BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Thirty-five patients with definite multiple sclerosis (MS) were studied. They underwent neuropsychological testing and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The MRI findings at different brain areas levels were compared with the neuropsychological findings. A quantitative system was used to measure MRI-MS lesions. In this series, a positive correlation was established between memory and learning disturbances measured by Battery 144, and the lesions measured by MRI (total, hemispheric and, particularly, periventricular lesions). MRI can detect MS lesions, and this study shows that a correlation between MRI and neuropsychological findings is possible if quantitative methods are used to distinguish different MS involvement areas in relation to neuropsychological tasks. These findings suggest that hemispheric lesions in MS produce cognitive disturbances and MRI could be a useful tool in predicting memory and learning impairment.

背景与目标： ：研究了35例明确的多发性硬化症（MS）患者。他们接受了神经心理学测试和磁共振成像（MRI）。将不同大脑区域水平的MRI检查结果与神经心理学检查结果进行比较。定量系统用于测量MRI-MS病变。在这个系列中，通过电池144测量的记忆和学习障碍与通过MRI测量的病变（总，半球，尤其是脑室病变）之间建立了正相关。 MRI可以检测MS病变，这项研究表明，如果使用定量方法区分与神经心理学任务相关的不同MS累及区域，则MRI与神经心理学发现之间可能存在关联。这些发现表明，MS的半球病变会产生认知障碍，而MRI可能是预测记忆和学习障碍的有用工具。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Patient safety is one of the greatest challenges facing health care today and nurses are well placed to find opportunities for enhancing care and making it safer. Nurse education has an important role to play in ensuring future professions have capabilities and confidence to meet this challenge however this requires new pedagogies in nurse education. This paper reports on an initiative to develop the safety improvement and leadership capabilities of final year nursing students using Action Learning to support students to undertake a safety improvement project in the clinical setting. A qualitative, interpretive research approach was used to explore students' experiences of participation in Action Learning. 52 nursing students from a UK University participated in the study. Student accounts of their experiences were generated through focus group and individual interviews and data were subject to thematic analysis. Findings are discussed in relation to three categories including "creating an enabling environment", "learning through action and reflection" and "the emergence of safety improvement and leadership practices." The study findings provide valuable insights into how AL processes can engender personal leadership capabilities and support students to make a valuable contribution to safer care practices, both as students and as future health care professionals.

背景与目标： ：患者的安全性是当今医疗保健面临的最大挑战之一，护士已准备好寻找机会来加强护理并使其更加安全。护士教育在确保未来的职业具有应对这一挑战的能力和信心方面可发挥重要作用，但这需要在护士教育中采用新的教学法。本文报告了一项旨在通过行动学习来发展最终护理学生的安全改进和领导能力的倡议，以支持学生在临床环境中开展安全改进项目。使用定性，解释性研究方法来探索学生参与行动学习的经验。来自英国大学的52名护理专业学生参加了这项研究。通过专题小组对学生的经历进行叙述，对个人访谈和数据进行主题分析。讨论了与三个类别有关的发现，包括“创造有利的环境”，“通过行动和反思进行学习”以及“安全改进和领导实践的出现”。研究结果为AL过程如何增强个人领导能力和支持学生（无论是作为学生还是将来的医疗保健专业人员）对更安全的护理实践做出了宝贵的贡献提供了宝贵的见解。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The objective indicators which reflect the past results of end-stage knee osteoarthritis (OA) patients who have already received total knee arthroplasty (TKA) could be helpful for physicians to discuss with patients who are considering TKA. The aim of this prospective cohort study was to examine whether we could predict the knee OA patients who would receive TKA in advance based on baseline data, and to set cut-off points for receiving TKA. The two-hundred and forty end-stage medial-type knee OA patients were enrolled and followed up for 6 months while performing therapeutic exercises. Radiographic findings, visual analog scale for pain and a patient-oriented outcome measure, the Japanese Knee Osteoarthritis Measure (JKOM), were recorded at baseline. Relative risks (RRs) using the area under the curve (AUC) for a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve were calculated to evaluate several scores for receiving TKA. While 119 patients (55.3 %) did not undergo TKA, the remaining 96 patients (44.7 %) underwent TKA during this period. The AUCs of the ROC curve for the JKOM total score [0.71 (95 % CI 0.64-0.79)] were higher than those for radiographic parameters. Among the JKOM subcategories, JKOM category III, which indicates the condition in daily life, showed the highest AUC of 0.72 (0.65-0.80). The JKOM total score (65/100) and JKOM category III score (17/40) showed RRs of 2.20 (1.33-3.63) and 1.95 (1.18-3.22) for receiving TKA, respectively. The presence of disability in daily living was found to be an important factor determining whether the patient should undergo TKA.

背景与目标： ：客观的指标反映了已经接受全膝关节置换术（TKA）的晚期膝关节骨关节炎（OA）患者的过去结果，可能有助于医生与正在考虑进行TKA的患者进行讨论。这项前瞻性队列研究的目的是检查我们是否可以根据基线数据预测可以提前接受TKA的膝骨OA患者，并设定接受TKA的临界点。入选了240例中晚期膝关节OA患者，并进行了6个月的随访，同时进行了治疗性锻炼。在基线记录影像学发现，疼痛的视觉模拟量表和以患者为导向的结果指标，即日本膝骨关节炎指标（JKOM）。使用接收者操作特征（ROC）曲线的曲线下面积（AUC）计算相对风险（RRs），以评估接收TKA的几个分数。虽然有119名患者（55.3％）没有接受过TKA，但其余96名患者（44.7％）在此期间接受了TKA。 JKOM总分[0.71（95％CI 0.64-0.79）]的ROC曲线的AUC高于射线照相参数的AUC。在JKOM子类别中，指示日常生活状况的JKOM第三类显示最高的AUC为0.72（0.65-0.80）。 JKOM总评分（65/100）和JKOM III类评分（17/40）分别显示，接受TKA的RR为2.20（1.33-3.63）和1.95（1.18-3.22）。发现日常生活中是否存在残疾是决定患者是否应该接受TKA的重要因素。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE:Few individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) engage in the recommended amount of leisure time physical activity (LTPA). Yet little is known about how, and why, active individuals engage in specific types of LTPA. This study explored how a unique narrative environment and disability narratives motivated individuals with SCI to engage in LTPA. METHOD:Fourteen individuals with SCI from a physical activity program participated in approximately hour-long interviews. Interviews were then subjected to a narrative analysis. RESULTS:Individuals who used a restitution narrative (n = 6) were motivated to engage in functional LTPA because of the desire to maintain the body and restore the past self. The individual who used the chaos narrative (n = 1) preferred solitary LTPA as exposure to others with SCI was a constant reminder of the lost, pre-injury self. Individuals who used a quest narrative (n = 7) explored LTPA options that fit with their interests; these individuals were open to new types of LTPA, such as sport and outdoor recreation. CONCLUSION:The plot of three disability narratives can all motivate the pursuit of LTPA; however, not all types of LTPA are seen as equal. LTPA interventions can be enhanced through the lessons learned from this unique type of environment. IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATION:Despite individuals' views about their disability, they can still be motivated to engage in routine LTPA. Different theoretical determinants, such as health or social benefits, hold different relevance for LTPA among individuals with differing disability narratives. The environment provided by practitioners can therefore elicit some stories of SCI while stifling others. Open narrative environment will attract individuals to listen and maintain involvement in LTPA.

背景与目标： 目的：很少有脊髓损伤（SCI）的人从事建议量的休闲时间体育锻炼（LTPA）。对于活动个体如何以及为什么参与特定类型的LTPA知之甚少。这项研究探讨了独特的叙事环境和残疾叙事如何激励SCI个人参与LTPA。
方法：来自体育锻炼计划的十四名患有SCI的人参加了大约一个小时的访谈。然后对访谈进行叙事分析。
结果：使用恢复性叙述的个体（n = 6）被激发从事功能性LTPA的动机，因为他们渴望维持身体并恢复过去的自我。使用混乱叙事（n = 1）的人更喜欢孤独的LTPA，因为他们接触SCI的人不断提醒自己迷失，受伤前的自我。使用任务叙述（n = 7）的个人探索了符合他们兴趣的LTPA选项；这些人愿意接受新的LTPA类型，例如运动和户外休闲。
结论：三种残疾叙述的情节都可以激发人们对LTPA的追求。但是，并非所有类型的LTPA都被认为是平等的。通过从这种独特类型的环境中学到的经验教训，可以增强LTPA干预措施。
康复的意义：尽管个人对他们的残疾有不同的看法，但他们仍然可以被激励去参加常规的LTPA。在具有不同残疾陈述的个人中，不同的理论决定因素（例如健康或社会福利）与LTPA的相关性不同。因此，从业人员提供的环境可以引发一些SCI故事，同时又扼杀其他故事。开放的叙事环境将吸引个人倾听并保持对LTPA的参与。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Mutation of the DNA-binding region of the FOXP2 protein causes an inherited language disorder. A recent study provides the first data on mice with this mutation, which exhibit deficits in motor-skill learning and abnormal properties of neural circuits that contribute to these skills.

背景与目标： ：FOXP2蛋白的DNA结合区的突变会导致遗传性语言障碍。最近的一项研究提供了具有这种突变的小鼠的首批数据，这些小鼠表现出运动技能学习的缺陷和有助于这些技能的神经回路异常特性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We have previously shown in normal subjects that motor adaptation to imposed visual rotation is significantly enhanced when tested few days later. This occurs through a process of sleep-dependent memory consolidation. Here we ascertained whether patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) learn, improve, and retain new motor skills in the same way as normal subjects. We tested 16 patients in early stages of PD and 21 control subjects over two days. All subjects performed reaching movements on a digitizing tablet. Vision of the limb was precluded with an opaque screen; hand paths were shown on the screen with the targets' position. Unbeknownst to the subjects, the hand path on the screen was rotated by 30 degrees . In experiment 1, patients taking dopaminergic treatment and controls adapted to rotation with targets appearing in an unpredictable order. In experiment 2, drug-naïve patients and controls adapted to rotation in a less challenging task where target's appearance was predictable. Patients and controls made similar movements and adapted to rotation in the same way. However, when tested again over the following days, controls' performance significantly improved compared to training, while patients' performance did not. This lack of consolidation, which is present in the early stages of the disease and is independent from therapy, may be due to abnormal homeostatic processes that occur during sleep.

背景与目标： ：我们之前在正常受试者中显示，几天后进行测试后，运动适应视觉旋转的能力会大大增强。这是通过依赖于睡眠的内存合并过程来发生的。在这里，我们确定帕金森氏病（PD）的患者是否以与正常受试者相同的方式学习，改善和保留新的运动技能。我们在两天内测试了PD早期的16例患者和21例对照对象。所有对象均在数字化平板电脑上进行了移动动作。不透明的屏幕无法显示四肢的视力；屏幕上显示了目标位置的手形路径。被摄对象不知道，屏幕上的手部路径旋转了30度。在实验1中，接受多巴胺能治疗和控制的患者适应了旋转，并且靶标以无法预测的顺序出现。在实验2中，没有药物治疗的患者和对照组在难以预测的任务中适应了旋转，其中目标的出现是可预测的。患者和对照者做出相似的动作，并以相同的方式适应旋转。但是，在接下来的几天中再次进行测试时，与训练相比，对照组的表现显着改善，而患者的表现却没有。这种缺乏固结的现象是在疾病的早期阶段出现的，并且与治疗无关，这可能是由于睡眠期间发生的异常体内平衡过程引起的。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:The objective of this study was to identify clinical and social predictors of application for Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) in workers' compensation claimants with low back pain. METHODS:Archival and interview data were analyzed for 1372 Missouri claimants who were, on average, nearly 42 months postinjury. RESULTS:Two hundred sixty-five (19.3%) claimants were receiving SSDI (8.0%) or had applied for SSDI (11.3%). Logistic regression indicated that black race, older age, herniated disc diagnosis, surgery, and longer time since injury were associated with increased odds of SSDI. Higher preinjury wage, more education, and higher satisfaction with medical treatment and/or treatment by employer were associated with decreased odds of SSDI. CONCLUSIONS:Application for SSDI among claimants with occupational low back pain is associated with social factors like race, satisfaction, and socioeconomics as well as clinical factors like diagnosis and surgery.

背景与目标： 目的：本研究的目的是确定在腰背痛的工伤索赔人中申请社会保障残疾保险的临床和社会预测指标。
方法：分析了密苏里州1372名索赔人的档案和访谈数据，他们平均受伤后将近42个月。
结果：265名（19.3％）索赔人正在接受SSDI（8.0％）或已申请SSDI（11.3％）。 Logistic回归表明，黑人种族，年龄较大，椎间盘突出症，手术以及自受伤以来的较长时间与SSDI几率增加相关。更高的伤害前工资，更多的教育以及对医疗和/或雇主待遇的更高满意度与降低SSDI的几率相关。
结论：在职业性下腰痛的索赔人中申请SSDI与种族，满意度和社会经济学等社会因素以及诊断和手术等临床因素有关。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :K. Cheng (1986) suggested that learning the geometry of enclosing surfaces takes place in a geometric module blind to other spatial information. Failures to find blocking or overshadowing of geometry learning by features near a goal seem consistent with this view. The authors present an operant model in which learning spatial features competes with geometry learning, as in the Rescorla-Wagner model. Relative total associative strength of cues at a location determines choice of that location and thus the frequencies of reward paired with each cue. The model shows how competitive learning of local features and geometry can appear to result in potentiation, blocking, or independence, depending on enclosure shape and kind of features. The model reproduces numerous findings from dry arenas and water mazes.

背景与目标： ：K Cheng（1986）建议，学习封闭表面的几何形状是在对其他空间信息不了解的几何模块中进行的。未能通过目标附近的要素找到阻碍或过度学习几何学习的现象似乎与此视图一致。作者提出了一个操作模型，其中与Rescorla-Wagner模型一样，学习空间特征与几何学习竞争。某个位置的提示的相对总关联强度决定了该位置的选择，并因此决定了与每个提示配对的奖励频率。该模型显示了根据局部形状和特征种类，竞争性学习局部特征和几何形状会如何导致增强，阻断或独立性。该模型重现了来自干竞技场和迷宫般的大量发现。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Recognizing that robust information on health systems in other countries can provide valuable lessons for the English National Health Service, the Department of Health commissioned an academic team to provide an 'On-call Facility for International Healthcare Comparisons' in 2005. This paper describes the work of this novel approach to informing policy and reviews the experience of the first two years. It illustrates the well-documented challenges of comparative analysis of health systems. One important issue is understanding the health system context so as to interpret phenomena and draw appropriate policy conclusions. Other challenges include the potential tension between academic interest and rigour, and the need for timely analysis to inform the Department of Health's rapidly changing policy agenda. The diversity and nature of topics covered, as well as the rapid turn-around time have meant that the Facility has had to balance rigour and timeliness carefully to ensure the value and relevance of reports. A strong research base linked with an international network of country experts promotes the provision of high quality analyses at relatively low costs. However, such an arrangement can only be sustained if it provides scope for additional primary research. A formal evaluation of the influence on health care policy-making in England is not yet available. Such knowledge will be of crucial importance for the development of similar resources elsewhere.

背景与目标： ：卫生部认识到其他国家/地区强大的卫生系统信息可以为英国国家卫生服务局提供宝贵的经验，因此在2005年委托一个学术团队提供“国际医疗比较的待命服务”。这种新颖的方法来指导政策并回顾前两年的经验。它说明了卫生系统比较分析中有据可查的挑战。一个重要的问题是了解卫生系统的背景情况，以便解释现象并得出适当的政策结论。其他挑战包括学术兴趣和严格性之间的潜在紧张关系，以及需要及时分析以告知卫生部迅速变化的政策议程的挑战。所涉主题的多样性和性质以及快速的周转时间，意味着该基金必须认真权衡严格性和及时性，以确保报告的价值和相关性。强大的研究基础与国家专家的国际网络相联系，促进了以相对较低的成本提供高质量的分析。但是，只有为其他基础研究提供了范围，这样的安排才能维持下去。目前尚无关于英格兰对卫生保健政策制定影响的正式评估。这些知识对于开发其他地方的类似资源至关重要。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Word sense disambiguation (WSD) is critical in the biomedical domain for improving the precision of natural language processing (NLP), text mining, and information retrieval systems because ambiguous words negatively impact accurate access to literature containing biomolecular entities, such as genes, proteins, cells, diseases, and other important entities. Automated techniques have been developed that address the WSD problem for a number of text processing situations, but the problem is still a challenging one. Supervised WSD machine learning (ML) methods have been applied in the biomedical domain and have shown promising results, but the results typically incorporate a number of confounding factors, and it is problematic to truly understand the effectiveness and generalizability of the methods because these factors interact with each other and affect the final results. Thus, there is a need to explicitly address the factors and to systematically quantify their effects on performance. RESULTS:Experiments were designed to measure the effect of "sample size" (i.e. size of the datasets), "sense distribution" (i.e. the distribution of the different meanings of the ambiguous word) and "degree of difficulty" (i.e. the measure of the distances between the meanings of the senses of an ambiguous word) on the performance of WSD classifiers. Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifiers were applied to an automatically generated data set containing four ambiguous biomedical abbreviations: BPD, BSA, PCA, and RSV, which were chosen because of varying degrees of differences in their respective senses. Results showed that: 1) increasing the sample size generally reduced the error rate, but this was limited mainly to well-separated senses (i.e. cases where the distances between the senses were large); in difficult cases an unusually large increase in sample size was needed to increase performance slightly, which was impractical, 2) the sense distribution did not have an effect on performance when the senses were separable, 3) when there was a majority sense of over 90%, the WSD classifier was not better than use of the simple majority sense, 4) error rates were proportional to the similarity of senses, and 5) there was no statistical difference between results when using a 5-fold or 10-fold cross-validation method. Other issues that impact performance are also enumerated. CONCLUSION:Several different independent aspects affect performance when using ML techniques for WSD. We found that combining them into one single result obscures understanding of the underlying methods. Although we studied only four abbreviations, we utilized a well-established statistical method that guarantees the results are likely to be generalizable for abbreviations with similar characteristics. The results of our experiments show that in order to understand the performance of these ML methods it is critical that papers report on the baseline performance, the distribution and sample size of the senses in the datasets, and the standard deviation or confidence intervals. In addition, papers should also characterize the difficulty of the WSD task, the WSD situations addressed and not addressed, as well as the ML methods and features used. This should lead to an improved understanding of the generalizablility and the limitations of the methodology.

背景与目标： 背景：字词歧义消除（WSD）在生物医学领域对于提高自然语言处理（NLP），文本挖掘和信息检索系统的精度至关重要，因为歧义词会对准确访问包含生物分子实体（例如基因）的文献产生负面影响蛋白质，细胞，疾病和其他重要实体。已经开发出自动技术来解决许多文本处理情况下的WSD问题，但是该问题仍然是一个具有挑战性的问题。有监督的WSD机器学习（ML）方法已应用于生物医学领域，并显示出令人鼓舞的结果，但结果通常包含许多混杂因素，并且由于这些因素相互影响，真正了解这些方法的有效性和可推广性是有问题的彼此影响最终结果。因此，需要明确解决这些因素并系统地量化其对性能的影响。
结果：设计了实验来测量“样本量”（即数据集的大小），“感官分布”（即歧义词的不同含义的分布）和“难易程度”（即歧义词的含义之间的距离）对WSD分类器的性能。支持向量机（SVM）分类器应用于自动生成的数据集，该数据集包含四个歧义生物医学缩写：BPD，BSA，PCA和RSV，这是由于它们各自含义上的差异程度不同而选择的。结果表明：1）增加样本大小通常会降低错误率，但这主要限于良好分离的感官（即，感官之间的距离较大的情况）；在困难的情况下，需要极大地增加样本数量以略微提高性能，这是不切实际的； 2）当感官可分离时，感官分布对性能没有影响； 3）当多数感官超过90时％，WSD分类器并不比使用简单多数感官更好； 4）错误率与各种感官的相似性成正比； 5）当使用5倍或10倍交叉比对时，结果之间没有统计学差异验证方法。还列举了影响性能的其他问题。
结论：将ML技术用于WSD时，有几个不同的独立方面会影响性能。我们发现将它们组合成一个单一的结果会模糊对基本方法的理解。尽管我们仅研究了四个缩写，但我们使用了一种完善的统计方法，该方法可以保证结果对于具有相似特征的缩写很可能是可推广的。我们的实验结果表明，为了了解这些ML方法的性能，至关重要的是，论文要报告基线性能，数据集中感官的分布和样本大小以及标准偏差或置信区间。此外，论文还应描述WSD任务的难度，WSD解决和未解决的WSD情况以及所使用的ML方法和功能。这应该导致人们对通用性和方法的局限性有了更好的了解。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Tuberculosis (TB) is an enormous global public health problem. Cases of extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB) are being reported in increasing numbers across the globe. A large outbreak of XDR-TB associated with rapid and nearly universal mortality has been reported among patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection or acquired immunodeficiency disease in South Africa who have been receiving standard TB therapy and antiretrovirals. Epidemiologic features of this outbreak make it highly suspicious for health care-associated transmission. We urge the Infectious Diseases Society of America and its members to increase involvement in ongoing international TB prevention and treatment efforts and to develop a registry of experts in infection control and laboratory and disease management. We urge advocacy for increased funding for domestic and global TB control programs, including expanded access to sputum culture and drug susceptibility testing, as well as funding for TB clinical trials and research capacity. We believe that substandard TB diagnostic tests are not acceptable for TB control in resource-poor countries. We urge the development of shorter, less toxic TB treatment and prevention regimens. Funding of TB control and research should be reassessed to prevent budget cuts at a time when the disease is killing as many as 2 million people a year.

背景与目标： 结核病（TB）是一个巨大的全球公共卫生问题。在全球范围内，越来越多的人报告了广泛耐药的结核病（XDR-TB）病例。在南非，已经接受标准结核病治疗和抗逆转录病毒药物治疗的人类免疫缺陷病毒感染或获得性免疫缺陷疾病患者中，广泛的XDR-TB暴发已被报道。该暴发的流行病学特征使其高度怀疑与卫生保健有关的传播。我们敦促美国传染病学会及其成员增加对正在进行的国际结核病预防和治疗工作的参与，并发展感染控制以及实验室和疾病管理专家名录。我们敦促倡导增加对国内和全球结核病控制计划的资金投入，包括扩大对痰培养和药物敏感性测试的访问，以及为结核病临床试验和研究能力提供资金。我们认为，在资源匮乏的国家，不合格的结核病诊断检测对于控制结核病是不可接受的。我们敦促开发更短，毒性更小的结核病治疗和预防方案。在结核病每年导致多达200万人死亡的时候，应该重新评估结核病控制和研究的经费，以防止预算削减。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Simulation offers an important context for clinical education, providing a structured, safe and supportive environment bridging the classroom and the clinic. Two trends in the simulation community appear to be developing uncritically and without adequate evaluation. First, there is a fascination with seductive high-fidelity simulation realized through sophisticated technology. Second, simulation has increasingly appropriated learning in the psychological domain, such as communication skills, under the rationale of 'integration'. Developments in simulation activities have largely been made in a theoretical vacuum and where theory is invoked it is learning theory rather than theory of simulation. This paper introduces theories of simulation from cultural studies as a critical balance to the claims of the simulation community. Work-based and simulation-based learning could engage in a new dialogue for an effective clinical education.

背景与目标： ：模拟为临床教育提供了重要的环境，为架设教室和诊所提供了结构化，安全和支持性的环境。在模拟社区中，有两种趋势似乎正在不加批判地发展，并且没有进行充分的评估。首先，对通过复杂技术实现的诱人的高保真度模拟着迷。其次，在“整合”的基本原理下，模拟越来越适合在心理学领域中进行学习，例如交流技巧。模拟活动的发展很大程度上是在理论真空中进行的，在其中调用理论的是学习理论而不是模拟理论。本文介绍了文化研究中的模拟理论，作为对模拟社区主张的重要平衡。基于工作和基于模拟的学习可以参与新的对话，以进行有效的临床教育。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The neurokinin Substance P (SP) is widely distributed in the central nervous system and has been extensively studied in various functional aspects. This review focuses on the behavioral relevance of SP. Here we show that SP can have memory-promoting, reinforcing and anxiolytic-like effects when administered systemically or into the nucleus basalis of the ventral pallidum. These effects seem to be mediated via the SP-preferring NK(1)receptor and differentially related to N- versus C-terminal fragments of the undecapeptide. Secondly, SP injection into the ventral pallidum can lead to increases of acetylcholine in frontal cortex and dopamine in nucleus accumbens, suggesting that the hypermnestic, positively reinforcing and anxiolytic effects observed upon basal forebrain injection of SP are mediated by activation of the nucleus accumbens-ventral pallidum circuitry. Furthermore, SP and certain SP-fragments may not only be considered to have beneficial behavioral effects in normal animals, but can also prevent lesion-induced functional deficits and improve the speed of recovery. This indicates that SP agonists might also have a neuroprotective capacity in parallel with recovery-promoting actions.

背景与目标： ：神经激肽P（SP）广泛分布于中枢神经系统，并已在各个功能方面进行了广泛研究。这篇综述着重于SP的行为相关性。在这里我们表明，当全身或腹侧苍白球的核基底层给药时，SP可以具有促进记忆，增强和抗焦虑的作用。这些作用似乎是通过SP优先的NK（1）受体介导的，并且与十一肽的N端和C端片段差异相关。其次，向腹侧苍白球注射SP可导致额叶皮层中的乙酰胆碱和伏隔核中的多巴胺增加，表明基础前脑注射SP时观察到的高记忆力，正增强和抗焦虑作用是由伏隔核-腹侧神经的激活介导的。苍白的电路。此外，SP和某些SP片段不仅可以被认为在正常动物中具有有益的行为效果，而且还可以防止病变引起的功能缺陷并提高恢复速度。这表明SP激动剂可能还具有促进恢复作用的神经保护能力。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: INTRODUCTION:Recently, growing interest emerged in the enhancement of human potential by means of non-invasive brain stimulation. In particular, anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (atDCS) has been shown to exert beneficial effects on motor and higher cognitive functions. However, the majority of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) studies have assessed effects of single stimulation sessions that are mediated by transient neural modulation. Studies assessing the impact of multiple stimulation sessions on learning that may induce long-lasting behavioural and neural changes are scarce and have not yet been accomplished in the language domain in healthy individuals. METHOD:The present study probed the potential of atDCS to enhance language learning over multiple days by employing an explicit word learning paradigm. Forty healthy young participants were randomized to learning with either simultaneous atDCS or sham stimulation (N = 20/group; comparable regarding demographic variables and neurocognitive status). All participants acquired a novel vocabulary (familiar and novel object picture - non-word pairs) over five consecutive days. Two memory tasks (free recall; forced choice recognition tasks) were administered immediately after each training session. A one week follow-up tested the maintenance of learning success. RESULTS:Linear mixed effects model analysis revealed superior learning during atDCS compared to sham stimulation for both familiar and novel objects. atDCS yielded a steeper learning curve and significantly more pronounced learning at the end of the training during the recall task. During the recognition task, the atDCS group reached ceiling levels earlier and overall learning success was greater. For both tasks, beneficial atDCS effects were maintained during the follow-up assessment. CONCLUSIONS:The present study provides direct evidence that atDCS administered during multiple learning sessions facilitates language learning and that effects are maintained over time. This study contributes important novel information about the extent of stimulation effects in the healthy brain, thereby highlighting the potential of atDCS to enhance language recovery after stroke.

背景与目标： 简介：最近，人们越来越关注通过无创性脑刺激来增强人类潜能。特别是，阳极经颅直流电刺激（atDCS）已显示出对运动和更高的认知功能产生有益作用。但是，大多数经颅直流电刺激（tDCS）研究已经评估了由短暂神经调节介导的单个刺激阶段的效果。评估多种刺激对学习的影响的研究可能会导致持久的行为和神经变化，但目前尚缺乏针对健康个体的语言领域的研究，该研究尚未在语言领域完成。
方法：本研究探讨了atDCS通过采用显式单词学习范例在多天内增强语言学习的潜力。 40名健康的年轻参与者被随机分配到同时进行DCS或假刺激的学习中（N = 20 /组;在人口统计学变量和神经认知状态方面可比）。所有参与者都连续五天获得了新颖的词汇表（熟悉的事物和新颖的事物图片-非单词对）。每次训练后，立即执行两个记忆任务（自由回忆；强制选择识别任务）。为期一周的随访测试了学习成功的维持情况。
结果：线性混合效应模型分析显示，与熟悉刺激和新颖物体的假刺激相比，atDCS期间的学习效果更好。在召回任务期间的培训结束时，atDCS产生了更陡峭的学习曲线，并且学习效果明显提高。在识别任务期间，atDCS组更早达到最高级别，并且整体学习成功更大。对于这两项任务，在后续评估期间都保持了atDCS的有益效果。
结论：本研究提供了直接的证据，表明在多次学习中使用atDCS可以促进语言学习，并且效果会随着时间的推移而保持。这项研究提供了有关健康大脑中刺激作用程度的重要新信息，从而突出了atDCS增强中风后语言恢复的潜力。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Whole exome sequencing in two-generational kindred from Bangladesh with early onset spasticity, mild intellectual disability, distal amyotrophy, and cerebellar atrophy transmitted as an autosomal recessive trait identified the following two missense mutations in the EXOSC3 gene: a novel p.V80F mutation and a known p.D132A change previously associated with mild variants of pontocerebellar hypoplasia type 1. This study confirms the involvement of RNA processing proteins in disorders with motor neuron and cerebellar degeneration overlapping with spinocerebellar ataxia 36 and rare forms of hereditary spastic paraplegia with cerebellar features.

背景与目标： ：来自孟加拉国的两代亲属的全外显子组测序，具有发作前的痉挛，轻度智力残疾，远端肌萎缩和小脑萎缩（作为常染色体隐性遗传），它们确定了EXOSC3基因中的以下两个错义突变：一种新的p.V80F突变和一种已知的p.D132A改变，先前与1型小脑小脑发育不全的轻度变异有关。这项研究证实了RNA加工蛋白参与了运动神经元和小脑变性疾病与脊髓小脑性共济失调36和罕见的具有小脑特征的遗传性痉挛性截瘫的疾病。