BACKGROUND & AIMS: Rice et al. [Hear. Res. 58, 132-152 (1992)] classified directional properties of the cat's head-related transfer function (HRTF) into three frequency domains. Low frequencies (< 5 kHz) display a broad azimuth-sensitive spectral peak that establishes interaural level differences, mid frequencies (5-18 kHz) are marked with a single deep spectral notch that changes in frequency as a function of both azimuth and elevation, and high frequencies (18-50 kHz) exhibit a complex pattern of peaks and notches that shows extensive but less systematic changes with sound location. Spectral cues conveyed by the mid frequencies of broadband sounds are important in tasks that require cats to identify the actual location of acoustic stimuli [Huang and May, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. (in press)]. The present study investigates how directional cues conveyed by the mid- and high-frequency spectrum of the HRTF influence the cat's ability to discriminate between sound locations. Thresholds for spatial acuity were measured as minimum audible angles (MAAs) [Mills, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 30, 237-246 (1958)] at positive azimuths in the interaural horizontal plane and at positive and negative elevations in the median vertical plane. The frequency domain of the noise burst had little effect on MAAs in the horizontal plane, but removal of high-frequency spectral information significantly increased thresholds at positive and negative elevations in the median plane. These results suggest that cats are sensitive to directional properties of the HRTF at frequencies above 18 kHz and may use this information to detect small changes in sound source elevation.

背景与目标： Rice等人 [Hear. Res.58,132-152 (1992)] 将猫的头部相关传递函数 (HRTF) 的方向性质分类为三个频域。低频 (< 5 kHz) 显示了一个宽的方位角敏感频谱峰值，该峰值建立了耳间电平差，中频 (5-18 kHz) 用单个深频谱陷波标记，该陷波频率随方位角和仰角的变化而变化，高频 (18-50 kHz) 表现出复杂的峰值和缺口模式，显示出广泛但较少的系统变化与声音位置。宽带声音的中频传达的频谱提示在需要猫识别声刺激的实际位置的任务中很重要 [Huang和May，J. Acoust. Soc. Am. (印刷中)]。本研究调查了HRTF的中频谱和高频频谱传达的方向提示如何影响猫区分声音位置的能力。空间敏锐度的阈值测量为最小可听角 (MAAs) [Mills，J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 30, 237-246 (1958)]，在耳间水平面中的正方位和正负高程中的垂直平面。噪声突发的频域对水平面中的MAAs几乎没有影响，但是去除高频频谱信息会显着增加中值平面中的正负高程处的阈值。这些结果表明，cats对高于18 kHz的频率下HRTF的方向特性敏感，并且可以使用此信息来检测声源高程的微小变化。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Recent research indicates that the standard Minimum Enclosing Ball (MEB) or the center-constrained MEB can be used for effective training on large datasets by employing the core vector machine (CVM) or generalized CVM (GCVM). However, for another extensively-used MEB, i.e., MEB with total soft margin (T-MEB for brevity), we cannot directly employ the CVM or GCVM to realize its fast training for large datasets due to the fact that the involved inequality constraint is violated. In this paper, a fast learning algorithm called FL-TMEB for scaling up T-MEB is presented. First, FL-TMEB slightly relaxes the constraints in TMEB such that it can be equivalent to the corresponding center-constrained MEB, which can be solved with the corresponding Core Set (CS) by CVM. Then, with the help of the sub-optimal solution theorem about T-MEB, FL-TMEB attempts to obtain the extended core set (ECS) by including the neighbors of some samples in the CS into the ECS. Finally, FL-TMEB takes the optimal weights of ECS as the approximation solution of T-MEB. Experimental results on UCI and USPS datasets demonstrate that the proposed method is effective.

背景与目标： : 最近的研究表明，通过采用核向量机 (CVM) 或广义CVM (GCVM)，标准最小封闭球 (MEB) 或中心约束MEB可以用于大型数据集的有效训练。但是，对于另一种广泛使用的MEB，即具有总软裕度的MEB (为了简洁起见，T-MEB)，由于所涉及的不等式，我们无法直接使用CVM或GCVM来实现其对大型数据集的快速训练约束被违反。本文提出了一种用于扩展t-meb的快速学习算法fl-tmeb。首先，fl-tmeb稍微放松了TMEB中的约束，使得它可以等效于相应的中心约束MEB，这可以通过CVM用相应的核集 (CS) 求解。然后，借助关于t-meb的次优解定理，fl-tmeb尝试通过将CS中某些样本的邻居包含到ECS中来获得扩展核心集 (ECS)。最后，fl-tmeb将ECS的最优权重作为t-meb的近似解。在UCI和USPS数据集上的实验结果表明，该方法是有效的。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:This study aimed to estimate the minimum effective anaesthetic concentrations of lidocaine required to block the femoral nerve under ultrasound (US) guidance in 90% (MEAC90) of patients. METHODS:A minimum of 45 patients who had undergone knee arthroscopy were included in this observational study. All the patients received US-guided sciatic, obturator, and femoral nerve blocks. The femoral nerve block was performed using 15 ml of lidocaine. The lidocaine concentration given to a patient was determined by the response of the previous patient (a biased-coin design up-down sequential method). If a patient had a negative response, the lidocaine concentration was increased by 0.1% w/v in the next patient. If a patient had a positive response, the next patient was randomized to receive the same lidocaine concentration (with a probability of 0.89) or to receive a concentration 0.1% w/v less (with a probability of 0.11). A positive response was defined as complete sensory and motor block. The patients' responses were analysed to calculate the mean MEAC90. RESULTS:Fifty-two patients were required to complete the study; 45 had a positive response and seven had a negative response. The mean MEAC90 was estimated to be 0.93% w/v [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.8-1.03%]. Lidocaine 0.93% w/v was estimated to produce a successful block in 89% (95% CI, 78-100%) of patients. CONCLUSIONS:Perineural injection of 15 ml of lidocaine 0.93% w/v under US guidance could provide successful femoral nerve block in 90% of patients.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Balanced minimum evolution is a distance-based criterion for the reconstruction of phylogenetic trees. Several algorithms exist to find the optimal tree with respect to this criterion. One approach is to minimize a certain linear functional over an appropriate polytope. Here we present polytopes that allow a similar linear programming approach to finding phylogenetic networks. We investigate a two-parameter family of polytopes that arise from phylogenetic networks, and which specialize to the Balanced Minimum Evolution polytopes as well as the Symmetric Travelling Salesman polytopes. We show that the vertices correspond to certain level-1 phylogenetic networks, and that there are facets or faces for every split. We also describe lower bound faces and a family of faces for every dimension.

背景与目标： : 平衡最小进化是系统发育树重建的基于距离的标准。存在几种算法来找到与此标准相关的最佳树。一种方法是在适当的多胞形上最小化某个线性函数。在这里，我们介绍了允许类似的线性编程方法来寻找系统发育网络的多面体。我们研究了由系统发育网络产生的两个参数的多面体家族，这些多面体专门针对平衡的最小进化多面体以及对称的旅行推销员多面体。我们证明顶点对应于某些level-1系统发育网络，并且每个分裂都有小面或面。我们还描述了每个维度的下限面和一系列面。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In the eight years since phylogenomics was introduced as the intersection of genomics and phylogenetics, the field has provided fundamental insights into gene function, genome history and organismal relationships. The utility of phylogenomics is growing with the increase in the number and diversity of taxa for which whole genome and large transcriptome sequence sets are being generated. We assert that the synergy between genomic and phylogenetic perspectives in comparative biology would be enhanced by the development and refinement of minimal reporting standards for phylogenetic analyses. Encouraged by the development of the Minimum Information About a Microarray Experiment (MIAME) standard, we propose a similar roadmap for the development of a Minimal Information About a Phylogenetic Analysis (MIAPA) standard. Key in the successful development and implementation of such a standard will be broad participation by developers of phylogenetic analysis software, phylogenetic database developers, practitioners of phylogenomics, and journal editors.

背景与目标： : 自从将系统发育基因组学作为基因组学和系统发育学的交叉点引入以来的八年中，该领域提供了有关基因功能，基因组历史和生物关系的基本见解。随着产生全基因组和大转录组序列集的分类单元的数量和多样性的增加，系统发育基因组学的效用正在增长。我们断言，通过开发和完善用于系统发育分析的最低报告标准，将增强比较生物学中基因组和系统发育观点之间的协同作用。受到有关微阵列实验 (MIAME) 标准的最低信息开发的鼓舞，我们提出了类似的路线图，用于开发有关系统发育分析 (MIAPA) 标准的最低信息。成功开发和实施此类标准的关键将是系统发育分析软件开发人员，系统发育数据库开发人员，系统发育基因组学从业人员和期刊编辑的广泛参与。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Efforts to increase patient safety and satisfaction, a critical concern for health providers, require periodic evaluation of all factors involved in the provision of GI endoscopy services. We aimed to develop guidelines on minimum staffing requirements and scope of practice of available staff for the safe and efficient performance of GI endoscopy. The recommendations in this guideline were based on a systematic review of published literature, results from a nationwide survey of endoscopy directors, along with the expert guidance of the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ASGE) Standards of Practice Committee members, ASGE Practice Operation Committee members, and the ASGE Governing Board.

背景与目标： : 努力提高患者的安全性和满意度，这是卫生提供者的一个关键问题，需要定期评估提供GI内窥镜检查服务所涉及的所有因素。我们旨在制定有关最低人员配备要求和可用人员的执业范围的指南，以确保GI内窥镜检查的安全有效。本指南中的建议基于对已发表文献的系统回顾，对内窥镜检查主任的全国调查结果，以及美国胃肠内窥镜学会 (ASGE) 实践委员会成员，ASGE实践操作委员会成员和ASGE理事会的专家指导。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Low density materials can control plasma properties of laser absorption, which can enhance quantum beam generation. The recent practical extreme ultraviolet light (EUV) is the first industrial example of laser plasma source with low density targets. Here we propose an easy-handling target source based on a hollow sub-millimeter microcapsule fabricated from polyelectrolyte cationic and anionic surfactant on air bubbles. The lightweight microcapsules acted as a scaffold for surface coating by tin (IV) oxide nanoparticles (22-48%), and then dried. As a proof of concept study, the microcapsules were ablated with a Nd:YAG laser (7.1 × 1010 W/cm2, 1 ns) to generate 13.5 nm EUV relatively directed to laser incidence. The laser conversion efficiency (CE) at 13.5 nm 2% bandwidth from the tin-coated microcapsule (0.8%) was competitive compared with bulk tin (1%). We propose that microcapsule aggregates could be utilized as a potential small scale/compact EUV source, and future quantum beam sources by changing the coating to other elements.

背景与目标： : 低密度材料可以控制激光吸收的等离子体特性，从而可以增强量子束的产生。最近实用的极紫外光 (EUV) 是具有低密度目标的激光等离子体源的第一个工业示例。在这里，我们提出了一种易于处理的目标源，该源基于由聚电解质阳离子和阴离子表面活性剂在气泡上制成的空心亚毫米微胶囊。轻质微胶囊用作通过氧化锡 (IV) 纳米颗粒 (22-48%) 进行表面涂覆的支架，然后干燥。作为概念研究的证明，用Nd:YAG激光 (7.1  ×   1010  W/cm2，1  ns) 烧蚀微胶囊，以产生相对针对激光入射的13.5 nm nm EUV。与块状锡 (1%) 相比，来自锡包被的微胶囊 (0.8%) 在13.5  nm 2% 带宽下的激光转换效率 (CE) 具有竞争力。我们建议通过将涂层更改为其他元素，可以将微胶囊聚集体用作潜在的小规模/紧凑型EUV源和未来的量子束源。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: AIMS:The direct posterior approach with subperiosteal dissection of the paraspinal muscles from the vertebrae is considered to be the standard approach for the surgical treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). We investigated whether or not a minimally-invasive surgery (MIS) technique could offer improved results. METHODS:Consecutive AIS patients treated with an MIS technique at two tertiary centres from June 2013 to March 2016 were retrospectively included. Preoperative patient deformity characteristics, perioperative parameters, power of deformity correction, and complications were studied. A total of 93 patients were included. The outcome of the first 25 patients and the latter 68 were compared as part of our safety analysis to examine the effect of the learning curve. RESULTS:In the first 25 cases, with a mean follow-up of 5.6 years (standard deviation (SD) 0.4), the mean preoperative major Cobb angle was 57.6° (SD 9.8°) and significantly corrected to mean 15.4° (SD 5.6°, 73% curve correction). The mean preoperative T5-T12 was 26.2 (SD 12.8) and significantly increased to mean 32.9 (SD 8.3). Both frontal and sagittal plane correction was conserved two years after surgery. The rate of perioperative complications was 12% and three further complications occurred (three deep delayed infection). In the latter cases, 68 patients were included with a mean follow-up time of three years (SD 0.6). The mean preoperative major Cobb angle was 58.4° (SD 9.2°) and significantly corrected to mean 20.4° (SD 7.3°).The mean preoperative T5-T12 kyphosis was 26.6° (SD 12.8°) and was significantly increased to mean 31.4° (SD 8.3°). Both frontal and sagittal correction was conserved two years after surgery. The perioperative (30 day) complication rate was 1.4%. Two (2.9%) additional complications occurred in two patients. CONCLUSION:MIS for AIS is associated with a significant correction of spine deformity in the frontal and sagittal planes, together with low estimated blood loss and short length of stay. The perioperative complication rate seems to be lower compared with the standard open technique based on the literature data. The longer-term safety of MIS for AIS needs to be documented with a larger cohort and compared with the standard posterior approach. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2020;102-B(4):506-512.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In metabolic network modification, we newly add enzymes or/and knock-out genes to maximize the biomass production with minimum side-effect. Although this problem has been studied for various problem settings via mathematical models including flux balance analysis, elementary mode, and Boolean models, some important problem settings still remain to be studied. In this paper, we consider the Boolean Reaction Modification (BRM) problem, where a host metabolic network and a reference metabolic network are given in the Boolean model. The host network initially produces some toxic compounds and cannot produce some necessary compounds, but the reference network can produce the necessary compounds, and we should minimize the total number of removed reactions from the host network and added reactions from the reference network so that the toxic compounds are not producible, but the necessary compounds are producible in the resulting host network. We developed integer linear programming (ILP)-based methods for BRM, and compared them with OptStrain and SimOptStrain. The results show that our method performed better for reducing the total number of added and removed reactions, while OptStrain and SimOptStrain performed better for optimizing the production of the target compound. Our developed software is freely available at "http://sunflower.kuicr.kyoto-u.ac.jp/~rogi/solBRM/solBRM.html ".

背景与目标： : 在代谢网络修饰中，我们新添加了酶或/和敲除基因，以最大程度地提高生物量产量，并减少副作用。尽管已经通过数学模型 (包括通量平衡分析，基本模式和布尔模型) 针对各种问题设置研究了此问题，但仍有一些重要的问题设置有待研究。在本文中，我们考虑布尔反应修改 (BRM) 问题，其中在布尔模型中给出了宿主代谢网络和参考代谢网络。主机网络最初产生一些有毒化合物，不能产生一些必要的化合物，但是参考网络可以产生必要的化合物，我们应该尽量减少从主机网络中去除的反应和从参考网络中添加的反应的总数，以使有毒化合物不可生产，但是必要的化合物在生成的主机网络中是可生产的。我们开发了基于整数线性规划 (ILP) 的BRM方法，并将其与OptStrain和SimOptStrain进行了比较。结果表明，我们的方法在减少添加和去除的反应总数方面表现更好，而OptStrain和SimOptStrain在优化目标化合物的生产方面表现更好。我们开发的软件可在 “http://sunflower.kuicr.kyoto-u.ac.jp/~ rogi/solBRM/solBRM.html” 免费获得。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Missing data is a very common problem in medical and social studies, especially when data are collected longitudinally. It is a challenging problem to utilize observed data effectively. Many papers on missing data problems can be found in statistical literature. It is well known that the inverse weighted estimation is neither efficient nor robust. On the other hand, the doubly robust (DR) method can improve the efficiency and robustness. As is known, the DR estimation requires a missing data model (i.e., a model for the probability that data are observed) and a working regression model (i.e., a model for the outcome variable given covariates and surrogate variables). Because the DR estimating function has mean zero for any parameters in the working regression model when the missing data model is correctly specified, in this paper, we derive a formula for the estimator of the parameters of the working regression model that yields the optimally efficient estimator of the marginal mean model (the parameters of interest) when the missing data model is correctly specified. Furthermore, the proposed method also inherits the DR property. Simulation studies demonstrate the greater efficiency of the proposed method compared with the standard DR method. A longitudinal dementia data set is used for illustration.

背景与目标： : 缺少数据是医学和社会研究中非常普遍的问题，尤其是在纵向收集数据时。有效利用观测数据是一个具有挑战性的问题。在统计文献中可以找到许多有关缺失数据问题的论文。众所周知，逆加权估计既不有效也不稳健。另一方面，双鲁棒 (DR) 方法可以提高效率和鲁棒性。众所周知，DR估计需要缺失数据模型 (即，用于观察到数据的概率的模型) 和工作回归模型 (即，用于给定协变量和替代变量的结果变量的模型)。由于当正确指定缺失数据模型时，DR估计函数对于工作回归模型中的任何参数均为零，因此，我们推导了工作回归模型参数估计器的公式，该公式可在正确指定缺失数据模型时得出边际均值模型 (感兴趣的参数) 的最佳有效估计器。此外，所提出的方法还继承了DR属性。仿真研究表明，与标准DR方法相比，该方法具有更高的效率。纵向痴呆症数据集用于说明。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Microarrays have become a key technology in experimental molecular biology since they allow monitoring of gene expression for more than 10,000 genes in parallel producing huge amounts of data. In the exploration of transcriptional regulatory networks, an important task is to cluster gene expression data to identify groups of genes with similar patterns and hence similar function. In this paper, memetic algorithms (MAs)-evolutionary algorithms incorporating local search-are proposed for minimum sum-of-squares clustering (MSSC). In a fitness landscape analysis, it is shown that the MSSC problem has correlation structure exploitable by MAs. The proposed MAs are shown to be superior to multi-start k-means as well as five other clustering algorithms from the bioinformatics literature including hierarchical algorithms and self-organizing maps. Although the fitness values of the different clustering solutions lie close together, it is shown that the solutions differ significantly from each other in terms of cluster memberships which is extremely important for the biological interpretation of the clustering results.

背景与目标： : 微阵列已成为实验分子生物学中的一项关键技术，因为它们可以同时监测10,000多个基因的基因表达，从而产生大量数据。在转录调控网络的探索中，一个重要的任务是对基因表达数据进行聚类，以识别具有相似模式并因此具有相似功能的基因组。本文针对最小平方和聚类 (MSSC)，提出了模因算法 (MAs)-结合局部搜索的进化算法。在适应性分析中，表明MSSC问题具有MAs可利用的相关结构。所提出的MAs被证明优于多起点k均值以及生物信息学文献中的其他五种聚类算法，包括分层算法和自组织图。尽管不同聚类解决方案的适应度值紧密结合在一起，但表明这些解决方案在聚类成员资格方面存在显着差异，这对于聚类结果的生物学解释极为重要。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: INTRODUCTION:Burn wound infections result in delayed healing and increased pain, scarring, sepsis risk and healthcare costs. Clinical decision making about burn wound infection should be supported by evidence syntheses. Validity of evidence from systematic reviews may be reduced if definitions of burn wound infectionvary between trials. This review aimed to determine whether burn wound infectionis defined, and whether there is variation in the indicators used to define burn wound infectionacross studies testing interventions for patients with burns. METHOD:Searches were carried out in four databases (Ovid Medline, Ovid Embase, Cinahl, Cochrane Register of Trials) to identify studies evaluating interventions for patients with burns and reporting a burn wound infection outcome. Pre-defined inclusion and exclusion criteria were systematically applied to select relevant studies. Data were systematically extracted and reported narratively. RESULTS:2056 studies were identified, of which 72 met the inclusion criteria, comprising 71 unique datasets. 52.1% of studies were randomised controlled trials. Twenty-eight (38.0%) studies reporting a burn wound infection outcome did not report how they had defined it. In the methods of included studies, 59 studies (83.1%) reported that they planned to measure burn wound infection as an outcome. Of these, 44 studies (74.6%) described how they had defined burn wound infection; 6 studies (13.6%) reported use of a previously developed consensus-informed definition of burn wound infection, and 41 studies (69.5%) described the specific indicators used to define it. Studies used between one (11 studies; 26.8%) and nine indicators (2 studies; 4.9%) to define burn wound infection (median = 3, inter-quartile range = 2). The most commonly used indicator was presence of bacteria in the wound (61.0% of studies). Only 13 studies (31.7%) defined burn wound infection using the same indicators as at least one other study. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS:Within intervention studies reporting burn wound infection outcomes, a definition of this outcome is commonly not provided, or it varies between studies. This will prevent evidence synthesis to identify effective treatments for patients with burn injuries. Since there is no objective method for assessing burn wound infection, expert consensus is needed to agree a minimum set of indicators (Core Indicator Set) reported in all trials reporting burn wound infection as an outcome.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: STUDY DESIGN:A retrospective chart and radiographic review. OBJECTIVES:To determine the long-term clinical results, radiographic results, and incidence of complications in a large patient cohort with one-level lumbar total disc replacement (TDR). SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA:Prior authors have described short-term, mid-term, and long-term clinical and radiographic results in patients with lumbar TDR with highly variable results. METHODS:From January 1989 to November 1995, 108 patients, with a mean age of 36.4 years, underwent lumbar TDR with the CHARITE Artificial Disc, with 106 available for follow-up. A modified Stauffer-Coventry scale was used to determine clinical outcome. Return to work, work level, and the incidence of complications were assessed. Dynamic lateral flexion-extension and lateral bending radiographs were performed and segmental range of motion (ROM) was measured using the Cobb method. RESULTS:Mean follow-up time was 13.2 years (range, 10-16.8 years). Of the 106 patients, 87 (82.1%) had either an excellent or good clinical outcome. Of the 96 patients working before surgery, 86 returned to work (89.6%), including 77.8% of patients with hard labor level employment (28 of 36) returning to the same level of work. The mean ROM in flexion-extension was 10.1 degrees , in lateral bending it was 4.4 degrees , and 90.6% of implanted prostheses were still mobile. Eight patients (7.5%) required posterior instrumented fusion. There were 5 cases (4.6%) of postoperative facet arthrosis, 3 cases (2.8%) of subsidence, 3 cases (2.8%) of adjacent-level disease, and 2 cases (1.9%) of core subluxation. CONCLUSIONS:This retrospective study demonstrates the safety and efficacy of the CHARITE Artificial Disc at one level, either L4-L5 or L5-S1, in the long-term. Clinical outcomes and the rate of return to work were excellent overall. The rate of adjacent-level disease requiring surgical intervention was considerably lower (2.8%) compared with reports in the literature for lumbar fusion. As with any surgical procedure, proper indications play a pivotal role in clinical success.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A localization algorithm in stochastic optical localization nanoscopy plays an important role in obtaining a high-quality image. A universal and objective metric is crucial and necessary to evaluate qualities of nanoscopy images and performances of localization algorithms. In this paper, we propose root mean square minimum distance (RMSMD) as a quality metric for localization nanoscopy images. RMSMD measures an average, local, and mutual fitness between two sets of points. Its properties common to a distance metric as well as unique to itself are presented. The ambiguity, discontinuity, and inappropriateness of the metrics of accuracy, precision, recall, and Jaccard index, which are currently used in the literature, are analyzed. A numerical example demonstrates the advantages of RMSMD over the four existing metrics that fail to distinguish qualities of different nanoscopy images in certain conditions. The unbiased Gaussian estimator that achieves the Fisher information and Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) of a single data frame is proposed to benchmark the quality of localization nanoscopy images and the performance of localization algorithms. The information-achieving estimator is simulated in an example and the result demonstrates the superior sensitivity of RMSMD over the other four metrics. As a universal and objective metric, RMSMD can be broadly employed in various applications to measure the mutual fitness of two sets of points.

背景与目标： : 随机光学定位纳米技术中的定位算法在获得高质量图像中起着重要作用。通用和客观的度量对于评估纳米图像的质量和定位算法的性能至关重要且必要。在本文中，我们提出了均方根最小距离 (RMSMD) 作为定位纳米图像的质量度量。RMSMD测量两组点之间的平均、局部和相互适应度。给出了距离度量共有的属性以及自身唯一的属性。分析了当前文献中使用的准确性，精确度，召回率和Jaccard指数等指标的模糊性，不连续性和不适当性。一个数值示例证明了rsmd相对于四个现有指标的优势，这些指标在某些条件下无法区分不同纳米图像的质量。提出了实现单个数据帧的Fisher信息和Cramer-Rao下限 (CRLB) 的无偏高斯估计器，以基准测试定位纳米图像的质量和定位算法的性能。在示例中模拟了信息实现估计器，结果表明RMSMD的灵敏度优于其他四个指标。作为一种通用和客观的度量，RMSMD可以广泛用于各种应用中，以测量两组点的相互适应性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This is a retrospective analysis of 225 patients with localized adenocarcinoma of the prostate who were treated with continuous-course external-beam radiation therapy at the University of Florida between October 1964 and August 1982. All patients were treated 5 or more years prior to the date of analysis, and 30% were eligible for 10-year follow-up. Hormonal treatment was used only in the management of recurrent disease. Ten-year results by stage were as follows: local control--A, 96%; B1, 92%; B2, 51%; C1, 57%; C2, 76%. Relapse-free survival--A, 96%; B1, 58%; B2, 38%; C1, 43%; C2, 61%. Absolute survival--A, 69%; B1, 29%; B2, 47%; C1, 35%; C2, 50%. Freedom from distant metastasis--A, 100%; B1, 55%; B2, 71%; C1, 65%; C2, 77%. Tumor grade was an important prognostic variable in most of the subgroups analyzed. The 5-year rate of distant metastasis was significantly greater in patients with stage C disease when the biopsy was made by transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) rather than by needle biopsy. In stage B patients, the biopsy method was not prognostically important. For the 48 patients who developed recurrent tumor in the prostate gland, with or without concurrent metastasis, the 5-year absolute survival rate calculated from the date of recurrence was 26%, compared with 10% for the 34 patients who developed distant metastasis alone. Severe complications developed in 5 out of 225 patients (2%) and included three severe rectal injuries, one bladder neck contracture, and one femoral head necrosis. Moderate complications developed in 48 out of 225 patients (21%), with rectosigmoiditis (8%) and hematuria (5%) being the most common problems. For both moderate and severe complications, there was a clear trend toward an increasing complication rate with increasing dose. The method of diagnosis appeared to be a factor in the development of urinary incontinence following irradiation: needle biopsy, 0/106 (0%); TURP, 3/112 (3%); subtotal prostatectomy, 1/7 (needle biopsy versus TURP or prostatectomy, p = 0.076). The frequency of peripheral edema following irradiation was influenced by a history of surgical disruption of the pelvic lymphatics: staging lymphadenectomy, 2/16 (13%), versus no lymphadenectomy, 0/209 (p = 0.005). A comparison with other series is presented.

背景与目标： : 这是对1964年10月至1982年8月之间在佛罗里达大学接受连续病程外束放射疗法治疗的225例前列腺局部腺癌患者的回顾性分析。所有患者在分析日期之前接受了5年或更长时间的治疗，并且30% 有资格进行10年的随访。激素治疗仅用于治疗复发性疾病。按阶段分列的十年结果如下: 局部对照-A，96%; B1，92%; B2，51%; C1，57%; C2，76%。无复发生存率-A，96%; B1，58%; B2，38%; C1，43%; C2，61%。绝对生存 -- A，69%; B1，29%; B2，47%; C1，35%; C2，50%。免于远处转移-A，100%; B1，55%; B2，71%; C1，65%; C2，77%。在大多数分析的亚组中，肿瘤分级是重要的预后变量。当通过经尿道前列腺切除术 (TURP) 而不是通过穿刺活检进行活检时，C期疾病患者的5年远处转移率显着更高。在B期患者中，活检方法对预后不重要。对于48例在前列腺中发生复发性肿瘤并伴有或不伴有转移的患者，从复发之日起计算的5年绝对生存率为26%，而34例仅发生远处转移的患者为10%。225例患者中有5例 (2% 例) 出现严重并发症，包括3例严重的直肠损伤，1例膀胱颈挛缩和1例股骨头坏死。225例患者中有48例 (21% 例) 出现中度并发症，其中直肠乙型炎 (8%) 和血尿 (5%) 是最常见的问题。对于中度和重度并发症，随着剂量的增加，并发症发生率明显增加。诊断方法似乎是放疗后尿失禁发展的一个因素: 穿刺活检，0/106 (0%); TURP，3/112 (3%); 前列腺次全切除术，1/7 (穿刺活检与TURP或前列腺切除术，p = 0.076)。照射后外周水肿的频率受盆腔淋巴管手术破裂史的影响: 分期淋巴结清扫术，2/16 (13%)，而没有淋巴结清扫术，0/209 (p = 0.005)。提出了与其他系列的比较。