BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Health services and population health innovations advance when knowledge transfer and exchange (KTE) occurs among researchers, practitioners, policy-makers and consumers using high-quality evidence. However, few KTE models have been evaluated in practice. Communities of practice (CoP) - voluntary, self-organizing, and focused groups of individuals and organizations - may provide one option. This paper outlines an approach to lay the foundation for a CoP within the area of Web-assisted tobacco interventions (WATI). The objectives of the study were to provide a data-driven foundation to inform decisions about organizing a CoP within the geographically diverse, multi-disciplinary WATI group using evaluation and social network methodologies. METHODS:A single-group design was employed using a survey of expectations, knowledge, and interpersonal WATI-related relationships administered prior to a meeting of the WATI group followed by a 3-week post-meeting Web survey to assess short-term impact on learning and networking outcomes. RESULTS:Twenty-three of 27 WATI attendees (85%) from diverse disciplinary and practice backgrounds completed the baseline survey, with 21 (91%) of those participants completing the three-week follow-up. Participants had modest expectations of the meeting at baseline. A social network map produced from the data illustrated a centralized, yet sparse network comprising of interdisciplinary teams with little trans-sectoral collaboration. Three-week follow-up survey results showed that participants had made new network connections and had actively engaged in KTE activities with WATI members outside their original network. CONCLUSION:Data illustrating both the shape and size of the WATI network as well as member's interests and commitment to KTE, when shared and used to frame action steps, can positively influence the motivation to collaborate and create communities of practice. Guiding KTE planning through blending data and theory can create more informed transdisciplinary and trans-sectoral collaboration environments.

背景与目标： 背景：当研究人员，从业人员，政策制定者和消费者之间使用高质量的证据进行知识转移和交流时，卫生服务和人口卫生创新就会发展。但是，实践中很少评估KTE模型。实践社区（CoP）-自愿的，自组织的和有针对性的个人和组织团体-可以提供一种选择。本文概述了一种在网络辅助烟草干预（WATI）领域为CoP奠定基础的方法。这项研究的目的是提供一个数据驱动的基础，以使用评估和社交网络方法为在地理上多样化，多学科的WATI小组内组织CoP的决策提供依据。
方法：采用单组设计，方法是在WATI组会议之前进行的对期望，知识和人际WATI相关关系的调查，然后进行为期3周的会议后Web调查，以评估对WATI的短期影响。学习和社交成果。
结果：来自不同学科和实践背景的27名WATI参与者中有23名（85％）完成了基线调查，其中21名（91％）的参与者完成了为期三周的随访。与会者对基线会议的期望不高。根据数据生成的社交网络图说明了一个集中但稀疏的网络，该网络由跨学科协作很少的跨学科团队组成。为期三周的跟踪调查结果表明，参与者建立了新的网络连接，并与原始网络之外的WATI成员积极地开展了KTE活动。
结论：通过数据说明WATI网络的形状和规模，以及会员的利益和对KTE的承诺，在共享并用于制定行动步骤时，这些数据可以对合作和创建实践社区的动机产生积极影响。通过融合数据和理论来指导KTE计划可以创建更明智的跨学科和跨部门协作环境。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The recognition that human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the central, necessary cause of cervical cancer paved the way to new fronts of prevention via improved screening methods and HPV vaccination. Much has been learned in all fronts, from the molecular basis of our understanding of how HPV causes disease to the health economics of preventive strategies at the individual and population levels. Progress in other areas of cancer control has yet to show the same multi- and trans-disciplinary gains seen in research on HPV-associated malignancies, which is one of the unequivocal success stories in disease prevention. Yet, as an embarrassment of riches, much more research is needed to fill the gaps in knowledge that remain before we are able to reap the benefits from the knowledge translation from all fronts. Public health research on setting-specific implementation of HPV-based preventive strategies and more concerted advocacy to counter barriers facing the adoption of these strategies are likely to yield major dividends in reducing the burden of HPV-associated diseases. This article forms part of a special supplement entitled "Comprehensive Control of HPV Infections and Related Diseases" Vaccine Volume 30, Supplement 5, 2012.

背景与目标： ：认识到人乳头瘤病毒（HPV）感染是子宫颈癌的主要，必要原因，这通过改进的筛查方法和HPV疫苗接种为预防的新领域铺平了道路。从我们对HPV引起疾病的理解的分子基础到个人和人群的预防策略的健康经济学，在各个方面都学到了很多。其他癌症控制领域的进展尚未显示出与HPV相关的恶性肿瘤研究相同的多学科和跨学科研究成果，这是疾病预防方面明确的成功案例之一。然而，作为财富的尴尬，我们需要进行更多的研究来填补知识上的空白，才能使我们从各个方面受益于知识翻译。关于针对特定人群实施基于HPV的预防策略的公共卫生研究，以及更一致地倡导应对采用这些策略所面临的障碍，可能会在减轻与HPV相关疾病的负担方面产生重大成果。本文是标题为“ HPV感染和相关疾病的综合控制”疫苗第30卷，补编5、2012年的特殊补编的一部分。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Antibiotic resistance (ABR) has become a major public health challenge in most parts of the world including Ghana and is a major threat to gain in bacterial disease control. The role of prescribers in the control of antibiotics is identified as crucial in developing interventions to control ABR. To guide policy recommendations on ABR, a study was carried out among prescribers to identify gaps in their knowledge of ABR and to document their prescription practices. METHOD:A cross-sectional survey was conducted among prescribers from both public and private facilities in the Brong Ahafo Region of Ghana using both quantitative and qualitative methods in 2014. RESULTS:Three hundred and seventy nine prescribers participated in the quantitative study and a subset of 33 participated in in-depth interviews. Majority (50.0%) of the prescribers interviewed were nurses. Most (51.0%) of the prescribers were located in hospitals. Knowledge of ABR was high among all the prescribers. About 80.0% percent of all prescribers agreed that the antibiotics that are currently used could lose its efficacy in future. There is no singular formal source of information on antibiotic resistance. The prescribers held a strong perception that antibiotic resistance is imminent though their knowledge on various resistant bacterial strains was limited. Prescribers attributed ABR burden to factors such as poor prescription practices and limited ABR control measures. The prescription practices of the prescribers vary but were mostly inappropriate among the lower cadre. CONCLUSION:The knowledge of ABR is high among prescribers. There is however a gap in the knowledge and perception of optimal antibiotic prescription practices among prescribers. There is the need for a formal source of information on ABR to support prescriber's antibiotic prescription practices.

背景与目标： 背景：抗生素耐药性（ABR）已成为包括加纳在内的世界大多数地区的主要公共卫生挑战，并且是细菌控制疾病的主要威胁。开处方者在控制抗生素中的作用被认为对于制定控制ABR的干预措施至关重要。为了指导有关ABR的政策建议，开处方者之间进行了一项研究，以确定他们在ABR方面的知识差距并记录其处方做法。
方法：2014年，在加纳布隆阿哈福地区的公共和私人机构开处方者中，采用定量和定性方法进行了横断面调查。
结果：379名处方者参加了定量研究，其中33名参加了深度访谈。接受采访的大多数处方者（50.0％）是护士。大部分（51.0％）的处方者位于医院。所有处方者对ABR的知识都很高。所有处方者中约有80.0％同意当前使用的抗生素将来可能会失去功效。没有关于抗生素抗性的单一正式信息来源。尽管他们对各种耐药细菌菌株的了解有限，但开处方者强烈认为即将出现抗生素耐药性。处方者将ABR负担归因于不良处方实践和有限的ABR控制措施等因素。开处方者的开处方做法各有不同，但在下级干部中大多不合适。
结论：开处方者对ABR的知识很高。然而，处方者之间对最佳抗生素处方实践的认识和认识存在差距。需要有关ABR的正式信息来源，以支持开处方者的抗生素处方做法。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:Despite the availability of several effective treatments, many children with ADHD do not receive adequate services. A variety of factors may influence help-seeking behavior among families of children with ADHD. This study explores two factors that may influence help-seeking decisions: knowledge and misconceptions of ADHD and treatment acceptability. METHOD:A total of 196 participants completed measures of ADHD knowledge and use of information sources prior to rating the acceptability of two interventions: stimulant medication and sugar elimination diets. RESULTS:Higher levels of ADHD misconceptions were associated with lower acceptance of medication and higher acceptance of dietary interventions. However, analysis of individual misconceptions suggests that specific misconceptions are differentially related to perceptions of individual treatments. CONCLUSION:It may be important for clinicians to assess and deliberately target specific misconceptions as part of treatment for ADHD.

背景与目标： 目的：尽管有几种有效的治疗方法，但许多多动症儿童仍未获得足够的服务。多种因素可能会影响多动症儿童家庭的寻求帮助行为。这项研究探讨了可能影响寻求帮助决定的两个因素：多动症的知识和误解以及治疗的可接受性。
方法：总共196名参与者完成了对ADHD知识和信息源使用的评估，然后评估了两种干预措施的可接受性：刺激性药物和消除糖的饮食。
结果：多动症的误解程度较高与药物接受程度较低和饮食干预措施接受程度较高有关。但是，对个人误解的分析表明，特定的误解与对个体治疗的看法有差异。
结论：对于多动症治疗的一部分，临床医生评估和故意针对特定的误解可能很重要。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Cardiac autonomic dysfunction (CAD) has been reported in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). This systematic review summarizes the evidence for the types and prevalence of CAD in MS patients, as well as its association with MS type, disease characteristics, fatigue and immunotherapies used to treat MS. The analysis revealed that CAD is correlated with pathophysiological processes of MS, can trigger serious cardiovascular complications that may reduce life expectancy, and may have implications for treatment with immunotherapies, especially fingolimod. Numerous mainly small case-control or cohort studies have reported various measures of CAD (particularly heart rate variation) in MS patients, showing higher rates of abnormality versus controls. A smaller number of studies have reported on cardiac autonomic symptoms in MS, including orthostatic intolerance/dizziness in around 50% of patients. CAD also appears to be associated with disease duration and to be more common in progressive than relapsing-remitting MS. However, although a substantial evidence base suggests that assessing CAD in people with MS may be important, standardised methods to evaluate CAD in these patients have not yet been established. In addition, no studies have yet looked at whether treating CAD can reduce the burden of MS symptoms, disease activity or the rate of progression.

背景与目标： ：多发性硬化症（MS）患者有心脏自主神经功能障碍（CAD）的报道。这项系统的综述总结了MS患者CAD的类型和患病率的证据，以及其与MS类型，疾病特征，疲劳和用于治疗MS的免疫疗法的关联。分析表明，CAD与MS的病理生理过程相关，可引发严重的心血管并发症，可能会缩短预期寿命，并且可能对免疫疗法（尤其是芬戈莫德）的治疗产生影响。许多主要的小病例对照研究或队列研究报告了MS患者的各种CAD指标（尤其是心率变异），显示出异常率高于对照组。少数研究报道了MS的心脏自主神经症状，包括约50％的患者体位性不耐受/头晕。 CAD也似乎与疾病持续时间有关，并且在进展性疾病中比复发缓解型MS更常见。但是，尽管有大量的证据表明评估MS患者的CAD可能很重要，但尚未建立评估这些患者CAD的标准化方法。此外，尚无研究探讨治疗CAD是否可以减轻MS症状，疾病活动或进展速度的负担。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Coronary artery disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality among adults worldwide, including China. After a hospital stay, transitional care could help to ensure improved patient care and outcomes, and reduce Medicare costs. Nevertheless, the results of the existing transitional care are not always satisfactory and our knowledge of how to perform effective transitional care for patients with coronary artery disease is limited in mainland China. OBJECTIVES:To examine the effectiveness of a nurse-led transitional care program on clinical outcomes, health-related knowledge, and physical and mental health status among Chinese patients with coronary artery disease. DESIGN:Randomized controlled trial. METHODS:The Omaha system and Pender's health promoting model were employed in planning and implementing this nurse-led transitional care program. The sample was comprised of 199 Chinese patients with coronary artery disease. The experimental group (n=100) received nurse-led transitional care intervention in addition to routine care. The nurse-led transitional care intervention included a structured assessment and health education, followed by 7 months of individual teaching and coaching (home visits, telephone follow-up and group activity). The control group (n=99) received a comparable length routine care and follow-up contacts. Evaluations were conducted at baseline and completion of the interventions using the perceived knowledge scale for coronary heart disease, the medical outcomes study 36-item short-form health survey and clinical measures (blood pressure, blood glucose, lipids, body mass index). Data were collected between March and October 2014. RESULTS:Compared with the control group, participants in the experimental group showed significant better clinical outcomes (systolic blood pressure, t=5.762, P=0.000; diastolic blood pressure, t=4.250, P=0.000; fasting blood glucose, t=2.249, P=0.027; total cholesterol, t=4.362, P=0.000; triglyceride, t=3.147, P=0.002; low density lipoprotein cholesterol, t=2.399, P=0.018; and body mass index, t=3.166, P=0.002), higher knowledge scores for coronary artery disease (total knowledge score, t=-7.099, P=0.000), better physical health status (t=-2.503, P=0.014) and mental health status (t=-2.950, P=0.004). CONCLUSIONS:This study provides evidence for the value of a nurse-led transitional care program using both the Omaha system and Pender's health promoting model as its theoretical framework. The structured interventions in this nurse-led transitional care program facilitate the use of this program in other settings.

背景与目标： 背景：冠状动脉疾病是包括中国在内的世界各地成年人发病和死亡的主要原因。住院后，过渡护理可以帮助确保改善患者护理和结局，并降低医疗保险成本。然而，现有的过渡治疗的结果并不总是令人满意的，在中国大陆，我们对如何为冠心病患者进行有效的过渡治疗的知识是有限的。
目的：探讨由护士主导的过渡护理计划对中国冠心病患者的临床结局，健康相关知识以及身心健康状况的有效性。
设计：随机对照试验。
方法：奥马哈系统和Pender的健康促进模型被用于计划和实施由护士主导的过渡护理计划。样本包括199名中国冠心病患者。除常规护理外，实验组（n = 100）还接受了护士主导的过渡护理干预。由护士主导的过渡护理干预包括结构化评估和健康教育，然后是7个月的个人教学和辅导（上门拜访，电话随访和小组活动）。对照组（n = 99）接受了相当长度的常规护理和随访。在基线和干预措施完成时使用已知的冠心病知识量表，医学成果研究36个项目的简短健康调查和临床指标（血压，血糖，血脂，体重指数）进行评估。数据是在2014年3月至2014年10月之间收集的。
结果：与对照组相比，实验组参与者表现出明显更好的临床结局（收缩压，t = 5.762，P = 0.000；舒张压，t = 4.250，P = 0.000；空腹血糖，t = 2.249 ，P = 0.027；总胆固醇，t = 4.362，P = 0.000；甘油三酸酯，t = 3.147，P = 0.002；低密度脂蛋白胆固醇，t = 2.399，P = 0.018；体重指数，t = 3.166，P = 0.002），对冠心病的知识得分更高（总知识得分，t = -7.099，P = 0.000），更好的身体健康状况（t = -2.503，P = 0.014）和心理健康状况（t = -2.950，P = 0.004）。
结论：本研究提供了以奥马哈体系和彭德健康促进模型为理论框架的护士主导的过渡护理计划的价值的证据。该由护士主导的过渡护理计划中的结构化干预措施有助于在其他环境中使用该计划。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The end of the twentieth century and the beginning of the twenty-first century are marked by technology revolution and strategic changes in organizations. Strategies such as the e-learning, has been used for training human resources. This study aimed to compare the knowledge acquired among groups of nurses who used e-learning and those who undergone a traditional classroom training. The true-experimental design was used followed by a quantitative analysis. This study was performed at the Hospital and Maternity São Luiz. The study population was composed by 60 nurses, randomly assigned to two groups, named A and B. Group A received the traditional classroom training and group B received the computer-assisted training. In the data collection, participants filled in a questionnaire before and after the training to evaluate their knowledge and to characterize the population. Results showed there was an equal acquisition of knowledge in both groups; confirming the efficacy of both methods.

背景与目标： ：二十世纪末和二十一世纪初是技术革命和组织战略变革的标志。电子学习等策略已用于培训人力资源。这项研究旨在比较使用在线学习的护士和接受过传统课堂培训的护士之间获得的知识。使用真实实验设计，然后进行定量分析。这项研究是在圣路易斯医院和孕妇医院进行的。研究人群由60名护士组成，随机分为两组，分别为A和B。A组接受了传统的课堂培训，B组接受了计算机辅助培训。在数据收集中，参与者在培训前后填写了问卷，以评估他们的知识并表征人群。结果表明，两组的知识获取量均相等。确认两种方法的功效。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Research findings become evidence when an individual decides that the information is relevant and useful to a particular circumstance. Prior to that point, they are unrelated facts. For research translation to occur, research evidence needs filtering, interpretation, and application by individuals to the specific situation. For this reason, decision science is complementary to knowledge translation science. Both aim to support the individual in deciding the most appropriate action in a dynamic environment where there are masses of uncensored and nonprioritized information readily available. Decision science employs research theories to study the cognitive processes underpinning the filtering and integration of current scientific information into changing contexts. Two meta-theories, coherence and correspondence theories, have been used to provide alternative views and prompt significant debate to advance the science. The aim of this article is to stimulate debate about the relationship between decision theory and knowledge translation. Discussed is the critical role of cognition in clinical decision making, with a focus on knowledge translation. A critical commentary of the knowledge utilization modeling papers is presented from a decision science perspective. The article concludes with a discussion on the implications for knowledge translation when viewed through the lens of decision science.

背景与目标： ：当个人认为某项信息与特定情况相关且有用时，研究结果便成为证据。在此之前，它们是无关的事实。为了进行研究翻译，研究证据需要个人对特定情况进行过滤，解释和应用。因此，决策科学是知识翻译科学的补充。两者都旨在支持个人在动态环境中决定最合适的行动，在动态环境中，有大量未经审查和未经优先处理的信息随时可用。决策科学采用研究理论来研究认知过程，这些认知过程将当前的科学信息过滤和整合到不断变化的环境中。连贯和对应理论这两种元理论已被用来提供替代观点，并引发了重要的辩论，以推动科学的发展。本文的目的是激发关于决策理论与知识翻译之间关系的争论。讨论的是认知在临床决策中的关键作用，重点是知识翻译。从决策科学的角度介绍了有关知识利用建模论文的重要评论。本文以决策科学的视角对知识转换的含义进行了讨论。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVES:To test an educational intervention designed to improve lactation knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs of NICU nurses and to improve their intentions to provide mothers with lactation support. DESIGN:Quasi-experimental, time-series pretest/posttest. SETTING:NICU of a Midwestern, free-standing, tertiary-care children's hospital. PARTICIPANTS:Convenience sample of 64 NICU nurses and 2 separate convenience samples of mothers of infants hospitalized in the NICU (n=19 and 13, respectively). METHODS:Nurses were measured on study outcomes at multiple time points, beginning with 2 weeks before and ending at 3 months after attendance to a 4-hour educational program. Mothers were sampled before and 3 months after the intervention. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S):Nurses' lactation knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and intentions to support lactation and mothers' perceptions of lactation support in the NICU. RESULTS:Findings suggest that this educational intervention was effective for improving NICU nurses' lactation knowledge and attitudes, and that these improvements were maintained over time. Further, the supportive atmosphere for lactation in this NICU significantly improved following the implementation of the educational intervention for nurses. CONCLUSION:Intermittent, short educational programs which include practical how-to's and motivational encouragement for staff may provide the empowerment nurses need in order to be supportive of lactation.

背景与目标： 目的：测试一项旨在改善新生儿重症监护病房（NICU）护士的哺乳知识，态度和信念，并改善其为母亲提供哺乳支持的意图的教育干预措施。
设计：准实验性，时间序列的前测/后测。
地点：中西部独立式三级儿童医院的NICU。
参与者：64位新生儿重症监护病房护士的便利性样本和在新生儿重症监护病房住院的婴儿母亲的2个单独的便利性样本（分别为n = 19和13）。
方法：从多个时间点（从参加4小时教育计划的前2周开始到结束3个月后）对学习结局进行测量。在干预前和干预后三个月对母亲进行了采样。
主要观察指标：护士对哺乳的知识，态度，信念和意图，以及母亲对新生儿重症监护病房的哺乳支持的看法。
结果：研究结果表明，这种教育干预措施可有效改善重症监护病房护士的哺乳知识和态度，并且随着时间的流逝，这些改善措施得以保持。此外，在实施护士教育干预后，该新生儿重症监护室（NICU）的哺乳支持气氛得到了显着改善。
结论：间歇性，短期的教育计划包括实用的操作方法和对员工的激励性鼓励，可以为护士提供支持哺乳所需的能力。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Graphs are powerful structures able to capture topological and semantic information from data, hence suitable for modelling a plethora of real-world (complex) systems. For this reason, graph-based pattern recognition gained a lot of attention in recent years. In this paper, a general-purpose classification system in the graphs domain is presented. When most of the information of the available patterns can be encoded in edge labels, an information granulation-based approach is highly discriminant and allows for the identification of semantically meaningful edges. The proposed classification system has been tested on the entire set of organisms (5299) for which metabolic networks are known, allowing for both a perfect mirroring of the underlying taxonomy and the identification of most discriminant metabolic reactions and pathways. The widespread diffusion of graph (network) structures in biology makes the proposed pattern recognition approach potentially very useful in many different fields of application. More specifically, the possibility to have a reliable metric to compare different metabolic systems is instrumental in emerging fields like microbiome analysis and, more in general, for proposing metabolic networks as a universal phenotype spanning the entire tree of life and in direct contact with environmental cues.

背景与目标： ：Graphs是强大的结构，能够从数据中捕获拓扑和语义信息，因此适合于对大量现实世界（复杂）系统进行建模。因此，近年来，基于图形的模式识别备受关注。本文提出了一种图形领域的通用分类系统。当可用模式的大多数信息都可以在边缘标签中编码时，基于信息粒度的方法就具有很高的判别力，并且可以识别语义上有意义的边缘。拟议的分类系统已在已知代谢网络的整个有机体（5299）上进行了测试，既可以完美地反映基础分类学，又可以识别大多数判别性代谢反应和途径。图（网络）结构在生物学中的广泛传播使所提出的模式识别方法在许多不同的应用领域中非常有用。更具体地说，在微生物组分析等新兴领域，拥有可靠的度量标准来比较不同代谢系统的可能性非常重要，并且更广泛地说，对于将代谢网络作为跨越整个生命树并与环境线索直接接触的通用表型提出建议。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Maternal mortality, of which 6.7% is attributable to abortion complications, remains high in Mozambique. The objective of this paper is to assess the level of induced abortion at the community, as well as to assess awareness of and attitudes towards the new abortion law among women of reproductive age in suburban areas of Maputo and Quelimane cities. METHODS:A cross-sectional household survey among women aged 15-49 years in Maputo and Quelimane cities was conducted using a multi-stage clustered sampling design. Data on sociodemographic characteristics, maternal outcomes, contraceptive use, knowledge and attitudes towards the new abortion law were collected. Bivariate and multiple logistic regression analysis using the complex samples procedure in SPSS were applied. RESULTS:A total of 1657 women (827 Maputo and 830 Quelimane) were interviewed between August 2016 and February 2017. The mean age was 27 years; 45.7% were married and 75.5% had ever been pregnant. 9.2% of the women reported having had an induced abortion, of which 20.0% (17) had unsafe abortion. Of the respondents, 28.8% knew the new legal status of abortion. 17% thought that the legalization of abortion was beneficial to women's health. Having ever been pregnant, being unmarried, student, Muslim, as well as residing in Maputo were associated with higher odds of having knowledge of the new abortion law. CONCLUSION:Reports of abortion appear to be low compared to other studies from Sub-Saharan African countries. Furthermore, respondents demonstrated limited knowledge of the abortion law. Social factors such as education status, religion, residence in a large city as well as pregnancy history were associated with having knowledge of the abortion law. Only a small percentage of women perceived abortion as beneficial to women's health. There is a need for widespread sensitization about the new law and its benefits.

背景与目标： 背景：莫桑比克的孕产妇死亡率仍然很高，其中6.7％归因于流产并发症。本文的目的是评估社区人工流产的水平，并评估马普托和奎利曼市郊区的育龄妇女对新堕胎法的认识和态度。
方法：采用多阶段聚类抽样设计，对马普托和奎利曼内城市15-49岁的女性进行了横断面家庭调查。收集了有关社会人口学特征，孕产妇结局，使用避孕药具，对新的堕胎法的了解和态度的数据。应用了在SPSS中使用复杂样本程序进行的双变量和多元logistic回归分析。
结果：2016年8月至2017年2月，共采访了1657名女性（827名马普托和830名Quelimane）。平均年龄为27岁。已婚者占45.7％，曾怀孕者占75.5％。 9.2％的妇女报告了人工流产，其中20.0％（17）的妇女不安全流产。在受访者中，有28.8％的人知道堕胎的新法律地位。 17％的人认为堕胎合法化对妇女的健康有益。曾经怀孕，未婚，学生，穆斯林以及居住在马普托的人与了解新的堕胎法的可能性更高。
结论：与来自撒哈拉以南非洲国家的其他研究相比，堕胎的报道似乎很少。此外，受访者对流产法的了解有限。社会因素，例如受教育程度，宗教信仰，在大城市的居住状况以及怀孕史，都与了解堕胎法有关。只有一小部分妇女认为堕胎有益于妇女的健康。有必要对新法律及其益处进行广泛的宣传。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: INTRODUCTION:This study aims to establish the Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices (KAP) of the general population (people with and without diabetes) towards diabetes. The study will examine (a) recognition and understanding of causes, prevention and treatment strategies of diabetes; (b) identify the knowledge gaps and behavioural patterns that may hamper diabetes prevention and control; (c) stigma towards and stigma perceived by people with diabetes and (d) awareness of anti-diabetes campaigns. METHODS AND ANALYSIS:The study is a nationwide, cross-sectional study of Singapore's general population aged 18 years and above (n=3000), comprising Chinese, Malay, Indian and other ethnic groups, who can understand English, Chinese, Malay or Tamil language. The sample was derived using a disproportionate stratified sampling using age and ethnicity. The proportion of respondents in each ethnic group (Chinese, Malay and Indian) was set to approximately 30%, while the proportion of respondents in each age group was set around 20% in order to ensure a sufficient sample size. The respondents will be administered questionnaires on diabetes KAP, stigma towards diabetes, lifestyle, diet and awareness of local anti-diabetes campaigns. The analysis will include descriptive statistics and multiple logistic and linear regression analyses to determine the socio-demographic correlates of correct recognition of diabetes, help-seeking preferences, as well as overall knowledge and attitudes among those with and without diabetes. We will consider a p value ≤0.05 as significant. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION:This study protocol has been reviewed by the Institutional Research Review Committee and the National Healthcare Group Domain Specific Review Board (NHG DSRB Ref 2018/00430). The results of the study will be shared with policymakers and other stakeholders. There will be a local mass media briefing to disseminate the findings online, in print and on television and radio. The results will be published in peer-reviewed journals and presented in scientific meetings.

背景与目标： 简介：本研究旨在建立普通人群（患有和不患有糖尿病的人）对糖尿病的知识，态度和实践（KAP）。这项研究将检查（a）对糖尿病的病因，预防和治疗策略的认识和理解； （b）找出可能妨碍糖尿病预防和控制的知识差距和行为方式； （c）对糖尿病患者的污名和耻辱感；以及（d）对抗糖尿病运动的认识。
方法和分析：该研究是一项全国性的横断面研究，涉及新加坡华裔，马来人，印度人和其他种族的18岁及以上（n = 3000）的普通人群，他们能够理解英语，中文，马来语或泰米尔语语。该样本是根据年龄和种族使用不成比例的分层抽样得出的。为了确保足够的样本量，每个族裔（中国，马来人和印度裔）的受访者比例设定为大约30％，而每个年龄组的受访者比例设定为20％左右。将对受访者进行有关糖尿病KAP，对糖尿病的污名，生活方式，饮食和对当地抗糖尿病运动意识的问卷调查。该分析将包括描述性统计数据以及多元逻辑和线性回归分析，以确定正确识别糖尿病，寻求帮助的偏好以及在患有或不患有糖尿病的人群中的总体知识和态度的社会人口统计学相关性。我们认为p值≤0.05是有意义的。
道德与传播：本研究方案已由机构研究审查委员会和国家医疗保健集团领域特定审查委员会（NHG DSRB Ref 2018/00430）进行了审查。研究结果将与决策者和其他利益相关者共享。将在当地进行大众媒体简报，以在线，印刷形式以及在电视和广播上传播调查结果。研究结果将发表在同行评审的期刊上，并在科学会议上发表。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Species of the genus Bartonella are involved in an increasing variety of human diseases. In addition to the 14 currently recognized species, several Bartonella strains have been recovered from a wide range of wild and domestic mammals in Europe and America. Such a high diversity of geographic distributions, animal reservoirs, arthropod vectors and pathogenic properties makes clarification of our knowledge about the phylogeny of Bartonella species necessary. Phylogenetic data have been inferred mainly from 16S rDNA, 16S--23S rRNA intergenic spacer, citrate synthase and 60 kDa heat-shock protein gene sequences, which are available in GenBank. Comparison of phylogenetic organizations obtained from various genes allowed six statistically significant evolutionary clusters to be identified. Bartonella bacilliformis and Bartonella clarridgeiae appear to be divergent species. Bartonella henselae, Bartonella koehlerae and Bartonella quintana cluster together, as well as Bartonella vinsonii subsp. vinsonii and B. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii. The fifth group includes bacteria isolated from various rodents that belong to native species from the New World and in the sixth, Bartonella tribocorum, Bartonella elizabethae and Bartonella grahamii are grouped with several strains associated with Old World indigenous rodents. The position of the other species could not be consistently determined. As some cat- or rodent-associated Bartonella appeared to cluster together, it has been suggested that these bacteria and their reservoir hosts may co-evolve. Lack of host specificity, however, seems to be frequent and may reflect the influence of vector specificity. Host or vector specificity may also explain the current geographic distribution of Bartonella species.

背景与目标： 巴尔通体属的物种涉及越来越多的人类疾病。除了目前公认的14个物种外，还从欧美的各种野生和家养哺乳动物中回收了几种Bartonella菌株。如此高的地理分布，动物储集层，节肢动物载体和致病特性，使得我们需要了解巴尔通体物种的系统发育知识。系统发育数据主要从GenBank中提供的16S rDNA，16S--23S rRNA基因间隔子，柠檬酸合酶和60 kDa热激蛋白基因序列推论得出。比较从各种基因获得的系统发育组织，可以鉴定出六个具有统计学意义的进化簇。细菌杆菌巴尔通体和克拉氏巴尔通体似乎是不同的物种。亨氏巴尔通体，科氏巴尔通体和金塔巴尔通体以及vintonii巴尔通体亚种聚集在一起。 vinsonii和B. vinsonii子亚种。伯霍菲（Berkhoffii）。第五类包括从新世界的本地物种的各种啮齿动物中分离出的细菌，第六类中的Tritoncorum，Bartonella elizabethae和Barhamella grahamii则与与旧大陆土著啮齿类动物相关的几种菌株归为一类。其他物种的位置无法一致确定。由于某些与猫或啮齿类动物有关的巴尔通体似乎聚集在一起，因此表明这些细菌及其储藏宿主可能共同进化。然而，缺乏宿主特异性似乎很常见，可能反映了载体特异性的影响。宿主或载体的特异性也可能解释了巴尔通体物种的当前地理分布。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Computational prediction methods for peptide binding to human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecules have played an instrumental role in the development of epitope-based vaccines. These methods are based on experimentally verified peptides. However, the available peptide data continue increasing and contain significant biases. In this study, we report the feedback effect of peptide data on a frequently used matrix-based prediction method. We implemented the weighted and unweighted models of this method and evaluated the relative performance of the two models on several benchmark datasets. Improvements on both models were obtained by optimizing the components of a training dataset based on the effect of peptide data on the performance of prediction models. Moreover, the variation of the relative performance of the weighted and unweighted models with the evaluated data indicated that the increased number of binding peptides required the modification of the predictive engine. Our results suggest that prediction methods for HLA-binding peptides should be updated as HLA-peptide-binding knowledge increases.

背景与目标： ：肽与人白细胞抗原（HLA）分子结合的计算预测方法在基于表位的疫苗开发中发挥了重要作用。这些方法基于经过实验验证的肽。然而，可用的肽数据继续增加并且包含明显的偏差。在这项研究中，我们报告了肽数据对基于矩阵的常用预测方法的反馈作用。我们实现了此方法的加权和非加权模型，并在几个基准数据集上评估了这两个模型的相对性能。通过基于肽数据对预测模型性能的影响优化训练数据集的组成部分，可以对两个模型进行改进。此外，加权和未加权模型的相对性能随评估数据的变化表明，结合肽数量的增加需要修改预测引擎。我们的结果表明，应随着HLA肽结合知识的增加而更新HLA结合肽的预测方法。