BACKGROUND & AIMS: INTRODUCTION:Apoptosis (programmed cell death) is the best described mode of physiological cell death. During embryonal development and morphogenesis, apoptosis may be induced by two pathways. The first is external protein signal originating from other cell--also named as "death signal". Another one is specific cell reaction for external stress factors. Blood concentration of proteins regulating both pathways of apoptosis may be useful in early diagnosis and staging of thyroid tumors. The aim of study was evaluation of p53 and sFasL blood concentration in patients with benign follicular adenoma and follicular thyroid cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS:The study population was composed of 28 patients: 14 with thyroid carcinoma and 14 patients with follicular neoplasm (NF). All patients underwent surgical treatment. P53 and sFasL levels were evaluated before surgery and related to the histopathological diagnosis obtained post-surgery. RESULTS:The analysis revealed high sFasL blood concentration in patients with follicular thyroid cancer in comparison with the group with follicular adenoma. There was no statistically significant difference between levels of p53 in both groups. CONCLUSIONS:Evaluation of sFasL serum level concentration may be useful in preoperative diagnosis of follicular thyroid tumors.

背景与目标： 简介：细胞凋亡（程序性细胞死亡）是描述性的生理性细胞死亡方式。在胚胎发育和形态发生过程中，可能通过两种途径诱导细胞凋亡。第一个是源自其他细胞的外部蛋白质信号-也称为“死亡信号”。另一个是针对外部应激因素的特异性细胞反应。调节细胞凋亡的两种途径的蛋白质的血药浓度可能对甲状腺肿瘤的早期诊断和分期有用。研究的目的是评估良性滤泡性腺瘤和滤泡性甲状腺癌患者的p53和sFasL血药浓度。
材料与方法：研究人群由28例患者组成：14例甲状腺癌和14例滤泡性肿瘤（NF）。所有患者均接受手术治疗。在手术前评估P53和sFasL水平，并与手术后获得的组织病理学诊断有关。
结果：分析显示，与滤泡性腺瘤相比，滤泡性甲状腺癌患者的sFasL血药浓度较高。两组中p53水平之间无统计学差异。
结论：血清sFasL水平的评估可能对甲状腺滤泡性肿瘤的术前诊断有帮助。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:The goal of this study was to develop an improved (62)Zn/(62)Cu generator based on cation exchange resin and remote preparation at high radioactivity scale for clinical use. METHODS:A natural Cu target was irradiated with proton beam in the energy range of 30-->19 MeV at a beam current of 10 muA for 1 h to obtain around 1.7 GBq of (62)Zn. The (62)Zn was isolated from the Cu target on an anion exchange column with more than 97% yield within 2.5 h from the EOB. The (62)Zn/(62)Cu generator was prepared by loading the (62)Zn(2+) on a Sep-Pak plus CM cartridge. RESULTS:The generator showed high elution efficiency ( approximately 96%) using a small volume (ca. 3 ml) of a 200-mM glycine solution with a very low breakthrough of (62)Zn (<0.1%). CONCLUSIONS:This (62)Zn/(62)Cu generator has been proven to be highly useful as a source of (62)Cu for the synthesis of (62)Cu-labeled compounds. The clinical application of [(62)Cu]Cu-ATSM produced with this generator has been already approved by the Institutional Review Board at the National Institute of Radiological Sciences.

背景与目标： 目的：本研究的目的是开发一种改进的（62）Zn /（62）Cu生成器，该生成器基于阳离子交换树脂和高放射性规模的远程制备方法，可用于临床。
方法：在能量范围为30-> 19 MeV的质子束中，以10μA的束流对天然Cu靶辐照1 h，以获得约1.7 GBq的（62）Zn。从EOB到2.5 h内，从阴离子交换柱上的Cu靶中分离出（62）Zn。通过将（62）Zn（2）加载到Sep-Pak plus CM滤芯上来制备（62）Zn /（62）Cu发生器。
结果：使用少量（约3 ml）的200 mM甘氨酸溶液，生成器显示出较高的洗脱效率（约96％），其中（62）Zn的穿透率极低（<0.1％）。
结论：该（62）Zn /（62）Cu生成物已被证明可高度有效地用作（62）Cu的来源，用于合成（62）Cu标记的化合物。用这种发生器产生的[（62）Cu] Cu-ATSM的临床应用已经由美国放射科学学会的机构审查委员会批准。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The aim of this study was to examine the different patterns of cerebellar and/or brainstem atrophy in spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) type 3 and 6. Eighteen patients (SCA3 n=9, SCA6 n=9) and 15 healthy volunteers were studied. Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) was applied to segmented grey matter (GM) and white matter (WM) of high-resolution T1-weighted brain volumes of each group. We found reduction of grey matter in the pons as well as in the vermis in SCA3 as compared to control subjects. In SCA6 significant grey matter loss was found in hemispheric lobules bilaterally as well as in the vermis. White matter analysis revealed significant changes in SCA3, especially in the pons, in the white matter surrounding the dentate nucleus (DN) and in the cerebellar peduncles, whereas no significant white matter reduction was found in SCA6 patients. Our results demonstrate different patterns of grey and white matter affection detected by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in SCA3 and SCA6 patients, confirming the pathological concept of cortical cerebellar atrophy in SCA6. In contrast, SCA3 represents a form of ponto-cerebellar atrophy with predominant affection of pontine nuclei and fibre tracts.

背景与目标： ：本研究的目的是检查3型和6型脊髓小脑共济失调（SCA）的小脑和/或脑干萎缩的不同模式。研究了18例患者（SCA3 n = 9，SCA6 n = 9）和15名健康志愿者。将基于体素的形态计量学（VBM）应用于每组高分辨率T1加权脑体积的分段灰质（GM）和白质（WM）。我们发现与对照组相比，SCA3的脑桥和s中的灰质减少。在SCA6中，在双侧的半球小叶以及在mis骨中都发现了明显的灰质损失。白质分析显示，SCA3的显着变化，尤其是在脑桥，齿状核（DN）周围的白质和小脑梗的脑桥中，特别是在脑桥中，而在SCA6患者中未发现显着的白质减少。我们的结果表明，在SCA3和SCA6患者中通过磁共振成像（MRI）检测到不同的灰白色和白色物质影响模式，证实了SCA6皮质小脑萎缩的病理学概念。相反，SCA3代表了一种桥脑小脑萎缩的形式，主要影响桥脑核和纤维束。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: CONTEXT:In animal models, estrogen inhibits atherogenesis by inhibiting many of the early steps of atherosclerotic plaque formation. However, the lack of cardioprotective effect by postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy and possible increase in cardiovascular events observed during the first year after the initiation of hormone replacement therapy may suggest that once the plaque is formed, estrogen may have additional effects that may counteract its beneficial outcomes. Indeed, the effect of estrogen on plaque stability has not been identified. OBJECTIVE:We hypothesized that 17beta-estradiol (E2) may cause increased apoptosis in human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs). This effect would explain an adverse effect on plaque stability in vivo. INTERVENTION(S) AND MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S):The effect of E2 on apoptosis, cell proliferation, and expression of proapoptotic molecules Fas and Fas ligand (FasL) in cultured HCAECs was evaluated. RESULTS:HCAECs in culture treated with E2 showed an increase in DNA strand breaks and nuclear fragmentation indicative of apoptosis. E2 treatment also induced a significant concentration-dependent increase in Fas mRNA and protein expressions in HCAECs. Moreover, the expression of FasL mRNA and secretion of FasL protein by HCAECs were enhanced in response to E2 treatments. CONCLUSIONS:E2 increases the apoptosis in cultured HCAECs. Enhanced Fas and FasL expressions in response to E2 suggest that activation of the Fas/FasL pathway may be a mediator of the proapoptotic effects of E2 in these cells.

背景与目标： 背景：在动物模型中，雌激素通过抑制动脉粥样硬化斑块形成的许多早期步骤来抑制动脉粥样硬化。然而，绝经后激素替代疗法缺乏心脏保护作用，并且在开始激素替代疗法后的第一年观察到的心血管事件可能增加，这可能表明一旦形成斑块，雌激素可能会产生额外的作用，从而抵消其有益的结果。 。实际上，尚未确定雌激素对斑块稳定性的作用。
目的：我们假设17β-雌二醇（E2）可能导致人冠状动脉内皮细胞（HCAEC）凋亡增加。该作用将解释对体内斑块稳定性的不利影响。
干预和主要观察指标：评估了E2对培养的HCAEC中细胞凋亡，细胞增殖以及促凋亡分子Fas和FasL配体（FasL）表达的影响。
结果：用E2处理的培养物中的HCAECs显示DNA链断裂的增加和核碎裂指示凋亡。 E2处理还诱导了HCAECs Fas mRNA和蛋白表达的浓度依赖性显着增加。而且，响应于E2处理，HCAECs的FasL mRNA的表达和FasL蛋白的分泌得到增强。
结论：E2增加了培养的HCAECs的细胞凋亡。响应E2增强的Fas和FasL表达表明Fas / FasL途径的激活可能是这些细胞中E2促凋亡作用的介质。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Glucosamine- and N-acetyl glucosamine-containing polymers are being used in an increasing number of biomedical applications, including in products for surface (topical) hemostasis. The studies presented here investigate the relationship between the structure (conformation) and function (activation of hemostasis) of glucosamine-based materials. Several polymer systems were studied, including fibers isolated from a microalgal source containing poly-N-acetyl glucosamine polymers that are organized in a parallel, hydrogen-bonded tertiary structure and can be chemically modified to an antiparallel orientation; and gel formulation derivatives of the microalgal fibers consisting of partially deacetylated (F2 gel) and fully deacetylated (F3 gel) polymers. Comparison of the properties of the poly-N-acetyl glucosamine fiber-derived materials with chitin, chitosan, and commercial chitosan-based products are presented. Several studies were performed with the glucosamine-based materials, including (1) an analysis of the ability of materials to activate platelets and turnover of the intrinsic coagulation cascade, (2) an examination of the viscoelastic properties of mixtures of platelet-rich plasma and the glucosamine-based materials via thromboelastography, and (3) scanning electron microscopic studies to examine the morphology of the glucosamine-based materials. The results presented demonstrate that hemostatic responses to the glucosamine-based materials studied are highly dependent on their chemical nature and tertiary/quaternary structure. The unique natural microalgal fibers were found to have strongly prohemostatic activity compared to the other materials studied.

背景与目标： ：含氨基葡萄糖和N-乙酰基氨基葡萄糖的聚合物被用于越来越多的生物医学应用中，包括用于表面（局部）止血的产品中。此处进行的研究研究了基于氨基葡萄糖的材料的结构（构象）与功能（止血激活）之间的关系。研究了几种聚合物体系，包括从微藻源中分离的纤维，该微藻源含有聚-N-乙酰基葡糖胺聚合物，这些聚合物以平行的氢键结合的三级结构组织，并且可以化学修饰成反平行的取向；以及由部分脱乙酰化的（F2凝胶）和完全脱乙酰化的（F3凝胶）聚合物组成的微藻纤维的凝胶制剂衍生物。介绍了聚-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖纤维衍生材料与几丁质，壳聚糖和市售壳聚糖基产品的性能比较。对基于氨基葡萄糖的材料进行了几项研究，包括（1）分析材料激活血小板的能力和固有凝血级联的周转；（2）检查富含血小板的血浆和葡萄糖的混合物的粘弹性质。通过血栓弹力描记法检测基于氨基葡萄糖的材料，以及（3）扫描电子显微镜研究以检查基于氨基葡萄糖的材料的形态。提出的结果表明，对所研究的基于葡糖胺的材料的止血反应高度依赖于其化学性质和三级/四级结构。与其他研究材料相比，发现独特的天然微藻纤维具有很强的止血活性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:The 24-hour creatinine clearance is the standard clinical technique for measuring kidney function; however, this measurement is cumbersome and inconvenient for patients. We hypothesized that a camera-based technetium-99m mercaptoacetyltriglycine (MAG3) clearance obtained simultaneously with a standard MAG3 scan would correlate well with the 24-hour creatinine clearance and could serve as a simple marker of kidney function. MATERIALS AND METHODS:Data were obtained from a retrospective analysis of 28 patients with varying degrees of kidney dysfunction and 85 subjects evaluated for kidney donation. The MAG3 clearance was calculated using a camera-based technique without blood or urine sampling. The creatinine clearance was measured using the plasma creatinine and a 24-hour urine collection. The MAG3 and creatinine clearances were corrected for body surface area, and clearance values in healthy subjects and patients were compared using the paired Student's t test. The linear association between the MAG3 and creatinine clearances was expressed by Pearson's correlation coefficient. RESULTS:The mean MAG3 clearance in the potential kidney donors was 321 +/- 95 mL/min/1.73 m2 (95% CI, 171-546 mL/min/1.73 m2), significantly higher than the mean creatinine clearance of 152 +/- 51 mL/min/1.73 m2 (79-278 mL/min/1.73 m2, p < 0.001). The mean MAG3 clearance in patients was 153 +/- 70 mL/min/1.73 m2 (32-316 mL/min/1.73 m2) and was also significantly higher than the mean creatinine clearance of 74 +/- 36 mL/min/1.73 m2 (21-138 mL/min/1.73 m2, p < 0.001). The ratio of the mean creatinine clearance to the mean MAG3 clearance was essentially the same for volunteers and patients, 0.47 and 0.48, respectively. The Pearson's correlation between the MAG3 and creatinine clearances was 0.80 (0.72-0.86). CONCLUSION:The camera-based 99mTc-MAG3 clearance correlates well with the 24-hour creatinine clearance and can provide a simple and convenient index of kidney function.

背景与目标： 目的：24小时肌酐清除率是衡量肾脏功能的标准临床技术。然而，这种测量对于患者而言是麻烦且不便的。我们假设与标准MAG3扫描同时获得的基于相机的tech 99m巯基乙酰基三甘氨酸（MAG3）清除率与24小时肌酐清除率相关性很好，并且可以用作肾脏功能的简单标记。
材料与方法：数据来自对28例不同程度的肾功能不全患者的回顾性分析，并对85位受试者的肾脏捐赠进行了评估。 MAG3清除率是使用基于相机的技术计算的，无需进行血液或尿液采样。使用血浆肌酐和24小时尿液收集来测量肌酐清除率。校正了MAG3和肌酐清除率的体表面积，并使用配对的Student t检验比较了健康受试者和患者的清除率值。 MAG3和肌酐清除率之间的线性关联由皮尔逊相关系数表示。
结果：潜在肾脏供体的平均MAG3清除率为321 /-95 mL / min / 1.73 m2（95％CI，171-546 mL / min / 1.73 m2），显着高于平均肌酐清除率152 /-51 mL / min / 1.73平方米（79-278 mL / min / 1.73平方米，p <0.001）。患者的平均MAG3清除率为153 /-70 mL / min / 1.73 m2（32-316 mL / min / 1.73 m2），也显着高于平均肌酐清除率74 /-36 mL / min / 1.73 m2（ 21-138 mL / min / 1.73 m2，p <0.001）。志愿者和患者的平均肌酐清除率与平均MAG3清除率之比基本相同，分别为0.47和0.48。 MAG3和肌酐清除率之间的Pearson相关性为0.80（0.72-0.86）。
结论：基于相机的99mTc-MAG3清除率与24小时肌酐清除率相关性良好，可以提供简单方便的肾脏功能指标。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:The purpose of this study was to determine the expression of receptor activator of NFkappaB ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) associated with bone destruction in periapical cysts and granulomas. STUDY DESIGN:Forty human dental chronic periapical lesions were collected after periapical surgery. The lesions collected were fixed in 10% buffered formalin and histologically processed. At least 2 sections of each specimen were stained with hematoxylin and eosin for microscopic diagnosis. After that, 10 human periapical granulomas and 10 cysts were selected for immunohistochemical analysis for RANKL, OPG, and CD68+. RESULTS:Polymorphonuclear neutrophils, macrophages, endothelial cells, and lymphocytes were stained for RANKL and OPG in both lesions. Epithelial cells were also stained for RANKL and OPG in periapical cysts. Quantitative analysis was conducted and the results were expressed as a ratio of the number of immunostained cells over the total number of cells in the field (n = 100). The ratio of RANKL+/total cells was higher than OPG+/total cells in periapical granulomas (0.553 +/- 0.153 and 0.483 +/- 0.189, respectively; P < .0012; paired t test) and in cysts (0.519 +/- 0.09 and 0.339 +/- 0.117, respectively; P < .0001; paired t test). The ratios of OPG+/total cells (P < .0001; paired t test) and RANKL+/total cells (P < .0322; paired t test) were greater in granulomas than in cysts. However, the ratio RANKL+/OPG+ in granulomas (1.336 +/- 0.723) and cysts (1.404 +/- 0.385) was not significantly different. The ratio of CD68+/total cells was significantly higher in granulomas (0.381 +/- 0.040) than in cysts (0.307 +/- 0.068) (P < .0001; unpaired t test with Welch correction). CONCLUSION:Taking into account the limitations of the experimental approach employed, our findings indicate the presence of RANKL and OPG in cysts and granulomas, strongly suggesting the involvement of these gene products in the development of periapical lesions.

背景与目标： 目的：本研究旨在确定与根尖周囊肿和肉芽肿中的骨破坏有关的NFkappaB配体（RANKL）和骨保护素（OPG）受体激活剂的表达。
研究设计：根尖周手术后收集了40例人类牙齿慢性根尖周病变。将收集的病灶固定在10％的福尔马林缓冲液中，并进行组织学处理。每个标本至少2个切片用苏木精和曙红染色以进行显微镜诊断。之后，选择10个人根尖肉芽肿和10个囊肿进行RANKL，OPG和CD68的免疫组织化学分析。
结果：在两个病变中，多形核中性粒细胞，巨噬细胞，内皮细胞和淋巴细胞均进行了RANKL和OPG染色。还对上皮细胞囊肿中的上皮细胞进行了RANKL和OPG染色。进行定量分析，结果表示为免疫染色细胞数与现场细胞总数之比（n = 100）。根尖肉芽肿中RANKL /总细胞的比率高于OPG /总细胞的比率（分别为0.553 /-0.153和0.483 /-0.189; P <.0012;成对t检验）和囊肿中（0.519 /-0.09和0.339 / -分别为0.117； P <.0001；成对t检验）。肉芽肿中OPG /总细胞（P <.0001；成对t检验）与RANKL /总细胞（P <.0322；成对t检验）的比率大于囊肿。然而，肉芽肿（1.336 /-0.723）和囊肿（1.404 /-0.385）中的RANKL / OPG比率没有显着差异。肉芽肿中CD68 /总细胞的比例（0.381 /-0.040）显着高于囊肿（0.307 /-0.068）（P <.0001；采用Welch校正的未配对t检验）。
结论：考虑到实验方法的局限性，我们的发现表明囊肿和肉芽肿中存在RANKL和OPG，强烈暗示这些基因产物参与了根尖周病变的发展。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors prevent the expansion and rupture of aortic aneurysms in animals. We investigated the association between ACE inhibitors and rupture in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms. METHODS:We did a population-based case-control study of linked administrative databases in Ontario, Canada. The sample included consecutive patients older than 65 (n=15,326) admitted to hospital with a primary diagnosis of ruptured or intact abdominal aortic aneurysm between April 1, 1992, and April 1, 2002. FINDINGS:Patients who received ACE inhibitors before admission were significantly less likely to present with ruptured aneurysm (odds ratio [OR] 0.82, 95% CI 0.74-0.90) than those who did not receive ACE inhibitors. Adjustment for demographic characteristics, risk factors for rupture, comorbidities, contraindications to ACE inhibitors, measures of health-care use, and aneurysm screening yielded similar results (0.83, 0.73-0.95). Consistent findings were noted in subgroups at high risk of rupture, including patients older than 75 years and those with a history of hypertension. Conversely, such protective associations were not observed for beta blockers (1.02, 0.89-1.17), calcium channel blockers (1.01, 0.89-1.14), alpha blockers (1.15, 0.86-1.54), angiotensin receptor blockers (1.24, 0.71-2.18), or thiazide diuretics (0.91, 0.78-1.07). INTERPRETATION:ACE inhibitors are associated with a reduced risk of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm, unlike other antihypertensive agents. Randomised trials of ACE inhibitors for prevention of aortic rupture might be warranted.

背景与目标： 背景：血管紧张素转换酶（ACE）抑制剂可防止动物主动脉瘤的扩张和破裂。我们调查了腹主动脉瘤患者中ACE抑制剂与破裂之间的关系。
方法：我们在加拿大安大略省的相关行政数据库中进行了基于人群的病例对照研究。该样本包括1992年4月1日至2002年4月1日之间入院的65岁以上的连续患者（n = 15,326），其主要诊断为腹主动脉瘤破裂或完整。
结果：与未接受ACE抑制剂的患者相比，入院前接受ACE抑制剂的患者出现动脉瘤破裂的可能性显着降低（优势比[OR] 0.82，95％CI 0.74-0.90）。调整人口统计学特征，破裂危险因素，合并症，ACEI禁忌症，卫生保健措施和动脉瘤筛查得出相似的结果（0.83，0.73-0.95）。在高破裂风险的亚组（包括75岁以上和有高血压病史的患者）中发现了一致的发现。相反，对于β受体阻滞剂（1.02，0.89-1.17），钙通道阻滞剂（1.01，0.89-1.14），α受体阻滞剂（1.15，0.86-1.54），血管紧张素受体阻滞剂（1.24，0.71-2.18）未观察到这种保护性关联。 ，或噻嗪类利尿剂（0.91、0.78-1.07）。
解释：与其他降压药不同，ACE抑制剂与降低腹主动脉瘤破裂的风险有关。 ACE抑制剂预防主动脉破裂的随机试验可能是必要的。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The sodium iodide symporter (NIS) mediates iodide (I(-)) transport in the thyroid gland and other tissues and is of increasing importance as a therapeutic target and nuclear imaging reporter. NIS activity in vitro is currently measured with radiotracers and electrophysiological techniques. We report on the development of a novel live cell imaging assay of NIS activity using the I(-)-sensitive and genetically encodable yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) variant YFP-H148Q/I152L. In FRTL-5 thyrocytes stably expressing YFP-H148Q/I152L, I(-) induced a rapid and reversible decrease in cellular fluorescence characterized by 1) high affinity for extracellular I(-) (35 muM), 2) inhibition by the NIS inhibitor perchlorate, 3) extracellular Na(+) dependence, and 4) TSH dependence, suggesting that fluorescence changes are due to I(-) influx via NIS. Individual cells within a population of FRTL-5 cells exhibited a 3.5-fold variation in the rate of NIS-mediated I(-) influx, illustrating the utility of YFP-H148Q/I152L to detect cell-to-cell difference in NIS activity. I(-) also caused a perchlorate-sensitive decrease in YFP-H148Q/I152L fluorescence in COS-7 cells expressing NIS but not in cells lacking NIS. These results demonstrate that YFP-H148Q/I152L is a sensitive biosensor of NIS-mediated I(-) uptake in thyroid cells and in nonthyroidal cells following gene transfer and suggest that fluorescence detection of cellular I(-) may be a useful tool by which to study the pathophysiology and pharmacology of NIS.

背景与目标： ：碘化钠共转运蛋白（NIS）介导碘化物（I（-））在甲状腺和其他组织中的运输，并作为治疗靶标和核成像报告者越来越重要。目前，使用放射性示踪剂和电生理技术测量了NIS的体外活性。我们报告了使用I（-）敏感和遗传可编码的黄色荧光蛋白（YFP）变体YFP-H148Q / I152L对NIS活性进行新型活细胞成像测定的发展报告。在稳定表达YFP-H148Q / I152L的FRTL-5甲状腺细胞中，I（-）诱导了细胞荧光的快速和可逆下降，其特征为1）对细胞外I（-）（35 muM）的高度亲和力，2）NIS抑制剂的抑制作用高氯酸盐，3）细胞外Na（）依赖性和4）TSH依赖性，表明荧光变化是由于I（-）通过NIS流入所致。 FRTL-5细胞群中的单个细胞在NIS介导的I（-）流入速率中表现出3.5倍的变化，说明了YFP-H148Q / I152L可用于检测NIS活性中的细胞间差异。 I（-）还在表达NIS的COS-7细胞中引起高氯酸根敏感的YFP-H148Q / I152L荧光下降，但在缺乏NIS的细胞中不引起高氯酸盐敏感性下降。这些结果表明，YFP-H148Q / I152L是基因转移后甲状腺细胞和非甲状腺细胞中NIS介导的I（-）摄取的灵敏生物传感器，并表明细胞I（-）的荧光检测可能是一种有用的工具，研究NIS的病理生理学和药理学。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: We have isolated and characterized the first Xenopus transmembrane Eph ligand, XLerk (Xenopus Ligand for Eph Receptor Tyrosine Kinases). While this ligand has 72% identity with the closest mammalian family member, Lerk-2, it is the cytoplasmic domain of this molecule that is the most conserved domain with 95% identity. XLerk exists as a maternally expressed mRNA, however, expression of transcripts and protein increase during gastrulation and again in the late swimming tadpole stage. In the adult, XLerk is expressed at low levels in most adult tissues with increased levels observed in the kidney, oocytes, ovary and testis. While low levels of XLerk expression are observed in the adult brain, in situ hybridization analysis demonstrates prominent expression in the developing olfactory system, retina, hindbrain, cranial ganglia, and somites. Furthermore, we have shown that XLerk transcripts are significantly elevated during mesoderm induction caused by activin and FGF, but not during noggin-induced neuralization. These results suggest a role for XLerk in the developing mesenchymal and nervous tissue.

背景与目标： 我们已经分离并鉴定了第一个非洲爪蟾跨膜Eph配体XLerk（用于Eph受体酪氨酸激酶的非洲爪蟾配体）。尽管该配体与最接近的哺乳动物家族成员Lerk-2具有72％的同一性，但该分子的胞质结构域是具有95％的同一性的最保守的结构域。 XLerk作为母体表达的mRNA存在，但是转录的表达和蛋白质在胃排泄过程中以及游泳increase后期再次增加。在成年人中，XLerk在大多数成年人组织中低水平表达，在肾脏，卵母细胞，卵巢和睾丸中观察到水平升高。尽管在成年大脑中观察到了低水平的XLerk表达，但原位杂交分析显示出在发育中的嗅觉系统，视网膜，后脑，颅神经节和体节中突出表达。此外，我们已经表明，在由激活素和FGF引起的中胚层诱导过程中，XLerk转录物显着升高，但在头蛋白诱导的神经化过程中却没有。这些结果表明XLerk在发育中的间充质和神经组织中的作用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: UNLABELLED:Decreased left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) is a relative contraindication for the use of potentially cardiotoxic chemotherapy. A resting LVEF of 50% is usually used as the lower limit of normal values. The decision to change chemotherapy, however, is complex and is affected by many factors, including ejection fraction.

METHODS:To determine how LVEF data were used by clinical oncologists in clinical decision making, we performed a retrospective analysis of patients referred for ejection fraction measurements from the hematology/oncology divisionS of Stanford University from March 1992 through March 1995. The records of 565 patients treated with potentially cardiotoxic chemotherapy were evaluated.

RESULTS:LVEFs < 50% were found in 153 patients. The charts of patients with reduced ejection fractions were reviewed to determine if the radionuclide measurement resulted in either discontinuation of the cardiotoxic agent or substitution of a less cardiotoxic drug or mode of administration. These specific changes in therapy occurred in only 43 of the 153 (28%) patients with ejection fractions below 50%; 24 of the 43 (57%) had ejection fractions < or = 40%. Patients with lower ejection fraction values were more likely to have their therapy changed than those with LVEFs close to normal. Patients with ejection fractions < or = 30 generally had cardiotoxic agents discontinued. Of patients who had a resting LVEF < 50% and whose therapy was not changed, 81% had a normal increase in LVEF with exercise.

CONCLUSION:In clinical practice at our institution, ejection fraction < 50% is not used as an absolute contraindication to cardiotoxic chemotherapy. When the LVEF is less than 40%, potentially cardiotoxic therapy is most often discontinued or omitted. Radionuclide evidence of cardiac reserve may account for decisions to continue cardiotoxic agents despite ejection fractions < 50% in the majority of patients. Further study will be needed to establish standard criteria. Reserve function, as measured by the change in ejection fraction from rest to stress may be an important parameter used by oncologists to help select patients for continued therapy in spite of a reduced ejection fraction. Our results argue that use of fixed criteria may be too restrictive.

背景与目标： 未加标签：左心室射血分数（LVEF）降低是使用潜在心脏毒性化学疗法的相对禁忌症。通常将50％的静态LVEF用作正常值的下限。但是，更改化学疗法的决定是复杂的，并且受射血分数等许多因素影响。

方法：确定临床肿瘤学家在临床决策中如何使用LVEF数据从1992年3月至1995年3月，我们对斯坦福大学血液/肿瘤科S进行射血分数测量的患者进行了回顾性分析。评估了565例接受潜在心脏毒性化疗的患者的记录。

结果：在153例患者中发现LVEF <50％。回顾射血分数降低的患者病历表，以确定放射性核素测量是否导致心脏毒性药物的中止或心脏毒性较小的药物的替代或给药方式。在153例（28％）射血分数低于50％的患者中，只有43例发生了这些特定的治疗变化； 43个中的24个（57％）的射血分数<或= 40％。与左室射血分数接近正常的患者相比，射血分数较低的患者更有可能改变治疗方法。射血分数小于或等于30的患者通常停用心脏毒性药物。在静息LVEF <50％且治疗方法未改变的患者中，有81％的LVEF随运动而正常增加。

结论：在我们机构的临床实践中，射血分数<50％不能用作心脏毒性化疗的绝对禁忌症。当LVEF低于40％时，最有可能停止或省略潜在的心脏毒性治疗。尽管大多数患者的射血分数<50％，但心脏储备的放射性核素证据可能决定了继续使用心脏毒性药物的决定。需要进一步研究以建立标准。尽管射血分数降低，但由射血分数从静止状态变化到压力状态所测得的储备功能可能是肿瘤学家用来帮助选择患者进行继续治疗的重要参数。我们的研究结果表明，使用固定标准可能过于严格。