BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND AND AIMS:Infection with the hepatitis C virus (HVC) is one of the most common viral infections worldwide. Approximately 170 million individuals are infected worldwide. HCV is an important cause of morbidity and mortality. In Mexico, according to the National Health Survey 2000, it is estimated that 70,000 cases exist. We undertook this study to estimate the prevalence of anti-HCV antibodies in patients with association to the risk factors for HCV infection in the lowland (bajio) region. METHODS:There were 2803 individuals 15 years of age or older who were treated at the General Hospital Zone #4 who were included in this study. Following informed consent, the participants were given a questionnaire listing the major risk factors for hepatitis C. If they answered positive to any of these identified factors, a blood sample was taken to determine anti-HCV antibodies via ELISA analysis. RESULTS:Average age in this study was 38.4 ± 13.5 years, and 75.5% were female (n = 2116). Anti-HCV antibodies were isolated in 1.3% of the patients (n = 36). The most commonly identified risk factor among all the participants was a history of previous transfusions (28.8 % of all patients, n = 813 and 41.7%, n = 15 of those with positive HCV antibodies). This was the only statistically significant risk factor identified in this study (p = 0.066). CONCLUSIONS:Mexico is currently considered to have a lower prevalence for HCV in relation to developed countries and other endemic areas. The figures reported are lower than those observed in this study, suggesting that the strategies for detecting HCV in Mexico may be inadequate.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Psychotherapy conducted by psychologists in Mexico has a long history and shows promising developments but offers a relatively limited choice for health care recipients, especially in public facilities. Psychotherapy by psychologists occurs mainly in private practice, although it is spreading to public institutions such as hospitals and outpatient clinics. Most clinical psychologists in Mexico are trained in some type of psychodynamic approach, although the use of cognitive-behavioral treatments is spreading quickly. The probability that a patient will actually be seen by a psychologist depends mainly on such characteristics of the patient as socioeconomic status, place of residence, and insurance coverage, if any. These and other attributes of psychotherapy in Mexico are illustrated by the probable treatment of Mrs. A. Psychotherapy in Mexico continues to evolve toward both multidisciplinary work and evidence-based practices.

背景与目标： : 墨西哥心理学家进行的心理治疗历史悠久，发展前景广阔，但为医疗保健接受者提供的选择相对有限，尤其是在公共设施中。心理学家的心理治疗主要发生在私人执业中，尽管它正在蔓延到医院和门诊等公共机构。尽管认知行为疗法的使用正在迅速传播，但墨西哥的大多数临床心理学家都接受了某种类型的心理动力学方法的培训。心理学家实际看到患者的可能性主要取决于患者的社会经济地位，居住地和保险范围 (如果有) 等特征。墨西哥心理治疗的这些和其他特征可以通过对A夫人的可能待遇来说明。墨西哥的心理治疗继续朝着多学科工作和循证实践发展。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The strain denominated TRQ65 was isolated from wheat (Triticum turgidum subsp. durum) commercial fields in the Yaqui Valley, Mexico. Here, we report its draft genome sequence, which presented ~ 4.5 million bp and 45.5% G + C content. Based on the cutoff values on species delimitation established for average nucleotide identity (> 95 to 96%), genome-to-genome distance calculator (> 70%), and the reference sequence alignment-based phylogeny builder method, TRQ65 was strongly affiliated to Bacillus paralicheniformis. The rapid annotation using subsystem technology server revealed that TRQ65 contains genes related to osmotic, and oxidative stress response, as well as auxin biosynthesis (plant growth promotion traits). In addition, antiSMASH and BAGEL revealed the presence of genes involved in lipopeptides and antibiotic biosynthesis. The function of those annotated genes was validated at a metabolic level, observing that strain TRQ65 was able to tolerate saline (91.0%), and water (155.0%) stress conditions, besides producing 28.8 ± 0.9 µg/mL indoles. In addition, strain TRQ65 showed growth inhibition (1.6 ± 0.4 cm inhibition zone) against the causal agent of wheat spot blotch, Bipolaris sorokiniana. Finally, plant-microbe interactions assays confirm the ability of strain TRQ65 to regulate wheat growth, showing a significant increment in shoot height (26%), root length (40%), shoot dry weight (48%), stem diameter (55%), and biovolume index (246%). These findings provide insights for future agricultural studies of this strain.

背景与目标： : 命名为TRQ65的菌株是从墨西哥Yaqui山谷的小麦 (Triticum turgidum subsp。durum) 商业田中分离出来的。在这里，我们报告了其基因组序列草案，其中450万bp和45.5% g   +  C含量。基于为平均核苷酸同一性 (>  95至96%) 、基因组至基因组距离计算器 (>  70%) 和基于参考序列比对的系统发育构建方法而建立的物种定界的截止值，TRQ65强烈地附属于副水杨酸芽孢杆菌。使用子系统技术服务器的快速注释显示，TRQ65包含与渗透，氧化应激反应以及生长素生物合成 (植物生长促进性状) 有关的基因。此外，antiSMASH和BAGEL揭示了参与脂肽和抗生素生物合成的基因的存在。在代谢水平上验证了这些注释基因的功能，观察到菌株TRQ65除了产生28.8   ±   0.9 μ g/mL吲哚外，还能够耐受盐水 (91.0%) 和水 (155.0%) 胁迫条件。此外，TRQ65菌株对小麦斑点斑的病原体Bipolaris sorokiniana表现出生长抑制作用 (1.6   ±   0.4厘米抑制区)。最后，植物-微生物相互作用试验证实了菌株TRQ65调节小麦生长的能力，显示出芽高 (26%) 、根长 (40%) 、芽干重 (48%) 、茎直径 (55%) 和生物体积指数 (246%) 的显著增加。这些发现为该菌株的未来农业研究提供了见解。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) infection in blood donors could represent a risk for transmission in blood recipients. There is scarce information about the epidemiology of T. gondii infection in blood donors in Mexico. Therefore, we sought to determine the prevalence of T. gondii infection and associated socio-demographic and behavioral characteristics in a population of healthy blood donors of Durango City, Mexico. METHODS:Four hundred and thirty two blood donors in two public blood banks of Durango City, Mexico were examined for T. gondii infection between August to September 2006. Blood donors were tested for anti-T. gondii IgG and IgM antibodies by using enzyme-linked immunoassays (Diagnostic Automation Inc., Calabasas, CA, USA). Socio-demographic and behavioral characteristics from each participant were also obtained. RESULTS:Thirty two (7.4%) of 432 blood donors had IgG anti-T. gondii antibodies. Eight (1.9%) of them had also IgM anti-T. gondii antibodies. Multivariate analysis using logic regression showed that T. gondii infection was associated with the presence of cats at home (adjusted OR = 3.81; 95% CI: 1.45-10.01). The age group of 45-60 years showed a significantly higher frequency of T. gondii infection than the group of 25-34 years (p = 0.02). Blood donors without education had a significantly higher frequency of infection (15.8%) than those with 13-19 years of education (4.5%) (p = 0.04). Other characteristics of blood donors including male gender, consumption of undercooked meat or blood transfusion did not show an association with infection. CONCLUSION:The prevalence of T. gondii infection in healthy blood donors of Durango City, Mexico is lower than those reported in blood donors of south and central Mexico, and is one of the lowest reported in blood donors worldwide. T. gondii infection in our blood donors was most likely acquired by contact with cats. Prevalence of infection increased with age and decreased with educational level.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The aim of this study was to evaluate the chemical composition, mold count and mycotoxin contamination of corn silage collected during a six month-period. The results indicated that the chemical composition and the physicochemical parameters evaluated did not show significant variation during the sampling time. Fungal count on RBC ranged from 1.7 x 10(3) to 9 x 10e8 CFU/g. Mucor, Penicillium and Aspergillus spp. were the most frequent fungal species in the corn silage. Fusarium count ranged from 1.6 x 10(3) to 1.6 x 10e8 CFU/g in Nash Snyder culture media. Aflatoxin B, fumonisins, ochratoxin A, ochratoxin B, deoxynivalenol, and zearalenone were detected throughout the period of corn silage maintenance (100% positive samples). However, only deoxynivalenol levels were higher than the maximum limit recommended by the FDA.

背景与目标： : 这项研究的目的是评估六个月内收集的玉米青贮饲料的化学成分，霉菌计数和霉菌毒素污染。结果表明，在采样期间，所评估的化学成分和理化参数没有显示出明显的变化。RBC上的真菌计数范围为1.7 × 10(3) 至9 × 10e8cfu/g。毛霉、青霉和曲霉属。是玉米青贮饲料中最常见的真菌物种。Nash Snyder培养基中的镰刀菌计数范围为1.6 × 10(3) 至1.6 × 10e8cfu/g。在玉米青贮维持期间检测到黄曲霉毒素B，伏马菌素，曲霉毒素A，曲霉毒素B，脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇和玉米赤霉烯酮 (100% 个阳性样品)。但是，只有脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇水平高于FDA建议的最大限值。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE:This study examined the influence of five types of impairments in individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI)-and caregiver stress due to these impairments-on the mental health of family caregivers in Guadalajara, Mexico. METHOD:Ninety caregivers completed measures of TBI impairments and of their own mental health. The majority were female (92.20%) with a mean age of 47.12 years (SD = 12.67). Caregivers dedicated a median of 50 hours weekly to caregiving and had spent a median of 11 months providing care. RESULTS:Two canonical correlation analyses suggested that these two sets of variables were broadly related, such that more severe impairments in individuals with TBI and more caregiver stress due to those impairments were associated with lower caregiver mental health. Across both analyses, social impairments were most associated with increased caregiver burden. Follow-up analyses also uncovered that caregiver stress due to cognitive impairments was uniquely associated with caregiver burden and anxiety. CONCLUSIONS:These results are the first to provide evidence that social and cognitive impairments in individuals with TBI from Latin America are the impairments most associated with caregiver mental health and highlight the need for interventions that target social and cognitive functioning.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:This study aimed to investigate factors associated with patient experience with primary care in a large public health system in Mexico and determine the amount of variability in experience attributable to facility-level and state-level factors. METHODS:We analysed cross-sectional 2016 national satisfaction survey data from the Mexican Social Security Institute (IMSS). Patient-level data were merged with facility-level data and information on poverty by state. We assessed general contextual effects and examined the relationship of patient, facility and state factors with four patient experience measures using random effects logistic regression. RESULTS:25 745 patients' responses from 319 facilities were analysed. The majority experienced good communication (78%), the opportunity to share health concerns (91%) and resolution of doubts (85%). 29% of visits were rated as excellent. Differences between facilities and states accounted for up to 12% and 6% of the variation in patient experience, respectively. Inclusion of facility-level contextual effects improved model predictions by 8%-12%; models with facility random effects and individual covariates correctly predicted 64%-71% of individual outcomes. In adjusted models, larger patient population was correlated with worse reported communication, less opportunity to share concerns and less resolution of doubts. Men reported more positive communication; older individuals reported more positive communication and experiences overall, but less opportunity to share concerns; and more educated individuals were less likely to report positive communication but more likely to report resolution of doubts and overall positive experiences. Preventive care visits were rated higher than curative visits for resolution of doubts, but lower for opportunity to share concerns, and specific conditions were associated with better or worse reported experiences in some cases. CONCLUSION:Quality improvement efforts at IMSS facilities might bolster individual experiences with primary care, given that up to 12% of the variation in experience was attributable to facility-level differences. The relationship between individual characteristics and experience ratings reinforces the importance of patients' expectations of care and the potential for differential treatment by providers to impact experience.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This cross-sectional study reports on the menopausal transition of Mayan women from Yucatan, Mexico. A total of 228 women completed the study, and 118 women were classified by history as postmenopausal; the others were premenopausal. Demographic information, reproductive history, physical examination, hormone concentrations, radial bone density, food samples, and history of physical activity were obtained. The average age at which menopause occurred by history was 44.3 +/- 4.4 years; this is reflected in the distribution of FSH levels by age. None of the women reported symptoms of hot flashes, and none recalled any history of significant symptoms associated with their menopausal transition. Hormone levels were similar to U.S. reference values with elevated FSH (66.6 +/- 29.1 mIU/ml), low estradiol (9.4 +/- 8.3 pg/ml) and estrone (13.3 +/- 7.8 pg/ml), E1 > E2, and normal levels of testosterone and androstenedione. BMD declined with age, and values were lower than reference values for United States women. Clinical evidence of fracture was not detected by history or physical examination even for those who were 20 years postmenopausal. The endocrine characteristics of menopause among Mayan women in Yucatan are similar to hormonal changes reported for women in the United States, but signs, symptoms, and apparent consequences are different in the two populations.

背景与目标： : 这项横断面研究报告了墨西哥尤卡坦州玛雅妇女的更年期过渡。共有228名妇女完成了这项研究，118名妇女根据病史被归类为绝经后; 其他人是绝经前。获得了人口统计学信息，生殖史，体格检查，激素浓度，radial骨密度，食物样本和体育锻炼史。史上发生绝经的平均年龄为44.3 +/- 4.4岁; 这反映在FSH水平按年龄的分布中。没有一名女性报告潮热症状，也没有人回忆起与更年期过渡相关的任何重大症状史。激素水平与美国参考值相似，FSH升高 (66.6 +/- 29.1 mIU/ml)，低雌二醇 (9.4 +/- 8.3 pg/ml) 和雌酮 (13.3 +/- 7.8 pg/ml)，E1> E2，以及睾酮和雄烯二酮的正常水平。BMD随着年龄的增长而下降，并且值低于美国女性的参考值。即使对于绝经后20年的患者，也没有通过病史或体格检查发现骨折的临床证据。尤卡坦州玛雅妇女更年期的内分泌特征与美国妇女的激素变化相似，但两种人群的体征，症状和明显后果不同。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Crown dimensions and occlusal surface wear rate and wear plane were evaluated using paired first and second mandibular molars from a sample of 84 Early Agricultural period (1600 B.C.-A.D. 200) skeletons from northwest Mexico. Although this period represents a major shift in subsistence strategies in the Sonoran Desert, from food-foraging to agriculture, archaeological and dental pathology studies have identified this period as one of relative dietary stability. It was therefore predicted that very little variation in occlusal wear would have occurred between the early phase (San Pedro: 1600-800 B.C.) and late phase (Cienega: 800 B.C.-A.D. 200). Comparison of crown diameters identified some phenotypic differences between sexes but not between archaeological phases. Molar occlusal surfaces were then divided into four quadrants, and wear scores recorded for each quadrant. Principle axis analysis was performed between total wear scores of paired, adjacent first and second mandibular molars to assess rate and occlusal wear plane over time. The analysis demonstrated that both wear rate and wear plane increased from the early to the late phase of the Early Agricultural period. These results indicate that although diet may have indeed remained stable during this period in the Sonoran Desert increases in the rate of wear and wear plane may reflect changes in food-processing techniques. It is suggested that more intensive processing of agricultural products during the Cienega phase simultaneously softened the diet to create more tooth-contact wear and introduced more grit to cause faster and more angled wear on the molar occlusal surfaces.

背景与目标： : 使用来自墨西哥西北部84个早期农业时期 (200 B.C.-A.D 1600个) 骨骼的成对的第一和第二下颌磨牙评估了牙冠尺寸和咬合表面磨损率和磨损平面。尽管这一时期代表了索诺兰沙漠生存策略的重大转变，从觅食到农业，但考古和牙科病理学研究已将这一时期确定为相对饮食稳定性之一。因此，据预测，在早期阶段 (San Pedro: 1600-800 b.c.) 和晚期阶段 (Cienega: 800 B.C.-A.D. 200) 之间，咬合磨损将发生非常小的变化。冠直径的比较发现了性别之间的一些表型差异，但在考古阶段之间却没有。然后将磨牙咬合表面分为四个象限，并记录每个象限的磨损分数。在成对的，相邻的第一和第二下颌磨牙的总磨损分数之间进行了主轴分析，以评估随时间推移的速率和咬合磨损平面。分析表明，从农业早期的早期到晚期，磨损率和磨损平面都有所增加。这些结果表明，尽管在此期间，索诺兰沙漠的饮食确实保持稳定，但磨损率的增加和磨损率的增加可能反映了食品加工技术的变化。建议在Cienega阶段对农产品进行更深入的加工，同时软化饮食，以产生更多的牙齿接触磨损，并引入更多的砂砾，以在磨牙咬合表面上引起更快，更角度的磨损。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :With the aim of knowing seasonal variability of lead in fish and bivalve species from Coatzacoalcos estuary, biota collected during three seasons was examined. In muscle tissue of fish, the highest level (5.4 microg g(-1)) was found in the longnose gar Lepisosteus osseus from San Francisco stream (a highly impacted site); the lowest value (0.2 microg g(-1)) was registered in yellowfin mojarra Gerres cinereus from Ostión lagoon (control site). In bivalves, concentrations in soft tissue ranged from 1.5 microg g(-1) in Polymesoda caroliniana from Calzadas river, to 0.1 microg g(-1) in Corbicula fluminea from Hidalgotitlán (control site).

背景与目标： : 为了了解来自Coatzacoalcos河口的鱼类和双壳类物种中铅的季节性变化，研究了三个季节收集的生物群。在鱼类的肌肉组织中，在旧金山溪流 (高度受影响的部位) 的长鼻gar Lepisosteus ossossus中发现了最高水平 (5.4 microg g(-1)); 最低值 (0.2微克 (-1)) 记录在osti ó n泻湖 (对照位点) 的黄鳍mojarra Gerres cinereus中。在双壳类动物中，软组织中的浓度范围从Calzadas河的polycesoda caroliniana中的1.5微克g(-1) 到hidalgotl á n (对照部位) 的Corbicula fluminea中的0.1微克g(-1)。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have been hypothesized to enhance plant adaptation and growth in petroleum-contaminated soils. Nevertheless, neither AMF-biodiversity under chronically petroleum-contaminated soils nor spore germination response to petroleum hydrocarbons has been well studied. Chronically petroleum-contaminated rhizosphere soil and roots from Echinochloa polystachya, Citrus aurantifolia and C. aurantium were collected from Activo Cinco Presidentes, Tabasco, Mexico. Root colonization and spore abundance were evaluated. Additionally, rhizosphere soil samples were propagated using Sorghum vulgare L. as a plant trap under greenhouse conditions; subsequently, AMF-spores were identified. AMF-colonization ranged from 63 to 77% while spore number ranged from 715 to 912 in 100 g soil, suggesting that AMF tolerate the presence of petroleum hydrocarbons in the rhizosphere. From grass species, four AMF-morphospecies were identified: Glomus ambisporum, G. sinuosum (previously described as Sclerocystis sinuosum), Acaulospora laevis, and Ambispora gerdermanni. From citrus trees, four AMF-species were also identified: Scutellospora heterogama, G. ambisporum, Acaulospora scrobiculata, and G. citricola. In a second study, it was observed that spore germination and hyphal length of G. mosseae, G. ambisporum, and S. heterogama were significantly reduced by either volatile compounds of crude oil or increased concentrations of benzo[a ]pyrene or phenanthrene in water-agar.

背景与目标： : 假定丛枝菌根真菌 (AMF) 可以增强石油污染土壤中的植物适应性和生长。尽管如此，尚未对长期受石油污染的土壤下的AMF生物多样性或对石油烃的孢子萌发反应进行了很好的研究。从墨西哥塔巴斯科州的Activo Cinco总统那里收集了长期受石油污染的根际土壤和来自Echinochloa polystachya，Citrus aurantifolia和C. aurantium的根。评估了根定植和孢子丰度。此外，在温室条件下，使用高粱vulgare L.作为植物陷阱繁殖根际土壤样品; 随后，鉴定了AMF孢子。在100g土壤中，AMF定殖范围为63至77%，而孢子数范围为715至912，这表明AMF可以耐受根际中石油烃的存在。从草种中鉴定出四种AMF形态物种: Glomus ambisporum，G. sinuosum (以前称为硬囊菌)，aculospora laeris和Ambispora gerdermanni。从柑橘树中，还鉴定出四种AMF物种: 盾孢菌，G. ambisporum，Acaulospora scrobiculata和G. citricola。在第二项研究中，观察到原油的挥发性化合物或水琼脂中苯并 [a] re或菲的浓度增加，显着降低了mosseae，G。ambisporum和S. heterogama的孢子萌发和菌丝长度。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We provide a longer-term record of Hg wet deposition at two tropical latitude monitoring sites in Mexico, selected to provide regionally representative data. Weekly wet deposition samples were collected over 2 years, from September 2003 to November 2005. Based on this data set, we discuss the magnitude and seasonal variation of Hg in wet deposition and compare the results to other measurement sites and to several model estimates. With precipitation-weighted mean (PWM) concentrations of 8.2 and 7.9 ng L(-1), respectively, during the sampling period from Sep 30 2003 to Oct 11 2005, and median weekly concentrations of 9.4 ± 1 ng L(-1) for both sites, the wet Hg concentrations and deposition at HD01 were much lower than those observed at the US Gulf Coast MDN sites while the wet Hg deposition at OA02 was much lower than most MDN sites, but somewhat similar to US MDN sites along the Pacific Coast. Based on the limited available data, we conclude that the approximately 30 % higher average precipitation at HD01 and roughly equal PWM concentrations lead to the higher deposition at HD01 versus OA02. We believe that these observations may offer scientists and modelers additional understanding of the depositional fluxes in the lower latitudes of North America.

背景与目标： : 我们在墨西哥的两个热带纬度监测点提供了汞湿沉积的长期记录，这些记录被选为提供区域代表性数据。从2003年9月到2005年11月，每周收集2年的湿沉积样品。基于此数据集，我们讨论了湿沉积中汞的大小和季节变化，并将结果与其他测量地点和几个模型估计值进行了比较。在从2003年9月30日到2005年10月11日的采样期间，降水加权平均 (PWM) 浓度分别为8.2和7.9 ng L(-1)，两个地点的每周中位浓度为9.4 ± 1 ng L(-1)，HD01处的湿Hg浓度和沉积比在美国墨西哥湾沿岸MDN站点观察到的低得多，而OA02处的湿Hg沉积比大多数MDN站点低得多，但与太平洋沿岸的美国MDN站点有些相似。基于有限的可用数据，我们得出结论，在HD01处大约30% 较高的平均降水量和大致相等的PWM浓度导致在HD01处相对于oa02处更高的沉积。我们认为，这些观察结果可能使科学家和建模者对北美低纬度地区的沉积通量有更多的了解。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: -2

背景与目标： -2

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This study describes a popular educational process conducted in two communities in Jalisco, Mexico. The purpose was to add an alfalfa concentrate to the population's diet as an alternative, locally available food source. Previous studies had shown that alfalfa contains high protein, vitamin, and essential amino acid levels and can be useful to supplement and improve child nutrition. This resource had not been used previously due to lack of knowledge concerning its properties and harvesting and processing procedures and because it had traditionally been used as livestock feed. The current study included four steps: 1) community knowledge, 2) a community survey using interviews, home visits, and child nutrition evaluation, 3) formation of work groups in a community meeting, and 4) an educational program, working with a self-diagnostic tool taking child nutritional status into account. Our work focused on two areas simultaneously: family nutrition and the alfalfa concentrate as a way to improve it. Although this process was lengthy, it resulted in the acceptance and inclusion of alfalfa concentrate. In addition, the community groups formed in the process remain as an ongoing organizational resource.

背景与目标： : 这项研究描述了在墨西哥哈利斯科州的两个社区进行的流行教育过程。目的是在人群的饮食中添加苜蓿浓缩物，作为当地可用的替代食物来源。先前的研究表明，苜蓿含有较高的蛋白质，维生素和必需氨基酸水平，可用于补充和改善儿童营养。由于缺乏有关其特性以及收获和加工程序的知识，并且由于传统上将其用作牲畜饲料，因此以前没有使用过该资源。当前的研究包括四个步骤: 1) 社区知识，2) 使用访谈，家访和儿童营养评估进行社区调查，3) 在社区会议中组建工作组，以及4) 一项教育计划，考虑儿童营养状况的自我诊断工具。我们的工作同时集中在两个领域: 家庭营养和苜蓿浓缩物，以此来改善它。尽管此过程很长，但导致紫花苜蓿精矿的接受和加入。此外，在此过程中形成的社区团体仍然是一种持续的组织资源。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The impact of illicit drug markets on the occurrence of violence varies tremendously depending on many factors. Over the last years, Mexico and the USA have increased security border issues that included many aspects of drug-related trade and criminal activities. Mexico experienced only a small reduction in trauma deaths after the enforcement of severe crime reinforcement policies. This strategy in the war on drugs is shifting the drug market to other Central American countries. This phenomenon is called the ballooning effect, whereby the pressure to control illicit drug-related activities in one particular area forces a shift to other more vulnerable areas that leads to an increase in crime and violence. A human rights crisis characterized by suffering, injury, and death related to drug trafficking continues to expand, resulting in the exorbitant loss of lives and cost in productivity across the continent. The current climate of social violence in Central America and the illegal immigration to the USA may be partially related to this phenomenon of drug trafficking, gang violence, and crime. A health care initiative as an alternative to the current war approach may be one of the interventions needed to reduce this crisis.

背景与目标： : 非法药物市场对暴力发生的影响因许多因素而异。在过去的几年中，墨西哥和美国增加了安全边界问题，其中包括与毒品有关的贸易和犯罪活动的许多方面。在执行严厉的犯罪强化政策后，墨西哥的创伤死亡人数仅小幅减少。毒品战争中的这一策略正在将毒品市场转移到其他中美洲国家。这种现象被称为膨胀效应，即在一个特定领域控制与非法药物有关的活动的压力迫使转移到其他更脆弱的地区，从而导致犯罪和暴力增加。以与毒品贩运有关的痛苦，伤害和死亡为特征的人权危机继续扩大，导致整个非洲大陆的生命损失和生产力成本过高。中美洲当前的社会暴力气氛和向美国的非法移民可能部分与这种贩毒，帮派暴力和犯罪现象有关。作为当前战争方法的替代方案的医疗保健倡议可能是减少这场危机所需的干预措施之一。