BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Protection against intracellular pathogens or tumor antigens requires T-cell mediated responses. Recently, it has become apparent that protection against disease correlates with T cells of the central memory type in many instances. Here, we analyze current data to distill a set of rules for the induction and maintenance of central memory T-cell responses. Recent studies show that T-cell help and the lack of overt inflammation at the time of priming are prerequisite for the induction, maintenance and expansion of memory T cells. Central to our hypothesis is that, in addition to these factors, successful vaccination in the immunologically inexperienced individual should be based on low antigen dose, to decelerate replicative senescence in responding cells and favor lineage differentiation of central memory T cells. In the immunologically experienced individual, it will be necessary, in addition, to abate the antigen load in plasma before vaccination. These guiding principles might help to raise improved protective T-cell responses by vaccination in humans.

背景与目标： : 针对细胞内病原体或肿瘤抗原的保护需要T细胞介导的反应。最近，很明显，在许多情况下，对疾病的保护与中央记忆类型的T细胞有关。在这里，我们分析当前数据以提取用于诱导和维持中央记忆T细胞响应的一组规则。最近的研究表明，T细胞的帮助和在启动时缺乏明显的炎症是诱导，维持和扩增记忆T细胞的前提。我们的假设的核心是，除了这些因素外，免疫无经验个体的成功疫苗接种应基于低抗原剂量，以减缓应答细胞中的复制性衰老并有利于中央记忆T细胞的谱系分化。在具有免疫经验的个体中，有必要在接种疫苗之前减轻血浆中的抗原负荷。这些指导原则可能有助于通过人类疫苗接种提高保护性T细胞反应。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :IL-7 signals are crucial for the survival of naive and memory T cells, and the IL-7R is expressed on the surface of these cells. Following viral infection, the IL-7R is expressed on only a subset of effector CD8 T cells, and has been demonstrated to be important for the survival of these memory precursors. IL-7 message levels remain relatively constant during the T cell response to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, but a short-lived burst of GM-CSF is observed soon after infection. Retroviral expression of a chimeric GM-CSF/IL-7R, in which binding of GM-CSF by T cells leads to IL-7 signaling, allows for the delivery of an IL-7 signal in all effector T cells expressing the receptor. In mice infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, CD8 and CD4 T cells transduced with this chimeric receptor underwent an enhanced proliferative response compared with untransduced populations in the same host. Similarly, TCR transgenic CD8 cells expressing the chimeric receptor produced higher effector numbers during the peak of the T cell response to infection. Surprisingly, the enhanced proliferation did not lead to higher memory numbers, as the subsequent contraction phase was more pronounced in the transduced cell populations. These findings demonstrate that artificial IL-7 signaling during an infection leads to significantly increased Ag-specific effector T cell numbers, but does not result in increased numbers of memory progeny. The extent of contraction may be dictated by intrinsic factors related to the number of prior cell divisions.

背景与目标： : IL-7信号对于幼稚和记忆T细胞的存活至关重要，并且IL-7R在这些细胞的表面表达。病毒感染后，该IL-7R仅在效应cd8t细胞的子集上表达，并且已被证明对这些记忆前体的存活很重要。在T细胞对淋巴细胞性脉络丛脑膜炎病毒的反应期间，IL-7信息水平保持相对恒定，但是在感染后不久就观察到gm-csf的短暂爆发。嵌合gm-csf/IL-7R的逆转录病毒表达允许在表达该受体的所有效应T细胞中递送IL-7信号，其中gm-csf被T细胞结合导致IL-7信号。在感染了淋巴细胞性脉络丛脑膜炎病毒的小鼠中，与同一宿主中未转导的人群相比，用该嵌合受体转导的CD8和CD4 T细胞的增殖反应增强。同样，表达嵌合受体的TCR转基因CD8细胞在T细胞对感染的反应高峰期间产生更高的效应子数。令人惊讶的是，增强的增殖并未导致更高的记忆数，因为随后的收缩阶段在转导的细胞群体中更为明显。这些发现表明，感染期间的人工IL-7信号传导导致Ag特异性效应T细胞数量显着增加，但不会导致记忆后代数量增加。收缩的程度可能取决于与先前细胞分裂数量相关的内在因素。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:This study explored the combined impact of depression and inflammation on memory functioning among Mexican-American adults and elders. METHODS:Data were analyzed from 381 participants of the Health and Aging Brain study among Latino Elders (HABLE). Fasting serum samples were collected and assayed in duplicate using electrochemiluminesce on the SECTOR Imager 2400A from Meso Scale Discovery. Positive DepE (depression endophenotype) was codified as any score >1 on a five-point scale based on the GDS-30. Inflammation was determined by TNFα levels and categorized by tertiles (1st, 2nd, 3rd). WMS-III LMI and LMII as well as CERAD were utilized as measures of memory. ANOVAs examined group differences between positive DepE and inflammation tertiles with neuropsychological scale scores as outcome variables. Logistic regressions were used to examine level of inflammation and DepE positive status on the risk for MCI. RESULTS:Positive DepE as well as higher inflammation were both independently found to be associated with lower memory scores. Among DepE positive, those who were high in inflammation (3rd tertile) were found to perform significantly worse on WMS-III LM I (F = 4.75, p = 0.003), WMS-III LM II (F = 8.18, p < 0.001), and CERAD List Learning (F = 17.37, p < 0.001) when compared to those low on inflammation (1st tertile). The combination of DepE positive and highest tertile of inflammation was associated with increased risk for MCI diagnosis (OR = 6.06; 95% CI = 3.9-11.2, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION:Presence of elevated inflammation and positive DepE scores increased risk for worse memory among Mexican-American older adults. Additionally, the combination of DepE and high inflammation was associated with increased risk for MCI diagnosis. This work suggests that depression and inflammation are independently associated with worse memory among Mexican-American adults and elders; however, the combination of both increases risk for poorer memory beyond either alone.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Memory impairment is the most common symptom in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Angelica keiskei (AK) has traditionally been used as a diuretic, laxative, analeptic and galactagogue. However, the anti-amnesic effects of AK and its molecular mechanisms have yet to be clearly elucidated. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the effects of AK on scopolamine-induced memory impairments in mice. The regulatory effect of AK on memory impairment was investigated using passive avoidance, Y-maze and the Morris water maze tasks. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity assay was performed to investigate the cholinergic antagonistic effect of AK in the hippocampus. The effect of AK on phosphorylation of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) and expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were evaluated by Western blot assays and immunohistochemistry. The findings showed that AK significantly attenuated scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment in mice. Increase of AChE activity caused by scopolamine was significantly attenuated by AK. Additionally, AK significantly recovered the phosphorylation of CREB and expression of BDNF reduced by scopolamine in the hippocampus. Taken together, these results provide experimental evidence that AK might be a useful agent in preventing deficit of learning and memory caused by AD and aging.

背景与目标： : 记忆障碍是阿尔茨海默病 (AD) 患者最常见的症状。传统上，当归 (AK) 被用作利尿剂，泻药，反作用剂和半乳糖剂。然而，AK的抗遗忘作用及其分子机制尚未明确阐明。本研究的目的是评估AK对东pol碱诱导的小鼠记忆障碍的影响。使用被动回避，Y迷宫和莫里斯水迷宫任务研究了AK对记忆障碍的调节作用。进行乙酰胆碱酯酶 (AChE) 活性测定以研究AK在海马中的胆碱能拮抗作用。通过Western blot法和免疫组织化学方法评估了AK对cAMP反应元件结合蛋白 (CREB) 磷酸化和脑源性神经营养因子 (BDNF) 表达的影响。研究结果表明，AK可显着减轻东莨菪碱引起的小鼠认知障碍。东莨菪碱引起的AChE活性增加被AK显著减弱。此外，AK显着恢复了东pol碱在海马中CREB的磷酸化和BDNF的表达。总之，这些结果提供了实验证据，证明AK可能是防止AD和衰老引起的学习和记忆缺陷的有用药物。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Infection with Listeria monocytogenes elicits expansion in numbers of Ag-specific CD8+ T cells, which then undergo programmed contraction. The remaining cells undergo further phenotypic and functional changes with time, eventually attaining the qualities of memory CD8+ T cells. In this study, we show that L. monocytogenes-specific CD8+ T cell populations primed in antibiotic-pretreated mice undergo brief effector phase, but rapidly develop phenotypic (CD127(high), CD43(low)) and functional (granzyme B(low), IL-2-producing) characteristics of memory CD8+ T cells. These early memory CD8+ T cells were capable of substantial secondary expansion in response to booster challenge at day 7 postinfection, resulting in significantly elevated numbers of secondary effector and memory CD8+ T cells and enhanced protective immunity compared with control-infected mice. Although early expansion in numbers is similar after L. monocytogenes infection of antibiotic-pretreated and control mice, the absence of sustained proliferation coupled with decreased killer cell lectin-like receptor G-1 up-regulation on responding CD8+ T cells may explain the rapid effector to memory CD8+ T cell transition. In addition, antibiotic treatment 2 days post-L. monocytogenes challenge accelerated the generation of CD8+ T cells with memory phenotype and function, and this accelerated memory generation was reversed in the presence of CpG-induced inflammation. Together, these data show that the rate at which Ag-specific CD8+ T cell populations acquire memory characteristics after infection is not fixed, but rather can be manipulated by limiting inflammation that will in turn modulate the timing and extent to which CD8+ T cells proliferate and up-regulate killer cell lectin-like receptor G-1 expression.

背景与目标： : 单核细胞增生李斯特菌感染引起Ag特异性CD8 + T细胞数量的扩增，然后进行程序性收缩。其余细胞随时间发生进一步的表型和功能变化，最终达到记忆CD8 T细胞的质量。在这项研究中，我们显示在抗生素预处理的小鼠中引发的单核细胞增生李氏菌特异性CD8 + T细胞群体经历了短暂的效应子期，但迅速发展为表型 (CD127 (高)，CD43 (低)) 和功能性 (颗粒酶B (低)，IL-2-producing) 记忆CD8 + T细胞的特点。与对照感染的小鼠相比，这些早期记忆CD8 + T细胞能够在感染后第7天响应增强攻击而大量二次扩增，导致次级效应子和记忆CD8 + T细胞的数量显着增加，并增强了保护性免疫。尽管在抗生素预处理和对照小鼠的单核细胞增生李氏菌感染后，早期数量的增加是相似的，但缺乏持续增殖以及杀伤细胞凝集素样受体G-1在应答CD8 + T细胞上的上调降低可能解释了对记忆CD8 + T细胞转变的快速效应子。此外，单核细胞增生李氏菌攻击后2天的抗生素治疗加速了具有记忆表型和功能的CD8 T细胞的生成，并且在CpG诱导的炎症存在下，这种加速的记忆生成被逆转。总之，这些数据表明，感染后Ag特异性CD8 + T细胞群体获得记忆特征的速率不是固定的，而是可以通过限制炎症来操纵，炎症反过来将调节CD8 + T细胞增殖的时间和程度，并上调杀伤细胞凝集素样受体G-1表达。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Thirty-five patients with definite multiple sclerosis (MS) were studied. They underwent neuropsychological testing and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The MRI findings at different brain areas levels were compared with the neuropsychological findings. A quantitative system was used to measure MRI-MS lesions. In this series, a positive correlation was established between memory and learning disturbances measured by Battery 144, and the lesions measured by MRI (total, hemispheric and, particularly, periventricular lesions). MRI can detect MS lesions, and this study shows that a correlation between MRI and neuropsychological findings is possible if quantitative methods are used to distinguish different MS involvement areas in relation to neuropsychological tasks. These findings suggest that hemispheric lesions in MS produce cognitive disturbances and MRI could be a useful tool in predicting memory and learning impairment.

背景与目标： : 研究了35例确诊的多发性硬化症 (MS) 患者。他们接受了神经心理学测试和磁共振成像 (MRI)。将不同脑区水平的MRI表现与神经心理学表现进行比较。定量系统用于测量MRI-MS病变。在该系列中，通过电池144测量的记忆和学习障碍与通过MRI测量的病变 (总，半球，特别是脑室周围病变) 之间建立了正相关。MRI可以检测MS病变，这项研究表明，如果使用定量方法区分与神经心理学任务有关的不同MS受累区域，则MRI与神经心理学发现之间的相关性是可能的。这些发现表明，MS的半球病变会产生认知障碍，MRI可能是预测记忆和学习障碍的有用工具。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Glutamate (GLU) and gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) are essential amino acids (AA) for brain function serving as excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitter respectively. Their tablets are available in market for improving gut function and muscle performance. Despite of having a major role during memory formation and processing, effects of these tablets on brain functioning like learning and memory have not been investigated. Therefore, present study is aimed to investigate the effects of orally supplemented GLU and GABA on learning and memory performance and further to monitor related effects of these orally supplemented GLU and GABA on brain levels of these AA. Three groups of rats were supplemented orally with drinking water (control group) or suspension of tablets of GABA and Glutamate, respectively for four weeks. Cognitive performance was determined using behavioral tests (Novel object recognition test, Morris water maze, Passive avoidance test) measuring recognition, spatial reference and aversive memory. Levels of GLU, GABA and acetylcholine (ACh) were estimated in rat hippocampus. Results showed that chronic oral administration of GLU and GABA tablets has a significant impact on brain function and can alter GLU and GABA content in rat hippocampus. Compared to GABA, GLU supplementation specifically enhances memory performance via increasing ACh. Thus, GLU can be suggested as a useful supplement for improving learning and memory performance and neurochemical status of brain and in future could be effective in the treatment of neurological disorders affecting learning and memory performance.

背景与目标： 谷氨酸 (GLU) 和 γ-氨基丁酸 (GABA) 是脑功能必需氨基酸 (AA)，分别作为兴奋性和抑制性神经递质。他们的片剂可用于改善肠道功能和肌肉性能。尽管在记忆形成和处理过程中起着重要作用，但尚未研究这些片剂对大脑功能 (如学习和记忆) 的影响。因此，本研究旨在研究口服补充的GLU和GABA对学习和记忆性能的影响，并进一步监测这些口服补充的GLU和GABA对这些AA的大脑水平的相关影响。三组大鼠分别口服补充饮用水 (对照组) 或GABA和谷氨酸混悬剂，持续4周。使用行为测试 (新颖物体识别测试，莫里斯水迷宫，被动回避测试) 来确定认知能力，以测量识别，空间参考和厌恶记忆。估计大鼠海马中GLU，GABA和乙酰胆碱 (ACh) 的水平。结果表明，长期口服GLU和GABA片对大鼠脑功能有明显影响，可改变大鼠海马GLU和GABA的含量。与GABA相比，补充GLU通过增加ACh来特别增强记忆性能。因此，GLU可以被建议作为改善学习和记忆性能以及大脑神经化学状态的有用补充，并且将来可以有效地治疗影响学习和记忆性能的神经系统疾病。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: -2

背景与目标： -2

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:In healthy controls, the emotional charge of stimuli influences how well stimuli are remembered. Although patients with schizophrenia (SCZ) have deficits in memory and in emotional processing, studies on emotional memory modulation (EMM) in SCZ report contradictory results. The aim of this review was to investigate whether methodological differences could explain these contradictory results. METHOD:We reviewed the literature to investigate whether task differences could explain these differences. Due to the methodological differences, a meta-analysis was not possible. RESULTS:Fourteen studies were identified that used a total of 22 tasks to study EMM in patients with SCZ. Two-thirds of the tasks showed no differences in EMM between patients with SCZ and healthy controls. Differences in EMM were found more often when long-term compared to short-term memory was measured, when memory instructions were implicit instead of explicit and when stronger emotional stimuli were used. An overall memory deficit or the mode of retrieval was not related to EMM. CONCLUSION:Deficits in EMM in long-term compared to short-term memory point toward impaired emotional modulation of memory consolidation. Reduced EMM on implicit, but not explicit, tasks suggests a deficit in unconsciously using emotional content to modulate memory.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Germinal centers (GCs) support high-affinity, long-lived humoral immunity. How memory B cells develop in GCs is not clear. Through the use of a cell-cycle-reporting system, we identified GC-derived memory precursor cells (GC-MP cells) that had quit cycling and reached G0 phase while in the GC, exhibited memory-associated phenotypes with signs of affinity maturation and localized toward the GC border. After being transferred into adoptive hosts, GC-MP cells reconstituted a secondary response like genuine memory B cells. GC-MP cells expressed the interleukin 9 (IL-9) receptor and responded to IL-9. Acute treatment with IL-9 or antibody to IL-9 accelerated or retarded the positioning of GC-MP cells toward the GC edge and exit from the GC, and enhanced or inhibited the development of memory B cells, which required B cell-intrinsic responsiveness to IL-9. Follicular helper T cells (TFH cells) produced IL-9, and deletion of IL-9 from T cells or, more specifically, from GC TFH cells led to impaired memory formation of B cells. Therefore, the GC development of memory B cells is promoted by TFH cell-derived IL-9.

背景与目标： : 生发中心 (GCs) 支持高亲和力、长寿的体液免疫。记忆b细胞如何在GCs中发育尚不清楚。通过使用细胞周期报告系统，我们确定了GC衍生的记忆前体细胞 (gc-mp细胞)，这些细胞在GC中退出循环并达到G0期，表现出与记忆相关的表型，并具有亲和成熟的迹象，并定位于GC边界。转移到过继宿主后，gc-mp细胞像真正的记忆b细胞一样重建了次级反应。Gc-mp细胞表达白介素9 (IL-9) 受体并对IL-9产生反应。用IL-9或抗体IL-9的急性治疗加速或延迟了gc-mp细胞朝向GC边缘的定位并从GC退出，并增强或抑制了记忆b细胞的发育，这需要b细胞对IL-9的内在反应性。滤泡辅助性T细胞 (TFH细胞) 产生IL-9，T细胞或更具体地说，GC TFH细胞中IL-9的缺失导致b细胞的记忆形成受损。因此，TFH细胞衍生的IL-9促进了记忆b细胞的GC发育。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: PROBLEM:Immune tolerance with respect to a semi-allogeneic fetus plays a key role in the establishment of a pregnancy. Memory T follicular helper (Tfh) cells have a central role in the regulation of the adaptive immune response. Much of our knowledge of memory Tfh cells' function comes from immune-related diseases. However, the true physiological characteristics of memory Tfh cells and their mode of action in pregnancy remain unclear. METHODS OF STUDY:Deciduas and blood were obtained from 25 recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) patients undergoing surgical abortion and 19 normal women in early pregnancy undergoing elective termination. RSA patients were grouped into antibody-positive patients and antibody-negative patients, respectively. The memory Tfh cells with the CD4+ CXCR5+ PD1+ CCR7- and CD4+ CXCR5+ PD-1+ ICOS+ phenotypes were assessed by flow cytometry. The B cells were evaluated by flow cytometry. A correlation analysis of the subsets of memory Tfh cells and B cells in antibody-positive RSA patients was made by the Pearson test. RESULTS:Memory Tfh cells with the CD4+ CXCR5+ PD1+ CCR7- and CD4+ CXCR5+ PD-1+ ICOS+ phenotypes showed a significant increase in RSA patients compared to women with a normal pregnancy who had chosen termination. When RSA patients were grouped according positive or negative antibodies, it was surprising to find that decidual CD4+ CXCR5+ PD-1+ ICOS+ memory Tfh cells significantly increased in RSA patients with positive antibody compared to RSA patients with negative antibody. However, the percentages of CD4+ CXCR5+ PD1+ CCR7- memory Tfh cells did not change in the deciduas of the two groups. Circulating and decidual B cells significantly increased in antibody-positive RSA patients compared with antibody-negative RSA patients. Correlation analysis indicated a strong association between the decidual CD4+ CXCR5+ PD-1+ ICOS+ memory Tfh cells and B cells in antibody-positive RSA patients. CONCLUSION:These new findings provide unique insights into memory Tfh cells in mediating feto-maternal immune tolerance.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In the present study, we investigated the effects of repeated morphine pre-treatment on impairment of spatial memory acquisition induced by intra dorsal hippocampus (intra-CA1) administration of the non-selective cannabinoid CB1/CB2 receptor agonist, WIN55,212-2 in adult male rats. 2-day version of Morris water maze task has been used for the assessment of spatial memory. On the training day, rats were trained by a single training session of eight trials and 24 h later a probe trial test consist of 60s free swim period without a platform and the visible test was administered. Animals received pre-treatment subcutaneous (s.c.) injections of morphine, once daily for three days followed by five days drug-free treatment before training trials. The results indicated that bilateral pre-training intra-CA1 infusions of WIN55,212-2 (0.25 and 0.5 μg/rat) impaired acquisition of spatial memory on the training and test day. The amnesic effect of WIN55, 212-2 (0.5 μg/rat) was prevented in rats previously injected with morphine (20 mg/kg/day × 3 days, s.c.). Improvement in spatial memory acquisition in morphine-pretreated rats was inhibited by once daily administration of naloxone (1 and 2 mg/kg, s.c.) 15 min prior to injection of morphine for three days. The results suggest that sub-chronic morphine treatment may produced sensitization to cannabinoids, which in turn reversed the impairment of spatial memory acquisition induced by WIN55,212-2 and mu- opioid receptors may play an important role in this effect.

背景与目标： : 在本研究中，我们研究了重复吗啡预处理对非选择性大麻素CB1/CB2受体激动剂WIN55、212-2在成年雄性大鼠中给予背海马 (intra-CA1) 引起的空间记忆获取障碍的影响。莫里斯水迷宫任务的2天版本已用于评估空间记忆。在训练当天，对大鼠进行了八次试验的单次训练，24小时后进行了一次探针试验测试，该试验包括60s的自由游泳期，没有平台，并进行了可见测试。动物接受治疗前皮下注射吗啡，每天一次，持续三天，然后在训练试验前进行五天的无药治疗。结果表明，在训练和测试当天，双侧训练前intra-CA1输注WIN55，212-2 (0.25和0.5 μ g/大鼠) 会损害空间记忆的获取。在先前注射吗啡 (20 mg/kg/天 × 3天，s.C.) 的大鼠中预防WIN55，212-2 (0.5 μ g/大鼠) 的遗忘作用。每天服用一次纳洛酮 (1和2 mg/kg，s.C.) 可抑制吗啡预处理大鼠空间记忆的获取。注射吗啡前15分钟，持续三天。结果表明，亚慢性吗啡治疗可能会产生对大麻素的敏感性，从而逆转由WIN55，212-2和mu-阿片受体引起的空间记忆获取障碍可能在这种作用中起重要作用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Emotional memory is a rapidly acquired and persistent form of memory, and its robustness is in part determined by the initial strength of the memory. Here, we provide new evidence that the protein phosphatase calcineurin (CaN), a potent negative regulator of neuronal signaling that is known to constrain learning and memory, critically regulates the establishment of emotional memory through mechanisms involving the immediate early gene Zif268 (also known as Egr1). We found that CaN is inhibited in the amygdala during the establishment of aversive memory, but Zif268 is activated. Using inducible transgenesis in mice, we further saw that CaN inhibition and Zif268 overexpression during memory establishment strengthen the memory trace and enhance its resistance to extinction. We found that CaN inhibition correlates with increased Zif268 expression and that a common pool of proteins is regulated in the amygdala after CaN inhibition and Zif268 overexpression. Together, these findings reveal a previously unknown mechanism for the control of emotional memory that depends on CaN and Zif268.

背景与目标： : 情绪记忆是一种快速获得和持久的记忆形式，其健壮性部分取决于记忆的初始强度。在这里，我们提供了新的证据，表明蛋白磷酸酶钙调磷酸酶 (CaN) 是神经元信号传导的有效负调节剂，已知会限制学习和记忆，通过涉及立即早期基因Zif268 (也称为Egr1) 的机制严格调节情绪记忆的建立。我们发现，在建立厌恶记忆的过程中，杏仁核中的CaN被抑制，但Zif268被激活。在小鼠中使用诱导型转基因，我们进一步看到在记忆建立过程中抑制和Zif268过表达可以增强记忆痕迹并增强其对灭绝的抵抗力。我们发现CaN抑制与Zif268表达增加相关，并且在CaN抑制和Zif268过表达后，杏仁核中调节了一个共同的蛋白质库。这些发现共同揭示了一种先前未知的控制情绪记忆的机制，该机制依赖于CaN和zif268。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a non-invasive optical technique for bedside evaluation of cerebral metabolism that has clinical potential for monitoring the efficacy of pharmacological treatment. In this pilot study, we investigated the cognitive effects of methylphenidate (MP) on prefrontal function using fNIRS in healthy subjects. METHODS:Thirteen right-handed healthy subjects underwent working memory tasks (0-back and 2-back) after a single oral dose of MP (20 mg) or placebo administered in a double-blind crossover design on two different days separated by 1-3 days. We measured changes in oxyhemoglobin (oxy-Hb) and deoxyhemoglobin (deoxy-Hb) concentrations during the tasks in bilateral prefrontal regions after MP or placebo administration using two-channel fNIRS. RESULTS:There were significantly more correct responses and fewer missed responses during the 2-back task performance after MP treatment as compared with placebo. Baseline-corrected oxy-Hb was significantly decreased after MP treatment compared with the placebo in the 2-back task in the right frontal region but was not different in the 0-back task. Baseline-corrected deoxy-Hb and total-Hb concentrations were not significant between MP and placebo conditions in either of the cognitive tasks. CONCLUSIONS:These data are consistent with previous positron emission tomography findings of MP-mediated reduction in lateral prefrontal activity accompanied by improved cognitive performance.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This study investigated patients with Bipolar Disorder's abilities to generate specific past and future events in response to positive and negative cues words as well as emotional intensity related to these ones. The relationships between the number of generated specific events cognitive functioning, interpersonal problems and the ability to problem solving were investigated. Nineteen BD and nineteen healthy controls completed a French version of the AMT to evaluate the past and future events recall, in function of their valence, and emotions related. Furthermore, they completed the Optional Thinking Test, the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems and the neuropsychological measures. Compared to healthy controls, BD recollected (1) fewer specific past negative events and (2) fewer future specific positive and negative events furthermore, (3) they felt more emotional intensity related to future events. These results were explained in the light of theoretical models. Finally, specific past memories deficits in BD were linked with issues in problem solving but not with levels of distress arising from interpersonal problems. In view of AM functions in everyday life, all types of deficits should be taken into consideration, and AM remediation envisaged.

背景与目标： : 这项研究调查了双相情感障碍患者对积极和消极暗示词以及与这些暗示词相关的情绪强度产生特定过去和未来事件的能力。研究了产生的特定事件的数量之间的关系认知功能，人际关系问题和解决问题的能力。19名BD和19名健康对照者完成了法语版本的AMT，以评估过去和未来事件的回忆，根据其效价和相关的情绪。此外，他们完成了可选的思维测试，人际关系问题清单和神经心理学措施。与健康对照组相比，BD回忆起 (1) 较少的特定过去的负面事件和 (2) 较少的未来特定的正面和负面事件。此外，(3) 他们感到与未来事件相关的情感强度更高。根据理论模型解释了这些结果。最后，BD中特定的过去记忆缺陷与解决问题的问题有关，但与人际关系问题引起的困扰程度无关。鉴于日常生活中的AM功能，应考虑所有类型的缺陷，并设想AM补救。