BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A mechanistic understanding of adipose tissue differentiation is critical for the treatment and prevention of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Conventional in vitro models of adipogenesis are preadipocytes or freshly isolated adipocytes grown in two-dimensional (2D) cultures. Optimal results using in vitro tissue culture models can be expected only when adipocyte models closely resemble adipose tissue in vivo. Thus the design of an in vitro three-dimensional (3D) model which faithfully mimics the in vivo environment is needed to effectively study adipogenesis. Pluripotent embryonic stem (ES) cells are a self-renewing cell type that can readily be differentiated into adipocytes. In this study, a 3D culture system was developed to mimic the geometry of adipose tissue in vivo. Murine ES cells were seeded into electrospun polycaprolactone scaffolds and differentiated into adipocytes in situ by hormone induction as demonstrated using a battery of gene and protein expression markers along with the accumulation of neutral lipid droplets. Insulin-responsive Akt phosphorylation, and beta-adrenergic stimulation of cyclic AMP synthesis were demonstrated in ES cell-derived adipocytes. Morphologically, ES cell-derived adipocytes resembled native fat cells by scanning electron and phase contrast microscopy. This tissue engineered ES cell-matrix model has potential uses in drug screening and other therapeutic developments.

背景与目标： : 对脂肪组织分化的机械理解对于治疗和预防肥胖和2型糖尿病至关重要。常规的脂肪生成体外模型是在二维 (2D) 培养物中生长的前脂肪细胞或新鲜分离的脂肪细胞。仅当脂肪细胞模型与体内脂肪组织非常相似时，才能预期使用体外组织培养模型的最佳结果。因此，需要设计忠实地模仿体内环境的体外三维 (3D) 模型来有效地研究脂肪形成。多能胚胎干 (ES) 细胞是一种自我更新的细胞类型，可以很容易地分化为脂肪细胞。在这项研究中，开发了3D培养系统来模拟体内脂肪组织的几何形状。将鼠ES细胞接种到电纺聚己内酯支架中，并通过激素诱导原位分化为脂肪细胞，如使用一系列基因和蛋白质表达标记以及中性脂质滴的积累所证明的那样。在ES细胞衍生的脂肪细胞中证实了胰岛素反应性Akt磷酸化和 β-肾上腺素能刺激环状AMP合成。通过扫描电子和相差显微镜，从形态上讲，ES细胞衍生的脂肪细胞类似于天然脂肪细胞。这种组织工程的ES细胞基质模型在药物筛选和其他治疗开发中具有潜在用途。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We present a new platform for visual and spectroscopic detection of bacteria. The detection scheme is based on the interaction of membrane-active compounds secreted by bacteria with agar-embedded nanoparticles comprising phospholipids and the chromatic polymer polydiacetylene (PDA). We demonstrate that PDA undergoes dramatic visible blue-to-red transformations together with an intense fluorescence emission that are induced by molecules released by multiplying bacteria. The chromatic transitions are easily identified by the naked eye and can also be recorded by conventional high-throughput screening instruments. Furthermore, the color and fluorescence changes generally occur in shorter times than the visual appearance of bacterial colonies on the agar. The chromatic technology is generic and simple, does not require identification a priori of specific bacterial recognition elements, and can be applied for detection of both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. We demonstrate applications of the new platform for reporting on bacterial contaminations in foods and for screening for bacterial antibiotic resistance.

背景与目标： : 我们提出了一个用于细菌视觉和光谱检测的新平台。检测方案基于细菌分泌的膜活性化合物与包含磷脂和彩色聚合物聚二乙炔 (PDA) 的琼脂包埋纳米颗粒的相互作用。我们证明了PDA经历了明显的可见蓝色到红色的转变，以及由细菌繁殖释放的分子诱导的强烈荧光发射。色度转变很容易通过肉眼识别，也可以通过常规的高通量筛选仪器进行记录。此外，颜色和荧光变化通常比琼脂上细菌菌落的视觉出现时间短。色度技术是通用且简单的，不需要先验地识别特定的细菌识别元素，并且可以用于检测革兰氏阴性细菌和革兰氏阳性细菌。我们演示了新平台在报告食品中细菌污染和筛查细菌抗生素耐药性方面的应用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Fiber formation and domain formation from deoxy-HbS as well as from beta4 and beta73 HbS variants were investigated after temperature jump using DIC microscopy to gain a basic understanding of the determinants involved. Oversaturated deoxy-HbS generated numerous 14-stranded fibers and formed ovoid-shaped, multispherulitic domains. Domain number increased linearly as a function of time. Oversaturated deoxy-alpha2beta2(E6V,T4S) also generated time-dependent, ovoid-shaped spherulitic domains like HbS and alpha 2beta2(E6V,D73H) in the deoxy form. In contrast, alpha 2beta2(E6V,T4Y) and HbC-Harlem (alpha2beta2(E6V,D73N)) in the deoxy form generated time-dependent, ball-shaped domains containing many straight, crystalline-like fibers without evidence of branching. Some of these domains formed large needlelike crystals after overnight incubation. The inhibitory effect on polymer formation by beta4Tyr in HbS was stronger than that by beta4Ser but weaker than that by beta73Asn or beta73Leu. In contrast, both deoxy- and oxy-alpha2beta2(E6V,T4V) promoted formation of tiny, disordered amorphous aggregates without a delay time like oxy-HbS, which is in contrast to formation after a delay time of needlelike fibers for alpha 2beta2(E6V,D73L). Solubilities for both deoxy- and oxy-alpha 2beta2(E6V,T4V) were similar to that of deoxy-alpha 2beta2(E6V,D73H) but approximately 10-fold lower than that of deoxy-HbS. These results suggest that the strength of the hydrogen bond between beta4Thr and beta73Asp and the balance between the hydrogen bond and beta6Val hydrophobic interactions in deoxy-HbS polymers control formation of different types of fibers in a single domain or lead to formation of disordered, non-nucleated amorphous aggregates. These results also lead to a model in which multinucleation rather than a single-nucleation event occurs in a single cluster to generate numerous fibers growing from a single domain.

背景与目标： : 使用DIC显微镜在温度跳跃后研究了脱氧HbS以及beta4和beta73 HbS变体的纤维形成和结构域形成，以获得对所涉及的决定因素的基本了解。过饱和的脱氧-HbS产生了许多14链纤维，并形成了卵形的多球状结构域。域数随时间线性增加。过饱和deoxy-alpha2beta2(E6V，T4S) 还以脱氧形式产生了时间依赖性的卵球形结构域，例如HbS和 α2beta2 (E6V，D73H)。相反，脱氧形式的 α2beta2 (E6V，T4Y) 和HbC-Harlem (alpha2beta2(E6V，D73N)) 产生了时间依赖性的球形畴，其中包含许多直的结晶状纤维，而没有分支的证据。其中一些域在过夜孵育后形成大的针状晶体。beta4Tyr对HbS中聚合物形成的抑制作用强于beta4Ser，但弱于beta73Asn或beta73Leu。相反，脱氧和oxy-alpha2beta2(E6V，T4V) 都促进了微小的无序无定形聚集体的形成，而没有像氧-HbS那样的延迟时间，这与 α2beta2 (E6V，D73L) 的针状纤维的延迟时间之后的形成相反。脱氧和氧 α2β2 (E6V，T4V) 的溶解度与脱氧 α2β2 (E6V，D73H) 相似，但比脱氧HbS低约10倍。这些结果表明，脱氧-HbS聚合物中beta4Thr和beta73Asp之间的氢键强度以及氢键和beta6Val疏水相互作用之间的平衡控制了单个域中不同类型纤维的形成或导致无序的形成，非成核无定形聚集体。这些结果还导致了一个模型，其中在单个簇中发生多核而不是单核事件，以生成从单个域生长的大量纤维。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A major traditional of antibacterial drugs is antibiotic which promotes more rapid release of the toxins from bacteria cells in human body, which causes severe infection. The thermostable direct hemolysin (TDH) has been proposed as a major virulence factor of Vibrio parahaemolyticus (Vp). This study covers the preparation of polymer microparticle-antibody conjugate for the development of a drug targeting approach for antibacterial drug delivery. The chemical binding of antibodies (ab) to latex bead of 0.2 mum diameter was performed by using a water-soluble carbodiimide technique. Confocal microscopy revealed that the bacteria were strongly absorbed by the latex beads with bound anti-Vp polyclonal antibody (pAb). Treatment with a latex bead bound both anti-Vp pAb and anti-TDH monoclonal antibody (mAb) significantly inhibited bacterial adherence to the Caco-2 cells (p < 0.01), and reduced TDH-induced cytotoxicity in histology. These preliminary results suggest that it may be possible to effectively protect against Vp infection by using this microparticle-antibody conjugate delivery system.

背景与目标： 抗菌药物的主要传统是抗生素，它促进人体细菌细胞中毒素的更快释放，从而引起严重的感染。已提出热稳定的直接溶血素 (TDH) 作为副溶血性弧菌 (Vp) 的主要毒力因子。这项研究涵盖了聚合物微粒-抗体偶联物的制备，用于开发用于抗菌药物递送的药物靶向方法。通过使用水溶性碳二亚胺技术进行抗体 (ab) 与直径为0.2的乳胶珠的化学结合。共聚焦显微镜显示，细菌被结合了抗Vp多克隆抗体 (pAb) 的乳胶珠强烈吸收。用结合抗Vp pAb和抗TDH单克隆抗体 (mAb) 的乳胶珠处理可显着抑制细菌对Caco-2细胞的粘附 (p <0.01)，并降低组织学中TDH诱导的细胞毒性。这些初步结果表明，通过使用这种微粒-抗体缀合物递送系统，有可能有效地预防Vp感染。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The design and study on recognition of paracetamol-imprinted polymer for application in quantification of drugs was reported. Base on our previous work, the promising monomer, itaconic acid (IA), was computationally selected rapidly from the virtual library using the interaction energy (DeltaE) between a paracetamol (PR) molecule and four monomer molecules as a measure of their interaction. The possible conformation of PR interacting with IA displayed the nature of the interaction between PR and IA; hydrogen bonds (hbs) mainly contribute to this interaction. UV spectra analysis confirmed the occurrence of the hbs interaction between PR and IA at the polymerization stage. The optimal solvents for porogen and eluant were determined by the strength of hbs interaction between PR and the solvents, which were calculated employing density functional theory. The corresponding molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) and non-imprinted polymers were prepared and evaluated. The experimental results were consistent with those calculated, which confirmed the validity of the above-related calculation believed to facilitate the selection of monomers and solvents for the synthesis of MIP at molecular level.

背景与目标： 报道了扑热息痛印迹聚合物在药物定量中的识别设计和研究。基于我们先前的工作，使用扑热息痛 (PR) 分子与四个单体分子之间的相互作用能 (DeltaE)，从虚拟库中快速选择了有前途的单体衣康酸 (IA)，作为它们相互作用的量度。PR与IA相互作用的可能构象显示了PR和IA之间相互作用的性质; 氢键 (hbs) 主要促成这种相互作用。紫外光谱分析证实了在聚合阶段PR和IA之间发生了hbs相互作用。通过PR与溶剂之间hbs相互作用的强度确定了致孔剂和洗脱剂的最佳溶剂，并采用密度泛函理论计算了这些溶剂。制备并评估了相应的分子印迹聚合物 (MIPs) 和非印迹聚合物。实验结果与计算结果一致，这证实了上述相关计算的有效性，该计算被认为有助于在分子水平上选择用于合成MIP的单体和溶剂。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Gas evolution in Li-ion batteries remains a barrier for the implementation of high voltage materials in a pouch cell format; the inflation of the pouch cell is a safety issue that can cause battery failure. In particular, for manganese-based materials employed for fabricating cathodes, the dissolution of Mn2+ in the electrolyte can accelerate cell degradation, and subsequently gas evolution, of which carbon dioxide (CO2) is a major component. We report on the utilization of a mixture of polymers that can chemically absorb the CO2, including the coating of aluminum foils, which serve as trapping sheets, introduced into two Ah pouch cells-based on a LiMnFePO4 (cathode) and a Li4Ti5O12 (anode). The pouch cells with trapping sheets experienced only an 8.0 vol% inflation (2.7 mmol CO2 per gram of polymers) as opposed to the 40 vol% inflation for the reference sample. Moreover, the cells were cycled for 570 cycles at 1 C and 45 °C before reaching 80% of their retention capacity.

背景与目标： : 锂离子电池中的气体逸出仍然是实施袋式电池形式的高压材料的障碍; 袋式电池的充气是可能导致电池故障的安全问题。特别地，对于用于制造阴极的基于锰的材料，Mn2在电解质中的溶解可以加速电池的降解，并随后加速气体的释放，其中二氧化碳 (CO2) 是主要成分。我们报告了一种可以化学吸收CO2的聚合物混合物的利用，包括铝箔涂层，作为捕获片，引入两个Ah袋电池-基于LiMnFePO4 (阴极) 和Li4Ti5O12 (阳极)。与参考样品的40体积 % 的膨胀相反，具有捕获片的小袋细胞仅经历8.0体积 % 的膨胀 (2.7摩尔CO2/克聚合物)。此外，在达到其保留能力的80% 之前，将细胞在1 c和45  °C下循环570个循环。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: AIMS:Restenosis has been the principal limitation of bare metal stents. Based upon the presumption that platelet and inflammatory cell recruitment initiate neointimal proliferation, we explored a novel polymer coating that reduces cell-stent interactions. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of poly(L-lysine)-graft-poly(ethyleneglycol) (PLL-g-PEG) adsorbed to stent surfaces to reduce neointimal hyperplasia in the porcine restenosis model. METHODS AND RESULTS:Seven animals were instrumented each with 2 stainless steel stents (15 mm length, 2.5-3.5 mm diameter), randomly implanted in 1 major epicardial coronary artery. One stent was dip-coated with PLL-g-PEG, whereas the other stent served as the uncoated control stent. All animals were sacrificed after 6 weeks for histological examination. Neointimal hyperplasia was significantly less (-51%) in the PLL-g-PEG-coated stents (1.15 +/- 0.59 mm2) than in the uncoated control stents (2.33 +/- 1.01 mm2; p < 0.001). Conversely, lumen size was larger in the PLL-g-PEG-coated stents (2.91 +/- 1.17 mm2) than in the uncoated stents (2.04 +/- 0.64 mm2; p < 0.001). High magnification histomorphologic examination revealed no signs of inflammation or thrombus formation in either stent group. CONCLUSIONS:Polymeric steric stabilization of stents with PLL-g-PEG significantly reduces neointimal hyperplasia in the porcine restenosis model. Reduction of cell-stent interactions mediated by PLL-g-PEG appear to improve biocompatibility of stainless steel stents without evidence of adverse inflammatory or prothrombotic effects.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Banknotes are often found in high-profile crimes such as armed robberies, bribery, and terrorist activity. However, such exhibits present a challenge to forensic operatives regarding fingermarks development, due to their mass quantities, potential for fingermarks on both sides, and their unique complex background in terms of color, irregular patterns, and topography. Hence, the standard development protocols become inefficient, due to the difficulty in achieving high contrast images over the background. This study focused on finding an operational sequence that would minimize the time of work on polymer banknotes, in terms of both development and image processing. Thirty-two fingermarks were developed by vacuum metal deposition (VMD), black magnetic powder, and cyanoacrylate fuming (CA) followed by visualization and imaging by reflected short-wave UV (RUVIS) (96 in total), showing a distinct advantage to the CA and RUVIS imaging over the other two techniques with a 75% success rate in the dark and high background regions, due to its physical principle which neutralizes high background interference. The images were then scanned by the automatic fingerprint identification system (AFIS) to test its ability to correctly differentiate false background features from real ones, again, showing a superiority of the RUVIS with 63% of the total initial marked features, being real. Overall, the CA and RUVIS sequence was found to be an ultimate method for multiple, same-type surfaces, with the RUVIS capable of visualization and capturing of the images simultaneously, significantly reducing the time of development and image processing.

背景与目标： : 纸币经常出现在武装抢劫、贿赂、恐怖活动等备受瞩目的犯罪中。然而，由于指纹的数量，两侧的指纹潜力以及在颜色，不规则图案和地形方面独特的复杂背景，此类展品对法医人员的指纹开发提出了挑战。因此，由于难以在背景上获得高对比度图像，因此标准开发协议变得效率低下。这项研究的重点是找到一种操作顺序，该顺序可以在显影和图像处理方面最大程度地减少聚合物钞票的工作时间。通过真空金属沉积 (VMD)，黑色磁粉和氰基丙烯酸酯发烟 (CA)，然后通过反射短波UV (RUVIS) 进行可视化和成像 (总共96)，开发了32个指纹。由于其抵消高背景干扰的物理原理，显示出CA和RUVIS成像相对于其他两种技术的明显优势，在黑暗和高背景区域具有75% 的成功率。然后由自动指纹识别系统 (AFIS) 扫描图像，以测试其正确区分虚假背景特征与真实背景特征的能力，再次显示出RUVIS的优越性，其中63% 的全部初始标记特征是真实的。总体而言，发现CA和RUVIS序列是用于多个相同类型表面的最终方法，RUVIS能够同时可视化和捕获图像，从而显着减少了显影和图像处理的时间。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Clearly understanding of swelling kinetics and erosion behavior of polymer can reveal drug release mechanism and kinetics. Recently, swelling progression and mobility of water molecule inside polymers have been investigated by several technologies, including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), X-ray microtomography (XμT), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), atomic force microscopy (AFM), fluorescent, texture analyzer, and ultrasound techniques. Each technique offers its own advantages which suit to different study purposes. This review describes application of the advanced technologies to monitor swelling-erosion behaviors and also compares pros and cons of each technique. This may help the researchers to select the appropriate technique for their polymer.

背景与目标： : 清楚地了解聚合物的溶胀动力学和侵蚀行为，可以揭示药物的释放机理和动力学。最近，已经通过多种技术研究了聚合物内部水分子的溶胀进程和迁移率，包括磁共振成像 (MRI)，x射线显微断层扫描 (XμT)，傅立叶变换红外光谱 (FTIR)，原子力显微镜 (AFM)，荧光，纹理分析仪和超声技术。每种技术都有自己的优势，适合不同的研究目的。本文介绍了先进技术在监测溶胀侵蚀行为方面的应用，并比较了每种技术的优缺点。这可能有助于研究人员为他们的聚合物选择合适的技术。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVES:The aim of this study was to determine the magnitude of short fiber-reinforced composite resin, with a semi-IPN-polymer matrix, on polymerization resin shrinkage-strain, shrinkage stress and marginal microleakage of the restoration. MATERIALS AND METHODS:Experimental composite FC resin was prepared by mixing 22.5 wt.% of short E-glass fibers, 22.5 wt.% of IPN-resin and 55 wt.% of silane treated silica fillers using a high speed mixing machine. As control material, commercial particulate filler composite resin (PFC) was used. Polymerization shrinkage-strain and stress of the specimens (n=5) were measured using the bonded-disc technique and tensilometer, respectively with respect to time. FC composite and PFC were placed incrementally in class II cavities sized 4 mm x 4 mm x 6 mm (n=8/group) using total-etch adhesive system according to manufacturer's instructions. After the class II restorations were completed, the specimens were finished and polished, thermocycled, stained, sectioned, and viewed under a stereo-microscope for leakage at occlusal/enamel and gingival/dentin margins. The data were analyzed using ANOVA. RESULTS:ANOVA revealed that restorations made from experimental FC composite had a significantly lower shrinkage stress and microleakage than those made from PFC (p<0.05). The data show that gingival margins had higher microleakage than that obtained from occlusal margins of restorations (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS:The use of short fiber filler with semi-IPN polymer matrix reduced polymerization shrinkage stress and microleakage compared to a conventional restorative composite.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The objective of this study was to synthesize and characterize a thermally responsive polymer-metal nanocomposite system comprised of a solid gold nanoparticle core and thermally responsive interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) shell, which was surface functionalized or PEGylated with a covalently bound linear poly(ethylene glycol) chain layer. Gold nanoparticles (50 nm diameter) were prepared using standard gold chloride and citrate reduction method. These particles were then encapsulated inside of a polyacrylamide (PAAm)/poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) IPN shell via an in situ inverse emulsion polymerization. The surface of the nanocomposite system was then PEGylated via covalent grafting of a linear methoxy-PEG-N-hydroxysuccinimide (M.W. 3400) to the primary amine groups of the PAAm network. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy were used to confirm the successful synthesis and encapsulation of gold nanoparticles within the IPN shell. Dynamic light scattering was used to examine the temperature swelling response of the IPN particles. Zeta-potential analysis was used to confirm the successful PEGylation of the final nanocomposite system.

背景与目标： : 本研究的目的是合成和表征热响应聚合物-金属纳米复合材料体系，该体系由固体金纳米颗粒核和热响应互穿聚合物网络 (IPN) 壳组成，该体系被共价结合的线性聚乙二醇链层表面官能化或聚乙二醇化。使用标准氯化金和柠檬酸盐还原法制备了直径为50 nm的金纳米颗粒。然后通过原位反相乳液聚合将这些颗粒封装在聚丙烯酰胺 (PAAm)/聚 (丙烯酸) (PAA) IPN壳内。然后通过将线性甲氧基-PEG-N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺 (M.W. 3400) 共价接枝到PAAm网络的伯胺基团，使纳米复合体系的表面聚乙二醇化。扫描和透射电子显微镜用于确认金纳米颗粒在IPN壳中的成功合成和封装。动态光散射用于检查IPN颗粒的温度溶胀响应。Zeta电位分析用于确认最终纳米复合材料系统的成功peg化。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The aim of the present study was to establish a novel polymeric excipient for liquid nasal dosage forms exhibiting viscosity increasing properties, improved mucoadhesion and stability towards oxidation in solution. In order to achieve this goal, 2-mercaptonicotinic acid was first coupled to l-cysteine by disulfide exchange reaction and after purification directly attached to the polymeric backbone of xanthan gum by carbodiimide mediated amide bond formation. The resulting conjugate was characterized with respect to the amount of coupled ligand, the in situ gelling behavior, mucoadhesive properties and stability towards oxidation. Furthermore, the influence of preactivated polymers on ciliary beat frequency (CBF) of porcine nasal epithelial cells was investigated. Results showed, that 252.52±20.54μmol of the ligand was attached per gram polymer. No free thiol groups could be detected on the polymeric backbone indicating entire preactivation. Rheological investigations of polymer mucus mixtures revealed a 1.7-fold and 2.5-fold enhanced mucoadhesion of entirely preactivated xanthan (Xan-Cys-MNA) compared to thiolated xanthan (Xan-Cys) and unmodified xanthan (Xan). Tensile force evaluation reported a 2.87 and 5.11-fold higher total work of adhesion (TWA) as well as a 1.63 and 2.41-fold higher maximum detachement force of Xan-Cys-MNA compared to Xan-Cys and Xan. In the presence of H2O2 as an oxidizing agent Xan-Cys-MNA showed unlike Xan-Cys no increase in viscosity, indicating high stability towards oxidation. Addition of CaCl2 to Xan-Cys-MNA solutions caused a decrease in viscosity at nevertheless higher total viscosity. Results from CBF studies proved nasal safety for the novel conjugate. According to these results, entirely preactivated thiolated xanthan gum seems to be a promising excipient for nasal dosage forms in order to improve drug bioavailability.

背景与目标： : 本研究的目的是建立一种用于液体鼻剂型的新型聚合物赋形剂，该剂型具有增加粘度的特性，改善的粘膜粘附性和对溶液中氧化的稳定性。为了实现这一目标，首先通过二硫键交换反应将2-巯基丙酸与l-半胱氨酸偶联，并在纯化后通过碳二亚胺介导的酰胺键形成直接连接到黄原胶的聚合物骨架上。所得缀合物的特征在于偶联配体的量，原位胶凝行为，粘膜粘附特性和对氧化的稳定性。此外，还研究了预活化聚合物对猪鼻腔上皮细胞睫状搏动频率 (CBF) 的影响。结果表明，每克聚合物连接252.52 ± 20.54 μ mol配体。在聚合物骨架上未检测到游离的硫醇基团，表明完全预活化。聚合物粘液混合物的流变学研究表明，与硫醇化的黄烷 (Xan-Cys-MNA) 和未改性的黄烷 (Xan) 相比，完全预活化的黄烷 (Xan-Cys-MNA) 的粘膜粘附增强了1.7倍和2.5倍。与Xan-Cys和Xan相比，拉伸力评估报告的粘附力总功 (TWA) 高2.87 5.11倍，Xan-Cys-MNA的最大分离力1.63 2.41倍。在H2O2作为氧化剂的存在下，Xan-Cys-MNA与Xan-Cys不同，粘度没有增加，表明氧化的稳定性很高。在Xan-Cys-MNA溶液中添加CaCl2会导致总粘度较高的情况下粘度降低。CBF研究的结果证明了新型结合物的鼻安全性。根据这些结果，为了提高药物的生物利用度，完全预活化的硫醇化黄原胶似乎是鼻剂型的有希望的赋形剂。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Polymer conjugation is an efficient approach to improve therapeutic properties of drugs and biological agents. Since the first synthetic polymer-drug conjugate entered clinical trials in 1994, this technology has undergone notable development for the introduction and study of novel polymers and for the progress in the biological rationale for designing conjugates. Not surprisingly, new polymers, in addition to the best known polyethylene glycol, poly[N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide], are continuously conjugated with drugs to achieve biodegradable, stimuli-sensitive and targeted systems in an attempt to prolong blood circulation times and enhance drug concentrations at the intended site of action. This overview focuses on bioconjugates of water-soluble polymers with low molecular weight drugs. Additionally, the most recent achievements in the polymer-drug conjugate field and several promising approaches for the future are discussed.

背景与目标： : 聚合物缀合是改善药物和生物制剂治疗性能的有效方法。自从第一个合成的聚合物-药物缀合物进入临床试验1994年以来，该技术在新型聚合物的引入和研究以及设计缀合物的生物学原理方面取得了显着进展。毫不奇怪，新的聚合物，除了最著名的聚乙二醇，聚 [N-(2-羟丙基) 甲基丙烯酰胺]，不断与药物缀合以实现可生物降解，刺激敏感和靶向系统试图延长血液循环时间并提高药物在预期作用部位的浓度。这一概述集中于水溶性聚合物与低分子量药物的生物缀合物。此外，讨论了聚合物-药物共轭领域的最新成就以及未来的几种有前途的方法。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Core/shell (C/S)-structured upconversion nanophosphor (UCNP)-incorporated polymer waveguide-based flexible transparent displays are demonstrated. Bright green- and blue-emitting Li(Gd,Y)F4:Yb,Er and Li(Gd,Y)F4:Yb,Tm UCNPs are synthesized via solution chemical route. Their upconversion luminescence (UCL) intensities are enhanced by the formation of C/S structure with LiYF4 shell. The Li(Gd,Y)F4:Yb,Er/LiYF4 and Li(Gd,Y)F4:Yb,Tm/LiYF4 C/S UCNPs exhibit 3.3 and 2.0 times higher UCL intensities than core counterparts, respectively. In addition, NaGdF4:Yb,Tm/NaGdF4:Eu C/S UCNPs are synthesized and they show red emission via energy transfer and migration of Yb3+ → Tm3+ → Gd3+ → Eu3+. The C/S UCNPs are incorporated into bisphenol A ethoxylate diacrylate which is used as a core material of polymer waveguides. The fabricated stripe-type polymer waveguides are highly flexible and transparent (transmittance > 90% in spectral range of 443-900 nm). The polymer waveguides exhibit bright blue, green, and red luminescence, depending on the incorporated UCNPs into the polymer core, under coupling with a near infrared (NIR) laser. Moreover, patterned polymer waveguide-based display devices are fabricated by reactive ion etching process and they realize bright blue-, green-, and red-colored characters under coupling with an NIR laser.

背景与目标： : 展示了芯/壳 (C/S) 结构的上转换纳米磷酸盐 (UCNP) 结合的基于聚合物波导的柔性透明显示器。通过溶液化学路线合成了亮绿色和蓝色的Li(Gd，Y)F4:Yb，Er和Li(Gd，Y)F4:Yb，Tm UCNPs。通过与LiYF4壳层形成C/S结构，它们的上转换发光 (UCL) 强度得到增强。Li(Gd，Y)F4:Yb、Er/LiYF4和Li(Gd，Y)F4:Yb、Tm/LiYF4 C/S UCNPs分别表现出比核心对应物高3.3和2.0倍的UCL强度。此外，合成了NaGdF4:Yb，Tm/NaGdF4:Eu C/S ucnp，它们通过能量转移和Yb3 +  →   Tm3 +  →   Gd3 + →→   Eu3 + 的迁移显示红色发射。将C/S ucnp掺入双酚a乙氧基二丙烯酸酯中，该双酚a乙氧基二丙烯酸酯用作聚合物波导的核心材料。所制造的条纹型聚合物波导是高度柔性和透明的 (在443-900  nm的光谱范围内透射  >  90%)。聚合物波导在与近红外 (NIR) 激光器耦合的情况下，显示出明亮的蓝色，绿色和红色发光，具体取决于掺入聚合物核中的ucnp。此外，图案化的基于聚合物波导的显示设备是通过反应离子蚀刻工艺制造的，它们在与NIR激光器耦合的情况下实现了明亮的蓝色，绿色和红色特征。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :D-configured poly(D-lactic acid) (D-PLA) and poly(D-2-hydroxy-3-methylbutanoic acid) (D-P2H3MB) crystallized separately into their homo-crystallites when crystallized by precipitation or solvent evaporation, whereas incorporation of L-configured poly(L-2-hydroxybutanoic acid) (L-P2HB) in D-configured D-PLA and D-P2H3MB induced co-crystallization or ternary stereocomplex formation between D-configured D-PLA and D-P2H3MB and L-configured L-P2HB. However, incorporation of D-configured poly(D-2-hydroxybutanoic acid) (D-P2HB) in D-configured D-PLA and D-P2H3MB did not cause co-crystallization between D-configured D-PLA and D-P2H3MB and D-configured D-P2HB but separate crystallization of each polymer occurred. These findings strongly suggest that an optically active polymer (L-configured or D-configured polymer) like unsubstituted or substituted optically active poly(lactic acid)s can act as "a configurational or helical molecular glue" for two oppositely configured optically active polymers (two D-configured polymers or two L-configured polymers) to allow their co-crystallization. The increased degree of freedom in polymer combination is expected to assist to pave the way for designing polymeric composites having a wide variety of physical properties, biodegradation rate and behavior in the case of biodegradable polymers.

背景与目标： : D型聚 (D-乳酸) (D-PLA) 和聚 (D-2-hydroxy-3-methylbutanoic) (D-P2H3MB) 在通过沉淀或溶剂蒸发结晶时分别结晶成其同型微晶，而将L-配置的聚 (L-2-hydroxybutanoic) (L-P2HB) 掺入D-配置的D-PLA中并D-P2H3MB诱导D-配置的D-PLA与D-P2H3MB和L-配置的L-P2HB之间的共结晶或三元立体复合物形成。然而，D-配置的聚 (D-2-hydroxybutanoic) (D-P2HB) 在D-配置的D-PLA和D-P2H3MB中的掺入不会引起D-配置的D-PLA与D-P2H3MB和D-配置的D-P2HB之间的共结晶，但是发生了每种聚合物的单独结晶。这些发现强烈表明，光学活性聚合物 (L型或D型聚合物) (如未取代或取代的光学活性聚乳酸) 可以充当两种相反配置的光学活性聚合物 (两种D型聚合物或两种L型聚合物) 的 “构型或螺旋分子胶” 聚合物) 以使其共结晶。聚合物组合中增加的自由度有望有助于为设计具有多种物理性能，生物降解速率和在可生物降解聚合物的情况下的行为的聚合物复合材料铺平道路。