BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE:To assess whether state-sponsored agricultural marketing programs had a positive influence on adult consumers' fruit and vegetable consumption. DESIGN:Differences in fruit and vegetable consumption between 2000 and 2005 in states that initiated marketing campaigns during this period and those that did not were examined. SUBJECTS:A representative sample (n  =  237,320) of adults aged 18 and older from states with and without marketing programs was used. The study used data from the 2000 and 2005 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. MEASURES:The number of fruit and vegetable servings per week and the percentage of respondents consuming five or more servings of fruits and vegetables per day were examined. ANALYSIS:Between-subjects analysis of variance and logistic regression. RESULTS:In the absence of a marketing campaign, there was a significant decrease in fruit and vegetable consumption between 2000 and 2005. In states with campaigns, consumption remained stable or increased. Marketing effects were stronger for women than for men. Conclusions . State-sponsored agricultural marketing programs had favorable effects on consumers' consumption of fruits and vegetables.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE:Regulatory agencies and other stakeholders increasingly rely on data collected through registries to support their decision-making. Data from registries are a cornerstone of post-marketing surveillance for monitoring the use of medicines in clinical practice. This study was aimed at gaining further insight into the European Medicines Agency's (EMA) requests for new registries and registry studies using existing registries and to review the experience gained in their conduct. METHODS:European Public Assessment Reports were consulted to identify products for which a request for a registry was made as a condition of the marketing authorisation. All centrally authorised products that received a positive opinion of the EMA Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use between 1 January 2005 and 31 December 2013 were included. Data regarding registry design and experiences were collected from EMA electronic record keeping systems. RESULTS:Of 392 products that received a positive Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use opinion during 2005-2013, 31 registries were requested for 30 products in total. Sixty-five percent were product registries whereas 35% were disease registries and 71% of the registries had a primary safety objective. Most commonly reported issues with registries were delayed time to start and low patient accrual rates. CONCLUSIONS:The delays found in getting new registries up and running support the need to improve the timeliness of data collection in the post-marketing setting. Methodological challenges met in conducting this study highlighted the need for a clarification of definitions and epidemiological concepts around patient registries. The results will inform the EMA Patient Registry initiative to support use of existing patient registries for the post-authorisation benefit-risk monitoring of medicinal products. © 2017 Commonwealth of Australia. Pharmacoepidemiology & Drug Safety © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The aim of this study was to evaluate patient-reported outcomes of Collagenase Clostridium Histolyticum (CCHi) for Peyronie's Disease. Patients treated with 2-4 cycles of CCHi between 01/2016 and 08/2018 were asked to fill out the "bother domain" of the Peyronie's Disease Questionnaire (PDQ) at scheduled appointments for injections. CCHi cycles involved two injections (0.58 mg) separated by 48-72 hr. During the study, 34 patients were treated, seven patients were excluded due to incomplete baseline values. Mean (standard deviation) PDQ bother domain baseline score was 11.1 (2.6). ANOVA demonstrated statistically significant effects of injections (p < .001) with a decrease in PDQ bother domain scores 6 weeks after the 1st cycle (9.9 [3.3], p = .013), 6 weeks after the 2nd cycle (8.2 [4.0], p = .009) and 6 weeks after the 3rd cycle (6.5 [3.6], p < .001). After 2-4 cycles of CCHi treatment, patients reported changes in penile curvature as "Worse" (0), "No Change" (2), "Little decrease" (10), Decrease (10) and "Significant decrease" (4). After completion of CCHi treatment, 82% of patients still reported that vaginal intercourse was difficult or impossible. Patients with Peyronie's Disease undergoing CCHi treatment reported statistically significant decreases in PDQ bother domain scores. However, most patients still report difficulty with intercourse after treatment.

背景与目标： : 这项研究的目的是评估患者报告的胶原酶溶组织梭状芽胞杆菌 (CCHi) 治疗佩罗尼氏病的结果。要求在01/2016至08/2018之间接受2-4个周期的CCHi治疗的患者在预定的注射预约时填写佩罗尼氏病问卷 (PDQ) 的 “困扰域”。CCHi循环涉及两次注射 (0.58 mg)，间隔48-72小时。在研究期间，34例患者接受了治疗，7例患者由于基线值不完整而被排除在外。平均 (标准差) PDQ干扰域基线评分为11.1 (2.6)。方差分析显示，在第1周期后6周 (9.9 [3.3]，p = .013)，第2周期后6周 (8.2 [4.0])，PDQ干扰域得分降低，注射具有统计学意义 (p <.001)，p = .009) 和第3周期后6周 (6.5 [3.6]，p <.001)。经过2-4个周期的CCHi治疗后，患者报告阴茎弯曲的变化为 “恶化” (0)，“无变化” (2)，“几乎减少” (10)，减少 (10) 和 “显着减少” (4)。完成CCHi治疗后，仍有82% 患者报告阴道性交困难或不可能。接受CCHi治疗的佩罗尼氏病患者报告PDQ干扰域得分在统计学上显着降低。然而，大多数患者在治疗后仍然报告性交困难。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Gambling among adolescents is a growing public health concern. To date, social marketing as a strategy to address problem gambling among youth has not been widely used. METHODS:A qualitative study through the use of focus groups was conducted to explore adolescents' exposure to existing prevention campaigns and their message content and communication strategy preferences for a youth gambling social marketing campaign. FINDINGS:Participants prefer that youth gambling ads depict real-life stories, use an emotional appeal and portray the negative consequences associated with gambling problems. They further recommend illustrating the basic facts of gambling using simple messages that raise awareness without making a judgement. Participants caution against the "don't do it" approach, suggesting it does not reflect the current youth gambling culture. CONCLUSION:This study should serve as a starting point for the development of a gambling prevention social marketing campaign. Targeting variables and campaign strategies highlighted should be considered in the early stages of development and tested along the way.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:The association between Free Sugars intake and non-communicable diseases such as obesity and dental caries is well documented and several countries are taking measures to reduce sugars intakes. Public Health England (PHE) instigated a range of approaches to reduce sugars, including a national health marketing campaign (Sugar Smart). The campaign aimed to raise awareness of the amount of sugars in foods and drinks and to encourage parents to reduce their children's intake. The aim of this study was to determine whether the campaign was effective in altering dietary behaviour, by assessing any impact of the campaign on sugars intake among children aged 5-11 years. Parental perceptions of the campaign and barriers to reducing sugars intake were also explored. METHODS:Parents of 873 children aged 5-11 years, identified from an existing PHE database, were invited to take part. Dietary information was collected online using Intake24 before, during, and at 1, 10 and 12 months following the campaign. Change in sugars intake was assessed using mixed effects linear regression models. One-to-one telephone interviews were conducted with a purposive sample of parents to explore perceptions of the campaign and identify barriers and facilitators to reducing children's sugars intake. RESULTS:Completion rates for dietary assessment ranged from 61 to 72% across the follow up time points. Qualitative telephone interviews were conducted with 20 parents. Total sugars intake decreased on average by ~ 6.2 g/day (SD 43.8) at peak campaign and the percentage of energy from total sugars significantly decreased immediately and 1 year post campaign. The percentage of energy from Free Sugars significantly decreased across all time points with the exception of the long term follow up at 12-months post campaign. The percentage of energy intake from total fat increased. Parents expressed a willingness to reduce sugars intakes, however, identified barriers including time constraints, the normalisation of sugary treats, and confusing information. CONCLUSIONS:A health marketing campaign had a positive impact in reducing sugars intake but reductions in sugars were not sustained. Parents want to reduce their child's sugars intake but societal barriers and confusion over which sources of sugars to avoid hamper efforts to change.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVES:To present the history of social marketing of modern contraceptives in Albania. METHODS:We review documentation and activity of NESMARK, an Albanian non-governmental social marketing organisation, and national data on adoption of modern contraception. RESULTS:During 15 years of awareness raising, sales of affordable products, and provider training, NESMARK has impacted the introduction and adoption of modern contraception in Albania. NESMARK is the country's main distributor of emergency contraception (EC) and complements the public sector in the distribution of condoms and oral contraceptives. NESMARK has made major efforts to overcome prevalent taboos and misinformation held by medical and nursing personnel, pharmacists and the general public, regarding the effectiveness and safety of condoms, oral contraceptives, and EC. CONCLUSIONS:NESMARK has contributed to increasing the choices for modern contraception methods in Albania by providing affordable contraceptives, training providers, and educating the general population. However, widespread use of withdrawal coupled with the belief that it is as or more effective than modern contraception, continues to limit uptake of new methods and is a significant challenge to comprehensive and sustained social marketing programmes.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :It is well known that blood pressure (BP) management reduces the incidence of cerebrovascular and cardiovascular events. However, it is unclear how many of these events occur in hypertensive patients who receive pharmacological treatment. The aim of this survey was to evaluate the occurrence rate of both types of events in patients receiving valsartan-based treatment. Of 30 366 patients treated with valsartan, 28 356 patients were observed for 2.93 years. Antihypertensive drugs other than valsartan were used in 56.8% of patients. After the administration of valsartan, the systolic and diastolic BP significantly decreased from 161.1±19.1/90.4±13.1 to 139.9±18.1/79.6±11.9 mm Hg. Cerebrovascular events were observed in 550 patients (1.94%, 9.29/1000 patient-years), and cardiac events were observed in 576 patients (2.03%, 9.73/1000 patient-years). A comparative analysis of the hazard ratios for cerebrovascular and cardiac events according to the BP level at the endpoint showed a BP-dependent reduction of risk for cerebrovascular events, and the change in risk exhibited a J-curve phenomenon in the relationship between cardiac events and systolic BP. The J-curve phenomenon was not observed in patients aged <75 years, but it was observed for the systolic BP in patients aged 75 years. Adverse drug reactions were observed in 1925 of 28 420 patients (6.77%). This post-marketing surveillance data for valsartan showed the outcomes for treated hypertensive patients in a large population in Japan who were followed for up to 3 years. These data will add important knowledge regarding the treatment of hypertension in Japan.

背景与目标： : 众所周知，血压 (BP) 管理可降低脑血管和心血管事件的发生率。然而，目前尚不清楚这些事件中有多少发生在接受药物治疗的高血压患者中。这项调查的目的是评估接受缬沙坦治疗的患者两种类型的事件的发生率。在接受缬沙坦治疗的30例   366患者中，观察了28例   356患者2.93年。56.8% 患者使用缬沙坦以外的抗高血压药物。服用缬沙坦后，收缩压和舒张压从161.1 ± 19.1/90.4 ± 13.1降至139.9 ± 18.1/79.6 ± 11.9  mm Hg。在550例患者中观察到脑血管事件 (1.94%，9.29/1000患者年)，在576例患者中观察到心脏事件 (2.03%，9.73/1000患者年)。根据终点的BP水平对脑血管事件和心脏事件的风险比进行比较分析，结果表明脑血管事件的风险降低了BP依赖性，并且风险的变化在心脏事件与收缩压之间的关系中表现出J曲线现象。在 <75岁的患者中未观察到J曲线现象，但在75岁的患者中观察到收缩压。观察28例420例 (6.77% 例) 药物不良反应1925年。缬沙坦的上市后监测数据显示了日本大量人群中接受治疗的高血压患者的结局，这些患者的随访时间长达3年。这些数据将增加有关日本高血压治疗的重要知识。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :On January 1, 2012, the law of 12 May 2011 on the reimbursement of medicines, food products of special nutritional purpose and medicinal products, intended to tighten up the reimbursement system, came into force in Poland. The new legislative act has significantly altered the previous principles of retail marketing of products subject to publicly financed reimbursement. First of all, the prices of reimbursed products have been unified through the introduction of fixed margins and prices and a ban--completely unknown until now--on using free market sales practices. These regulations are intended to lead to the abolition of price competition and its replacement with competition as to the quality of services provided by pharmacies. At the same time, entities engaged in retail marketing of medicinal products have been imposed a number of new obligations and highly repressive penalties for failure to fulfill them. The paper analyzes the legislative changes and points out the consequences, both those which can already be seen and the predictable ones. The assumed priority and criterion of evaluation of the reimbursement policy in question is its impact on the functioning of pharmacies which, according to the premises of Polish pharmaceutical law, should play the role of public health protection institutions.

背景与目标： : 2012年1月1日，旨在加强2011年5月12日报销制度的《药品，特殊营养食品和药品报销法》在波兰生效。新的立法法案大大改变了以前接受公共融资报销的产品的零售营销原则。首先，通过引入固定利润和价格以及禁止使用自由市场销售做法的禁令 (迄今为止完全未知)，已报销产品的价格已经统一。这些法规旨在废除价格竞争，并以药房提供的服务质量竞争代替竞争。同时，从事药品零售营销的实体受到了许多新的义务，并因未能履行这些义务而受到高度压制性的处罚。本文分析了立法变化，指出了已经可以看到的后果和可以预见的后果。所假定的有关报销政策的优先事项和评估标准是其对药房运作的影响，根据波兰制药法的前提，药房应发挥公共卫生保护机构的作用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The majority of the world's 1.3 billion tobacco users are men, but female use is increasing. To examine differences in tobacco use and awareness of tobacco marketing by sex, CDC and health officials in Bangladesh, Thailand, and Uruguay (among the first countries to report results) analyzed 2009 data from a newly instituted survey, the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS). This report summarizes the results of that analysis, which indicated wide variation among the three countries in tobacco use, product types used, and marketing awareness among males and females. In Bangladesh and Thailand, use of smoked tobacco products was far greater among males (44.7% and 45.6%, respectively) than females (1.5% and 3.1%, respectively). In Uruguay, the difference was smaller (30.7% versus 19.8%). Use of smokeless tobacco products in Bangladesh was approximately the same among males (26.4%) and females (27.9%), but females were significantly more likely to use smokeless tobacco in Thailand (6.3% versus 1.3%), and use in Uruguay by either sex was nearly nonexistent. Males in Bangladesh were twice as likely as females to notice cigarette advertising (68.0% versus 29.3%), but the difference between males and females was smaller in Thailand (17.4% versus 14.5%) and Uruguay (49.0% versus 40.0%). In all three countries, awareness of tobacco marketing was more prevalent among females aged 15--24 years than older women. Comprehensive bans on advertising, sponsorship, and promotion of tobacco products, recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO), can reduce per capita cigarette consumption if enforced.

背景与目标： : 世界上13亿的烟草使用者大多数是男性，但女性的使用正在增加。为了检查按性别划分的烟草使用和烟草营销意识的差异，孟加拉国，泰国和乌拉圭的疾病预防控制中心和卫生官员 (在第一批报告结果的国家中) 分析了一项新调查的2009数据，即全球成人烟草调查 (GATS)。该报告总结了该分析的结果，表明这三个国家在烟草使用，使用的产品类型以及男性和女性的营销意识方面存在很大差异。在孟加拉国和泰国，男性 (分别为44.7% 和45.6%) 的烟熏烟草产品的使用量远远高于女性 (分别为1.5% 和3.1%)。在乌拉圭，差异较小 (30.7% 与19.8%)。在孟加拉国，男性 (26.4%) 和女性 (27.9%) 对无烟烟草产品的使用大致相同，但在泰国 (6.3% 与1.3%)，女性使用无烟烟草的可能性明显更高，在乌拉圭，无论男女都几乎不存在。孟加拉国的男性注意到香烟广告的可能性是女性的两倍 (68.0% 对29.3%)，但泰国 (17.4% 对14.5%) 和乌拉圭 (49.0% 对40.0%) 的男性和女性之间的差异较小。在这三个国家，15-24岁的女性对烟草营销的认识比老年女性更普遍。世卫组织建议全面禁止广告，赞助和促销烟草产品，如果得到执行，可以减少人均卷烟消费量。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:The present study sought to identify both the ingredients for success and the potential impediments to social marketing effectiveness for healthy eating behaviour, focusing on studies conducted over the last 10 years. DESIGN:A comprehensive literature review was undertaken examining seventeen databases to identify studies reporting the use of social marketing to address healthy eating. Thirty-four empirical studies were analysed to examine the effectiveness of social marketing interventions to improve healthy eating behaviour using Andreasen's (2002) social marketing benchmark criteria. Statistical analysis was undertaken to quantitatively evaluate whether effectiveness varied between study categories (subsets). SETTING:Healthy eating empirical studies published from 2000 onwards. SUBJECTS:Empirical studies that self-identified as social marketing. RESULTS:Sixteen social marketing studies (subset 1) were identified in the review. These were systematic studies which sought to change behaviour through tailored solutions (e.g. use of marketing tools beyond communication was clearly evident) that delivered value to the target audience. For these sixteen studies, the mean number of criteria identified was five. Six studies met all six criteria. Positive change to healthy eating behaviour was found in fourteen of sixteen studies. The sixteen studies that met the definition of social marketing used significantly more of Andreasen's (2002) criteria and were more effective in achieving behavioural change than the eighteen studies in subset 2. CONCLUSIONS:Social marketing is an involved process and it is important that studies identifying as social marketing adopt social marketing benchmark criteria. Social marketing when employed to its full extent offers the potential to change healthy eating.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The levels of mycotoxins found were generally lower the more refined the maize products were. The highest levels of deoxynivalenol, nivalenol and fumonisins were found in maize bran and maize screenings. Ochratoxin A was found in a defatted germ meal sample at 50 μg/kg. Zearalenone was found randomly in samples at low levels (50 - 100 μg/kg). All other mycotoxins tested for, except in maize bran and maize screenings, were absent above the detection limits.

背景与目标： : 发现的霉菌毒素水平通常越低，玉米产品越精制。在玉米麸皮和玉米筛选中发现脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇，雪腐镰刀菌烯醇和伏马菌素含量最高。在脱脂的胚芽粉样品中发现了曲霉毒素A，含量为50 μ g/kg。在样品中以低水平 (50-100 μ g/kg) 随机发现玉米赤菌烯酮。除玉米麸皮和玉米筛选外，所有其他测试的真菌毒素均高于检测限。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Although voluntary enrollment by abusive men in domestic violence perpetrator treatment programs occurs, most men enter treatment only after they have injured a partner or family member and have been arrested, convicted and sentenced. This leaves a serious gap for those who engage in abusive behavior but who have not been served by the legal or social service systems. To address this gap, the researchers applied social marketing principles to recruit abusive men to a telephone-delivered pre-treatment intervention (the Men's Domestic Abuse Check-Up-MDACU), designed to motivate non-adjudicated and untreated abusive men who are concurrently using alcohol and drugs to enter treatment voluntarily. This article discusses recruitment efforts in reaching perpetrators of intimate partner violence, an underserved population. Informed by McGuire's communication and persuasion matrix, the researchers describe three phases of the MDACU's marketing campaign: (1) planning, (2) early implementation, and (3) revision of marketing strategies based on initial results. The researchers' "lessons learned" conclude the paper.

背景与目标： : 尽管虐待男子自愿参加家庭暴力犯罪者治疗方案，但大多数男子只有在伤害伴侣或家庭成员并被逮捕，定罪和判刑后才接受治疗。这给那些从事虐待行为但没有得到法律或社会服务系统服务的人留下了严重的差距。为了解决这一差距，研究人员应用了社会营销原则，将虐待男性招募到电话提供的治疗前干预措施 (男性的家庭虐待检查-MDACU)，旨在激励未经裁决和未经治疗的虐待男性同时使用酒精和药物自愿接受治疗。本文讨论了招募工作，以帮助亲密伴侣暴力 (服务不足的人群) 的肇事者。根据McGuire的沟通和说服矩阵，研究人员描述了MDACU营销活动的三个阶段 :( 1) 计划，(2) 早期实施，以及 (3) 根据初步结果修订营销策略。研究人员的 “经验教训” 总结了这篇论文。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The National Association of EMS Physicians (NAEMSP), the American College of Emergency Physicians (ACEP), the Air Medical Physician Association (AMPA), the Association of Air Medical Services (AAMS), and the National Association of State EMS Officials (NASEMSO) believe that patient care and outcomes are optimized by using air medical transport services that are licensed air ambulance providers with robust physician medical director oversight and ongoing quality assessment and review. Only air ambulance medical transport services with these credentials should advertise/market themselves as air ambulance services.

背景与目标： : 全国EMS医师协会 (NAEMSP)，美国急诊医师协会 (ACEP)，航空医师协会 (AMPA)，航空医疗服务协会 (AAMS)，国家EMS官员协会 (NASEMSO) 认为，通过使用航空医疗运输服务来优化患者的护理和结果，这些服务是有执照的航空救护车提供者，并具有强大的医师医疗总监监督和持续的质量评估和审查。只有具有这些证书的空中救护车医疗运输服务才能将自己宣传/推销为空中救护车服务。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: AIMS:A sustained-release formulation (SRF) of tapentadol has been marketed in Australia since February 2013. This study examined tapentadol SRF extra-medical use, attractiveness for extra-medical use, and associated harms in Australia. METHODS:This post-marketing study comprises analyses of Australian community sales data (2011-2017) for eleven pharmaceutical opioids (prescription and over-the-counter codeine disaggregated); calls to three poisons information centres (covering five of the eight jurisdictions in Australia) related to pharmaceutical opioids and coded by the centres as 'misuse' or 'abuse' (2011-2017); and interviews with people who inject drugs (n = 888) recruited as part of the Illicit Drug Reporting System (IDRS) from all Australian capital cities (2017). RESULTS:Population-level availability of tapentadol SRF increased from market launch, comprising the sixth largest market share of all opioid unit sales, and third greatest share in oral morphine equivalent milligrams sold, in December 2017. Lifetime tapentadol SRF use among the IDRS sample (n = 888) was low (1.5%; 95%CI 0.9-2.5), with few reporting past-6 month non-prescribed use or injection. Non-fatal overdose following tapentadol use was self-reported by less than 1% (95%CI 0.1-0.8). Between 2013-2017, 1.1% (n = 25) of pharmaceutical opioid 'misuse/abuse' calls were related to tapentadol, and predominantly the SRF. CONCLUSIONS:Increasing utilisation of tapentadol sustained-release formulation was observed, along with indications of extra-medical use and harms associated with use, although on a smaller scale relative to other opioids. These findings need to be interpreted in the context of the low level of exposure to tapentadol sustained-release formulation among the sentinel population of people who inject drugs.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To evaluate information contained within Internet sites that advertise and market dietary supplements containing ephedra. MATERIAL AND METHODS:We conducted an Internet search to identify Web sites advertising weight-loss supplements that contained ephedra. Between July 7 and July 18, 2002, 4 search engines were used by entering the term herbal weight loss. Outcome measures included disclosure of potential adverse effects of or contraindications to ephedra-containing supplements, disclosure of ephedra alkaloid dosage, and presence of misleading or incorrect information. RESULTS:Thirty-two products and advertisements were identified and systematically evaluated for deviance from truth-in-advertising standards. Of the 32 Web sites analyzed, 13 (41%) failed to disclose potential adverse effects or contraindications to supplement use. Seventeen (53%) did not reveal the dosage of ephedra alkaloids that was recommended. More importantly, 11 sites (34%) contained incorrect or misleading statements, some of which could directly result in serious harm to consumers. CONCLUSION:If dietary supplements containing ephedra are to continue to be marketed freely, substantial reform in advertising regulation and enforcement is warranted.

背景与目标：