BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This study tested two hypotheses. First, that breast pumping contributes to the previously observed decrease in ethanol bioavailability in lactating women. Second, that the effects of breast pumping are more pronounced when ethanol is consumed after a meal. The within-subject factor was test condition (fed or fasted) and the between-subject factor was experimental group (pumped before, PB; pumped after, PA). Those randomly assigned to the PB group (N = 8) breast pumped 1 h before drinking, whereas those assigned to the PA group (N = 8) breast pumped 0.6 h after drinking. Pumping before drinking significantly decreased blood ethanol concentration (P < 0.05) and ethanol bioavailability (P = 0.05). Pumping after drinking sped up elimination (P = 0.008), attenuated ethanol-induced hypothermia (P = 0.002), and increased feelings of stimulation (P = 0.03). The effects were more pronounced when ethanol was consumed after a meal. Common neural/hormonal responses to food and suckling may contribute additive effects in altering the pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of ethanol, and perhaps of other drugs, during lactation.

背景与目标： ：这项研究检验了两个假设。首先，吸乳会导致先前观察到的哺乳期妇女乙醇生物利用度下降。其次，饭后食用乙醇时，吸乳的效果更加明显。受试者内部因素为测试条件（进食或禁食），受试者间因素为实验组（PB之前泵送，PA之后泵送）。随机分配到PB组（N = 8）的人在饮水前1 h抽水，而分配到PA组（N = 8）的人在饮水后0.6 h抽水。饮酒前抽水会显着降低血液中的乙醇浓度（P <0.05）和乙醇生物利用度（P = 0.05）。饮酒后的抽气加快了消除速度（P = 0.008），减弱了乙醇诱导的体温过低（P = 0.002），并增加了刺激感（P = 0.03）。饭后食用乙醇时，效果更为明显。常见的对食物和哺乳的神经/激素反应可能在哺乳期间改变乙醇（可能还有其他药物）的药代动力学/药效学中发挥加和作用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This study investigated the effect of a high-fat (HF) diet on protein expression of leptin and its receptor in the gonads of dams and their offspring. Female Wistar rats were fed a HF diet (30% fat) or a standard breeding (BD) diet (5% fat) during pregnancy and lactation. At 21 days of lactation, mothers and both sexes of prepubertal offspring were killed by decapitation. The protein expression of leptin and its receptor was assayed by Western blot and immunohistochemistry in gonadal, periovarian, and epididymal white adipose tissue (WAT). We demonstrated that leptin protein expression in ovary, and both leptin and ObRb expression in periovarian WAT was decreased in HF dams compared with BD animals. Immunohistochemistry showed lower leptin expression in growing antral follicles and corpora lutea of HF dams. Conversely, in both gonads and epididymal WAT of HF offspring, leptin and its receptor were significantly higher expressed compared with BD. Immunolocalization of leptin system in HF offspring gonads showed higher expression in growing and antral follicles of the ovary, seminiferous tubules, and interstitial tissue of testes. In conclusion, high gonadal and gonadal-WAT expression of leptin system was observed in the offspring of dams fed a HF diet during pregnancy and lactation.

背景与目标： ：这项研究调查了高脂饮食对大坝及其后代性腺中瘦素及其受体蛋白表达的影响。在怀孕和哺乳期间，给雌性Wistar大鼠喂食HF日粮（30％脂肪）或标准繁殖（BD）日粮（5％脂肪）。哺乳期21天，母亲和青春期前的后代均被斩首处决。用蛋白质印迹法和免疫组织化学法检测性腺，卵巢周和附睾白色脂肪组织（WAT）中瘦素及其受体的蛋白表达。我们证明，与BD动物相比，HF大坝中卵巢中的瘦素蛋白表达以及卵巢周WAT中的瘦素和ObRb表达均降低。免疫组织化学显示，HF大坝的肛门窦卵泡和黄体中瘦素的表达较低。相反，在HF后代的性腺和附睾WAT中，瘦素及其受体的表达均显着高于BD。瘦素系统在HF后代性腺中的免疫定位显示在卵巢，生精小管和睾丸间质组织的生长和窦房滤泡中更高的表达。总之，在妊娠和哺乳期喂食HF饮食的大坝的后代中，观察到瘦素系统的性腺和性腺WAT高表达。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The effect of sodium metavanadate (NaVO3) exposure on lipid oxidative damage in the CNS of suckling rats was studied. Using histological markers of cellular injury, we also studied the morphological alterations of neurons and astroglial cells in different regions of neonate rats CNS after NaVO3 exposure. Dams of treated litters were intraperitoneally injected with 3mgNaVO3/kgbody weight/day during 12days starting on post-natal day (PND) 10. On the 21st PND, four pups of each litter were sacrificed by decapitation and six brain areas were removed for lipid peroxidation assay by the thiobarbituric acid (TBA) reaction, the other four were transcardially perfused-fixed and their brains were removed and cut with a cryostat. Brain sections were processed for: NADPHd histochemistry and anti-HSP70, anti-GFAP and anti-S100 immunohistochemistry. The relative optical density of the NADPHd stained layers and of S100 (+) astrocytes and the GFAP (+) astrocyte surface area in Cer and Hc were measured. Although MDA levels, S100 immunostaining and NADPHd activity didn't show differences between experimental and control groups, both astrogliosis and HSP70 activation were detected in Cer, while only the former was detected in Hc of V-exposed pups.

背景与目标： ：研究了偏钒酸钠（NaVO3）暴露对乳鼠中枢神经系统脂质氧化损伤的影响。使用细胞损伤的组织学标记，我们还研究了NaVO3暴露后新生大鼠中枢神经系统不同区域神经元和星形胶质细胞的形态变化。从产后一天（PND）10开始，在12天内腹膜内注射处理过的幼仔大坝3mgNaVO3 / kg体重/天。在第21个PND上，断头处死每只幼仔4只，并去除了六个大脑区域以进行脂质过氧化通过硫代巴比妥酸（TBA）反应检测，其余四只经心脏灌注固定，取出大脑并用低温恒温器切割。处理脑切片用于：NADPHd组织化学和抗HSP70，抗GFAP和抗S100免疫组织化学。测量了NADPHd染色层和S100（）星形胶质细胞的相对光密度，以及Cer和Hc中GFAP（）星形胶质细胞的表面积。尽管实验组和对照组之间的MDA水平，S100免疫染色和NADPHd活性均未显示差异，但Cer中既检测到星形胶质变和HSP70活化，而暴露于V的幼犬的Hc中仅检测到前者。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: : Introduction: The percentage of working women with children under the age of 3 has nearly doubled since the 1970s, elevating the importance of understanding and improving workplace lactation support. This study aimed to examine employee perceptions of and experiences with workplace lactation support within a single health care system. We used a socioecological approach and included the views of a broad range of employees with and without lactation experience to capture diverse perspectives at multiple levels. Materials and Methods: Employees were recruited from an integrated health care system in the southeastern United States. Five focus groups were conducted during June to August 2017. Transcripts were analyzed using qualitative content analysis, with key themes organized at four levels of analysis: individual, interpersonal, departmental, and organizational. Results: Thirty-five clinical and nonclinical employees participated. Employees shared varied perspectives on workplace lactation support, which emphasized the: (1) importance of having a lactation policy, (2) critical role of leadership in setting the tone for workplace lactation, and (3) differential experience between clinical and non-clinical lactating employees. Conclusion: Employee experiences with lactation support in the health care setting are influenced by individual, interpersonal, departmental, and organizational factors that must be considered in the design of effective workplace lactation support programs. Policies and programs that align with organizational values and accommodate the needs of employees in varying roles are recommended. By using a socioecological perspective, this study identifies practical strategies for implementing, improving, and sustaining workplace lactation support across multiple levels of a large health care organization.

背景与目标： ：
介绍：
自1970年代以来，育有3岁以下孩子的职业妇女的比例几乎翻了一番，这提高了理解和改善工作场所哺乳支持的重要性。这项研究旨在检查员工对单一医疗体系内工作场所哺乳支持的看法和经验。我们使用了一种社会生态学方法，并纳入了有或没有哺乳经验的广泛员工的观点，以从多个层面捕捉不同的观点。
材料和方法：
员工是从美国东南部的综合医疗保健系统招募的。在2017年6月至2017年8月期间，进行了五个焦点小组会议。使用定性内容分析法对成绩单进行了分析，主要主题分为四个分析级别进行了组织：个人，人际，部门和组织。
结果：
35名临床和非临床雇员参加了会议。员工对工作场所的哺乳支持有不同的看法，其中强调：（1）制定泌乳政策的重要性；（2）领导在设定工作场所哺乳基调中的关键作用；（3）临床与非临床之间的差异经验哺乳期的员工。
结论：
员工在医疗保健机构中使用哺乳支持的经验受个人，人际，部门和组织因素的影响，在设计有效的工作场所哺乳支持计划时必须考虑这些因素。建议采用与组织价值观相一致并适应不同角色的员工需求的政策和计划。通过使用社会生态学的观点，本研究确定了在大型卫生保健组织的多个级别上实施，改善和维持工作场所泌乳支持的实用策略。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The diagnosis and monitoring of thyroid disease necessitates the knowledge of thyroid pathophysiology and of the technical limitations of current thyroid-related biochemical tests. Thyroid disease diagnosis and monitoring are further complicated during pregnancy and lactation, due to pregnancy-related changes in thyroid hormone metabolism. Dramatic changes that occur in thyroxine and triiodothyronine ranges during pregnancy pose challenges for hypothyroid gravidas. Very early in pregnancy, levothyroxine replacement needs to be increased. Moreover, increases in thyroid hormone replacement need to be conducted individually and on a timely basis. For reasons that are still not entirely clear, although dependent in part on changes in thyroxine binding, free thyroxine (FT4) levels decrease as pregnancy progresses necessitating the use of trimester-specific reference intervals for appropriate replacement. Thyroxine binding protein levels vary by hormonal status, inheritance, and disease states and are higher in pregnancy; hence, FT4 assays became popular because they measure the unbound hormone. However, current FT4 immunoassays are estimate tests that do not reliably measure FT4 and are known to be sensitive to alterations in binding proteins and therefore are method-specific. The need to reliably identify hypothyroxinemic pregnant patients, especially in the first trimester, is of prime importance for early fetal brain development before the fetal thyroid functions. This article addresses 1) the current limitations of laboratory-free thyroxine immunoassay methodologies and especially during pregnancy; 2) trimester-specific reference intervals for thyroid function tests; and 3) the study of levothyroxine pharmacokinetics in pregnant and nonpregnant women.

背景与目标： ：甲状腺疾病的诊断和监测需要了解甲状腺病理生理知识以及当前甲状腺相关生化检查的技术局限性。由于怀孕相关的甲状腺激素代谢变化，甲状腺疾病的诊断和监测更加复杂。怀孕期间甲状腺素和三碘甲状腺素范围内发生的戏剧性变化对甲状腺功能减退症提出了挑战。在怀孕的早期，需要增加左甲状腺素的替代。而且，甲状腺激素替代物的增加需要单独且及时地进行。由于尚不完全清楚的原因，尽管部分取决于甲状腺素结合的变化，但是随着怀孕的进行，游离甲状腺素（FT4）的水平会降低，因此必须使用孕中期特定的参考间隔进行适当的替代。甲状腺激素结合蛋白的水平随激素状态，遗传和疾病状态的不同而变化，并且在怀孕时较高。因此，FT4测定法很受欢迎，因为它们可以测量未结合的激素。但是，当前的FT4免疫测定是不能可靠地测量FT4的估计测试，已知对结合蛋白的变化敏感，因此具有方法特异性。对于胎儿甲状腺功能之前的胎儿大脑早期发育，尤其是在妊娠的头三个月中，可靠地确定甲状腺功能低下的孕妇的需求至关重要。本文解决了以下问题：1）目前无实验室甲状腺素免疫测定方法学的局限性，尤其是在怀孕期间； 2）甲状腺功能检查的妊娠中期参考间隔； 3）孕妇和非孕妇中左甲状腺素的药代动力学研究。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :To determine if parathyroid hormone (PTH) is essential for lactation in rats, the parathyroid glands were removed surgically during the first week of lactation and the rats were given a diet containing a high calcium-phosphorus ratio to maintain a normal serum calcium concentration. Lactating rats were placed on diet containing 1.2% calcium (Ca) and 0.8, 0.6, or 0.4% phosphorus (P) on day 2 postpartum (PP) and were parathyroidectomized (PTX) at 4-6 days PP. At 10 days PP serum Ca was 10.5 +/- 0.2 mg/dl (mean +/- SEM) for PTX rats and 10.4 +/- 0.3 mg/dl in sham-operated lactating rats when the diet contained 0.6% P. When the diet P was 0.8%, the litters gained little or no weight and serum Ca fell to 6.9 +/- 0.6 mg/dl by day 10 PP in PTX rats compared with 10.2 +/- 0.2 mg/dl in sham rats. PTX rats fed the diet containing 1.2% Ca and 0.6% P maintained a normal serum Ca level until at least day 18 PP, but their serum P levels fell gradually from approximately 5 mg/dl at 10 days to 3 mg/dl at 18 days PP. In spite of this hypophosphatemia, the litters of PTX and sham rats had gained the same amount of weight by age 16 days, indicating equal milk production in the two groups. Milk Ca, P, and total solids were not significantly different between PTX and sham rats on day 11 PP.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

背景与目标： ：为了确定甲状旁腺激素（PTH）是否对大鼠泌乳至关重要，在哺乳的第一周内通过手术切除了甲状旁腺，并给大鼠饮食中添加了高钙磷比以维持正常的血清钙浓度。哺乳期大鼠在产后第二天（PP）接受含1.2％钙（Ca）和0.8、0.6或0.4％磷（P）的饮食，并在PP的4-6天进行甲状旁腺切除术（PTX）。在第10天，当饮食中含0.6％P时，PTX大鼠的PP血清Ca为10.5 /-0.2 mg / dl（平均值/-SEM），对于假手术的哺乳期大鼠，其血清Ca为10.4 /-0.3 mg / dl。到第10天PP时，产仔体重减轻或几乎没有增重，血清Ca下降至6.9 /-0.6 mg / dl，而假手术大鼠的血清Ca下降至6.9 /-0.6 mg / dl。饲喂含1.2％Ca和0.6％P的饮食的PTX大鼠至少在第18天时维持正常的血清Ca水平，但其血清P水平逐渐从10天时的约5 mg / dl降至18天时的3 mg / dl PP。尽管存在这种低磷血症，但在16天龄时，PTX和假大鼠的产仔体重增加了相同的量，表明两组的产奶量相同。在第11天PP时，PTX和假鼠之间的牛奶Ca，P和总固体含量没有显着差异（摘要以250字截断）

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of the individual services offered via a workplace lactation program of one large public-sector employer on the duration of any breastfeeding and exclusive breastfeeding. Exclusive breastfeeding was defined as exclusive feeding of human milk for the milk feeding. A cross-sectional mailed survey approach was used. The sample (n = 128) consisted of women who had used at least one component of the lactation program in the past 3 years and who were still employed at the same organization when data were collected. Descriptive statistics included frequency distributions and contingency table analysis. Chi-square analysis was used for comparison of groups, and both analysis of variance (ANOVA) and univariate analysis of variance from a general linear model were used for comparison of means. The survey respondents were primarily older, white, married, well-educated, high-income women. More of the women who received each lactation program service were exclusively breastfeeding at 6 months of infant age in all categories of services, with significant differences in the categories of telephone support and return to work consultation. After adjusting for race and work status, logistic regression analysis showed the number of services received was positively related to exclusive breastfeeding at 6 months and participation in a return to work consultation was positively related to any breastfeeding at 6 months. The study demonstrated that the workplace lactation program had a positive impact on duration of breastfeeding for the women who participated. Participation in the telephone support and return to work consultation services, and the total number of services used were related to longer duration of exclusive and/or any breastfeeding.

背景与目标： ：这项研究的目的是评估通过一个大型公共部门雇主的工作场所哺乳计划提供的各项服务对任何母乳喂养和纯母乳喂养的持续时间的影响。纯母乳喂养被定义为母乳纯母乳喂养。使用了横断面邮寄调查方法。样本（n = 128）由在过去3年中至少使用过泌乳计划一个组成部分并且在收集数据时仍在同一组织中工作的妇女组成。描述性统计信息包括频率分布和列联表分析。卡方分析用于组比较，而一般线性模型的方差分析（ANOVA）和方差单变量分析都用于均值比较。受访者主要是年龄较大，白人，已婚，受过良好教育的高收入妇女。在所有服务类别中，接受每种泌乳计划服务的妇女中，有更多是在婴儿6个月时完全以母乳喂养的，在电话支持和重返工作咨询的类别上存在明显差异。在对种族和工作状态进行调整之后，逻辑回归分析显示，在6个月时接受的服务数量与纯母乳喂养呈正相关，在6个月时参加重返工作咨询与任何母乳喂养都呈正相关。该研究表明，工作场所的泌乳计划对参加该计划的妇女的母乳喂养时间有积极的影响。参与电话支持和重返工作咨询服务，以及所使用的服务总数与纯母乳喂养和/或任何母乳喂养时间的延长有关。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Complex milk lipids (CMLs) provide a critical nutritional source for generating both energy and essential nutrients for the growth of the newborn. The present study investigated nutritional supplementation with a CML containing gangliosides and phospholipids in pregnant and lactating rats on learning behavior and postnatal growth in male offspring. Wistar female rats were supplemented during pregnancy and lactation with either control or CML to provide gangliosides at a dose of 0.01% (low) and 0.05% (high) based on total food intake. The CML-supplemented dams showed no differences in comparison to controls regarding growth, food intake, and litter characteristics. There were significant differences in brain composition in male offspring at postnatal day 2 (P2) with higher concentrations of gangliosides (high dose, P < .05) and lower concentrations of phospholipids (low and high dose, P < .05) in the CML-supplemented groups. The distribution of individual ganglioside species was not significantly different between treatment groups. Brain weight at P2 was also significantly higher in the CML groups. Differences in the brain composition and weight were not significant by weaning (P21). As adults (P80), adiposity was reduced in the low CML-supplemented group compared to controls. No significant differences were detected between any of the treatment groups in any of the behavioral tasks (water maze, object recognition, and operant learning). These data suggest that maternal supplementation with a CML during pregnancy and lactation is safe and has a significant early impact on brain weight and ganglioside and phospholipid content in offspring but did not alter long-term behavioral function using standard behavioral techniques.

背景与目标： ：复杂的乳脂（CML）提供了重要的营养来源，可为新生儿的生长生成能量和必需营养素。本研究调查了在妊娠和哺乳期大鼠中含有神经节苷脂和磷脂的CML的营养补充对雄性后代的学习行为和产后生长的影响。在怀孕和哺乳期向Wistar雌性大鼠补充对照或CML，以总食物摄入量的0.01％（低）和0.05％（高）的剂量提供神经节苷脂。与对照相比，补充了CML的水坝在生长，食物摄入和垫料特性方面没有差异。在出生后第2天（P2），CML中神经节苷脂浓度较高（高剂量，P <.05）和磷脂浓度较低（低剂量和高剂量，P <.05）的雄性后代的大脑组成存在显着差异。 -补充的小组。各治疗组之间神经节苷脂种类的分布没有显着差异。在CML组中，P2的脑重量也显着更高。断奶对大脑组成和体重的影响不显着（P21）。作为成年人（P80），与对照组相比，低CML补充组的肥胖率降低。在任何行为任务（水迷宫，物体识别和操作学习）中，任何治疗组之间均未检测到显着差异。这些数据表明，孕妇在妊娠和哺乳期补充CML是安全的，并且对后代的脑重量，神经节苷脂和磷脂含量具有重大的早期影响，但使用标准的行为技术不会改变长期的行为功能。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Ten years after her battle with anorexia nervosa and bulimia began, a 26-year-old woman restored her normal body weight to 102 pounds from a low of 47 pounds (21.3 kilograms), became pregnant, delivered a healthy infant at term, and was successfully breastfeeding at five months. Her dietary intake, which was computer analyzed and compared with the recommended dietary allowances for pregnancy and lactation, revealed few nutrient deficiencies. Ample pregnancy weight gain provided an energy reserve for lactation.

背景与目标： ：与神经性厌食症和贪食症的斗争开始十年后，一名26岁的妇女将其正常体重从47磅（21.3千克）的低点恢复到102磅，怀孕了，足月分娩了健康的婴儿，在五个月内成功母乳喂养。她的饮食摄入量经过计算机分析，并与建议的妊娠和哺乳期饮食津贴进行比较，显示出极少的营养缺乏症。充足的妊娠体重增加为哺乳提供了能量储备。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A decreased reactivity to stressors during lactation might heighten the expression of maternal care (including defense of offspring) by minimizing the extent to which stress can impact maternal care. Although stressors applied during pregnancy have variable effects on maternal aggression (or defense of offspring), to date no study has examined the effects of stress applied during the postpartum period on maternal aggression. In this study, we examined the effects of both daily and acute restraint stress (30 min) applied postpartum on maternal aggression and other maternal behaviors. Daily restraint (ending 2 h before testing) did not alter any measure of maternal behavior, including nursing, licking and grooming of pups and pup retrieval, or any measure of maternal aggression. In contrast, acute stress significantly impaired total time aggressive and number of attacks, but pup retrieval was normal. c-Fos levels were significantly elevated in a number of brain regions in association with acute stress, including lateral septum (LS), caudal periaqueductal gray and medial amygdala (MeA), suggesting possible sites where stress reactivity could alter aggression. Together, the results indicate that acute restraint stress impairs maternal aggression and provide a starting point for future studies examining how stress reactivity pathways may intersect with maternal aggression pathways.

背景与目标： 哺乳期对压力源的反应性降低可能会通过最大程度地降低压力对产妇保健的影响来提高产妇保健的表达（包括对后代的防御）。尽管怀孕期间施加的压力对母体侵略（或后代防御）具有不同的影响，但迄今为止，尚无研究检查产后时期施加的压力对母体侵略的影响。在这项研究中，我们研究了产后每日和急性约束压力（30分钟）对母体侵略和其他母体行为的影响。每天的约束（在测试前2小时结束）并没有改变任何孕产妇行为的措施，包括对幼崽的护理，舔ing和修饰以及幼崽的取回，或任何对孕产妇的侵害的措施。相比之下，急性压力显着损害了总的进攻时间和攻击次数，但幼犬的恢复是正常的。与急性应激相关的许多大脑区域中的c-Fos水平显着升高，包括外侧中隔（LS），导水管尾部灰色和杏仁核（MeA），表明应激反应可能改变攻击性的可能部位。总之，结果表明，急性束缚应激会损害母亲的侵略性，并为今后研究应激反应途径可能与母亲的侵害途径相交的研究提供一个起点。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: During lactation, female rodents, dingoes, and kangaroos consume urine and feces excreted by the young. Studies with tritiated water as a tracer for native water showed that roughly one-third of the water secreted as milk was returned to the mother. The results are cogent to studies of water balance of lactation and to current methods used for estimating milk production.

背景与目标： 哺乳期间，雌性啮齿动物，野狗和袋鼠会消耗年轻人排出的尿液和粪便。用tri水作为天然水的示踪剂的研究表明，大约有三分之一的牛奶分泌的水被返还给了母亲。该结果对于研究泌乳期水平衡和当前用于估算牛奶产量的方法很有帮助。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:Early nutritional environment may program permanent metabolic alterations, predisposing to later diseases. We have investigated the interference of maternal malnutrition during lactation with the development of acute inflammation in adult rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS:Adult rats, offspring of dams fed with either protein-free diet (UN group) or 22% protein diet (C group) during the first 10 days of lactation, were submitted to pleurisy with carrageenan (500 microg/cavity). Pleural edema, neutrophil migration and ICAM expression, were evaluated 4 h after and correlated with alterations in plasma insulin and corticosterone. Leukocyte-endothelium interactions were evaluated by intravital microscopy 1 h after inflammation. RESULTS:Compared to controls, UN rats showed a decrease in pleural edema formation (50%), neutrophil migration (50%), endothelial ICAM-1 expression on pulmonary tissue, and impairment in leukocyte adhesion (50%) and migration (80%) through endothelium. Circulating insulin was lower (42%) and corticosterone was higher (34%) in UN, compared to controls. Pre-treatment of UN with insulin (5 IU/day) or RU486 (20 mg/kg/day), inhibitor of glucocorticoid receptor, restored leukocyte functions and ICAM-1 expression. CONCLUSION:Postnatal maternal malnutrition, programming for permanent alterations in insulin and glucocorticoid secretion in progeny, that were unable to properly mount an inflammatory response, probably predisposes to chronic diseases in adult life.

背景与目标： 目的：早期的营养环境可能会导致永久性的代谢改变，从而导致以后的疾病。我们已经研究了哺乳期母体营养不良与成年大鼠急性发炎的关系。
材料与方法：成年大鼠，哺乳期前10天以无蛋白饮食（UN组）或22％蛋白饮食（C组）喂养的水坝后代，被角叉菜胶（每腔500微克）进行胸膜炎。 4小时后评估胸膜水肿，中性粒细胞迁移和ICAM表达，并与血浆胰岛素和皮质酮的变化相关。炎症1小时后，通过活体显微镜评估白细胞-内皮的相互作用。
结果：与对照组相比，UN大鼠的胸膜水肿形成减少（50％），中性粒细胞迁移减少（50％），肺组织内皮ICAM-1表达减少，白细胞粘附减少（50％）和迁移减少（80％） ）通过内皮细胞。与对照组相比，联合国的循环胰岛素较低（42％），皮质酮较高（34％）。用胰岛素（5 IU /天）或RU486（20 mg / kg /天），糖皮质激素受体抑制剂，UN预处理，恢复白细胞功能和ICAM-1表达。
结论：产后母亲营养不良，为子代中的胰岛素和糖皮质激素分泌的永久性改变制定程序，这些改变无法适当地引起炎症反应，这可能是成人生活中慢性病的诱因。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The aim of this study was to determine the free amino acid pool in plasma and milk in marginally nourished lactating women. Twenty-eight rural women (age, 23.9+/-5y; weight 50.2+/-4.9 kg; height, 148.2+/-4.8 cm) were studied under metabolic balance conditions. Subjects were divided into 6 groups (5-6 women in each), representing rural mothers postweaning and in the 15, 3rd, and 6th months of lactation; nonpregnant, nonlactating controls were from rural and urban areas. Amino acid analyses of diet and of plasma and milk samples were performed using a Beckman 6300 amino acid analyzer. Lysine intakes were lower than the recommended intake for lactating women (RDA). Plasma amino acid profiles differed between the lactating and weaned groupsaspartate and isoleucine increased at the 6th month (P < 0.05), while valine declined over weaning time (P < 0.05). In milk, valine and proline decreased at the 6th month (P < 0.05), while serine rose at the 3rd month. Free amino acid pools were 1- to 15-fold higher in plasma than in milk for branched-chain amino acids and basic, aromatic, and neutral amino acids. In mammary tissue these amino acids can be channeled to tissue and milk protein synthesis or to catabolic pathways. Glutamate was 40-fold higher in milk with respect to plasma content. This was the predominant amino acid in the free amino acid pool in milk. These results suggest selective amino acid transport in mammary tissue during lactation.

背景与目标： 这项研究的目的是确定边缘营养哺乳期妇女血浆和牛奶中的游离氨基酸库。在代谢平衡条件下研究了28名农村妇女（年龄23.9 / -5岁；体重50.2 /-4.9公斤；身高148.2 /-4.8厘米）。将受试者分为6组（每组5-6名妇女），分别代表断奶后和哺乳期第15、3和6个月的农村母亲。非妊娠，非泌乳控制者来自农村和城市地区。使用Beckman 6300氨基酸分析仪对饮食以及血浆和牛奶样品进行氨基酸分析。赖氨酸的摄入量低于哺乳期妇女的推荐摄入量（RDA）。乳酸组和断奶组之间的血浆氨基酸谱有所不同，天冬氨酸和异亮氨酸在第6个月增加（P <0.05），而缬氨酸在断奶期间下降（P <0.05）。在牛奶中，缬氨酸和脯氨酸在第6个月下降（P <0.05），而丝氨酸在第3个月上升。对于支链氨基酸和碱性，芳香族和中性氨基酸，血浆中的游离氨基酸池比牛奶中的氨基酸高1至15倍。在乳腺组织中，这些氨基酸可以引导至组织和乳蛋白合成或分解代谢途径。相对于血浆含量，谷氨酸在牛奶中的含量高40倍。这是牛奶中游离氨基酸库中的主要氨基酸。这些结果表明，泌乳过程中乳腺组织中氨基酸的选择性转运。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Asynchronous concurrent lactation (ACL) is an extreme lactation strategy in macropod marsupials including the tammar wallaby, that may hold the key to understanding local control of mammary epithelial cell function. Marsupials have a short gestation and a long lactation consisting of three phases; P2A, P2B and P3, representing early, mid and late lactation respectively and characterised by profound changes in milk composition. A lactating tammar is able to concurrently produce phase 2A and 3 milk from adjacent glands in order to feed a young newborn and an older sibling at heel. Physiological effectors of ACL remain unknown and in this study the extracellular matrix (ECM) is investigated for its role in switching mammary phenotypes between phases of tammar wallaby lactation. Using the level of expression of the genes for the phase specific markers tELP, tWAP, and tLLP-B representing phases 2A, 2B and 3 respectively we show for the first time that tammar wallaby mammary epithelial cells (WallMECs) extracted from P2B acquire P3 phenotype when cultured on P3 ECM. Similarly P2A cells acquire P2B phenotype when cultured on P2B ECM. We further demonstrate that changes in phase phenotype correlate with phase-specific changes in ECM composition. This study shows that progressive changes in ECM composition in individual mammary glands provide a local regulatory mechanism for milk protein gene expression thereby enabling the mammary glands to lactate independently.

背景与目标： ：同步并发泌乳（ACL）是包括tammar小袋鼠在内的大型足类有袋动物的一种极端泌乳策略，这可能是理解局部控制乳腺上皮细胞功能的关键。有袋动物的妊娠期短，哺乳期长，分为三个阶段。 P2A，P2B和P3分别代表泌乳早期，中期和晚期，其特征是牛奶成分发生了深刻变化。哺乳期的tammar能够同时从相邻的腺体中产生2A和3期乳汁，以喂养足跟的年轻新生儿和年长的兄弟姐妹。 ACL的生理效应仍然未知，在这项研究中，研究了细胞外基质（ECM）在tammar小袋鼠哺乳期之间切换乳腺表型中的作用。使用分别代表阶段2A，2B和3的阶段特异性标记tELP，tWAP和tLLP-B的基因表达水平，我们首次展示了从P2B提取的坦玛袋鼠乳腺上皮细胞（WallMEC）获得P3表型。在P3 ECM上培养时。类似地，当在P2B ECM上培养时，P2A细胞获得P2B表型。我们进一步证明，相表型的变化与ECM组成中的相特异性变化相关。这项研究表明，单个乳腺中ECM组成的逐步变化为乳蛋白基因表达提供了局部调节机制，从而使乳腺能够独立地泌乳。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Breast rejection is a common cause of breast-feeding failure. We describe 51 mother-infant pairs who visited the Hospital for Sick Children breast-feeding clinic because the baby refused to take the breast. Management was successful in 21 (40%), partially successful in 11 cases (22%), and unsuccessful in 16 (31%). (Three mothers were lost to follow up.) We believe that the early introduction of bottles results in the baby's developing an ineffective suckle, which then causes frustration when the baby tries to breast-feed. Good management of breast-feeding in the newborn period involves avoiding bottles and teaching the mother proper positioning and latching, as well as signs that indicate whether her baby is getting adequate milk. A method of giving supplemental fluids without direct bottle-feeding is described.

背景与目标： ：排异是母乳喂养失败的常见原因。我们描述了51对母婴，他们因婴儿拒绝哺乳而去了病童医院母乳喂养诊所。管理成功21例（40％），部分成功11例（22％），失败16例（31％）。 （失去了三个母亲进行跟进。）我们认为，早期使用奶瓶会导致婴儿产生无效的哺乳，然后在婴儿尝试母乳喂养时会感到沮丧。新生儿期对母乳喂养的良好管理包括避免使用奶瓶和教导母亲正确的定位和锁闭方法，以及指示婴儿是否获得足够牛奶的体征。描述了一种无需直接进瓶就补充液体的方法。