BACKGROUND & AIMS: The present study was conducted to clarify the mechanism of toxicity of organic compounds using lipid model membranes (liposomes and planar lipid membranes). The compounds studied were trialkyltin and trialkyllead chlorides, dialkyltin dichlorides and some inorganic forms of those metals. Two different (anionic and cationic) detergents were also used in the experiments to change the surface properties of liposomes. As a measure of interaction between the compounds studied and model membranes were the release of liposome bound praseodymium and the change in stability of planar membranes under the influence of those compounds. On the basis of the results obtained it was postulated that the mechanism of interaction between tin- and leadorganics and model lipid membranes is a combination of different factors featuring interacting sides. The most important properties determining the behaviour of organic compounds in the interaction were lipophilicity and polarity of different parts of the organics and the steric arrangement they can take in the medium. On the other hand, the surface potential of the lipid bilayer and the environment of the lipid molecules, that play a significant role in the availability of the lipid bilayer to the organics, were important factors in the interaction.

背景与目标： 进行本研究以阐明使用脂质模型膜（脂质体和平面脂质膜）的有机化合物的毒性机理。所研究的化合物为三烷基锡和三烷基氯化铅，二烷基二氯化锡和这些金属的某些无机形式。实验中还使用了两种不同的（阴离子和阳离子）去污剂来改变脂质体的表面性质。脂质体结合的ody的释放以及在这些化合物的影响下平面膜稳定性的变化是衡量所研究化合物与模型膜之间相互作用的一种量度。根据获得的结果，假设锡和铅有机物与模型脂质膜之间的相互作用机理是具有相互作用侧的不同因素的组合。决定有机化合物在相互作用中的行为的最重要特性是亲脂性和有机物不同部分的极性以及它们在介质中可采取的空间排列。另一方面，脂质双层的表面电势和脂质分子的环境在脂质双层对有机物的利用中起着重要作用，是相互作用的重要因素。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :To determine the efficacy and safety of adding ezetimibe to maximally tolerated lipid lowering therapy in patients with HIV dyslipidemia. Retrospective analysis of lipid parameters was conducted for 33 patients with HIV who had been prescribed ezetimibe 10 mg per day. Mean total cholesterol was reduced 21% (p < 0.001). Mean LDL was reduced 35% (p < 0.001). Mean HDL increased 8% (p = 0.038). Mean triglyceride was reduced 34% (p = 0.006). Mean Apolipoprotein B100 was reduced 33% (p = 0.043). No adverse events occurred. Ezetimibe appears safe and effective in patients with HIV when added to maximally tolerated doses of lipid lowering therapy.

背景与目标： ：为了确定在HIV血脂异常患者中最大耐受性降脂治疗中添加依折麦布的疗效和安全性。回顾性分析了33名HIV病人，这些病人每天服用处方依泽替米贝10 mg。平均总胆固醇降低了21％（p <0.001）。平均LDL降低了35％（p <0.001）。平均HDL增加8％（p = 0.038）。平均甘油三酸酯减少了34％（p = 0.006）。平均载脂蛋白B100降低了33％（p = 0.043）。没有发生不良事件。当加入最大耐受剂量的降脂治疗时，依泽替米贝在HIV患者中似乎是安全有效的。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Lethal ventricular tachyarrhythmia (LVTA) is the most prevalent electrophysiological underpinning of sudden cardiac death (SCD), a condition that occurs in response to multiple pathophysiological abnormalities. The aim of this study was to identify common lipid features of LVTA that were induced by distinct pathophysiological conditions, thereby facilitating the discovery of novel SCD therapeutic targets. Two rat LVTA-SCD models were established to mimic myocardial infarction (MI) and myocardial ion channel diseases. Myocardial and serum specimens were analyzed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS)-based lipidomics. The lipid profiles of the myocardial and serum specimens were similar between the models. Eleven myocardial lipid classes were altered, including downregulations of: cardiolipin, ceramide, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylethanolamine, triacylglycerol, diacylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, lysophosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine, and upregulations of: lysophosphatidylcholine and phosphatidic acid. Serum concentrations of triacylglycerol, lysophosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylinositol were also altered. Alterations of lipids in paired myocardia and sera were closely correlated. Cardiolipin 70:5, cardiolipin 74:9 and ceramide d34:2 were tested as potential biomarkers of LVTA. The results indicate that there are common LVTA lipid profiles induced by MI and myocardial ion channel diseases, potentially offering novel LVTA-SCD therapeutic targets.

背景与目标： ：致命性室性心律失常（LVTA）是心脏猝死（SCD）的最普遍的电生理基础，这种情况是由于多种病理生理异常而引起的。这项研究的目的是确定由不同的病理生理条件诱导的LVTA的常见脂质特征，从而促进新的SCD治疗靶标的发现。建立了两种大鼠LVTA-SCD模型来模拟心肌梗塞（MI）和心肌离子通道疾病。使用基于超高效液相色谱-质谱（UPLC-MS）的脂质组学分析心肌和血清标本。在两个模型之间，心肌和血清标本的脂质谱相似。改变了11种心肌脂质的类别，包括下调：心磷脂，神经酰胺，磷脂酰肌醇，磷脂酰乙醇胺，三酰基甘油，二酰基甘油，磷脂酰甘油，溶血磷脂酰乙醇胺和磷脂酰丝氨酸，以及溶血磷脂酰磷酸的上调。血清三酰甘油，溶血磷脂酰胆碱，磷脂酰乙醇胺和磷脂酰肌醇的浓度也发生了改变。配对的心肌和血清中脂质的变化密切相关。心磷脂70：5，心磷脂74：9和神经酰胺d34：2被测试为LVTA的潜在生物标志物。结果表明存在由MI和心肌离子通道疾病引起的常见LVTA脂质谱，可能提供新的LVTA-SCD治疗靶标。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Among currently identified issues presenting risks and benefits to human and ocean health, engineered nanoparticles (ENP) represent a priority. Predictions of their economic and social impact appear extraordinary, but their release in the environment at an uncontrollable rate is in striking contrast with the extremely limited number of studies on environmental impact, especially on the marine environment. The sea urchin has a remarkable sensing environmental system whose function and diversity came into focus during the recent years, after sea urchin genome sequencing. The complex immune system may be the basis wherefore sea urchins can adapt to a dynamic environment and survive even in hazardous conditions both in the adult and in the embryonic life. This review is aimed at discussing the literature in nanotoxicological/ecotoxicological studies with a focus on stress and innate immune signaling in sea urchins. In addition, here we introduce our current development of in vitro-driven probes that could be used to dissect ENP aftermaths, suggesting their future use in immune-nanotoxicology.

背景与目标： ：在目前发现的对人类和海洋健康构成风险和益处的问题中，工程纳米颗粒（ENP）成为重中之重。对它们的经济和社会影响的预测似乎非同寻常，但它们以不可控制的速度释放到环境中，与对环境影响，特别是对海洋环境的研究数量极为有限形成鲜明对比。在海胆基因组测序之后，海胆具有卓越的传感环境系统，近年来其功能和多样性成为人们关注的焦点。复杂的免疫系统可能是海胆能够适应动态环境并在成年和胚胎生命中甚至在危险条件下生存的基础。这篇综述旨在讨论纳米毒理学/生态毒理学研究中的文献，重点是海胆中的压力和先天性免疫信号传导。此外，在这里，我们介绍了体外驱动探针的最新进展，该探针可用于剖析ENP后果，表明它们在免疫纳米毒理学中的未来用途。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology has been widely used for pathologic assessment of breast lesions. However, the examination suffers a risk of false-negative results owing to insufficient sample volumes, inaccurate sampling positions, nondefinitive cytologic features, or suboptimal cell preservation. One approach to improve its accuracy is using modern mass spectrometry to detect disease biomarkers, of which the tissue samples are collected through FNA. METHODS:The biological compounds in the FNA tissue samples were extracted and characterized by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight/mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/MS). The results were further analyzed by principal component analysis. Distribution of lipid biomarkers on tissues was explored by imaging mass spectrometry. RESULTS:Lipid profiles of the tissue samples collected by FNA were rapidly obtained through MALDI-TOF/MS analysis. Phosphatidylcholines and triacylglycerols were detected as the predominant compounds in cancerous and normal regions, respectively. The samples were clearly classified by principal component analysis, based on the differences in their lipid profiles. Different lipid patterns were clearly viewed through the molecular imaging of normal and tumorous regions of breast tissue samples. CONCLUSION:The FNA-MALDI-TOF/MS approach can provide complementary information for pathological examinations and improve the accuracy of breast cancer diagnoses. Owing to the ease of operation and automation, it is possible to efficiently screen the lipid biomarkers in a large number of tissue samples by means of MALDI-TOF/MS.

背景与目标： 背景：细针穿刺（FNA）细胞学检查已被广泛用于乳腺病变的病理评估。但是，由于样品量不足，采样位置不正确，细胞学特征不确定或细胞保存效果欠佳，检查可能会出现假阴性结果。一种提高其准确性的方法是使用现代质谱检测疾病生物标志物，其中的组织样本是通过FNA收集的。
方法：通过基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间/质谱（MALDI-TOF / MS）提取FNA组织样品中的生物化合物并进行表征。通过主成分分析进一步分析结果。通过成像质谱研究脂质生物标志物在组织上的分布。
结果：通过MALDI-TOF / MS分析快速获得了由FNA收集的组织样品的脂质概况。磷脂酰胆碱和三酰基甘油分别作为癌性和正常区域中的主要化合物被检测到。根据样品的脂质谱差异，通过主成分分析将样品明确分类。通过对乳腺组织样本的正常和肿瘤区域进行分子成像，可以清楚地观察到不同的脂质模式。
结论：FNA-MALDI-TOF / MS方法可为病理检查提供补充信息，并提高乳腺癌诊断的准确性。由于操作和自动化的简便性，可以通过MALDI-TOF / MS有效地筛查大量组织样品中的脂质生物标志物。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :To maximize the biomass and lipid production for applications in food or biofuel feedstock, nine stress conditions were tested considering N and/or P limitations, light intensity & quality, for Haematococcus pluvialis SCCAP K-0084 cultivation. Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), warm white light emitting diode (WWLED), and white light emitting diode (WLED) at illumination of 240 μmol photons m(-2) sec(-1) were the best stress-regulatory factors. PAR without P & low N conditions yielded high biomass with 33% lipids containing increased C16:0 and C18:0 saturated fatty acids, and reduced unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) (oleic, linoleic, and α/γ-linolenic). WWLED and WLED without P conditions also yielded high biomass, but 25% lipids with increased amounts of UFAs. Red light emitting diode (RLED) without P & low N conditions yielded 46% lipids with lowest biomass. PAR and WWLED & WLED illuminated conditions were found suitable respectively for biodiesel feedstock lipids and UFA-rich lipids for multiple applications.

背景与目标： ：为了使生物质和脂质的生产最大化以用于食品或生物燃料原料，测试了九种胁迫条件，考虑了氮和/或磷的限制，光强度和质量，适用于雨生红球菌SCCAP K-0084的培养。在240μmol光子m（-2）sec（-1）的光照下，光合有效辐射（PAR），暖白光发光二极管（WWLED）和白光发光二极管（WLED）是最佳的应力调节因子。没有P和低N条件的PAR产生了高生物量，其中33％的脂质包含增加的C16：0和C18：0饱和脂肪酸，以及减少的不饱和脂肪酸（UFAs）（油酸，亚油酸和α/γ-亚麻酸）。没有P条件的WWLED和WLED也产生高生物量，但是25％的脂质具有增加的UFA含量。没有P和低N条件的红色发光二极管（RLED）产生了46％的脂质，具有最低的生物量。发现PAR和WWLED和WLED照明的条件分别适合于生物柴油原料脂质和富含UFA的脂质的多种应用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Increased fatty acid synthesis is required to meet the demand for membrane expansion of rapidly growing cells. ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY) is upregulated or activated in several types of cancer, and inhibition of ACLY arrests proliferation of cancer cells. Here we show that ACLY is acetylated at lysine residues 540, 546, and 554 (3K). Acetylation at these three lysine residues is stimulated by P300/calcium-binding protein (CBP)-associated factor (PCAF) acetyltransferase under high glucose and increases ACLY stability by blocking its ubiquitylation and degradation. Conversely, the protein deacetylase sirtuin 2 (SIRT2) deacetylates and destabilizes ACLY. Substitution of 3K abolishes ACLY ubiquitylation and promotes de novo lipid synthesis, cell proliferation, and tumor growth. Importantly, 3K acetylation of ACLY is increased in human lung cancers. Our study reveals a crosstalk between acetylation and ubiquitylation by competing for the same lysine residues in the regulation of fatty acid synthesis and cell growth in response to glucose.

背景与目标： ：需要增加脂肪酸的合成才能满足快速生长的细胞膜扩张的需求。 ATP柠檬酸裂合酶（ACLY）在几种类型的癌症中被上调或激活，对ACLY的抑制会阻止癌细胞的增殖。在这里，我们显示ACLY在赖氨酸残基540、546和554（3K）处被乙酰化。在高葡萄糖下，这三个赖氨酸残基的乙酰化受到P300 /钙结合蛋白（CBP）相关因子（PCAF）乙酰转移酶的刺激，并通过阻止其泛素化和降解来提高ACLY的稳定性。相反，蛋白质脱乙酰基酶Sirtuin 2（SIRT2）会脱乙酰基并使ACLY不稳定。 3K取代消除了ACLY泛素化并促进了从头脂质合成，细胞增殖和肿瘤生长。重要的是，人类肺癌中ACLY的3K乙酰化增加。我们的研究揭示了乙酰化和泛素化之间的串扰，它们通过竞争相同的赖氨酸残基来调节脂肪酸合成和响应葡萄糖的细胞生长。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Annihilation of electrons-holes recombination process is the main remedy to enhance the photocatalytic activity of the semiconductors photocatalysts. Doping of this class of photocatalysts by foreign nanoparticles is usually utilized to create high Schottky barrier that facilitates electron capture. In the literature, because nonpolar nanoparticles (usually pristine metals, e.g., Ag, Pt, Au, etc.) were utilized in the doping process, the corresponding improvement was relatively low. In this study, CdSO4-doped TiO2 nanoparticles are introduced as a powerful and reusable photocatalyst for the photocatalytic degradation of methomyl pesticide in concentrated aqueous solutions. The utilized CdSO4 nanoparticles form polar grains in the TiO2 matrix due to the electrons leaving characteristic of the sulfate anion. The introduced nanoparticles could successfully eliminate the harmful pesticide under the sunlight radiation within a very short time (less than 1 h), with a removal capacity reaching 1,000 mg pesticide per gram of the introduced photocatalyst. Moreover, increase in the initial concentration of the methomyl did not affect the photocatalytic performance; typically 300, 500, 1,000, and 2,000 mg/l solutions were completely treated within 30, 30, 40, and 60 min, respectively, using 100 mg catalyst. Interestingly, the photocatalytic efficiency was not affected upon multiple use of the photocatalyst. Moreover, negative activation energy was obtained which reveals super activity of the introduced photocatalyst. The distinct photocatalytic activity indicates the complete annihilation of the electrons-holes recombination process and abundant existence of electrons on the catalyst surfaces due to strong electrons capturing the operation of the utilized polar CdSO4 nanoparticles. The introduced photocatalyst has been prepared using the sol-gel technique. Overall, the simplicity of the synthesizing procedure and the obtained featured photocatalytic activity strongly recommend the introduced nanoparticles to treat the methomyl-containing polluted water.

背景与目标： 电子-空穴复合过程的Ann灭是增强半导体光催化剂光催化活性的主要手段。通常利用外来纳米颗粒对这类光催化剂进行掺杂，以产生促进电子捕获的高肖特基势垒。在文献中，由于在掺杂过程中利用了非极性纳米颗粒（通常是原始金属，例如Ag，Pt，Au等），因此相应的改进相对较低。在这项研究中，CdSO4掺杂的TiO2纳米颗粒被引入作为一种强大且可重复使用的光催化剂，用于在浓水溶液中光催化降解灭多明农药。由于电子留下了硫酸根阴离子的特性，因此所利用的CdSO4纳米颗粒在TiO2基体中形成了极性晶粒。引入的纳米粒子可以在非常短的时间内（不到1小时）成功地在阳光辐射下成功清除有害农药，其去除能力达到每克引入的光催化剂1000毫克农药。此外，甲基苯丙胺的初始浓度的增加不会影响光催化性能。通常使用100 mg催化剂分别在30、30、40和60分钟内分别处理300、500、1,000和2,000 mg / l溶液。有趣的是，光催化剂的效率不受光催化剂多次使用的影响。此外，获得了负的活化能，其揭示了所引入的光催化剂的超活性。独特的光催化活性表明电子-空穴复合过程完全消失，并且由于强电子捕获了所利用的极性CdSO4纳米颗粒的操作，电子在催化剂表面上大量存在。引入的光催化剂已经使用溶胶-凝胶技术制备。总体而言，合成过程的简便性和所获得的特征性光催化活性强烈推荐引入的纳米颗粒用于处理含甲met的污水。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Nanomedicine formulations such as biodegradable nanoparticles (nps) and liposomes offer several advantages over traditional routes of administration: due to their small size, nanocarriers are able to selectively accumulate inside tumours or inflammatory tissues, resulting in improved drug efficacy and reduced side effects. To further augment targeting ability of nanoparticles towards tumour cells, specific ligands or antibodies that selectively recognise biomarkers over-expressed on cancer cells, can be attached to the surface either by chemical bond or by hydrophilic/hydrophobic interactions. In the present work, Herceptin (HER), a monoclonal antibody (mAb) able to selectively recognise HER-2 over-expressing tumour cells (such as breast and ovarian cancer cells), was absorbed on the surface of nanoparticles through hydrophilic/hydrophobic interactions. Nps were prepared by a modified single emulsion solvent evaporation method with five different polymers: three commercial polyesters (poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL), poly (D,L-lactide) (PLA) and poly (D,L-lactide-co-.glycolide) (PLGA)) and two novel biodegradable polyesterurethanes (PURs) based on Poly(ε-caprolactone) blocks, synthesised with different chain extenders (1,4-cyclohexane dimethanol (CDM) and N-Boc-serinol). Polyurethanes were introduced as matrix-forming materials for nanoparticles due to their high chemical versatility, which allows tailoring of the materials final properties by properly selecting the reagents. All nps exhibited a small size and negative surface charge, suitable for surface functionalisation with mAb through hydrophilic/hydrophobic interactions. The extent of cellular internalisation was tested on two different cell lines: MCF-7 and SK-BR-3 breast cancer cells showing a normal and a high expression of the HER-2 receptor, respectively. Paclitaxel, a model anti-neoplastic drug, was encapsulated inside all nps, and release profiles and cytotoxicity on SK-BR-3 cells were also assessed. Interestingly, PUR nps were superior to commercial polyester-based nps in terms of higher cellular internalisation and cytotoxic activity on the tested cell lines. Results obtained warrants further investigation on the application of these PUR nps for controlled drug delivery and targeting.

背景与目标： 纳米生物制剂，例如可生物降解的纳米颗粒（nps）和脂质体，与传统的给药途径相比具有许多优势：由于纳米载体的体积小，它们能够选择性地积聚在肿瘤或炎性组织内部，从而提高了药效并降低了副作用。为了进一步增强纳米颗粒对肿瘤细胞的靶向能力，可以通过化学键或通过亲水/疏水相互作用将选择性识别在癌细胞上过度表达的生物标志物的特异性配体或抗体附着于表面。在本研究中，赫赛汀（HER）是一种能够选择性识别过度表达HER-2的肿瘤细胞（如乳腺癌和卵巢癌细胞）的单克隆抗体（mAb），通过亲水/疏水相互作用被吸收在纳米颗粒表面。通过改良的单乳液溶剂蒸发法用五种不同的聚合物制备Nps：五种不同的聚合物：三种市售聚酯（聚（ε-己内酯）（PCL），聚（D，L-丙交酯）（PLA）和聚（D，L-丙交酯-乙交酯（PLGA））和两种基于聚（ε-己内酯）嵌段的新型可生物降解聚酯聚氨酯（PUR），它们是用不同的扩链剂（1,4-环己烷二甲醇（CDM）和N-Boc-丝氨醇）合成的。聚氨酯被引入作为用于纳米颗粒的基质形成材料由于它们的高的化学的通用性，这允许通过适当地选择所用试剂剪裁材料最终特性。所有nps均显示出较小的尺寸和负表面电荷，适用于通过亲水/疏水相互作用与mAb进行表面官能化。在两种不同的细胞系上测试了细胞内在化的程度：MCF-7和SK-BR-3乳腺癌细胞分别显示出HER-2受体的正常表达和高表达。紫杉醇是一种抗肿瘤药物，被封装在所有nps内，并评估了其在SK-BR-3细胞上的释放特性和细胞毒性。有趣的是，在更高的细胞内在化和对测试细胞系的细胞毒活性方面，PUR nps优于市售的基于聚酯的nps。获得的结果值得进一步研究这些PUR nps在控制药物递送和靶向中的应用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Endocannabinoids regulate energy balance by modulating hypothalamic circuits controlling food intake and energy expenditure. However, convincing evidence has accumulated indicating that the endocannabinoid system is present also in peripheral tissues, in particular in adipose tissue. Fat cells produce (and are targets of) endocannabinoids. Adipogenesis, lipogenesis and glucose uptake are stimulated by endocannabinoids through CB(1) receptors and these effects are blocked by the CB(1) receptor antagonist rimonabant, suggesting that the weight-lowering effect of CB(1) receptor blockade is partly due to peripheral mechanisms. This review will focus on the role of endocannabinoids in adipose tissue metabolism, adipokine production and interactions between endocannabinoids and peroxisome proliferator activated receptors during adipogenesis.

背景与目标： ：内源性大麻素通过调节下丘脑回路控制食物的摄入和能量消耗来调节能量平衡。然而，令人信服的证据已经积累，表明内源性大麻素系统也存在于外周组织中，特别是在脂肪组织中。脂肪细胞产生内源性大麻素（并且是内源性大麻素的靶标）。内源性大麻素通过CB（1）受体刺激脂肪生成，脂肪生成和葡萄糖摄取，并且这些作用被CB（1）受体拮抗剂利莫那班阻滞，这表明CB（1）受体阻滞剂的减肥作用部分是由于外周机制。这项审查将侧重于脂肪生成过程中内源性大麻素在脂肪组织代谢，脂肪因子的产生以及内源性大麻素与过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体之间的相互作用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :With the increasing use of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs), their entrance into aquatic ecosystems is inevitable. Thus, the present study simulated the potential fate, toxicity, and bioaccumulation of Ag-NPs released into aquatic systems with different salinities. The Ag-NPs were characterized using inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), and UV-vis spectroscopy. Juvenile rainbow trout were exposed to Ag-NPs in three different salinity concentrations, including low (0.4 ppt), moderate (6 ± 0.3 ppt), and high (12 ± 0.2 ppt) salinity, for 14 days in static renewal systems. The nominal Ag-NP concentrations in the low salinity were 0.032, 0.1, 0.32, and 1 ppm, while the Ag-NP concentrations in the moderate and high salinity were 3.2, 10, 32, and 100 ppm. UV-vis spectroscopy was used during 48 h (re-dosing time) to evaluate the stability and possible changes in size of the Ag-NPs in the water. The results revealed that the λmax of the Ag-NPs remained stable (415-420 nm) at all concentrations in the low salinity with a reduction of absorbance between 380 and 550 nm. In contrast, the λmax quickly shifted to a longer wavelength and reduced absorbance in the moderate and higher salinity. The bioaccumulation of Ag in the studied tissues was concentration-dependent in all the salinities based on the following order: liver>kidneys≈gills>white muscles. All the tissue silver levels were significantly higher in the high salinity than in the moderate salinity. In addition, all the fish exposed to Ag-NPs in the low, moderate, and high salinity showed a concentration-dependent increase in their hepatosomatic index (HSI). In conclusion, most Ag-NPs that enter into freshwater ecosystems (low ionic strength) remain suspended, representing a potentially negative threat to the biota in an ionic or nanoscale form. However, in a higher salinity, nanoparticles agglomerate and precipitate on the surface of the sediment.

背景与目标： 随着银纳米颗粒（Ag-NPs）的日益使用，它们不可避免地进入水生生态系统。因此，本研究模拟了被释放到具有不同盐度的水生系统中的Ag-NPs的潜在命运，毒性和生物蓄积性。使用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱（ICP-AES），动态光散射（DLS），透射电子显微镜（TEM），能量色散X射线分析（EDX）和紫外可见光谱对Ag-NP进行表征。在静态更新系统中，将幼虹鳟暴露于三种不同盐度浓度的Ag-NP中，包括低盐度（0.4 ppt），中度盐度（6±0.3 ppt）和高盐度（12±0.2 ppt），持续14天。低盐度的标称Ag-NP浓度为0.032、0.1、0.32和1 ppm，而中盐度和高盐度的Ag-NP浓度为3.2、10、32和100 ppm。在48小时（重新加药时间）中使用了紫外可见光谱法来评估水中Ag-NP的稳定性和大小可能发生的变化。结果表明，在低盐度下，所有浓度的Ag-NPs的λmax都保持稳定（415-420 nm），并且在380 nm至550 nm之间的吸光度降低。相反，在中度和较高盐度下，λmax迅速移至更长的波长并降低了吸光度。在所有盐度中，Ag在生物组织中的生物累积量均取决于浓度，其顺序为：肝脏>肾脏≈g>白肌肉。高盐度下的所有组织银含量均显着高于中盐度。此外，所有在低盐度，中度盐度和高盐度条件下暴露于Ag-NPs的鱼的肝体指数（HSI）均呈浓度依赖性增加。总之，大多数进入淡水生态系统（低离子强度）的Ag-NP都保持悬浮状态，以离子或纳米级形式对生物群构成潜在的负面威胁。然而，在更高的盐度下，纳米颗粒附聚并沉淀在沉积物的表面上。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :As a homing peptide, A54 is the most effective peptide specific to the human hepatocellular carcinoma cell. Homing peptide labeled with green fluorescent protein (A54-GFP) was successfully immobilized on the surfaces of magnetic nanoparticles and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy as well as fluorescence microscopy. The binding efficiency was analyzed by performing adsorption equilibrium and SDS-PAGE electrophoresis. Specific binding of the nanoparticles functionalized with A54-GFP to human hepatocellular carcinoma cells in vitro was visualized using fluorescence microscopy. The results demonstrated the specificity of A54-GFP-coated magnetic nanoparticle to tumor cell, pointing to its great potential in magnetic cell separation and purification, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), magnetic hyperthermia, and drug targeting.

背景与目标： ：作为归巢肽，A54是人类肝癌细胞特异的最有效肽。成功地将标记有绿色荧光蛋白（A54-GFP）的归巢肽固定在磁性纳米颗粒的表面，并通过傅里叶变换红外光谱和荧光显微镜对其进行了表征。通过进行吸附平衡和SDS-PAGE电泳来分析结合效率。使用荧光显微镜观察到在体外用A54-GFP功能化的纳米颗粒与人肝癌细胞的特异性结合。结果证明了涂有A54-GFP的磁性纳米粒子对肿瘤细胞的特异性，指出了其在磁性细胞分离和纯化，磁共振成像（MRI），磁性热疗和药物靶向方面的巨大潜力。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Cellulose from Musa balbisiana was purified. A part of it was dispersed in distilled water using ultrasonication. The silver nanoparticles (SNP) were synthesized in the colloidal cellulose solution and stability of the nanoparticles was tested using UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Further characterization of the composite was done using spectral analysis by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) to reveal any bond formation between silver nanoparticles with M. balbisiana cellulose. Here we found that cellulose/silver nanoparticle colloid is stable for 29 days and there is no chemical interaction of cellulose with silver nanoparticles.

背景与目标： ：纯化了来自Musa balbisiana的纤维素。使用超声波将其一部分分散在蒸馏水中。在胶态纤维素溶液中合成了银纳米颗粒（SNP），并使用UV-Vis分光光度计测试了纳米颗粒的稳定性。使用傅立叶变换红外光谱法（FTIR）进行光谱分析，对复合材料进行了进一步的表征，以揭示银纳米粒子与巴尔比西亚分支杆菌纤维素之间的任何键形成。在这里，我们发现纤维素/银纳米颗粒胶体稳定了29天，并且纤维素与银纳米颗粒之间没有化学相互作用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Biomembranes are thin capacitors with the unique feature of displaying phase transitions in a physiologically relevant regime. We investigate the voltage and lateral pressure dependence of their capacitance close to their chain melting transition. Because the gel and the fluid membrane have different area and thickness, the capacitance of the two membrane phases is different. In the presence of external fields, charges exert forces that can influence the state of the membrane, thereby influencing the transition temperature. This phenomenon is called "electrostriction". We show that this effect allows us to introduce a capacitive susceptibility that assumes a maximum in the melting transition with an associated excess charge. As a consequence, voltage regimes exist in which a small change in voltage can lead to a large uptake of charge and a large capacitive current. Furthermore, we consider electromechanical behavior such as pressure-induced changes in capacitance, and the application of such concepts in biology.

背景与目标： ：生物膜是薄电容器，具有在生理相关状态下显示相变的独特功能。我们研究了其电容接近链熔化转变时电压和侧向压力的依赖性。因为凝胶和流体膜具有不同的面积和厚度，所以两个膜相的电容是不同的。在存在外部电场的情况下，电荷施加的力会影响膜的状态，从而影响转变温度。这种现象称为“电致伸缩”。我们表明，这种效应使我们能够引入电容性磁化率，该电容性化率在熔化过渡过程中假设为最大，并带有相关的过量电荷。结果，存在电压状态，其中电压的小变化可以导致大量的电荷吸收和大的电容性电流。此外，我们考虑了机电行为，例如压力引起的电容变化，以及此类概念在生物学中的应用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Nanomaterials hold great promise in the manipulation and treatments of mesenchymal stem cells, since they allow the modulation of their properties and differentiation. However, systematic studies have to be carried out in order to assess their potential toxicological effects. The present study reports on biocompatibility evaluation of glycol-chitosan coated barium titanate nanoparticles (BTNPs) on rat mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). BTNPs are a class of ceramic systems which possess interesting features for biological applications thanks to their peculiar dielectric and piezoelectric properties. Viability was evaluated up to 5 days of incubation (concentrations in the range 0-100 μg/ml) both quantitatively and qualitatively with specific assays. Interactions cells/nanoparticles were further investigated with analysis of the cytoskeleton conformation, with SEM and TEM imaging, and with AFM analysis. Finally, differentiation in adipocytes and osteocytes was achieved in the presence of high doses of BTNPs, thus highlighting the safety of these nanostructures towards mesenchymal stem cells.

背景与目标： ：纳米材料在间充质干细胞的操作和治疗中具有广阔的前景，因为它们可以调节其特性和分化。但是，必须进行系统研究以评估其潜在的毒理作用。本研究报告了乙二醇-壳聚糖包被的钛酸钡纳米粒子（BTNPs）在大鼠间充质干细胞（MSCs）上的生物相容性评估。 BTNPs是一类陶瓷系统，由于其独特的介电和压电特性，它们在生物学应用中具有有趣的功能。使用特定的测定法定量和定性评估孵育5天（浓度在0-100μg/ ml范围内）的生存力。相互作用细胞/纳米颗粒的进一步研究包括细胞骨架构象分析，SEM和TEM成像以及AFM分析。最后，在高剂量的BTNPs的存在下，脂肪细胞和骨细胞的分化得以实现，从而突显了这些纳米结构对间充质干细胞的安全性。