，使用改良的Morgan-Russell标准确定结果，并将结果分为“治疗成功”或“治疗失败”两类。数据使用学生t检验进行了分析。构建了逻辑回归模型以评估DEDS，DVS和热量摄入对结局的影响。
结果：各组在平均年龄，入院和体重减轻的BMI或热量摄入方面均无显着差异。但是，成功组的DEDS和DVS明显高于失败组。成功和失败组的平均随访时间分别为240和170 d。在逻辑回归模型中，DEDS（P = 0.016）和DVS（P = 0.048）而非热量摄入（P = 0.585）显着预测了结局。
结论：在最近体重减轻的AN患者中，较低的DEDS和DVS但热量摄入不高与预后不良有关。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Prevention of ovarian cancer is the best approach for reducing the impact of this deadly disease. The laying hen is a robust model of spontaneous ovarian cancer that recapitulates the human disease. Dietary intervention with flaxseed, the richest vegetable source of omega-3 fatty acids (OM-3FAs) and phytoestrogen lignans, demonstrate the potential for effective prevention and amelioration of ovarian cancer by targeting inflammatory prostaglandin pathways. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is the most pro-inflammatory ecoisanoid and one of the downstream products of two isoforms of cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes: COX-1 and COX-2. Our objective was to investigate the effect of flaxseed supplementation for one year on ovarian cancer and correlate its effects to expression of COX enzymes and concentrations of prostaglandins. White Leghorn hens were fed 10% flaxseed-enriched or standard diet for one year. The severity of ovarian cancer was determined by gross pathology and histology. COX-1 and COX-2 localization and protein and mRNA expression and PGE2 and PGE3 concentrations in ovaries were measured by IHC, western blot, quantitative real-time PCR and LC-MS-MS, respectively. The results demonstrated a significant reduction in late stage ovarian tumors in the flaxseed-fed hens compared with the control diet-fed hens. In correlation with decreased ovarian cancer severity, concentrations of PGE2 and expression of COX-2 were diminished in ovaries of flaxseed-fed hens. PGE3 concentrations were below the level of detection. The results demonstrated that in normal ovaries, COX-1 was localized to the granulosa cell layer surrounding the follicles and ovarian surface epithelium (OSE) whereas COX-2 protein was localized to the granulosa cell layer in the follicle. Extensive COX-1 and COX-2 protein expression was found throughout the ovarian carcinoma. Our findings suggest that the flaxseed-mediated reduction in the severity of ovarian cancer in hens is correlated to the reduction in PGE2 in the ovaries of flaxseed-fed hens. These findings may provide the basis for clinical trials of dietary intervention targeting prostaglandin biosynthesis for the prevention and treatment of ovarian cancer.

背景与目标： ：预防卵巢癌是减少这种致命疾病影响的最佳方法。产蛋鸡是自发性卵巢癌的有力模型，可概括人类疾病。亚麻籽的膳食干预（omega-3脂肪酸（OM-3FAs）和植物雌激素木脂素的最丰富的植物来源）通过靶向炎症性前列腺素途径，证明了有效预防和改善卵巢癌的潜力。前列腺素E2（PGE2）是最易炎症的类二十烷酸，是环氧合酶（COX-1）和COX-2两种同工型的下游产物之一。我们的目标是研究亚麻籽对卵巢癌一年的治疗作用，并将其与COX酶的表达和前列腺素的浓度相关联。白来回鸡只母鸡饲喂10％亚麻籽或标准饮食，为期一年。卵巢癌的严重程度由总体病理学和组织学确定。通过IHC，蛋白质印迹，实时荧光定量PCR和LC-MS-MS分别检测卵巢中COX-1和COX-2的定位以及蛋白质和mRNA的表达以及PGE2和PGE3的浓度。结果表明，与对照饮食饲喂的母鸡相比，亚麻饲喂母鸡的晚期卵巢肿瘤显着减少。与卵巢癌严重程度降低相关，亚麻籽母鸡卵巢中的PGE2浓度和COX-2的表达降低。 PGE3浓度低于检测水平。结果表明，在正常卵巢中，COX-1位于卵泡和卵巢表面上皮（OSE）周围的颗粒细胞层，而COX-2蛋白则位于卵泡中的颗粒细胞层。在整个卵巢癌中发现了广泛的COX-1和COX-2蛋白表达。我们的发现表明，亚麻籽介导的母鸡卵巢癌严重程度的降低与亚麻籽母鸡卵巢中PGE2的降低有关。这些发现可为针对前列腺素生物合成的预防和治疗卵巢癌的饮食干预临床试验提供依据。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Alone among autonomic neurones, enteric neurones are known to be vulnerable to age related cell death; over 50% may be lost in aging rodents. A previous study demonstrated unexpectedly that neurones of the myenteric plexus from rats fed a restricted diet appeared not to suffer from extensive cell death in contrast with previous studies of ad libitum fed animals. AIMS:To compare myenteric neurone numbers in the ileum of young and aging male Sprague-Dawley rats fed either ad libitum or a restricted diet. METHODS:Neurones were counted in whole mount preparations of rat ileum stained immunohistochemically for the pan-neuronal marker PGP9.5, for choline acetyltransferase, or for nitric oxide synthase, or with NADH or NADPH histochemistry. RESULTS:Neurone numbers in the rat myenteric plexus were substantially affected by the dietary regimen: ad libitum feeding (50-60 g per day of standard rat chow) resulted in the death of about 50% of myenteric neurones in 24 month Sprague-Dawley rats, while numbers were unchanged when the daily dietary intake was halved between the ages of six and 24 months. Animals fed a double restricted diet (15 g per day) showed no cell loss at 30 months, as well as the predicted increase in longevity. Neurone loss was largely complete by 16 months in ad libitum fed animals. Numbers of cholinergic (possibly motor) neurones, as demonstrated by choline acetyltransferase immunohistochemistry, were substantially reduced in ad libitum fed aging rats but not in animals fed a restricted diet. Loss of cholinergic neurones after ad libitum feeding was confirmed by reduced numbers of neurones of a size range matching that of cholinergic neurones. CONCLUSIONS:Ad libitum feeding of adult rats has adverse effects on the survival of myenteric neurones, neurone loss commencing before 16 months of age. Cholinergic neurones appear to be particularly vulnerable to the effects of diet. Restricting dietary intake from six months of age prevents neurone loss almost entirely up to 30 months of age in these rats.

背景与目标： 背景：已知在自主神经元中，肠神经元易受年龄相关的细胞死亡的影响。老化的啮齿动物可能损失超过50％。先前的研究出乎意料地证明，与先前的随意喂养动物的研究相比，饮食有限的大鼠的肌间神经丛神经元似乎没有遭受广泛的细胞死亡。
目的：比较随意喂养或限制饮食的年轻和衰老雄性Sprague-Dawley大鼠回肠中的肠神经元数量。
方法：对整组大鼠回肠的神经营养素进行免疫组织化学染色，以泛神经元标记PGP9.5，胆碱乙酰转移酶，一氧化氮合酶或NADH或NADPH组织化学染色。
结果：大鼠的肌间神经丛中的神经元数量受到饮食方案的严重影响：随意喂养（每天标准大鼠食物50-60 g）在24个月的Sprague-Dawley大鼠中导致约50％的肌层神经元死亡，而在6至24个月的年龄中将每日饮食摄入量减少一半时，这一数字没有变化。进食双重限制饮食（每天15克）的动物在30个月时未见细胞丢失，并且预期的寿命会增加。在随意喂养的动物中，神经元的丧失在16个月前基本完成。胆碱乙酰基转移酶免疫组织化学证实，胆碱能神经元（可能是运动神经元）的数目在随意喂养的衰老大鼠中显着减少，但在饮食不严格的动物中则没有。随意喂食后胆碱能神经元的丧失被大小范围与胆碱能神经元相匹配的神经元数目减少所证实。
结论：成年大鼠随意喂食会对肌层神经元的存活产生不利影响，神经元的损失开始于16个月大之前。胆碱能神经元似乎特别容易受到饮食的影响。从六个月大时开始限制饮食摄入，可在这些大鼠中几乎完全阻止直到三十个月大时神经元的丧失。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Excessive uptake of fatty acids and glucose by adipose tissue triggers adipocyte dysfunction and infiltration of immune cells. Altered metabolic homeostasis in adipose tissue promotes insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease. Inflammatory and metabolic processes are mediated by certain proteolytic enzymes that share a common cellular target, protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2). This study showed that human and rat obesity correlated in vivo with increased expression of PAR2 in adipose tissue, primarily in stromal vascular cells (SVCs) including macrophages. PAR2 was expressed more than other PARs on human macrophages and was increased by dietary fatty acids (palmitic, stearic, and myristic). A novel PAR2 antagonist, GB88 (5-isoxazoyl-Cha-Ile-spiroindene-1,4-piperidine), given orally at 10 mg/kg/d (wk 8-16) reduced body weight by ∼10% in obese rats fed a high-carbohydrate high-fat (HCHF) diet for 16 wk, and strongly attenuated adiposity, adipose tissue inflammation, infiltrated macrophages and mast cells, insulin resistance, and cardiac fibrosis and remodeling; while reversing liver and pancreatic dysfunction and normalizing secretion of PAR2-directed glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in MIN6 β cells. In summary, PAR2 is a new biomarker for obesity, and its expression is stimulated by dietary fatty acids; PAR2 is a substantial contributor to inflammatory and metabolic dysfunction; and a PAR2 antagonist inhibits diet-induced obesity and inflammatory, metabolic, and cardiovascular dysfunction.

背景与目标： ：脂肪组织摄入过多的脂肪酸和葡萄糖会触发脂肪细胞功能障碍和免疫细胞浸润。脂肪组织中代谢稳态的改变会促进胰岛素抵抗，2型糖尿病，高血压和心血管疾病。炎症和代谢过程由共享共同细胞靶标，蛋白酶激活受体2（PAR2）的某些蛋白水解酶介导。这项研究表明，人和大鼠的肥胖症在体内与PAR2在脂肪组织（主要是在包括巨噬细胞的基质血管细胞（SVC））中表达的增加有关。 PAR2在人类巨噬细胞上的表达高于其他PAR，并且通过膳食脂肪酸（棕榈酸，硬脂酸和肉豆蔻酸）增加。以10 mg / kg / d（wk 8-16）口服给予的新型PAR2拮抗剂GB88（5-isoxazoyl-Cha-Ile-spirindindene-1,4-piperidine）在体重减轻的肥胖大鼠中体重减轻了约10％ 16周的高碳水化合物高脂（HCHF）饮食，可大大减轻肥胖，脂肪组织炎症，巨噬细胞和肥大细胞浸润，胰岛素抵抗以及心脏纤维化和重塑。同时逆转肝和胰腺功能障碍，并使MIN6β细胞中PAR2指导的葡萄糖刺激的胰岛素分泌正常化。总之，PAR2是肥胖的一种新的生物标志物，它的表达受到饮食脂肪酸的刺激。 PAR2是导致炎症和代谢功能障碍的重要因素。 PAR2拮抗剂可抑制饮食引起的肥胖症以及炎症，代谢和心血管功能障碍。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE:Homalium zeylanicum (Gardner) Benth. is a medicinal plant traditionally used in controlling diabetes which thus far has been assessed by the authors only to a very limited extent. PURPOSE:To fill the research gap in the literature review, we investigated the antihyperglycemic effects of hydro alcohol fraction of bark of H. zeylanicum (HAHZB) by modulating oxidative stress and inflammation in high-fat diet fed-streptozotocin (HFD/STZ)-induced type-2 diabetic rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS:To understand the antioxidant capacity of HAHZB, oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and cell-based antioxidant protection in erythrocytes (CAP-e) were performed. GC-MS/MS analysis was performed to assess the bioactive components in HAHZB. HFD/STZ-induced diabetic rats were treated orally with HAHZB (300 and 400 mg/kg) for 28 days. After the end of the experiment, marker profiling and histopathological observation of blood and pancreas were examined. The study also highlights interaction between diabetes, oxidative stress and inflammation by examining the increased pro-inflammatory cytokines e.g. TNF-α and C-reactive protein (CRP) promotes DNA damage e.g. oxidation of 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) in chronic hyperglycaemia. RESULTS:In ex vivo cellular antioxidant capacity of -CAP-e and ORAC assays, HAHZB showed remarkable free radical scavenging ability in a dose dependent manner. GC-MS/MS analysis identified 28 no. of compounds and out of which, oleic acid (1.03%), ethyl tridecanoate (11.77%), phytol (1.29), 9,12-octadecadienoic acid, methyl ester, (E,E)-(5.97%), stigmasterol (1.30%) and β-sitosterol (2.86%) have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic activities. HAHZB 400 mg/kg significantly (p < 0.001) improved the lipid profile (TC: 74.66 ± 0.59, HDL-C: 22.08 ± 0.46, LDL-C: 38.06 ± 0.69, and TG: 171.92 ± 1.01 mg/dL) as well as restoring antidiabetic markers (SG: 209.62 ± 1.05 mg/dL, SI: 15.07 ± 0.11 μIU/mL, HOMA-IR: 7.79 ± 0.04 %, and HbA1C: 8.93 ± 0.03 %) and renal functional markers (Tg: 291.26 ± 0.57 pg/mL, BUN: 23.79 ± 0.14 mg/dL, and Cr: 1.34 ± 0.04 mg/dL) in diabetic rats. Oxidative stress markers of pancreas (MDA: 3.65 ± 0.17 nM TBARS /mg protein, SOD: 3.14 ± 0.28 U/mg protein, CAT: 7.88 ± 0.23 U/mg protein, GSH: 12.63 ± 0.28 µM/g of tissue) were restored to normal as evidenced by histological architecture of pancreatic islet cells. The increased level of pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative DNA damage were significantly restored (TNF-α: 54.48 ± 3.19 pg/mL, CRP: 440.22 ± 7.86 ng/mL, and 8-OHdG: 63.65 ± 1.84 ng/mL) by HAHZB in diabetic rats. CONCLUSION:The present findings confirm that the presence of bioactive compounds in HAHZB exert therapeutic protective effect by decreasing oxidative, inflammation and pancreatic β-cell damage in oxidative stress induced diabetic rats.

背景与目标： 人类药理学联系：oma骨（Gardner）Benth。是传统上用于控制糖尿病的药用植物，迄今为止，作者仅对其进行了非常有限的评估。
目的：为填补文献综述的研究空白，我们通过调节高脂饮食饲喂链脲佐菌素（HFD / STZ）-中的氧化应激和炎症，研究了玉米树皮（HAHZB）的树皮中乙醇部分的降血糖作用。诱导的2型糖尿病大鼠。
材料与方法：为了解HAHZB的抗氧化能力，进行了氧自由基吸收能力（ORAC）和红细胞中基于细胞的抗氧化保护（CAP-e）。进行了GC-MS / MS分析，以评估HAHZB中的生物活性成分。用HHZB（300和400 mg / kg）口服治疗HFD / STZ诱导的糖尿病大鼠28天。实验结束后，检查了血液和胰腺的标志物谱以及组织病理学观察。这项研究还通过检查增加的促炎细胞因子例如糖尿病，糖尿病，氧化应激和炎症来强调糖尿病，氧化应激和炎症之间的相互作用。 TNF-α和C反应蛋白（CRP）促进DNA损伤，例如慢性高血糖症中8-羟基-2-脱氧鸟苷（8-OHdG）的氧化
结果：在-CAP-e和ORAC检测的离体细胞抗氧化能力中，HAHZB以剂量依赖性方式表现出显着的自由基清除能力。 GC-MS / MS分析确定为28号。化合物，其中油酸（1.03％），十三烷酸乙酯（11.77％），植物醇（1.29），9,12-十八碳二烯酸，甲酯，（E，E）-（5.97％），豆甾醇（1.30 ％）和β-谷固醇（2.86％）具有抗氧化，抗炎和抗糖尿病的作用。 HAHZB 400 mg / kg也显着（p <0.001）改善了血脂水平（TC：74.66±0.59，HDL-C：22.08±0.46，LDL-C：38.06±0.69，TG：171.92±1.01 mg / dL）作为恢复性抗糖尿病标志物（SG：209.62±1.05 mg / dL，SI：15.07±0.11μIU/ mL，HOMA-IR：7.79±0.04％，HbA1C：8.93±0.03％）和肾功能标志物（Tg：291.26±0.57） pg / mL，BUN：糖尿病大鼠中的23.79±0.14 mg / dL，Cr：1.34±0.04 mg / dL）。恢复了胰腺的氧化应激指标（MDA：3.65±0.17nM TBARS / mg蛋白，SOD：3.14±0.28U / mg蛋白，CAT：7.88±0.23U / mg蛋白，GSH：12.63±0.28μM/ g组织）胰腺胰岛细胞的组织学结构证明其正常。 HAHZB可以显着恢复增加的促炎细胞因子水平和氧化DNA损伤（TNF-α：54.48±3.19 pg / mL，CRP：440.22±7.86 ng / mL，8-OHdG：63.65±1.84 ng / mL）在糖尿病大鼠中。
结论：本研究结果证实，HAHZB中生物活性化合物的存在可通过减少氧化应激诱导的糖尿病大鼠的氧化，炎症和胰腺β细胞损伤而发挥治疗保护作用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Diets containing unheated casein (CD; control) or a casein-glucose mixture (CGD) previously heated at 140 degrees for 2 h were fed to two groups of young rats for 21 d. Differences in body weight, feed consumption, thymus, and spleen growth, protein metabolism and in vivo immune response were then determined. For this last experiment, animals were inoculated with sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) on day 15 to provide an immunological challenge. No changes were seen in body weight, feed consumption or feed conversion ratios. Neither were significant differences found in spleen weight, protein content, DNA content, DNase (EC 3.1.4.6) activity or lymphocyte count, suggesting that spleen cell growth remained similar in all the animals studied. The CGD induced marked increases in thymus DNA content whilst the protein:DNA ratio became lower. Spleen RNA content was similar in all rats, but thymus RNA content was 29% lower in the CGD group, although this difference did not reach statistical significance. This fact might be a consequence of the low RNase (EC 2.7.7.16) activity and RNase:RNA ratios in the thymus glands of CGD-fed animals. Further, the number of splenic plasma cells secreting anti-SRBC antibodies (direct plaque-forming cells) was significantly decreased in the same group. It might be concluded that both diets are adequate for rat growth and that the differences observed in the thymus of CGD-fed rats may be directed towards preserving tissue function. Nevertheless, the CGD did cause immunological disturbances affecting the humoral immune response.

背景与目标： 将含有未加热的酪蛋白（CD；对照）或酪蛋白-葡萄糖混合物（CGD）的先前已在140度下加热2小时的饮食喂食到两组幼鼠，持续21天。然后确定体重，饲料消耗，胸腺和脾脏生长，蛋白质代谢和体内免疫反应的差异。对于最后一个实验，在第15天用羊红细胞（SRBC）接种动物以提供免疫学攻击。体重，饲料消耗或饲料转化率未见变化。脾脏重量，蛋白质含量，DNA含量，DNase（EC 3.1.4.6）活性或淋巴细胞计数均未发现显着差异，表明脾脏细胞生长在所有研究的动物中均相似。 CGD诱导胸腺DNA含量显着增加，而蛋白质：DNA比例降低。在所有大鼠中，脾脏RNA含量均相似，但CGD组的胸腺RNA含量低29％，尽管这种差异并未达到统计学意义。此事实可能是CGD喂养的动物的胸腺中RNase（EC 2.7.7.16）活性低和RNase：RNA比低的结果。此外，同一组中分泌抗SRBC抗体的脾浆细胞（直接噬菌斑形成细胞）数量明显减少。可以得出结论，两种饮食都足以使大鼠生长，并且在CGD喂养的大鼠的胸腺中观察到的差异可能是为了保持组织功能。尽管如此，CGD确实会引起影响体液免疫反应的免疫学紊乱。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The objective of the present study was to examine the associations between the portion sizes of food groups consumed with measures of adiposity using data from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey of British adults. Seven-day weighed dietary records, physical activity diaries and anthropometric measurements were used. Foods eaten were assigned to thirty different food groups and analyses were undertaken separately for men and women. The median daily portion size of each food group consumed was calculated. The potential mis-reporting [corrected] of dietary energy intake (EI) was identified using the following equation: EI--estimated energy requirements/EER [corrected] x 100 = percentage of under-reporting (UR) of energy needs. Multinomial logistic regression (adjusted for age, social class, physical activity level and UR) was used to determine the portion sizes of food groups most strongly associated with obesity status. Few positive associations between the portion sizes of food groups consumed and obesity status were found. However, UR was prevalent, with a median UR of predicted energy needs of 34 and 33 % in men and women, respectively. After the adjustment was made for UR, more associations between the food groups and obesity status became apparent in both sexes. The present study suggests that the true effect of increased portion size of foods on obesity status may be masked by high levels of UR. Alternatively, these data may indicate that an increased risk of obesity is not associated with specific foods/food groups but rather with an overall increase in the range of foods and food groups being consumed.

背景与目标： ：本研究的目的是使用英国成年人的国家饮食和营养调查所提供的数据，通过肥胖测量来检验食用的食物组的份量之间的关联。使用7天称重的饮食记录，体力活动日记和人体测量值。食用的食物被分配到30个不同的食物组中，并且分别对男性和女性进行了分析。计算每个食用食物组的中位数每日份量。饮食能量摄入（EI）的潜在错误报告[校正]使用以下公式确定：EI-估计能量需求/ EER [校正] x 100 =能量需求报告不足（UR）的百分比。使用多项式逻辑回归（根据年龄，社会阶层，体育活动水平和UR进行调整）来确定与肥胖状况最相关的食物组的份量。在食用的食物类别的份量与肥胖状况之间几乎没有正相关。但是，UR普遍存在，男性和女性的预期能量需求中值UR分别为34％和33％。在对UR进行调整后，两性之间的食物组与肥胖状况之间的联系更加明显。本研究表明，高比例的尿素可能掩盖了食物份量增加对肥胖状况的真正影响。或者，这些数据可能表明肥胖的风险增加与特定食品/食物类别无关，而与所食用的食品和食物类别范围的总体增加有关。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This study investigated the inhibitory effect of arctigenin, a novel anti-inflammatory lignan, on prostate cancer in obese conditions both in vitro and in vivo. In vitro obese models were established by co-culture of mouse adipocytes 3T3-L1 with androgen-sensitive LNCaP human prostate cancer cells, or by culturing LNCaP cells in adipocytes-conditioned medium. Arctigenin significantly inhibited LNCaP proliferation, along with decreased androgen receptor (AR) and increased Nkx3.1 cellular expression. Male severe combined immunodeficiency mice were subcutaneously implanted with human prostate cancer LAPC-4 xenograft tumors for in vivo study. Mice were fed high-fat (HF) diet and orally given arctigenin at 50 mg/kg body weight daily or vehicle control for 6 weeks. Tumor bearing HF control mice showed a significant increase in serum free fatty acids (FFAs) and decrease in subcutaneous/peritoneal fat depots compared to non-tumor bearing control mice. Arctigenin intervention significantly reduced tumor growth by 45%, associated with decreased circulating FFAs and adipokines/cytokines including IGF-1, VEGF, and MCP-1, along with decreased AR, Ki67, and microvessel density and increased Nkx3.1 expression in tumors. These results indicate the strong ability of arctigenin to co-target obesity and tumor itself in inhibition of prostate tumor growth at a lower concentration compared to most phytochemicals.

背景与目标： ：这项研究在体外和体内研究了肥胖状态下前列腺素对新型抗炎木脂素arctigenin的抑制作用。通过将小鼠脂肪细胞3T3-L1与雄激素敏感性LNCaP人前列腺癌细胞共培养，或通过在脂肪细胞条件培养基中培养LNCaP细胞，可以建立体外肥胖模型。 Arctigenin显着抑制LNCaP增殖，同时降低雄激素受体（AR）和增加Nkx3.1细胞表达。将雄性重度联合免疫缺陷小鼠皮下植入人前列腺癌LAPC-4异种移植肿瘤，以进行体内研究。给小鼠饲喂高脂饮食，并以50μmg/ kg体重的口服剂量或媒介物对照口服给予Arctigenin，持续6周。与无肿瘤的对照小鼠相比，具有肿瘤的HF对照小鼠表现出血清游离脂肪酸（FFA）的显着增加和皮下/腹膜脂肪贮藏库的减少。 Arctigenin干预可将肿瘤生长显着降低45％，与循环中的FFA和包括IGF-1，VEGF和MCP-1在内的脂肪因子/细胞因子降低有关，同时AR，Ki67和微血管密度降低，Nkx3.1表达增加。这些结果表明，与大多数植物化学物质相比，arctigenin具有较强的共同抑制肥胖症和肿瘤本身的能力，能够以较低的浓度抑制前列腺肿瘤的生长。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:No studies have evaluated associations between patterns of diet-related practices as determined by latent class analysis (LCA) and gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD). We aimed to assess this relationship in a large sample of Iranian adults. METHODS:In a cross-sectional study in 4763 adults, diet-related practices were assessed in four domains, 'meal pattern', 'eating rate', 'intra-meal fluid intake', and 'meal-to-sleep interval', using a pretested questionnaire. LCA was applied to identify classes of diet-related practices. We defined GERD as the presence of heartburn sometimes, often or always. KEY RESULTS:The prevalence of GERD in the study population was 23.5% (n = 1120). We identified two distinct classes of meal patterns: 'regular' and 'irregular', three classes of eating rates: 'moderate', 'moderate-to-slow', and 'moderate-to-fast', two major classes of fluid ingestion with meals: 'moderate' and 'much intra-meal drinking', and two classes regarding the interval between meals and sleeping: 'short' and 'long meal-to-sleep' interval. After adjustment for potential confounders, subjects with 'irregular meal pattern' had higher odds of GERD compared with subjects with 'regular meal pattern' (OR: 1.21; 1.00-1.46). However, when taking into account BMI, the association disappeared. 'Long meal-to-sleep interval' was inversely associated with GERD compared with 'short meal-to-sleep interval' (OR: 0.73; 95% CI: 0.57-0.95). 'Eating rate' and 'intra-meal fluid intake' were not significantly associated with GERD. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES:Our data suggest certain associations between dietary patterns and GERD. These findings warrant evaluation in prospective studies to establish the potential value of modifications in dietary behaviors for the management of GERD.

背景与目标： 背景：尚无研究评估通过潜在类别分析（LCA）和胃食管反流病（GERD）所确定的饮食相关行为方式之间的关联。我们旨在评估大量伊朗成年人中的这种关系。
方法：在一项针对4763名成年人的横断面研究中，从四个方面对与饮食相关的行为进行了评估：“进餐方式”，“进食率”，“进餐内液体摄入量”和“进餐到睡眠间隔”，使用预先测试的问卷。 LCA用于确定饮食相关做法的类别。我们将GERD定义为有时，经常或始终存在胃灼热。
关键结果：研究人群中GERD的患病率为23.5％（n = 1120）。我们确定了两种不同的进餐方式：“常规”和“不规律”，三类进食速率：“中度”，“中度至慢速”和“中度至快速”，两种主要的液体摄入方式用餐：“适度”和“多餐内饮酒”，以及关于用餐和睡眠时间间隔的两类：“短”和“较长的进餐到睡眠”时间间隔。在对潜在混杂因素进行调整之后，与“常规进餐模式”的受试者相比，“常规进餐模式”的受试者的GERD几率更高（OR：1.21； 1.00-1.46）。但是，考虑到BMI，该关联消失了。与“进食间隔短”相比，“进食间隔长”与GERD成反比（OR：0.73； 95％CI：0.57-0.95）。 “进食率”和“餐内液体摄入量”与GERD无关。
结论与推论：我们的数据表明饮食模式与GERD之间存在某些关联。这些发现值得在前瞻性研究中进行评估，以建立饮食行为改变对GERD管理的潜在价值。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:The Mediterranean diet is one of the healthier diet models. Mediterranean food patterns are suffering a deterioration that can especially affect children and adolescents. OBJECTIVE:Determine adherence to the Mediterranean diet in adolescents of southern Spain and its relationship with the residence area, sex, age, life satisfaction, anthropometry, and habits of physical activity and sedentary activities. METHODOLOGY:A total of 1973 adolescents (11-18 years) of southern Spain participated in this descriptive cross-sectional study. Cut-off value between rural and urban locations was 10000 inhabitants. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet was calculated from the KIDMED questionnaire. Life satisfaction, physical activity, and sedentary activities also were measured through valid and reliable questionnaires. Body mass index and % body fat were measured using the TANITA BC-420-S body analyzer. RESULTS:30.9% of the adolescents reported an optimal quality diet, percent higher in rural locations (P < 0.05). Adherence was lower in older adolescents (P < 0.001), it was not different between sexes or according to anthropometric variables. Adolescents more satisfied with their lives (P < 0.001), more active (P < 0.001), more studious (P < 0.001), and less sedentary in front of a screen (P < 0.001) showed greater adherence to the Mediterranean food pattern. CONCLUSION:The majority of adolescents need to improve their nutritional quality. Compared with these subjects, the adolescents most adherent to the Mediterranean diet had a healthier lifestyle and they showed greater life satisfaction. :Introducción: La dieta mediterránea es uno de los modelos más saludables de dieta. Los patrones alimentarios mediterráneos están sufriendo un deterioro que puede afectar especialmente a niños y adolescentes. Objetivo: Determinar la adherencia a la dieta mediterránea de los adolescentes del sur de España y su relación con el área de residencia, sexo, edad, satisfacción con la vida, características antropométricas y hábitos de actividad física y sedentaria. Métodos: Un total de 1.973 adolescentes (11-18 años) del sur de España participaron en este estudio descriptivo transversal. El punto de corte entre poblaciones rurales y urbanas fue 10.000 habitantes. La adherencia a la dieta mediterránea fue calculada a partir del cuestionario KIDMED. Satisfacción con la vida, actividad física y sedentarismo también mediante cuestionarios fiables y válidos. Índice de masa corporal y % de grasa corporal fueron medidos utilizando el analizador corporal TANITA BC-420-S. Resultados: El 30,9% de los adolescentes reportó una dieta de calidad óptima, porcentaje superior en poblaciones rurales (P < 0,05). La adherencia fue menor en los adolescentes de mayor edad (P < 0,001), sin diferir entre sexos ni según las variables antropométricas. Los adolescentes más satisfechos con sus vidas (P < 0,001), más activos (P < 0,001), más estudiosos (P < 0,001) y menos sedentarios delante de una pantalla (P < 0,001) mostraron mayor adherencia al patrón alimentario mediterráneo. Conclusión: La mayoría de adolescentes necesitan mejorar su calidad nutricional. En comparación con estos sujetos, los más adheridos a la dieta mediterránea llevaban un estilo de vida más saludable y mostraron mayor satisfacción con sus vidas.

背景与目标： 背景：地中海饮食是较健康的饮食模式之一。地中海的食物类型正在恶化，尤其会影响儿童和青少年。
目的：确定西班牙南部青少年对地中海饮食的依从性及其与居住地区，性别，年龄，生活满意度，人体测量学以及体育锻炼和久坐活动习惯的关系。
方法：总共1973年西班牙南部的青少年（11-18岁）参加了该描述性横断面研究。城乡之间的临界值是10000居民。从KIDMED调查表计算出对地中海饮食的坚持。生活满意度，身体活动和久坐活动也通过有效且可靠的问卷进行了测量。使用TANITA BC-420-S人体分析仪测量体重指数和体脂百分比。
结果：30.9％的青少年报告了最佳质量饮食，在农村地区则更高（P <0.05）。年龄较大的青少年的依从性较低（P <0.001），这在男女之间或根据人体测量学变量无差异。青少年对生活的满意度更高（P <0.001），更加活跃（P <0.001），勤奋好学（P <0.001），屏幕前久坐不动（P <0.001）显示出对地中海食物模式的依从性更高。
结论：大多数青少年需要提高营养质量。与这些受试者相比，最喜欢地中海饮食的青少年的生活方式更健康，生活满意度更高。
：饮食简介：饮食中的营养品。洛杉矶特别行政区营养不良儿童和青少年基金会。对象：确定居住在西班牙，西班牙，西班牙，西班牙，西班牙，西班牙，西班牙，西班牙，西班牙，西班牙，西班牙，墨西哥，西班牙，西班牙，西班牙和西班牙的青少年。 Métodos：总共有1.973个青少年（11月18日至10月18日，西班牙人），横向学习是在España参加的。 El punto de corte entre poblaciones Rurales y urbanas fue 10.000 habitantes。死者复审和死刑复审。满足您的要求，请先确认您的行为，然后再执行中止诉讼。 TANDES BC-420-S的商标为masa下士和fueron medidos utilizando el analizador下士为下装。结果：30.9％的青少年青少年报告说，农村地区的上等饮食者（P <0.05）。埃德市市长青年队参议员（P <0,001），性变量。美国青少年洛杉矶（P <0,001），青少年活动（P <0,001），青少年工作室（P <0,001）和西班牙裔白人（P <0,001）多数都参加了会议。结论：青少年市长需要营养。在墨西哥的最保守的情况下，最有价值的市长和在维斯塔斯的最优秀的市长都应受到赞扬。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To examine the direction and magnitude of the relation between family meal frequency and dietary and family functioning outcomes in children (aged 2-18 years). DESIGN:Systematic literature review with meta-analysis. METHODS:Independent electronic searches, 1 for each outcome of interest, were conducted across 5 databases: PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Web of Science, Scopus, and PsycINFO. Studies were included if they were peer-reviewed and published in English in the US through December 2018. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:Diet and family functioning. RESULTS:Dietary outcomes showed some evidence of a positive association between family meal frequency and fruits, vegetables, fruits and vegetables, sugar-sweetened beverages, and the Healthy Eating Index. There was less clear evidence of this relation in snacks, fast food, and desserts. A positive association was found between family meal frequency or dinner family meal frequency and family functioning outcomes. All studies included had cross-sectional and longitudinal study designs. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS:There is some evidence to show a positive relation between family meal frequency and dietary outcomes. There is stronger evidence for the relation with family functioning outcomes. Most articles included in the systematic reviews were excluded from meta-analysis owing to inadequate data and high methodological diversity across exposure and outcome variables.

背景与目标： 目的：探讨儿童（2-18岁）家庭进餐频率与饮食和家庭功能结局之间关系的方向和大小。
设计：系统的文献回顾与荟萃分析。
方法：在5个数据库中进行了独立的电子搜索，每个感兴趣的结果1项：PubMed，护理和相关健康文献的累积索引，Web of Science，Scopus和PsycINFO。如果研究在2018年12月之前在美国进行同行评审并以英文发表，则将其包括在内。
主要观察指标：饮食和家庭功能。
结果：饮食结果表明家庭进餐频率与水果，蔬菜，水果和蔬菜，加糖饮料和健康饮食指数之间呈正相关。零食，快餐和甜点中没有这种关系的明确证据。在家庭进餐频率或晚餐家庭进餐频率与家庭功能结局之间发现正相关。纳入的所有研究均具有横断面和纵向研究设计。
结论和意义：有一些证据表明家庭进餐频率与饮食结局之间呈正相关。有更充分的证据表明其与家庭功能结局之间的关系。由于资料不足以及暴露和结果变量之间的方法学差异很大，因此纳入系统评价的大多数文章都被排除在荟萃分析之外。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Although health benefits of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet are established, it is not understood which food compounds result in these benefits. We used metabolomics to identify unique compounds from individual foods of a DASH-style diet and determined if these Food-Specific Compounds (FSC) are detectable in urine from participants in a DASH-style dietary study. We also examined relationships between urinary compounds and blood pressure (BP). Nineteen subjects were randomized into 6-week controlled DASH-style diet interventions. Mass spectrometry-based metabolomics was performed on 24-hour urine samples collected before and after each intervention and on 12 representative DASH-style foods. Between 66-969 compounds were catalogued as FSC; for example, 4-hydroxydiphenylamine was found to be unique to apple. Overall, 13-190 of these FSC were detected in urine, demonstrating that these unmetabolized food compounds can be discovered in urine using metabolomics. Although linear mixed effects models showed no FSC from the 12 profiled foods were significantly associated with BP, other endogenous and food-related compounds were associated with BP (N = 16) and changes in BP over time (N = 6). Overall, this proof of principle study demonstrates that metabolomics can be used to catalog FSC, which can be detected in participant urine following a dietary intervention.

背景与目标： ：尽管已经建立了饮食控制高血压（DASH）饮食的健康益处，但尚不清楚哪种食物化合物可带来这些益处。我们使用代谢组学方法从DASH式饮食的单个食物中识别出独特的化合物，并确定在DASH式饮食研究的参与者的尿液中是否可以检测到这些特定食物的化合物（FSC）。我们还检查了尿液化合物与血压（BP）之间的关系。 19名受试者被随机分为6周控制的DASH式饮食干预。基于质谱的代谢组学是在每次干预前后收集的24小时尿液样本和12种具有代表性的DASH型食物上进行的。 66-969种化合物被归类为FSC；例如，发现4-羟基二苯胺是苹果特有的。总体上，在尿液中检测到13-190种FSC，表明可以使用代谢组学在尿液中发现这些未代谢的食物化合物。尽管线性混合效应模型显示12种轮廓食品中没有FSC与BP显着相关，但其他内源性和食品相关化合物与BP相关（N = 16）和BP随时间的变化（N = 6）。总体而言，这项原理研究证明表明，代谢组学可用于对FSC进行分类，在饮食干预后参与者的尿液中可检测到FSC。