BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells of the colon exist in a highly complex, but harmonious relationship. Disturbances in this remarkable symbiosis can result in the development of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Although the etiology of IBD is not entirely understood, it is known that the chronic inflammation of Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis and chronic pouchitis are a result of an overly aggressive immune response to the commensal intestinal flora in genetically susceptible hosts. Recent studies have enhanced our ability to understand the interaction between the host and its intestinal microflora and the role the microflora plays in maintaining intestinal homeostasis. As we begin to understand the benefits conferred to the intestine by the microflora, the notion of modifying the composition of the bacterial load to improve human health has arisen. A significant body of research now exists investigating the role of probiotics and prebiotics in ameliorating chronic intestinal inflammation. This article will begin with an overview of the role of the commensal microflora in maintaining mucosal immune homeostasis, and how a dysregulated immune response to the intestinal microflora results in IBD. This will be followed by a summary of the use of probiotics and prebiotics in experimental and human IBD.

背景与目标： ：结肠的原核和真核细胞以高度复杂但和谐的关系存在。这种明显的共生障碍可能导致炎症性肠病（IBD）的发展。尽管尚未完全了解IBD的病因，但众所周知，克罗恩病，溃疡性结肠炎和慢性囊炎的慢性炎症是对遗传易感宿主对共生肠道菌群过度攻击性免疫反应的结果。最近的研究增强了我们理解宿主与其肠道菌群之间相互作用以及菌群在维持肠道稳态中所起的作用的能力。当我们开始理解微生物群落赋予肠道的益处时，就出现了改变细菌载量组成以改善人体健康的想法。现在，存在大量的研究机构正在研究益生菌和益生元在缓解慢性肠道炎症中的作用。本文将首先概述共生菌群在维持粘膜免疫稳态方面的作用，以及对肠道菌群免疫反应失调如何导致IBD。随后将概述在实验性和人IBD中使用益生菌和益生元。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Theories explaining the etiopathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have been proposed ever since Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) were recognized as the two major forms of the disease. Although the exact cause(s) and mechanisms of tissue damage in CD and UC have yet to be completely understood, enough progress has occurred to accept the following hypothesis as valid: IBD is an inappropriate immune response that occurs in genetically susceptible individuals as the result of a complex interaction among environmental factors, microbial factors, and the intestinal immune system. Among an almost endless list of environmental factors, smoking has been identified as a risk factor for CD and a protective factor for UC. Among microbial factors, no convincing evidence indicates that classical infectious agents cause IBD, while mounting evidence points to an abnormal immune response against the normal enteric flora as being of central importance. Gut inflammation is mediated by cells of the innate as well as adaptive immune systems, with the additional contribution of non-immune cells, such as epithelial, mesenchymal and endothelial cells, and platelets.

背景与目标： 自从克罗恩病（CD）和溃疡性结肠炎（UC）被认为是该病的两种主要形式以来，就提出了解释炎症性肠病（IBD）病因的理论。尽管尚未完全了解CD和UC中组织损伤的确切原因和机制，但是已经发生了足够的进展，可以接受以下假设为有效：IBD是一种不适当的免疫反应，其结果是在遗传易感人群中发生环境因素，微生物因素和肠道免疫系统之间复杂的相互作用。在几乎无穷无尽的环境因素中，吸烟已被确定为CD的危险因素和UC的保护因素。在微生物因素中，没有令人信服的证据表明经典的传染原会引起IBD，而越来越多的证据表明，针对正常肠菌群的异常免疫反应至关重要。肠道炎症是由先天性和适应性免疫系统的细胞介导的，另外还有非免疫细胞，例如上皮，间充质和内皮细胞以及血小板。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:No published studies have examined childhood abuse and neglect in body dysmorphic disorder (BDD). This study examined the prevalence and clinical correlates of abuse and neglect in individuals with this disorder. METHODS:Seventy-five subjects (69.3% female, mean age=35.4+/-12.0) with DSM-IV BDD completed the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire and were interviewed with other reliable and valid measures. RESULTS:Of these subjects, 78.7% reported a history of childhood maltreatment: emotional neglect (68.0%), emotional abuse (56.0%), physical abuse (34.7%), physical neglect (33.3%), and sexual abuse (28.0%). Forty percent of subjects reported severe maltreatment. Among females (n=52), severity of reported abuse and neglect were .32-.57 standard deviation units higher than norms for a health maintenance organization (HMO) sample of women. Severity of sexual abuse was the only type of maltreatment significantly associated with current BDD severity (r=.23, p=.047). However, severity of sexual abuse did not predict current BDD severity in a simultaneous multiple regression analysis with age and current treatment status. There were other significant associations with childhood maltreatment: history of attempted suicide was related to emotional (p=.004), physical (p=.014), and sexual abuse (p=.038). Childhood emotional abuse was associated with a lifetime substance use disorder (r=.26, p=.02), and physical abuse was negatively associated with a lifetime mood disorder (r=-.37, p=.001). CONCLUSIONS:A high proportion of individuals with BDD reported childhood abuse and neglect. Certain types of abuse and neglect appear modestly associated with BDD symptom severity and with gender, suicidality, and certain disorders.

背景与目标： 目的：尚无已发表的研究对童年时期的虐待和对身体变形障碍（BDD）的忽视进行了研究。这项研究检查了这种疾病患者中滥用和忽视的患病率及其临床相关性。
方法：55名DSM-IV BDD受试者（69.3％的女性，平均年龄= 35.4 /-12.0）完成了《童年创伤调查表》，并接受了其他可靠有效的措施访谈。
结果：在这些受试者中，有78.7％的人报告有童年虐待史：情绪上的疏忽（68.0％），情绪上的虐待（56.0％），身体上的虐待（34.7％），身体上的疏忽（33.3％）和性虐待（28.0％） 。 40％的受试者报告严重虐待。在女性（n = 52）中，报告的虐待和忽视的严重程度比健康维持组织（HMO）女性样本的标准高0.32-0.57个标准差单位。严重的性虐待是唯一与当前BDD严重性显着相关的虐待（r = .23，p = .047）。但是，性虐待的严重程度并不能同时根据年龄和当前治疗状况进行多元回归分析，从而预测当前的BDD严重程度。还有其他与儿童虐待有关的重要关联：自杀未遂的历史与情感（p = .004），身体（p = .014）和性虐待（p = .038）有关。儿童时期的情绪虐待与一生的物质使用障碍相关（r = .26，p = .02），而身体虐待与一生的情绪障碍呈负相关（r =-。37，p = .001）。
结论：很大一部分BDD患者报告了儿童期的虐待和忽视。某些类型的虐待和忽视似乎与BDD症状的严重程度以及性别，自杀倾向和某些疾病有关。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Orphan medicinal products (OMPs) are targeted at the diagnosis, prevention or treatment of rare diseases and have a special status in European law. This status brings incentives for pharmaceutical companies to invest in OMP development. The goal of the legislation is to encourage the development of more treatments for life-threatening rare disorders, but increased availability of OMPs raises important issues surrounding the public funding of very expensive treatments by national health services. In this article we review OMPs and the incentives for their development and discuss the challenges presented by funding these treatments.

背景与目标： ：孤儿药（OMP）专门用于罕见疾病的诊断，预防或治疗，在欧洲法律中具有特殊地位。这种状况为制药公司投资OMP开发带来了动力。立法的目的是鼓励开发更多威胁生命的罕见疾病的治疗方法，但是OMPs的可用性增加引起了重要问题，围绕着由国家卫生服务机构提供昂贵治疗的公共资金。在本文中，我们回顾了OMP及其发展的诱因，并讨论了为这些治疗提供资金所带来的挑战。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The involvement of antigen-specific T cells in the pathogenesis of collagen diseases is still controversial. The final stages of collagen diseases are usually characterized by the dominance of inflammation. Therefore, antigen non-specific factors, such as inflammatory cytokines, probably play an important role in this process. On the other hand, the methods available to analyze the antigen-specific aspects of the immune response are still limited. Here we review our novel system of T cell clonality analysis based on the idea that activated antigen-specific T cells should form accumulating clones among the lymphocyte population. Using this method, dynamic changes of clonal accumulation of T cells could be evaluated during antigenic stimulation in vivo and in vitro. The significance of antigen-specific T cell clones in collagen diseases is discussed using data obtained from patients with rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus.

背景与目标： 抗原特异性T细胞是否参与胶原蛋白疾病的发病机制仍存在争议。胶原蛋白疾病的最后阶段通常以炎症占优势为特征。因此，抗原非特异性因子，例如炎性细胞因子，可能在此过程中起重要作用。另一方面，可用于分析免疫应答的抗原特异性方面的方法仍然有限。在这里，我们基于激活的抗原特异性T细胞应在淋巴细胞群体中形成累积克隆的想法，回顾了我们的T细胞克隆性分析的新系统。使用这种方法，可以在体内和体外抗原刺激过程中评估T细胞克隆积累的动态变化。利用类风湿性关节炎和系统性红斑狼疮患者获得的数据，讨论了抗原特异性T细胞克隆在胶原蛋白疾病中的重要性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The aim of this study is to find out the causes of skin diseases in one-third of the staff of a perfume factory, in which 10 different perfume sprays were being manufactured. Site inspection, dermatological examination and patch testing of all 26 persons at risk with 4 perfume oils and 30 ingredients of them. The results showed 6 bottlers were found suffering from allergic contact dermatitis, 2 from irritant contact dermatitis, 12 workers showed different strong reactions to various fragrances. The main causes of allergic contact dermatitis were 2 perfume oils (12 cases) and their ingredients geraniol (12 cases), benzaldehyde(9), cinnamic aldehyde (6), linalool, neroli oil, terpenes of lemon oil and orange oil (4 each). Nobody was tested positive to balsam of Peru. Job changes for office workers, packers or printers to other rooms, where they had no longer contact with fragrances, led to a settling. To conclude, automation and replacement of glass bottles by cartridges from non-fragile materials and using gloves may minimize the risk.

背景与目标： ：这项研究的目的是在制造10种不同香水喷雾剂的香水工厂三分之一的员工中找出引起皮肤疾病的原因。用4种香精油和30种成分对所有26位处于危险中的人进行现场检查，皮肤病学检查和斑贴测试。结果显示，有6个装瓶者被发现患有过敏性接触性皮炎，有2个患有刺激性的接触性皮炎，有12名工人对各种香精表现出不同的强烈反应。过敏性接触性皮炎的主要原因是2种香料油（12例）及其成分香叶醇（12例），苯甲醛（9），肉桂醛（6），芳樟醇，橙花油，柠檬油和橙油的萜烯（每种4种） ）。没有人被测试对秘鲁的香脂呈阳性。办公室工作人员，包装工或印刷工到其他不再与香料接触的房间换工作，导致定居。总而言之，用非易碎材料制成的药筒进行自动化和玻璃瓶更换，并戴上手套可以使风险最小化。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Seventy-two patients with tumor and ten with non-neoplastic colon disease were studied for the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) by three different methods. Only seven specimens (six primary adenocarcinomas and one recurrent cancer) had an ER concentration above 3 fm/mg of cytosolic protein, with no sex, age and tumor stage correlation. Our results suggest that the large bowel does not contain a cytosolic receptor for estradiol.

背景与目标： ：通过三种不同的方法研究了62例肿瘤患者和10例非肿瘤性结肠疾病患者中雌激素受体（ER）的存在。只有7个标本（6个原发性腺癌和1个复发癌）的ER浓度高于3 fm / mg的胞质蛋白，与性别，年龄和肿瘤分期无关。我们的结果表明，大肠不含有雌二醇的胞质受体。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: INTRODUCTION:STDs are a significant cause of illness throughout the world. Female sex workers (FSWs) are commonly perceived as belonging to a social group which may engage in high-risk behaviour for acquiring or transmitting HIV and other STDs. The number of immigrant women engaged in sex work has increased in Catania, Sicily, over the last 10 years. This study aims to estimate the prevalence of HIV, HBV, HCV and syphilis among Colombian and Dominican FSWs. METHODS:In total 118 (63.78%) of the FSWs contacted in the course of the project agreed to participate in the study. All women enrolled were counselled on STDs/HIV, safer sex practices and the use of condoms. Blood samples were taken and tested for HIV, HBV, HCV and syphilis. RESULTS:Of the 118 FSWs enrolled, all were negative for both HIV and HCV infection. Two women (1.6%) were positive for hepatitis B (HbsAg). Syphilis testing by VDRL showed three positive results (2.5%), which was confirmed by TPHA. DISCUSSION:This study showed that HIV, HBV, HCV and syphilis seroprevalence among Colombian and Dominican FSWs remains low or very rare. It also indicates that these women were healthy when they arrived in Italy and that condom use with clients is high.

背景与目标： 简介：性病是世界范围内引起疾病的重要原因。女性性工作者（FSWs）通常被认为属于一个社会群体，该群体可能会为获取或传播艾滋病毒和其他性传播疾病而从事高风险行为。在过去的十年中，西西里岛卡塔尼亚从事性工作的移民妇女人数有所增加。这项研究的目的是估计哥伦比亚和多米尼加的FS​​W中HIV，HBV，HCV和梅毒的患病率。
方法：在该项目过程中，总共有118名（63.78％）的FSW同意参与研究。为所有入选妇女提供性传播疾病/艾滋病毒，更安全的性行为和使用安全套方面的咨询。抽取血样并测试HIV，HBV，HCV和梅毒。
结果：在118个FSW中，所有的HIV和HCV感染均为阴性。两名女性（1.6％）的乙型肝炎（HbsAg）阳性。 VDRL进行的梅毒测试显示三项阳性结果（2.5％），这已被TPHA证实。
讨论：这项研究表明，哥伦比亚和多米尼加地区FSW中的HIV，HBV，HCV和梅毒血清阳性率仍然很低或非常罕见。这也表明这些妇女到达意大利后就很健康，而且与客人一起使用避孕套的比例很高。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Cyclic AMP levels in rabbit carotid bodies incubated under control conditions, 100% O2- or 95% O2/5% CO2- equilibrated medium, are close to 1 pmol/mg wet tissue (range 0.4-2.43 pmol/mg). Isobutylmethylxanthine (0.5 mM) increases cyclic AMP levels by a factor of 14 and 8 in HEPES- and CO2/CH3O(-)-buffered medium, respectively. Forskolin (0.5-10 microM) applied during 30 min increases cyclic AMP levels in a dose-dependent manner. Incubation of carotid bodies at low O2 tensions resulted in an elevation of cyclic AMP levels both in the absence and in the presence of isobutymethylxanthine. In the latter conditions cyclic AMP increase was maximum at an O2 tension of 46 mm Hg and tended to decrease at extremely low PO2. In isobutylmethylxanthine-containing Ca2(+)-free medium, cyclic AMP increased linearly with decreasing PO2 from 66 to 13 mm Hg; the absolute cyclic AMP levels attained in Ca2(+)-free medium were smaller than those observed in Ca2(+)-containing medium at any PO2. The differences between Ca2(+)-free and Ca2(+)-containing media appear to be due to the action of released neurotransmitters in the latter conditions, because dopamine and norepinephrine, which are known to be released by hypoxia in a Ca2(+)-dependent manner, increase cyclic AMP in the carotid body. Low pH/high PCO2 and high [K+]e increase cyclic AMP levels only in Ca2(+)-containing medium. Forskolin potentiates the release of catecholamines induced by low PO2. These results suggest that cyclic AMP plays an important role in the modulation of the chemoreception process.

背景与目标： ：在对照条件下，100％O2-或95％O2 / 5％CO2平衡的培养基中孵育的兔颈动脉体中的循环AMP水平接近1 pmol / mg湿组织（0.4-2.43 pmol / mg范围）。在HEPES-和CO2 / CH3O（-）缓冲的培养基中，异丁基甲基黄嘌呤（0.5 mM）将循环AMP的水平分别提高14和8倍。在30分钟内施用的Forskolin（0.5-10 microM）以剂量依赖性方式增加循环AMP的水平。在不存在和存在异丁甲基黄嘌呤的情况下，在低O2张力下孵育颈动脉都会导致环AMP含量升高。在后一种情况下，循环AMP的增加在O2张力为46 mm Hg时最大，而在极低的PO2下趋于减少。在不含异丁基甲基黄嘌呤的不含Ca2（）的介质中，环状AMP随着PO2从66 mmHg降低到13 mm Hg而线性增加。不含Ca2（）的培养基中获得的绝对循环AMP水平要小于任何PO2含Ca2（）的培养基中观察到的绝对值。不含Ca2（）和含Ca2（）的培养基之间的差异似乎是由于后者条件下释放的神经递质的作用所致，因为已知多巴胺和去甲肾上腺素在依赖Ca2（）的情况下会通过低氧释放。方式，增加颈动脉体中的循环AMP。低pH /高PCO2和高[K] e仅在含Ca2（）的培养基中会增加循环AMP的水平。 Forskolin增强了低PO2诱导的儿茶酚胺释放。这些结果表明，环状AMP在化学感受过程的调节中起重要作用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVES:To describe the prevalence of oral diseases and their impact on oral-health-related quality of life in people with severe mental illness undertaking community-based psychiatric care. METHODS:A survey was conducted at eight outpatient psychiatric care clinics in Tower Hamlets, London, UK. One hundred and twelve consecutive patients with mental illness were invited to participate in this study. They were clinically examined and asked to complete the oral health impact profile (OHIP) questionnaire. RESULTS:The response rate was 79% (n = 89); 57 (64%) males and 58 persons over 45 years of age (65%) participated in this survey. Overall OHIP score was 25.4 (95% CI 23.3, 27.4), 70 (78%) were smokers and 45 (51%) had been to the dentist in the last two years. Forty-seven (53%) respondents had caries in at least one tooth, 60 (67%) had 21 teeth and more, and 14 (16%) used dentures. Advanced periodontal treatment was indicated in 42 (55%) of patients and 52.8% (n = 47) patients reported current pain. CONCLUSION:Overall, this survey found that oral health has a great impact on patients with severe mental illness being treated in the community setting and their oral health is poorer than the national adult general population. Future research should consider the causes that relate to the poorer oral health in this population and potential health promotion mechanisms in this population to encourage an upstream approach to health.

背景与目标： 目的：描述接受社区精神病治疗的重度精神疾病患者的口腔疾病患病率及其对口腔健康相关生活质量的影响。
方法：在英国伦敦塔哈姆雷特市的八家门诊精神病诊所进行了一项调查。连续邀请112名精神疾病患者参加这项研究。对他们进行了临床检查，并要求他们填写口腔健康影响概况（OHIP）问卷。
结果：回应率为79％（n = 89）；男性（57％）（64％）和58岁以上的58人（65％）参加了这项调查。 OHIP总体得分为25.4（95％CI 23.3、27.4），吸烟者为70（78％），最近两年去牙医的患者为45（51％）。 47名（53％）的被调查者的至少一颗牙齿上有龋齿； 60（67％）的人有21颗及以上的牙齿，以及14颗（16％）的假牙。 42名（55％）患者表示进行了牙周治疗，目前有疼痛的患者占52.8％（n = 47）。
结论：总体而言，该调查发现，口腔健康对在社区环境中接受治疗的严重精神疾病患者有很大影响，并且其口腔健康比全国成年人口还差。未来的研究应考虑与该人群口腔健康较差的原因以及该人群中潜在的健康促进机制，以鼓励采用上游健康方法。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We investigated the effect of homogeneous and inhomogeneous static magnetic field (SMF) exposure on the thermal nociceptive threshold of snail in the hot plate test (43 °C). Both homogeneous (hSMF) and inhomogeneous (iSMF) SMF increased the thermo-nociceptive threshold: 40.2%, 29.2%, or 41.7% after an exposure of 20, 30, or 40 min hSMF by p < 0.001, p < 0.0001, or p < 0.001, and 32.7% or 46.2% after an exposure of 20 or 40 min iSMF by p < 0.05 or p < 0.0001. These results suggest that SMF has an antinociceptive effect in snail. On the other hand, naloxone as an atypical opioid antagonist in an amount of 1 μg/g was found to significantly decrease the thermo-nociceptive threshold (41.9% by p < 0.002), which could be antagonized by hSMF exposure implying that hSMF exerts its antinociceptive effect partly via opioid receptors.

背景与目标： ：我们在热板测试（43°C）中研究了均匀和不均匀的静磁场（SMF）暴露对蜗牛的热伤害感受性阈值的影响。均质（hSMF）和不均质（iSMF）SMF均可在暴露20、30或40分钟的hSMF时通过p <0.001，p <0.0001或p提高热伤害感受性阈值：40.2％，29.2％或41.7％ iSMF暴露p≤0.05或p≤0.0001后，<0.001，以及32.7％或46.2％。这些结果表明，SMF对蜗牛具有镇痛作用。另一方面，发现纳洛酮作为一种非典型的阿片类药物拮抗剂，可显着降低热伤害感受性阈值（41.9％，p <0.002），可被hSMF暴露所拮抗，暗示hSMF发挥了其作用。部分通过阿片样物质受体产生抗伤害感受作用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :From 1982 to 1987, 2,433 lesions of the thyroid gland in 1,796 patients were examined by fine needle aspiration (FNA). Cytopathology classified 66.91% of the aspirates as benign, 10.76% as thyroiditis, 4.89% as suspected (unspecified) neoplasia, 1.31% as positive for malignancy and 16.11% (392) as unsatisfactory. The histologic diagnoses in 257 cases were compared with cytologic diagnoses to determine the accuracy of FNA cytology of thyroid lesions, yielding a sensitivity of 71.43%, a specificity of 100% and an accuracy of 95.09%. This data strongly supports thyroid FNA as an important preoperative diagnostic tool. Follicular carcinomas were difficult to cytologically differentiate from nonmalignant follicular neoplasms, and papillary thyroid carcinomas less than 2 cm in diameter in elderly patients were frequently misdiagnosed or diagnosed only as "suspect lesion."

背景与目标： ：从1982年到1987年，通过细针穿刺术（FNA）检查了1,796例患者的2,433例甲状腺的病变。细胞病理学将良性抽吸物分为66.91％，甲状腺炎为10.76％，疑似肿瘤（未指明）为4.89％，恶性肿瘤阳性为1.31％，不满意为16.11％（392）。将257例患者的组织学诊断结果与细胞学诊断结果进行比较，以确定FNA甲状腺病变细胞学检查的准确性，其敏感性为71.43％，特异性为100％，准确性为95.09％。该数据强烈支持甲状腺FNA作为重要的术前诊断工具。滤泡状癌很难在细胞学上与非恶性滤泡性肿瘤区分开，并且老年患者中直径小于2 cm的乳头状甲状腺癌经常被误诊或仅诊断为“可疑病变”。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Mutations in the senataxin (SETX) gene can cause amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 4 (ALS4), an autosomal dominant form of juvenile onset amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, or result in autosomal recessive ataxia with oculomotor apraxia type 2. Great caution regarding the possible disease causation, especially of missense variations, has to be taken. Here, we evaluated the significance of all previously reported SETX missense mutations as well as six newly identified variations in 54 patients suspected of having ALS4. Yet, epidemiologic and in silico evidence indicates that all newly identified variations and two previously published ALS4-related missense variations (C1554G and I2547T) are most likely non-pathogenic, demonstrating the problems of interpretation of SETX missense alleles in the absence of functional assays.

背景与目标： ：senataxin（SETX）基因的突变可引起肌萎缩性侧索硬化4（ALS4），这是一种常染色体显性形式的青少年发作性肌萎缩性侧索硬化，或导致常染色体隐性共济失调并伴有2型动眼性运动失用。特别是错义的变化，必须采取。在这里，我们评估了54位怀疑患有ALS4的患者中所有先前报道的SETX错义突变以及6个新近发现的变异的重要性。然而，流行病学和计算机病学证据表明，所有新发现的变异和两个先前发布的与ALS4相关的错义变异（C1554G和I2547T）极有可能是非致病性的，这表明在缺乏功能检测的情况下，SETX错义等位基因的解释存在问题。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Adolescents who are changing residence, as well as their social and economic circumstances may experience lifestyle changes that have an effect on body composition outcomes such as undernutrition, overweight or obesity. This paper uses data from Birth to Twenty, a birth cohort of South African urban children, to determine the relationship between residential mobility and body mass index (BMI) amongst Black adolescents aged 15 (n=1613), and to examine the role of changes in household socioeconomic status (SES). The prevalence of overweight and obesity in the sample was 25% in females and 8% in males. Amongst the females, a strong positive association between residential mobility and BMI was observed for those who also experienced an increase in household SES between birth and 15 years (β=0.42, SE=0.13), while no effect was identified for males. The study shows the potential for environmental change and increased resources to influence the risk for obesity. It also highlights the value in considering the range of social environmental factors and changes across the early life course that might play a part in evolving nutritional patterns in urban transitioning environments.

背景与目标： ：正在改变居住地的青少年，以及他们的社会和经济状况，可能会经历生活方式的改变，这些改变会影响身体组成的结果，例如营养不良，超重或肥胖。本文使用南非城市儿童的出生队列出生至二十岁的数据来确定15岁黑人青少年（n = 1613）的居住流动性与体重指数（BMI）之间的关系，并研究变化的作用家庭社会经济地位（SES）。样本中超重和肥胖的患病率在女性中为25％，在男性中为8％。在女性中，对于那些出生至15岁之间家庭SES也有所增加的人，其居住活动性与BMI之间存在很强的正相关性（β= 0.42，SE = 0.13），而对男性没有影响。研究显示环境变化和增加资源影响肥胖风险的潜力。它还强调了考虑社会环境因素的范围和整个生命过程中的变化的价值，这些因素可能在城市过渡环境中不断演变的营养模式中发挥作用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE:Descriptive studies have indicated a rising trend in Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) incidence in young adults, especially females. Increasing evidence has suggested that some risk factors associated with HL may vary by age or gender. Recent studies have reported an increased risk of HL associated with increasing body mass index (BMI), but the results have been inconsistent. The objectives of this study were to examine whether the associations between measures of body size (height, weight, and BMI) and HL risk vary by age and/or gender. METHODS:A population-based case-control study was conducted in Connecticut and Massachusetts. A total of 567 HL cases and 679 controls were recruited in 1997-2000. Unconditional logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS:Among younger women <35 years old, being overweight (25-29.9 kg/m(2)) versus normal weight (18.5-24.9 kg/m(2)) was significantly associated with an increased risk of HL (OR = 2.1, 95 % CI = 1.1-4.0). The risk increased with increasing weight and BMI (p trends <0.01). Among women ≥35 years old, by contrast, higher weight and BMI were associated with a reduced risk of HL (p trends <0.01). Conversely, there was no significant association between BMI and risk of HL in younger or older males. CONCLUSIONS:These findings show that the associations between body size and risk of HL vary by gender and age, and require confirmation in other populations.

背景与目标： 目的：描述性研究表明，霍奇金淋巴瘤（HL）的发病率在年轻人中，尤其是女性中呈上升趋势。越来越多的证据表明，与HL相关的某些危险因素可能随年龄或性别而变化。最近的研究报告了与体重指数（BMI）增加相关的HL风险增加，但结果不一致。这项研究的目的是检查身体大小（身高，体重和BMI）与HL风险之间的关系是否随年龄和/或性别而变化。
方法：在康涅狄格州和马萨诸塞州进行了一项基于人群的病例对照研究。在1997-2000年间，共招募了567例HL病例和679例对照。使用无条件逻辑回归来计算比值比（OR）和95％置信区间（CIs）。
结果：<35岁的年轻女性中，超重（25-29.9 kg / m（2））与正常体重（18.5-24.9 kg / m（2））与HL风险增加显着相关（OR = 2.1 ，95％CI = 1.1-4.0）。风险随着体重和BMI的增加而增加（p趋势<0.01）。相比之下，≥35岁的女性中，体重增加和BMI升高与HL风险降低相关（p趋势<0.01）。相反，年轻或老年男性的BMI与HL风险之间没有显着相关性。
结论：这些发现表明，体型与HL风险之间的关联因性别和年龄而异，需要在其他人群中进行确认。