BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:Breast-feeding is associated with maternal health, such as electrolyte metabolism, lipid profile and body component change. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between duration of breast-feeding and obesity in postmenopausal women. METHODS:We analyzed data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2010-2012, a cross-sectional study in a Korean population. A total of 6621 postmenopausal women were analyzed. RESULTS:Body mass index and waist circumference were greater in women who had breast-fed for 6 months or more than in those who had not (BMI: 23.7±0.1 vs 24.5±0.1, P<0.0001; WC: 80.6±0.4 vs 82.8±0.3, P<0.001). This association persisted after adjustment for confounding factors (BMI: odds ratio[OR]1.54, 95% confidence interval[CI] 1.19-2.0; WC: OR1.67, 95% CI 1.29-2.17). The duration of breast-feeding tended to increase with increasing BMI and WC (P for trend, 0.001 for each). The proportions of women with greater BMI and WC increased with increasing duration of breast-feeding (27.3% in ≤6 months vs 41.2% in >18months, P<0.0001). CONCLUSION:The results of this study suggest that prolonged breast-feeding may be associated with greater BMI and WC among postmenopausal women.

背景与目标： 目的：母乳喂养与孕妇健康有关，例如电解质代谢，脂质分布和身体成分变化。这项研究的目的是评估绝经后妇女的母乳喂养时间与肥胖之间的关系。
方法：我们分析了2010-2012年韩国国民健康与营养检查调查（KNHANES）的数据，这是一项针对韩国人群的横断面研究。总共对6621名绝经后妇女进行了分析。
结果：母乳喂养6个月或更长时间的妇女的身体质量指数和腰围比没有母乳的妇女更大（BMI：23.7±0.1 vs 24.5±0.1，P <0.0001; WC：80.6±0.4 vs 82.8 ±0.3，P <0.001）。调整混杂因素（BMI：比值比[OR] 1.54，95％置信区间[CI] 1.19-2.0； WC：OR1.67，95％CI 1.29-2.17）后，这种关联仍然存在。母乳喂养的时间倾向于随着BMI和WC的增加而增加（趋势P，每种0.001）。 BMI和WC较高的女性比例随着母乳喂养时间的增加而增加（≤6个月为27.3％，而> 18个月为41.2％，P <0.0001）。
结论：这项研究的结果表明，延长母乳喂养可能与绝经后妇女的BMI和WC升高有关。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVES:Pharmaceuticals in the environment are of growing public health concern. The main objectives of this study were to develop a new emission estimation model, identify factors critical to reducing emission, and demonstrate the model's applicability for screening and priority setting. METHODS:A new emission estimation model was developed covering the life cycle pathways of pharmaceuticals from supply to discharge into surface water. The emission estimates of the model were assessed by coupling with SimpleBox to give predicted concentrations and by comparing the predicted concentrations with measured concentrations in Korean surface waters for five selected pharmaceuticals (acetaminophen, cephradine, ibuprofen, mefenamic acid, and naproxen). RESULTS:The sensitivity analysis revealed that the biodegradation rate in the sewage treatment plant and the excretion rate of pharmaceuticals were the most important factors influencing the emission rate. The uncertainty of the emission estimate was found to increase with increases in the value of the emission estimate. Once the intrinsic properties of a pharmaceutical (excretion rate, biodegradation rate, and removal rate by sludge separation) were given, the patient behavior parameters, such as participation in a Take-back program and rate of administration, were determined to have a strong influence on the emission estimate. In our study, the predicted and measured concentrations agreed with each other within one order of magnitude. Several management implications were drawn from the analysis of model outcomes. CONCLUSIONS:The model outcomes, alone or in combination with toxicity data, may potentially be used for the purposes of screening, priority setting, and the design of management programs.

背景与目标： 目的：环境中的药品日益引起人们对公共卫生的关注。这项研究的主要目的是开发一个新的排放估算模型，确定对减少排放至关重要的因素，并证明该模型在筛选和确定优先级方面的适用性。
方法：建立了一个新的排放估算模型，该模型涵盖了药品从供应到排放到地表水中的生命周期路径。通过与SimpleBox耦合以给出预测浓度，并通过将预测浓度与五种选定药物（对乙酰氨基酚，头孢拉定，布洛芬，甲芬那酸和萘普生）在韩国地表水中的测量浓度进行比较，来评估模型的排放估算值。
结果：敏感性分析表明，污水处理厂的生物降解率和药物的排泄率是影响排放率的最重要因素。发现排放估算的不确定性随着排放估算值的增加而增加。一旦给出了药物的内在特性（排泄率，生物降解率和污泥分离去除率），就可以确定患者行为参数（例如参与回收计划和给药率）具有很大的影响力在排放量估算上。在我们的研究中，预测浓度和测量浓度在一个数量级内彼此一致。通过对模型结果的分析得出了一些管理上的含义。
结论：模型结果单独或与毒性数据结合可潜在地用于筛查，确定优先重点和设计管理程序的目的。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Aquatic birds are a reservoir of all known influenza A viruses. Avian influenza viruses have played a major role in the creation of pandemic influenza viruses in humans. In this study, we genetically characterized genes of nine isolates from waterfowl in Eulsukdo, a congregating place for migratory birds on the flyway of migration from Siberia, which is located in the southern part of South Korea. Phylogenic analysis showed that HA and NA genes of isolates belonged to Eurasian lineage, and lineage analysis showed that NS, PB1, PA, NP, and M genes of isolates clustered with Eurasian lineage, and PB2 genes of isolates belonged to North American or Eurasian lineage. Results suggest that the interregional transmission of genes of avian influenza viruses may occur in the migratory birds.

背景与目标： ：水禽是所有已知的A型流感病毒的储存库。禽流感病毒在人类大流行性流感病毒的产生中发挥了重要作用。在这项研究中，我们通过遗传学鉴定了Eulsukdo的9种水禽分离株的基因，Eulsukdo是位于从西伯利亚迁徙的飞鸟聚集地，位于韩国南部。系统发育分析表明，分离株的HA和NA基因属于欧亚谱系，谱系分析表明，分离株的NS，PB1，PA，NP和M基因与欧亚谱系聚在一起，而分离株的PB2基因属于北美或欧亚谱系。 。结果表明，禽流感病毒基因的区域间传播可能发生在候鸟中。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:To investigate the incidence of surgical intervention in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants and the impact of surgery on neurodevelopmental outcomes at corrected ages (CAs) of 18-24 months, using data from the Korean Neonatal Network (KNN). METHODS:Data from 7,885 VLBW infants who were born and registered with the KNN between 2013 to 2016 were analyzed in this study. The incidences of various surgical interventions and related morbidities were analyzed. Long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes at CAs of 18-24 months were compared between infants (born during 2013 to 2015, n = 3,777) with and without surgery. RESULTS:A total of 1,509 out of 7,885 (19.1%) infants received surgical interventions during neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) hospitalization. Surgical ligation of patent ductus arteriosus (n = 840) was most frequently performed, followed by laser therapy for retinopathy of prematurity and laparotomy due to intestinal perforation. Infants who underwent surgery had higher mortality rates and greater neurodevelopmental impairment than infants who did not undergo surgery (P value < 0.01, both). On multivariate analysis, single or multiple surgeries increased the risk of neurodevelopmental impairment compared to no surgery with adjusted odds ratios (ORs) of 1.6 with 95% confidence interval (CI) of 1.1-2.6 and 2.3 with 95% CI of 1.1-4.9. CONCLUSION:Approximately one fifth of VLBW infants underwent one or more surgical interventions during NICU hospitalization. The impact of surgical intervention on long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes was sustained over a follow-up of CA 18-24 months. Infants with multiple surgeries had an increased risk of neurodevelopmental impairment compared to infants with single surgeries or no surgeries after adjustment for possible confounders.

背景与目标： 背景：使用韩国新生儿网络（KNN）的数据，调查极低出生体重（VLBW）婴儿的外科手术发生率以及18个月至24个月校正年龄（CA）手术对神经发育结局的影响。
方法：本研究分析了2013年至2016年间在KNN出生和登记的7885名VLBW婴儿的数据。分析了各种外科手术的发生率和相关的发病率。比较了有手术和无手术的婴儿（2013年至2015年出生，n = 3,777）在18-24个月CA时的长期神经发育结局。
结果：在新生儿重症监护病房（NICU）住院期间，共有7,885例婴儿中的1,509例接受了手术干预。外科手术治疗动脉导管未闭（n = 840），然后进行激光治疗以治疗由于视网膜穿孔而导致的早产儿视网膜病变和剖腹手术。与未接受手术的婴儿相比，接受手术的婴儿死亡率更高，神经发育障碍更大（P值均<0.01）。在多变量分析中，与未进行手术的患者相比，单次或多次手术增加了神经发育障碍的风险，调整后的优势比（OR）为1.6，95％置信区间（CI）为1.1-2.6，2.3为95％CI为1.1-4.9。
结论：在新生儿重症监护病房住院期间，大约五分之一的VLBW婴儿接受了一项或多项外科手术。在CA 18-24个月的随访中，外科手术对长期神经发育结局的影响得以持续。与仅进行一次手术或未进行可能的混杂因素调整后不进行任何手术的婴儿相比，进行多次手术的婴儿神经发育受损的风险增加。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Long-term oxygen therapy provides various benefits, including prolonged survival for severely hypoxic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. However, adequate management strategies for home oxygen therapy are not well established in Korea. This study aimed to explore the current situation of home oxygen therapy to provide basic data for developing a strategy for COPD patients on home oxygen therapy. METHODS:In this cross-sectional study, we enrolled COPD patients using home oxygen therapy for at least 1 month. Face-to-face interviews were conducted, guided by a structured questionnaire about home oxygen therapy. RESULTS:A total of 195 patients were enrolled. The mean age was 72.6 ± 9.7 years, and 76.4% of patients were men. The mean modified Medical Research Council, COPD Assessment Test, and EuroQol-5D index scores were 3.4 ± 0.8, 29.7 ± 6.8, and 0.35 ± 0.44, respectively. At rest, patients were prescribed oxygen for 12.5 ± 7.3 hr/day and used 12.9 ± 8.5 hr/day on average. During exercise, the mean duration of prescribed oxygen was 6.6 ± 4.3 hr/day, and the actual use was 1.1 ± 2.9 hr/day. A total of 25.6% of patients used ambulatory oxygen; with financial burden the main reason for nonuse. The mean number of hospitalizations and emergency room visits were 2.5 and 2.6, respectively. CONCLUSION:This study revealed low adherence to home oxygen therapy, poor health-related quality of life, frequent hospitalizations, and a high financial burden among COPD patients using home oxygen therapy. The study highlights the need for adequate strategies to improve the quality of home oxygen therapy.

背景与目标： 背景：长期氧疗具有多种益处，包括严重缺氧的慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）患者的生存期延长。但是，在韩国还没有建立足够的家庭氧气疗法管理策略。这项研究旨在探讨家庭氧气疗法的现状，为制定COPD患者家庭氧气疗法的策略提供基础数据。
方法：在这项横断面研究中，我们招募了使用家庭氧气疗法治疗COPD至少1个月的患者。在关于家庭氧气疗法的结构化问卷的指导下进行了面对面的访谈。
结果：共纳入195例患者。平均年龄为72.6±9.7岁，男性患者为76.4％。改良医学研究委员会，COPD评估测试和EuroQol-5D指数的平均评分分别为3.4±0.8、29.7±6.8和0.35±0.44。休息时，患者被要求每天吸氧12.5±7.3 hr /天，平均每天使用12.9±8.5 hr /天。运动期间，处方氧气的平均持续时间为6.6±4.3小时/天，实际使用量为1.1±2.9小时/天。共有25.6％的患者使用动态氧气；负担沉重是不使用的主要原因。住院和急诊就诊的平均数分别为2.5和2.6。
结论：这项研究表明，使用家庭氧气疗法的COPD患者对家庭氧气疗法的依从性低，与健康相关的生活质量差，经常住院以及经济负担高。该研究强调需要采取适当策略来改善家庭氧气治疗的质量。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) markers are one of the most effective and accurate tools for microbial identification. In this study, we applied SCAR markers for the rapid and accurate detection of Phytophthora katsurae, the casual agent of chestnut ink disease in Korea. In this study, we developed seven SCAR markers specific to P. katsurae using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), and assessed the potential of the SCAR markers to serve as tools for identifying P. katsurae. Seven primer pairs (SOPC 1F/SOPC 1R, SOPC 1-1F/SOPC 1-1R, SOPC 3F/SOPC 3R, SOPC 4F/SOPC 4R, SOPC 4F/SOPC 4-1R, SOPD 9F/SOPD 9R, and SOPD 10F/SOPD 10R) from a sequence derived from RAPD fragments were designed for the analysis of the SCAR markers. To evaluate the specificity and sensitivity of the SCAR markers, the genomic DNA of P. katsurae was serially diluted 10-fold to final concentrations from 1 mg/mL to 1 pg/mL. The limit of detection using the SCAR markers ranged from 100 µg/mL to 100 ng/mL. To identify the limit for detecting P. katsurae zoospores, each suspension of zoospores was serially diluted 10-fold to final concentrations from 10 × 10(5) to 10 × 10(1) zoospores/mL, and then extracted. The limit of detection by SCAR markers was approximately 10 × 10(1) zoospores/mL. PCR detection with SCAR markers was specific for P. katsurae, and did not produce any P. katsurae-specific PCR amplicons from 16 other Phytophthora species used as controls. This study shows that SCAR markers are a useful tool for the rapid and effective detection of P. katsurae.

背景与目标： ：序列鉴定的扩增区（SCAR）标记是微生物鉴定最有效，最准确的工具之一。在这项研究中，我们将SCAR标记物用于快速准确地检测韩国板栗油墨病的临时病原疫霉。在这项研究中，我们使用随机扩增的多态性DNA（RAPD）开发了7种特异于胜克假单胞菌的SCAR标记，并评估了SCAR标记物作为识别胜克假单胞菌的工具的潜力。七个引物对（SOPC 1F / SOPC 1R，SOPC 1-1F / SOPC 1-1R，SOPC 3F / SOPC 3R，SOPC 4F / SOPC 4R，SOPC 4F / SOPC 4-1R，SOPD 9F / SOPD 9R和SOPD 10F /设计了来自RAPD片段的序列的SOPD 10R）用于SCAR标记的分析。为了评估SCAR标记物的特异性和敏感性，将克雷伯氏疟原虫的基因组DNA连续稀释10倍至终浓度（从1 mg / mL到1 pg / mL）。使用SCAR标记的检测限范围为100 µg / mL至100 ng / mL。为了确定检测克雷伯氏菌游动孢子的极限，将每个游动孢子悬浮液从10×10（5）到10×10（1）游动孢子/ mL连续稀释10倍至最终浓度，然后提取。 SCAR标记的检测极限约为10×10（1）游动孢子/ mL。用SCAR标记进行的PCR检测对白克雷伯氏菌具有特异性，并且没有从用作对照的其他16个疫霉菌中产生任何对克雷伯氏菌的特异性PCR扩增子。这项研究表明，SCAR标记物是快速有效检测片状疟原虫的有用工具。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is an emerging and re-emerging viral pathogen of pigs that is causing significant economic concerns in the global pork industry. The virulent G2b PEDV subgroup, which was responsible for the 2013-2014 pandemics on the American and Asian continents, hit Jeju Island in 2014, which had been PEDV-free since 2004. This study presents molecular characterization of a novel PEDV variant with a 5-amino acid (aa) insertion (DTHPE) in the spike (S) gene (an S-insertion) that was identified in diarrheic piglets from Jeju Island. The genome of the PEDV strain KOR/KNU-1601/2016 was sequenced and analyzed to characterize the S-insertion variant circulating on Jeju Island. The full-length genome sequence of KNU-1601 is 28,053 nucleotides (nt) in length, which is 24 nt and 15 nt longer than the genome sequences of G1 classical and G2 epidemic field strains, respectively. KNU-1601 shares 99.5-99.6% nucleotide sequence identity at the genome level and 98.0-98.6% amino acid sequence identity at the S gene level with other global G2b PEDV strains. Genetic and phylogenetic analyses indicated that the KNU-1601 variant is most closely related to the G2b field isolates but appears to undergo continuous evolution in the field. These data advance our understanding of the genetic diversity and evolutionary characteristics of the PEDV field strains circulating in South Korea.

背景与目标： ：猪流行性腹泻病毒（PEDV）是一种新兴的且正在重新出现的猪病毒病原体，正在引起全球猪肉行业的重大经济担忧。有毒的G2b PEDV亚组是造成美洲和亚洲大陆2013-2014年大流行的原因，于2014年袭击了济州岛，该岛自2004年以来一直没有PEDV。 -氨基酸（aa）插入（DTHPE）到穗（S）基因（S插入）中，该基因在来自济州岛的腹泻仔猪中鉴定。对PEDV株KOR / KNU-1601 / 2016的基因组进行了测序和分析，以表征在济州岛上传播的S插入变异体。 KNU-1601的全长基因组序列长度为28,053个核苷酸（nt），分别比经典G1和G2流行病菌株的基因组序列长24 nt和15 nt。 KNU-1601与其他全球G2b PEDV菌株在基因组水平上具有99.5-99.6％的核苷酸序列同一性，在S基因水平上具有98.0-98.6％的氨基酸序列同一性。遗传和系统发育分析表明，KNU-1601变体与G2b田间分离株关系最密切，但似乎在田间经历了不断的进化。这些数据使我们对在韩国流通的PEDV野毒株的遗传多样性和进化特征有了更深入的了解。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE:The pollen calendar is the simplest forecasting method for pollen concentrations. As pollen concentrations are liable to seasonal variations due to alterations in climate and land-use, it is necessary to update the pollen calendar using recent data. To attenuate the impact of considerable temporal and spatial variability in pollen concentrations on the pollen calendar, it is essential to employ a new methodology for its creation. METHODS:A pollen calendar was produced in Korea using data from recent observations, and a new method for creating the calendar was proposed, considering both risk levels and temporal resolution of pollen concentrations. A probability distribution was used for smoothing concentrations and determining risk levels. Airborne pollen grains were collected between 2007 and 2017 at 8 stations; 13 allergenic pollens, including those of alder, Japanese cedar, birch, hazelnut, oak, elm, pine, ginkgo, chestnut, grasses, ragweed, mugwort and Japanese hop, were identified from the collected grains. RESULTS:The concentrations of each pollen depend on locations and seasons due to large variability in species distribution and their environmental condition. In the descending order of concentration, pine, oak and Japanese hop pollens were found to be the most common in Korea. The pollen concentrations were high in spring and autumn, and those of oak and Japanese hop were probably the most common cause of allergy symptoms in spring and autumn, respectively. High Japanese cedar pollen counts were observed in Jeju, while moderate concentrations were in Jeonju, Gwangju and Busan. CONCLUSIONS:A new methodology for the creation of a pollen calendar was developed to attenuate the impact of large temporal and spatial variability in pollen concentrations. This revised calendar should be available to the public and allergic patients to prevent aggravation of pollen allergy.

背景与目标： 目的：花粉日历是最简单的花粉浓度预测方法。由于气候和土地利用的变化，花粉浓度容易出现季节变化，因此有必要使用最新数据更新花粉日历。为了减弱花粉浓度在时间和空间上的明显时空变化对花粉日历的影响，必须采用一种新的创建方法。
方法：使用最近的观测数据在韩国制作了花粉日历，并考虑了风险水平和花粉浓度的时间分辨率，提出了一种新的日历创建方法。概率分布用于平滑浓度和确定风险水平。在2007年至2017年之间，从8个站点收集了空气传播的花粉粒;从收集到的谷物中鉴定出13种过敏花粉，包括al木，日本雪松，桦木，榛子，橡树，榆树，松树，银杏，栗子，草，豚草，艾蒿和日本蛇麻草。
结果：由于物种分布及其环境条件的巨大差异，每个花粉的浓度取决于位置和季节。按浓度从高到低的顺序，发现松树，橡树和日本蛇麻花粉是韩国最常见的花粉。春季和秋季的花粉浓度很高，而橡木和日本啤酒花的花粉浓度可能分别是春季和秋季的过敏症状的最常见原因。济州的日本雪松花粉数量很高，而全州，光州和釜山的雪松花粉含量中等。
结论：开发了一种新的创建花粉日历的方法，以减轻花粉浓度在时间和空间上的较大变化的影响。修订后的日历应向公众和过敏患者开放，以防止花粉过敏加剧。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A bacterial strain, GA2-M3(T), isolated from a sea-sand sample in Korea, was subjected to polyphasic taxonomic characterization. Cells of strain GA2-M3(T) were Gram-negative, non-motile, non-spore-forming and short rod- to ovoid-shaped. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequencing studies confirmed that the bacterium fell within the radiation of the genus Loktanella. Similarity levels between the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain GA2-M3(T) and those of type strains of Loktanella species with validly published names were 93.5-96.1 %; highest sequence similarity was with Loktanella rosea. The G+C content of the genomic DNA of strain GA2-M3(T) was 60.0 mol% and the predominant ubiquinone was Q-10. Major fatty acids were 18 : 1omega7c, 18 : 0 and 18 : 1omega7c 11-methyl. On the basis of the evidence presented, it is proposed that strain GA2-M3(T) represents a novel species, for which the name Loktanella koreensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is GA2-M3(T) (=KACC 11519(T)=DSM 17925(T)).

背景与目标： ：从韩国海沙样品中分离出的细菌菌株GA2-M3（T）经过了多相分类学表征。 GA2-M3（T）菌株的细胞为革兰氏阴性，无运动能力，无芽孢形成和短杆状至卵形。比较的16S rRNA基因测序研究证实，该细菌属于Loktanella属辐射范围内。菌株GA2-M3（T）的16S rRNA基因序列与具有有效名称的Loktanella种类型菌株的16S rRNA基因序列的相似度为93.5-96.1％。最高的序列相似性是与罗克坦氏菌玫瑰。菌株GA2-M3（T）的基因组DNA的GC含量为60.0mol％，主要的泛醌为Q-10。主要脂肪酸为18：1omega7c，18：0和18：1omega7c 11-甲基。根据提供的证据，建议菌株GA2-M3（T）代表一个新物种，名称为Loktanella koreensis sp。十一月被提议。类型菌株为GA2-M3（T）（= KACC 11519（T）= DSM 17925（T））。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES:Obesity is associated with increased triglyceride levels. We examined whether overall obesity (body mass index (BMI)) and abdominal obesity (waist circumference (WC)) are independently associated with hypertriglyceridemia among the Korean population. SUBJECTS/METHODS:A national sample of 5036 Koreans aged 19-64 was examined with cross-sectional surveys, the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, in 2007 and 2008. BMI, WC and other lifestyle information were assessed. RESULTS:We documented 1344 cases (26.7%) of hypertriglyceridemia (fasting triglycerides of >150 mg/dl). Both BMI and WC were each independently associated with hypertriglyceridemia. Multivariate odds ratios (ORs) of increasing categories of BMI (<18.5, 18.5≤ - <23, 23≤ - <25, 25≤ - <28, ≥28 kg/m²), were 0.49, 1.00 (reference), 1.26, 1.63 and 1.84, respectively (P=0.0007) adjusting for WC. There was a positive association between WC and hypertriglyceridemia across increasing quintiles of WC (multivariate-adjusted ORs: 1.00 (reference), 1.54, 2.54, 2.21 and 2.36; P<0.0001), adjusting for BMI. WC was positively related to hypertriglyceridemia in both gender. However, only women's BMI was independently associated with hypertriglyceridemia after adjusting for WC. The joint relation between BMI and WC and hypertriglyceridemia showed that within each BMI category, higher WC predicted a greater prevalence of hypertriglyceridemia and vice versa. The receiver operating characteristic curves indicated that BMI (0.69) and WC (0.72) were similar in predicting hypertriglyceridemia. CONCLUSIONS:Both BMI and WC were strongly independently associated with hypertriglyceridemia among the population. Both measurements should be considered for use in assessing health risk at clinical settings and epidemiologic research among Asian population.

背景与目标： 背景/目的：肥胖与甘油三酯水平升高有关。我们检查了总体肥胖（体重指数（BMI））和腹部肥胖（腰围（WC））是否独立于韩国人群中的高甘油三酯血症。
主题/方法：在2007年和2008年，通过横断面调查（韩国国民健康与营养检查调查）对5036名19-64岁的韩国人进行了全国抽样调查。对BMI，WC和其他生活方式信息进行了评估。
结果：我们记录了1344例（26.7％）高甘油三酯血症（空腹甘油三酯>150μmg/ dl）。 BMI和WC都分别与高甘油三酯血症相关。体重指数不断增加的类别（<18.5，18.5≤9-<23，23≤-<25，25≤-<28，≥28kg /m²）的多元优势比（OR）为0.49，1.00（参考），1.26，分别为WC调整为1.63和1.84（P = 0.0007）。在增加的五分位数的WC中，WC与高甘油三酯血症之间存在正相关（多变量调整OR：1.00（参考值），1.54、2.54、2.21和2.36； P <0.0001），并针对BMI进行了调整。 WC与男女高甘油三酯血症均呈正相关。但是，只有女性的BMI在调整WC后才独立地与高甘油三酯血症相关。 BMI和WC与高甘油三酯血症之间的联合关系表明，在每个BMI类别中，较高的WC预测较高的高甘油三酯血症患病率，反之亦然。接收机的工作特性曲线表明，BMI（0.69）和WC（0.72）在预测高甘油三酯血症方面相似。
结论：人群中BMI和WC均与高甘油三酯血症密切相关。在亚洲人群中，两种测量都应考虑用于评估临床环境和流行病学研究中的健康风险。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :To assess the doses delivered to pediatric patients during computed tomography (CT) examinations of the brain, chest, high-resolution lung and abdomen, and to establish diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) for various age groups in Korea. Dose survey was done to the 19 hospitals performing CT on children, addressing the scan parameters, volume CT dose index (CTDIvol) and dose length product (DLP). Per five age group (0, 1, 2-5, 6-10, 11-17 y of age), the proposed DRLs for brain, chest, high-resolution lung and abdomen CT are, respectively, in terms of CTDIvol: 18, 23, 26, 31, 36 mGy; 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 mGy; 2, 3, 4, 5, 7 mGy; 3, 4, 5, 6, 9 mGy; and in terms of DLP: 260, 350, 420, 500, 620 mGy•cm; 50, 80, 100, 170, 340 mGy•cm; 30, 40, 60, 90, 280 mGy•cm; 70, 80, 200, 300, 500 mGy•cm. Compared with published DRLs our suggestion for pediatric CT dose is the lower end. However, an optimization process should be initiated to reduce the spread in patient dose among hospitals despite same CT protocols shown in the study. A major element of this process should be the establishment of institution performance standard and the use of built DRLs.

背景与目标： ：评估在韩国，各个年龄段的计算机X线断层扫描（CT）检查期间对儿科患者进行的脑，胸部，高分辨率肺和腹部剂量，并确定诊断参考水平（DRL）。对19所进行儿童CT扫描的医院进行了剂量调查，包括扫描参数，CT体积剂量指数（CTDIvol）和剂量长度乘积（DLP）。每5个年龄段（0、1、2-5、6-10、11-17岁），建议的脑，胸部，高分辨率肺和腹部CT的DRL用CTDIvol表示：18 ，23，26，31，36 mGy; 2，3，4，6，8 mGy; 2，3，4，5，7 mGy; 3、4、5、6、9 mGy； DLP：260、350、420、500、620 mGy•cm； 50、80、100、170、340 mGy•cm； 30、40、60、90、280 mGy•cm； 70、80、200、300、500 mGy•cm。与已公布的DRL相比，我们对儿科CT剂量的建议较低。然而，尽管研究中显示了相同的CT方案，但仍应启动优化过程以减少患者在医院之间的剂量分布。此过程的主要内容应该是建立机构绩效标准和使用内置的DRL。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Gastric cancer is the most common cause of cancer related death in Korea. Early gastric cancer (EGC), confined to mucosa or submucosa, regardless of lymph node metastasis, is known to have a favorable prognosis. From 1976 to 1995, four thousand nine hundred and twenty eight gastric cancer patients underwent operation at the Severance Hospital, Yonsei University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. Of these, 1,117 patients (22.6%) were diagnosed as EGC and underwent curative operation. Clinicopathologic characteristics were reviewed and survival data was analyzed. The proportion of EGC has increased during the last two decades, from 14.9% during 1976-1985 to 25.8% for 1986-1995. EGC has a wide age distribution range from the thirties to the sixties, with highest incidence in the sixties. The male to female ratio is 1.8:1, without any significant change in last two decades. Most lesions are located in the lower third of stomach (52.3%), and the lesser curvature (52.2%) was the most frequent site in the transverse axis. Macroscopically, the depressed type was the most common (66.1%) followed by the elevated, flat and mixed types, in that order. Tumor confined to the mucosa layer was seen in 52.5%, and lymph node involvement in 11.7%. The depth of tumor invasion correlated with tumor size and regional lymph node involvement. On histopathologic examination, signet ring cell type accounted for 29.6% of all EGCs. Overall 5-year survival rate was 92.7% and the presence of lymph node metastasis significantly affected survival (84.6% versus 96.2%) (p<0.05). In conclusion, the proportion of EGC, in terms of the gastric cancers operated upon, has been increasing in Korea over the last two decades. The introduction of active diagnostic approaches and diagnostic modalities could improve early diagnosis and the cure rate of gastric cancer in Korea.

背景与目标： ：胃癌是韩国癌症相关死亡的最常见原因。早期胃癌（EGC），无论淋巴结转移如何，都局限于粘膜或粘膜下层，预后良好。 1976年至1995年，在韩国首尔延世大学医学院附属医院Severance医院对498名胃癌患者进行了手术。在这些患者中，有1117例（22.6％）被诊断为EGC并接受了根治性手术。回顾了临床病理特征并分析了生存数据。在过去的二十年中，EGC的比例有所增加，从1976-1985年的14.9％增加到1986-1995年的25.8％。 EGC的年龄分布范围从30到60年代不等，在60年代发病率最高。男女比例为1.8：1，在过去的二十年中没有任何重大变化。大多数病变位于胃的下三分之一（52.3％），较小的曲率（52.2％）是横轴上最常见的部位。从宏观上看，抑郁型是最常见的（66.1％），其次是升高型，扁平型和混合型。局限于粘膜层的肿瘤占52.5％，淋巴结受累的占11.7％。肿瘤的浸润深度与肿瘤大小和局部淋巴结受累有关。在组织病理学检查中，印戒细胞类型占所有EGC的29.6％。总体5年生存率为92.7％，淋巴结转移的存在显着影响生存率（84.6％对96.2％）（p <0.05）。总而言之，在过去的二十年中，就手术的胃癌而言，EGC的比例一直在上升。引入积极的诊断方法和诊断方式可以提高韩国胃癌的早期诊断率和治愈率。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The purpose of this study was to test the effects of a child sexual abuse prevention education program using a hybrid application (CSAPE-H) by examining fifth-grade students' (a) knowledge for sexual abuse prevention and (b) self-protective behaviors against sexual abuse. A quasi-experimental, pretest /posttest design was used. Sixty-eight students from two schools participated. The intervention group (n = 48) received six sessions in CSA prevention education using the hybrid app, whereas the control group (n = 35) was taught using a lecture in a classroom environment. Between the two groups, there were significant differences in self-protective behaviors against CSA (t = 2.26, p = .027). In addition, educational satisfaction was significantly higher in the experimental group than the control group (t = 2.41, p = .019). A CSAPE-H may be effective for elementary school students, especially for self-protective behaviors.

背景与目标： ：这项研究的目的是通过检查五年级学生的（a）预防性虐待知识和（b）自我保护知识，使用混合应用程序（CSAPE-H）来测试儿童性虐待预防教育计划的效果反对性虐待的行为。使用准实验的前测/后测设计。来自两所学校的68名学生参加了比赛。干预组（n = 48）使用混合应用程序接受了六次CSA预防教育，而对照组（n = 35）在教室环境中通过讲座进行了授课。两组之间，针对CSA的自我保护行为存在显着差异（t = 2.26，p = .027）。此外，实验组的教育满意度显着高于对照组（t = 2.41，p = .019）。 CSAPE-H可能对小学生有效，尤其是对于自我保护行为。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The main objective of this research was to estimate the total mass of nitrogen discharged from various sources in Korea using the mass balance approach. Three different nitrogen mass balances were presented: (1) agricultural activities including raising crops and animal husbandry; (2) domestic activities, and (3) activities in forest and urban areas. These nitrogen balances were combined to estimate riverine discharge of nitrogen to the ocean in national scale. Nitrogen inputs include atmospheric deposition, biological nitrogen fixation, application of inorganic fertilizers/manures, animal feed/imported foodstuffs, and meat/fish. Nitrogen outputs include ammonia volatilization, denitrification, human/animal waste generation, crop/meat production, and riverine discharge to the ocean. The estimated total nitrogen input in Korea was 1,194.5 x 10(3) tons N/year. Nitrogen discharged into rivers was estimated as 408-422 x 10(3) tons N/year, of which 66-71% was diffuse in origin. The estimated diffuse discharges for land uses were estimated as 82 x 10(3) tons N/year from agricultural areas, 7 x 10(3) tons N/year from forestry and 75 x 10(3) tons N/year from urban and industrial areas.

背景与目标： ：这项研究的主要目的是使用质量平衡法估算韩国各种来源排放的氮气总量。提出了三种不同的氮素质量平衡：（1）农业活动，包括种植农作物和畜牧业； （2）家庭活动，以及（3）在森林和城市地区的活动。将这些氮平衡相结合，以估算全国范围内河流向海洋的氮排放量。氮输入包括大气沉积，生物固氮，施用无机肥料/肥料，动物饲料/进口食品以及肉/鱼。氮的输出包括氨的挥发，反硝化，人类/动物废物的产生，农作物/肉的生产以及河流向海洋的排放。韩国估计的总氮输入量为1,194.5 x 10（3）吨氮/年。排入河流的氮估计为408-422 x 10（3）吨N /年，其中66-71％的氮源是扩散的。估计用于土地用途的分散排放量是农业地区每年82 x 10（3）吨氮，林业每年7 x 10（3）吨氮，城市和城市每年75 x 10（3）吨氮。工业领域。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE:Despite withdrawal of RotaShield® and the development of second generation live attenuated rotavirus vaccines, concerns remain regarding the relationship between rotavirus vaccine and intussusception. Nevertheless, since there is no study in Korea, we reviewed data from cases at Severance Children's Hospital to determine the association between rotavirus vaccine and intussusception. MATERIALS AND METHODS:Patients coded as intussusception and following a prescription of RotaTeq® from 2007 to 2013 were reviewed. We calculated comparative incidence figures (CIFs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to compare the risk of intussusception in Korea with the risk in the United States. Expected cases within the four-week post-vaccination window were calculated by applying rates of intussusception from data compiled by the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service (for a five-year period) to numbers of vaccinations. RESULTS:In total, 10530 doses of pentavalent rotavirus vaccine were administered. A total of 65 intussusception cases were diagnosed, although only two cases occurred within four weeks after vaccination. This was compared to six cases within 999123 doses in United States from April 2008 to March 2013 (CIF, 31.63; CI, 31.33-31.93). When we adjusted incidence rate differences for both countries, the CIF decreased to 7.05 (CI, 6.72-7.40). When we compared our identified cases with the expected cases from our hospital, there was no increased intussusception occurring within four weeks of vaccination. CONCLUSION:We found no association between pentavalent rotavirus vaccine and intussusception. Therefore, rotavirus vaccination should be considered due to its benefits of preventing rotavirus-associated diseases.

背景与目标： 目的：尽管RotaShield®停药并开发了第二代减毒活的轮状病毒疫苗，但人们仍然担心轮状病毒疫苗与肠套叠之间的关系。但是，由于韩国尚未进行研究，我们审查了Severance儿童医院的病例数据，以确定轮状病毒疫苗与肠套叠之间的关联。
材料与方法：回顾性分析了2007年至2013年间按照RotaTeq®处方进行肠套叠的患者。我们计算了比较发病率数字（CIF）和95％置信区间（CIs），以比较韩国的肠套叠风险和美国的风险。疫苗接种后四个星期内的预期病例是根据健康保险审查与评估服务公司（五年期）收集的数据，将肠套叠率应用到疫苗接种数量上来计算的。
结果：总共接种了10530剂五价轮状病毒疫苗。尽管在接种疫苗后的四周内仅发生了2例，但总共诊断出了65例肠套叠病例。相比之下，2008年4月至2013年3月在美国有999123剂6例（CIF，31.63； CI，31.33-31.93）。当我们调整两国的发病率差异时，CIF降至7.05（CI，6.72-7.40）。当我们将确定的病例与医院的预期病例进行比较时，在接种疫苗后的四周内没有出现肠套叠增加的情况。
结论：我们发现五价轮状病毒疫苗与肠套叠之间无关联。因此，应考虑接种轮状病毒疫苗，因为它具有预防轮状病毒相关疾病的益处。