BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Although primary headache is the most frequent neurological disorder and there is some evidence that the prevalence rates have increased in recent years, no long-term data on the annual prevalence of headache are available for Germany. The objective of the study was therefore to obtain long-term data on the period prevalence of headache in the general population in Germany by means of population-based cross-sectional annual surveys (1995-2005 and 2009). METHODS:These surveys were conducted as face-to-face paper-and-pencil interviews from 1995 through 2004, and from 2005 onwards as computer-aided personal interviews. The reported headaches were self-diagnosed by the interviewees. Per year, approximately 640 trained interviewers interviewed between 10,898 and 12,538 German-speaking individuals aged 14 and older and living in private households in the whole of Germany (response rate: 67.4% and 73.1%, gross samples: 16,026 to 18,176 subjects). A total of more than 146,000 face-to-face interviews were analyzed. RESULTS:The one-year headache prevalence remained stable over the entry period, with 58.9% (95%CI 57.7-60.1) to 62.5% (95%CI 61.3-63.7) (p=0.07). Women showed consistently higher prevalence rates than men (females: 67.3 (95%CI 65.7-68.9) to 70.7% (95%CI 69.1-72.3), males: 48.4% (95%CI 46.5-50.3) to 54.3% (95%CI 52.4-56.2)), and both sexes showed a bell-shaped age dependence with peaks in the 30-39 age group. A stable slightly higher prevalence was observed in urban versus rural areas (p<0.0001), and there was also a significant trend towards higher prevalence rates in groups with a monthly household income larger than 3,500 € (p=0.03). CONCLUSION:The overall headache prevalence remained stable in Germany in the last 15 years.

背景与目标： 背景：尽管原发性头痛是最常见的神经系统疾病，并且有一些证据表明近年来的患病率有所增加，但是德国尚无关于每年头痛患病率的长期数据。因此，本研究的目的是通过基于人口的横断面年度调查（1995-2005年和2009年），获得有关德国普通人群头痛期间患病率的长期数据。
方法：这些调查从1995年至2004年以面对面的纸笔访谈方式进行，从2005年开始以计算机辅助的个人访谈方式进行。所报告的头痛是由受访者自我诊断的。每年，大约有640名受过训练的访调员采访了全德国10,898至12,538名14岁及以上，居住在私人家庭中的德语人士（答复率：67.4％和73.1％，总样本：16,026至18,176名受试者）。总共对超过146,000个面对面访谈进行了分析。
结果：一年期头痛患病率在入院期间保持稳定，从58.9％（95％CI 57.7-60.1）增至62.5％（95％CI 61.3-63.7）（p = 0.07）。女性的患病率一直高于男性（女性：67.3（95％CI 65.7-68.9）至70.7％（95％CI 69.1-72.3），男性：48.4％（95％CI 46.5-50.3）至54.3％（95％ CI 52.4-56.2）），并且两性都显示出钟形的年龄依赖性，并且在30-39岁年龄组中达到峰值。观察到城市地区和农村地区的患病率略有稳定（p <0.0001），并且家庭月收入大于3500欧元的人群中患病率也有显着趋势（p = 0.03）。
结论：在过去的15年中，德国的总体头痛患病率保持稳定。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Cells in the umbilical cord stroma have gained attention in recent years; however, differentiation to certain lineages in humans has been demonstrated in few studies. Unlike bone marrow MSCs, human umbilical cord stroma cells (HUCSCs) are far from being well characterized. This study attempts to describe proliferation, structural, and differentiation properties of these cells to account for their exceptional nature in many aspects. Cellular dynamics, cellular structure, and the degree of transformations during expansion and differentiation into mesenchymal and neuronal lineages were examined in vitro over a 10-month period. Comparisons with human bone marrow MSCs regarding differentiation were performed. HUCSCs in culture revealed two distinct cell populations, type 1 and type 2 cells, that possessed differential vimentin and cytokeratin filaments. Corresponding cells were encountered in cord sections displaying region-specific localization. alpha-Smooth muscle actin and desmin filaments, which were evident in cord sections, diminished through passages. No difference was noted regarding type 1 and type 2 cells in differentiation to chondrogenic, adipogenic, and osteogenic lineages, whereas a preferential differentiation was noted in neuronal lineage. Relative success was achieved by production of chondrocytic spheres and osteogenic monolayers, whereas adipocytes were immature compared with bone marrow MSCs. The presence of neuronal markers suggests that they transform into a certain state of maturity under neurogenic induction. Conclusively, HUCSCs retain their original phenotype in culture without spontaneous differentiation, have a limited lifespan, and bear multipotent stem cell characteristics. Given these characteristics, they may be generally considered progenitor cells if manipulated under appropriate conditions and deserve further study to be potentially used in cell-based therapies.

背景与目标： 近年来，脐带基质中的细胞得到了关注。但是，很少有研究证明可以分化为人类的某些血统。与骨髓间充质干细胞不同，人脐带基质细胞（HUCSC）远未得到很好的鉴定。这项研究试图描述这些细胞的增殖，结构和分化特性，以解释它们在许多方面的特殊性质。在10个月的时间内，在体外检查了细胞动力学，细胞结构以及在扩增和分化为间充质和神经元谱系过程中的转化程度。与人类骨髓MSC进行了分化比较。培养中的HUCSC揭示了两个不同的细胞群，即1型和2型细胞，它们具有差异的波形蛋白和细胞角蛋白丝。在显示区域特定定位的脐带部分遇到了相应的细胞。 α-平滑肌肌动蛋白和结蛋白细丝（在脐带部分可见）通过通道减少。关于向软骨形成，脂肪形成和成骨谱系的分化，没有注意到关于1型和2型细胞的差异，而在神经元谱系中则注意到了优先的分化。相对成功是通过生产软骨球和成骨单层细胞实现的，而与骨髓MSC相比，脂肪细胞还不成熟。神经元标记物的存在表明它们在神经源性诱导下转化为某种成熟状态。结论是，HUCSC在培养中保留了其原始表型，没有自发分化，寿命有限，并具有多能干细胞特性。鉴于这些特征，如果在适当的条件下进行操作，它们通常被认为是祖细胞，值得进一步研究以潜在地用于基于细胞的疗法中。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This article addresses the use of photographic comparison as a complementary visual appraisal method in an outdoor thermal perception survey. This survey was carried out during a Ph.D. research exploring how materials and vegetation influence thermal comfort in outdoor public spaces. Objective and subjective thermal perception parameters were combined and quantitative and qualitative research methods were used. The quantitative methods included microclimatic measurements, whilst the qualitative methods comprised observations and spatially localised interviews based on a questionnaire and the photographic comparison. This article explores how such visual research method allowed triangulating findings of this field survey. Three non-edited photographs of outdoor public spaces, under similar summer meteorological conditions but with contrasting spatial features, were shown to respondents to the questionnaire. The photographs depicted undisclosed locations for preventing biased emotional appreciations. Respondents were asked to select the potentially most comfortable and uncomfortable environments depicted. The choice of photographs matched the previous answers on the thermal sensation and evaluation judgement scales. Hence, we discuss the way the visual interpretations by respondents allowed the triangulation of in situ thermal perception data. The extent to which thermal comfort can be interpreted from thermal environments depicted in photographs containing clear visual signs is further discussed. The article concludes on how such a visual appraisal method can be valuable for enriching future qualitative outdoor thermal perception surveys with subjective interpretation of visual data.

背景与目标： ：本文介绍了摄影比较在室外热感知调查中作为辅助视觉评估方法的用途。这项调查是在博士学位期间进行的。研究探索材料和植被如何影响室外公共场所的热舒适性。结合客观和主观热感知参数，并使用定量和定性研究方法。定量方法包括微气候测量，而定性方法则包括观察和基于问卷和照片比较的空间局部访谈。本文探讨了这种视觉研究方法如何对本次实地调查的结果进行三角剖分。向问卷的受访者展示了三张未经编辑的户外公共空间照片，它们在相似的夏季气象条件下但具有鲜明的空间特征。这些照片描绘了未公开的位置，以防止偏爱的情感欣赏。要求受访者选择所描绘的可能最舒适和最不舒适的环境。照片的选择与以前在热感和评估判断量表上的答案相符。因此，我们讨论了受访者的视觉解释允许对现场热感数据进行三角测量的方式。进一步讨论了可以从包含清晰视觉符号的照片中描述的热环境中解释热舒适度的程度。本文总结了这样的视觉评估方法如何通过对视觉数据的主观解释来丰富未来的定性户外热感知调查的价值。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Asthma and allergic diseases have increased in the developed countries. It is important to determine whether the same trends are occurring in the developing countries in Africa. We aimed to determine the time trend in the prevalence of exercise-induced bronchospasm (EIB) and atopic sensitisation over a ten-year period in Ghanaian schoolchildren. METHODS AND FINDINGS:Two surveys conducted using the same methodology ten years apart (1993 and 2003) among schoolchildren aged 9-16 years attending urban rich (UR), urban poor (UP), and rural (R) schools. Exercise provocation consisted of free running for six minutes. Children were skin tested to mite, cat, and dog allergen. 1,095 children were exercised in 1993 and 1,848 in 2003; 916 were skin tested in 1993 and 1,861 in 2003. The prevalence of EIB increased from 3.1% (95% CI 2.2%-4.3%) to 5.2% (4.3%-6.3%); absolute percentage increase 2.1% (95% CI 0.6%-3.5%, p < 0.01); among UR, UP, and R children EIB had approximately doubled from 4.2%, 1.4%, and 2.2% to 8.3%, 3.0% and 3.9% respectively. The prevalence of sensitisation had also doubled from 10.6%, 4.7%, and 4.4% to 20.2%, 10.3%, and 9.9% (UR, UP, and R respectively). Mite sensitisation remained unchanged (5.6% versus 6.4%), but sensitisation to cat and dog increased considerably from 0.7% and 0.3% to 4.6% and 3.1%, respectively. In the multiple logistic regression analysis, sensitisation (odds ratio [OR] 1.77, 95% CI 1.12-2.81), age (OR 0.88, 95% CI 0.79-0.98), school (the risk being was significantly lower in UP and R schools: OR 0.40, 95% CI 0.23-0.68 and OR 0.54, 95% CI 0.34-0.86, respectively) and year of the study (OR 1.73, 95% CI 1.13-2.66) remained significant and independent associates of EIB. CONCLUSIONS:The prevalence of both EIB and sensitisation has approximately doubled over the ten-year period amongst 9- to 16-year-old Ghanaian children irrespective of location, with both EIB and atopy being more common among the UR than the UP and R children.

背景与目标： 背景：发达国家的哮喘和过敏性疾病有所增加。重要的是要确定非洲的发展中国家是否正在出现同样的趋势。我们旨在确定加纳学童在十年期间运动诱发的支气管痉挛（EIB）和特应性致敏的流行趋势。
方法和研究结果：两次调查使用相同的方法，分别对十年级（1993年和2003年）就读于城市富人（UR），城市穷人（UP）和农村（R）学校的9-16岁的学童进行了调查。运动挑衅包括自由奔跑六分钟。对孩子的皮肤进行了螨，猫和狗过敏原测试。 1993年有1,095名儿童运动，2003年有1,848名儿童运动； 1993年对916例皮肤进行了测试，2003年进行了1,861例。EIB的患病率从3.1％（95％CI 2.2％-4.3％）增加到5.2％（4.3％-6.3％）；绝对百分比提高2.1％（95％CI 0.6％-3.5％，p <0.01）;在UR，UP和R儿童中，EIB分别从4.2％，1.4％和2.2％翻了一番，分别达到8.3％，3.0％和3.9％。致敏率也从10.6％，4.7％和4.4％翻了一番，达到20.2％，10.3％和9.9％（分别为UR，UP和R）。螨的敏感性保持不变（5.6％比6.4％），但是对猫和狗的敏感性从0.7％和0.3％分别显着增加到4.6％和3.1％。在多元logistic回归分析中，敏化度（比值[OR] 1.77，95％CI 1.12-2.81），年龄（OR 0.88，95％CI 0.79-0.98），学校（在UP和R学校中的风险明显较低） ：OR 0.40，95％CI 0.23-0.68和OR 0.54，95％CI 0.34-0.86）和研究年份（OR 1.73，95％CI 1.13-2.66）仍然很重要，并且是EIB的独立关联者。
结论：在9年至16岁的加纳儿童中，无论位置如何，在10年期间，EIB和致敏的患病率均增加了一倍左右，UR和UUP患儿比UP和R患儿更常见EIB和特应性过敏。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Understanding socioeconomic disparities in physical activity is important, given its contribution to overall population-wide health and to health disparities. Existing studies examining trends in these disparities have focused exclusively on physical activity during leisure-time and have not investigated the potential moderators of socioeconomic disparities in physical activity. Using self-reported data from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007 to 2016 for 29,039 adults aged 20 years and over we examined education-related disparities in overall (total) moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity, and in its sub-components, recreational (leisure-time) and non-recreational (active transportation and work) activity. We also examined if education-related disparities in physical activity were moderated by age, gender, and race/ethnicity. METHODS:Logistic regression models were used to evaluate disparities in physical activity according to education group and their moderation across age, gender, race/ethnicity, and time-period. RESULTS:Overall activity levels (% ≥150 min/week) were highest amongst highly educated adults, yet contrasting education-related disparities were found for recreational and non-recreational activities (active transportation and work), favoring the highest- and lowest-educated groups respectively. Within each domain of activity, associations were moderated by age and race/ethnicity, and by gender for work-based activity. The net result was that education-related disparities in total activity were substantially larger in older adults (P < 0.001) and amongst women (P < 0.001). For example, the estimated difference in the probability of being active in the highest versus the lowest educational groups was 23.1% (95% CI: 19.1, 27.2) amongst those aged ≥60 years, yet 10.8% (95% CI: 7.1, 14.6) amongst those aged 20-39. CONCLUSIONS:Education-related disparities in physical activity persisted from 2007 to 2016. Our results suggest that understanding and addressing these disparities requires assessment of their multiple domains, and identification of the demographic sub-groups for which the disparities are more or less pronounced.

背景与目标： 背景：了解体育活动中的社会经济差异很重要，因为它对整个人群的整体健康和健康差异做出了贡献。现有研究检查这些差异趋势的研究仅专注于休闲时间的体育活动，而没有调查体育活动中社会经济差异的潜在调节因素。使用2007年至2016年美国国家健康与营养检查调查（NHANES）的自我报告数据，对29,039名20岁及以上的成年人进行了调查，调查了总体（总计）中度至剧烈强度的体育活动以及它的子部分是娱乐活动（休闲时间）和非娱乐活动（主动运输和工作）活动。我们还检查了是否因年龄，性别和种族/民族而减轻了与体育锻炼有关的与教育有关的差异。
方法：采用逻辑回归模型根据教育人群和年龄，性别，种族/民族和时间段的差异来评估体育活动中的差异。
结果：受过高等教育的成年人的总体活动水平（％≥150分钟/周）最高，但在娱乐和非娱乐活动（积极的交通和工作）中发现了与教育相关的差异，偏向于受过最高和最低教育组。在每个活动领域中，协会都是按年龄和种族/民族，以及按性别参加基于工作的活动进行管理的。最终结果是，与教育相关的总活动差异在老年人（P <0.001）和女性（P <0.001）中明显更大。例如，在60岁以上的人群中，最高和最低文化程度的人群活跃度的估计差异为23.1％（95％CI：19.1，27.2），而10.8％（95％CI：7.1，14.6） ）在20-39岁之间。
结论：与体育活动有关的教育差异在2007年至2016年持续存在。我们的研究结果表明，了解和解决这些差异需要评估其多个领域，并确定差异明显的人口子群体。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) Initiative for breastfeeding support (KIBS) was a multipronged intervention to support the initiation and sustaining of breastfeeding, implemented between 2014 and 2017. We present results of two surveys conducted before and after KIBS implementation to assess changes in infant feeding practices in KZN over this time period. METHODS:Two cross-sectional surveys were conducted in primary health care clinics. Multistage stratified random sampling was used to select clinics and participants. Sample size was calculated to provide district estimates of 14-week exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) rates at baseline (KIBS1), and provincial estimates at endpoint (KIBS2). At KIBS1 the sample required was nine participating clinics in each of 11 districts (99 clinics) with 369 participants per district (N = 4059), and at KIBS2 was 30 clinics in KZN with 30 participants per clinic (N = 900). All caregivers aged ≥15 years attending the clinic with infants aged 13- < 16 weeks were eligible to participate. Data was collected using structured interviews on android devices. Multi-variable logistic regression was used to adjust odds ratios for differences between time points. RESULTS:At KIBS1 (May2014- March2015), 4172 interviews were conducted with carers, of whom 3659 (87.6%) were mothers. At KIBS2 (January-August 2017), 929 interviews were conducted which included 788 (84.8%) mothers. Among all carers the proportion exclusively breastfeeding was 44.6 and 50.5% (p = 0.1) at KIBS1 and KIBS2 respectively, but greater improvements in EBF were shown among mothers (49.9 vs 59.1: p = 0.02). There were reductions in mixed breastfeeding among all infants (23.2% vs 16.3%; p = 0.016). Although there was no change in the proportion of carers who reported not breastfeeding (31.9% vs 32.8%; p = 0.2), the duration of breastfeeding among mothers who had stopped breastfeeding was longer at KIBS2 compared to KIBS1 (p = 0.0015). Mothers who had returned to work or school were less likely to be breastfeeding (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 3.76; 95% CI 3.1-4.6), as were HIV positive mothers (AOR 2.1; 95% CI 1.7-2.6). CONCLUSION:Despite improvements to exclusive breastfeeding, failure to initiate and sustain breastfeeding is a challenge to achieving optimal breastfeeding practices. Interventions are required to address these challenges and support breastfeeding particularly among working mothers and HIV positive mothers.

背景与目标： 背景：夸祖鲁-纳塔尔省（KZN）母乳喂养倡议（KIBS）是一项多管齐下的干预措施，旨在支持母乳喂养的开始和维持，于2014年至2017年期间实施。我们介绍了KIBS实施前后实施的两项调查的结果，以评估母乳喂养的变化。在这段时间内，在KZN进行婴儿喂养的做法。
方法：在初级卫生保健诊所进行了两次横断面调查。采用多阶段分层随机抽样来选择诊所和参与者。计算样本量可提供基线时（KIBS1）的14周纯母乳喂养（EBF）率的地区估计值，以及终点时（KIBS2）的省估计值。在KIBS1，所需样本是11个地区的9个参与诊所（99个诊所），每个地区369名参与者（N = 4059）；在KIBS2，则是在KZN拥有30个诊所，每个诊所30名参与者（N = 900）。所有年龄≥15岁的看护人和年龄在13周至<16周之间的婴儿都可以参加。数据是使用Android设备上的结构化访谈收集的。使用多变量logistic回归来调整时间点之间的差异的比值比。
结果：在KIBS1（2014年5月至2015年3月），对护老者进行了4172次访谈，其中3659名（87.6％）是母亲。在KIBS2（2017年1月至8月），进行了929次采访，其中包括788名（84.8％）母亲。在所有照顾者中，KIBS1和KIBS2的纯母乳喂养比例分别为44.6％和50.5％（p = 0.1），但母亲的EBF改善更大（49.9 vs 59.1：p = 0.02）。所有婴儿的混合母乳喂养有所减少（23.2％比16.3％； p = 0.016）。尽管报告未进行母乳喂养的看护者的比例没有变化（31.9％比32.8％； p = 0.2），但在停止母乳喂养的母亲中，母乳喂养的持续时间比KIBS1更长（p = 0.0015）。重返工作或上学的母亲哺乳的可能性较小（调整后的优势比[AOR] 3.76； 95％CI 3.1-4.6），艾滋病毒呈阳性的母亲也是如此（AOR 2.1； 95％CI 1.7-2.6）。
结论：尽管对纯母乳喂养进行了改进，但无法启动和维持母乳喂养对实现最佳母乳喂养做法构成了挑战。需要采取干预措施来应对这些挑战并支持母乳喂养，特别是在职业母亲和艾滋病毒呈阳性母亲中。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To review evidence of cultural differences in both biologic and nonbiologic factors as possible explanations for variation across cultures in self-reported vasomotor symptoms from surveys. DESIGN:Literature review and cross-sectional and longitudinal comparisons of ethnic groups with respect to patterns of symptom reporting from the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN). RESULTS:The evidence to date indicates that cultural differences in vasomotor symptom reporting on surveys reflect both differences in the underlying biology, which ar likely to influence vasomotor symptom occurrence, and differences in nonbiologic sociocultural factors such as attitudes toward menopause, which are likely to be related to vasomotor symptom perception and reporting, CONCLUSIONS:It is important to consider interactions of culture and biology in studies of vasomotor symptoms. Recommendations for future studies include using both open- and closed-ended questions, including measurements of objective indicators such as reproductive hormone concentrations, measuring both culturally related biologic and nonbiologic factors related to vasomotor symptom occurrence or reporting, and using the same general study protocol for multiple cultural groups being compared.

背景与目标： 目的：回顾生物学和非生物学因素中文化差异的证据，作为调查中自我报告的血管舒缩症状中不同文化差异的可能解释。
设计：根据《全国妇女健康研究》（SWAN），就症状报告模式对族裔群体进行文献综述以及横断面和纵向比较。
结果：迄今为止的证据表明，调查中报告的血管舒缩症状的文化差异既反映了可能影响血管舒缩症状发生的基础生物学差异，也反映了非生物社会文化因素（例如对更年期的态度）的差异。与血管舒缩症状的感知和报告有关，
结论：在研究血管舒缩症状时，考虑文化与生物学的相互作用非常重要。对未来研究的建议包括使用开放式和封闭式问题，包括测量客观指标（例如生殖激素浓度），测量与血管舒缩症状发生或报告相关的与文化相关的生物学和非生物学因素，以及使用相同的通用研究方案比较了多个文化群体。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :With many bioactive non-ribosomal peptides and polyketides produced in fungi, studies of their biosyntheses are an active area of research. Practical limitations of working with mega-dalton synthetases including cell lysis and protein extraction to recombinant gene and pathway expression has slowed understanding of many secondary metabolic processes relative to bacterial counterparts. Recent advances in accessing fungal biosynthetic machinery are beginning to change this. Here we describe the successes of some studies of thiotemplate biosynthesis in fungal systems, along with very recent advances in chemical tagging and mass spectrometric strategies to selectively study biosynthetic conveyer belts in isolation, and within a few years, in endogenous fungal proteomes.

背景与目标： ：随着真菌中产生许多具有生物活性的非核糖体肽和聚酮化合物，对其生物合成的研究是一个活跃的研究领域。兆达尔顿合成酶的实际操作局限性，包括细胞裂解和重组基因和途径表达的蛋白质提取，相对于细菌对应物，减缓了对许多次生代谢过程的理解。在获得真菌生物合成机制方面的最新进展开始改变这一状况。在这里，我们描述了在真菌系统中硫模板生物合成的一些研究的成功，以及化学标记和质谱策略的最新进展，以选择性地研究内源真菌蛋白质组中的孤立生物合成输送带，并在几年之内进行了研究。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Bio-electrical impedance analysis (BIA) is widely used to estimate body composition. It is simple, quick and cheap, but less accurate than other methods. It has potential epidemiological value, but has conventionally required validation before application. AIMS:To develop a simple method of expressing weight, height and impedance data that avoids the need for population-specific validation equations in order to facilitate epidemiological application. METHODS:Body composition was measured using the four-component model in young adults (43 males, 90 females). Impedance (R) was measured hand-foot and foot-foot. Lean mass and fat mass were adjusted for height to give lean mass index (LMI) and fat mass index (FMI). Based on theoretical principles, we generated the index 1/R, which provides an index of body water adjusted for height. Sex-specific regression models were used to investigate the relationships between (a) 1/R and LMI, and (b) body mass index (BMI) adjusted for 1/R and FMI. The success of this approach was evaluated in relation to the conventional BIA approach, using correlation analysis. RESULTS:1/R was a highly significant predictor of LMI. BMI adjusted for 1/R was a significant predictor of FMI. Our approach performed as well as the conventional approach for LMI, but not for FMI. DISCUSSION:Direct use of BIA data, rather than their combination with population-specific equations for the prediction of total body water, proved successful at ranking individuals of both sexes in terms of LMI and FMI. The index 1/R may prove particularly valuable in epidemiological studies where ranking of LMI is required.

背景与目标： 背景：生物电阻抗分析（BIA）被广泛用于估计人体成分。它简单，快速，便宜，但不如其他方法准确。它具有潜在的流行病学价值，但通常需要在应用前进行验证。
目的：开发一种表达体重，身高和阻抗数据的简单方法，从而避免了针对特定人群的验证方程式的需要，从而有助于流行病学的应用。
方法：采用四分量模型对年轻人（43名男性，90名女性）进行身体成分测量。阻抗（R）是手脚和脚-脚的测量值。调整瘦体重和脂肪质量的高度，以得到瘦质量指数（LMI）和脂肪质量指数（FMI）。根据理论原理，我们生成了指数1 / R，该指数提供了针对身高进行调整的身体水分指数。使用性别特异性回归模型研究（a）1 / R和LMI之间的关系，以及（b）针对1 / R和FMI调整后的体重指数（BMI）。使用相关分析，相对于传统的BIA方法，评估了此方法的成功与否。
结果：1 / R是LMI的高度重要的预测因子。调整为1 / R的BMI是FMI的重要预测指标。对于LMI，我们的方法的效果与常规方法相同，但对于FMI，效果却不如传统方法。
讨论：直接使用BIA数据，而不是将其与特定于人群的方程式相结合来预测人体总水量，被证明可以成功地对LMI和FMI的男女性别进行排名。在需要对LMI进行排名的流行病学研究中，1 / R指数可能特别有价值。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Background:Formal validation studies are of critical importance in determining whether or not household survey questions are providing accurate information on what they intend to measure. These studies supplement an array of methods used to evaluate survey questions. Methods and Findings:This paper summarizes the methods used by the two major international household survey programmes - The Demographic and Health Surveys Program (DHS) and the Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS) - to decide on possible modifications to the survey questions, nomenclature, tables, and interpretation of findings over time as additional information on the validity of the questions becomes available. Conclusions:Validation studies are most useful if they are conducted in a variety of different settings in low- and middle-income countries, preferably using representative samples and procedures that replicate DHS and MICS field conditions. Pilot tests, pre-tests in each country, feedback from interviewers and survey staff, and cognitive interviewing provide additional information about how well survey questions are understood and provide accurate information. The paper provides specific examples of changes that have been made in response to findings from validation studies and changes in international recommendations.

背景与目标： 背景：正式的验证研究对于确定家庭调查问题是否提供有关他们打算测量的准确信息至关重要。这些研究补充了用于评估调查问题的一系列方法。
方法和发现：本文总结了两个主要的国际家庭调查计划-人口与健康调查计划（DHS）和多指标类集调查（MICS）-用于决定对调查问题，术语，表格，以及随着时间的推移对发现的解释，因为可以获得有关问题有效性的更多信息。
结论：如果在低收入和中等收入国家的各种不同环境中进行验证研究，则最有用，最好使用具有代表性的样本和重复DHS和MICS现场条件的程序。试点测试，每个国家/地区的预测试，访调员和调查人员的反馈以及认知访谈提供了有关如何更好地理解调查问题并提供准确信息的其他信息。本文提供了一些具体示例，这些示例是针对验证研究的结果和国际建议的更改而做出的更改。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVES:During the 2008 HIV prevalence survey carried out in the general population of Cotonou, Benin, face-to-face interviews (FTFI) were used to assess risky behaviours for HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STI). We compared sexual behaviours reported in FTFI with those reported in polling booth surveys (PBS) carried out in parallel in an independent random sample of the same population. METHODS:In PBS, respondents grouped by gender and marital status answered simple questions by putting tokens with question numbers in a green box (affirmative answers) or a red box (negative answers). Both boxes were placed inside a private booth. For each group and question, data were gathered together by type of answer. The structured and gender-specific FTFI guided by trained interviewers included all questions asked during PBS. Pearson χ2 or Fisher's exact test was used to compare FTFI and PBS according to affirmative answers. RESULTS:Overall, respondents reported more stigmatised behaviours in PBS than in FTFI: the proportions of married women and men who reported ever having had commercial sex were 17.4% and 41.6% in PBS versus 1.8% and 19.6% in FTFI, respectively. The corresponding proportions among unmarried women and men were 16.1% and 25.5% in PBS versus 3.9% and 13.0% in FTFI, respectively. The proportion of married women who reported having had extramarital sex since marriage was 23.6% in PBS versus 4.6% in FTFI. CONCLUSIONS:PBS are suitable to monitor reliable HIV/STI risk behaviours. Their use should be expanded in behavioural surveillance.

背景与目标： 目的：在贝宁科托努（Cotonou）的普通人群中进行的2008年艾滋病毒流行率调查期间，使用面对面访谈（FTFI）评估了艾滋病毒和其他性传播感染（STI）的危险行为。我们将FTFI中报告的性行为与在同一人群的独立随机样本中并行进行的投票亭调查（PBS）中报告的性行为进行了比较。
方法：在PBS中，按性别和婚姻状况分组的受访者通过将带有问题编号的记号放在绿色框（肯定答案）或红色框（否定答案）中来回答简单问题。两个盒子都放在一个私人的摊位里。对于每个组和每个问题，按答案类型将数据收集在一起。由受过训练的访调员指导的结构化且针对性别的FTFI包括PBS期间提出的所有问题。根据肯定答案，使用Pearsonχ2或Fisher精确检验比较FTFI和PBS。
结果：总体而言，受访者报告说PBS中的污名化行为比FTFI中多：已报道有商业性行为的已婚男女比例分别为PBS中的17.4％和41.6％，而FTFI中分别为1.8％和19.6％。 PBS中未婚男女的相应比例分别为16.1％和25.5％，而FTFI中分别为3.9％和13.0％。报告说，自结婚以来发生过婚外性行为的已婚妇女在PBS中为23.6％，而在FTFI中为4.6％。
结论：PBS适合监测可靠的HIV / STI风险行为。在行为监测中应扩大其使用范围。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The study is focused on two research questions: What are the public's estimates of the prevalence of depression, schizophrenia, bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa? What is the relationship between the estimated prevalence of the mental disorders and the public's desire for social distance? Analyses are based on a telephone survey in two large German cities (Hamburg and Munich, N=2014, response rate 51%). Vignettes with typical signs and symptoms suggestive of a depression, schizophrenia, bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa were presented. Respondents were asked about the lifetime prevalence of the mental disorders and their desire for social distance. Across all four disorders under study the respondents markedly overestimate the rates of lifetime prevalence. Increasing prevalence estimation is associated with a significant decrease in the desire for social distance in case of schizophrenia. As for depression, anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa there are no significant associations. Many campaigns aimed at reducing stigma emphasize the high prevalence of mental disorders. The assumption of these campaigns is that reduction of the perceived distinction leads to a decrease of the desire for social distance towards those afflicted. Our results indicate that this may not generally be an effective way to reduce stigma.

背景与目标： ：这项研究集中在两个研究问题上：公众对抑郁症，精神分裂症，神经性贪食症和神经性厌食症的患病率有何估计？估计的精神障碍患病率与公众对社会距离的渴望之间有什么关系？分析基于对德国两个大城市的电话调查（汉堡和慕尼黑，N = 2014，答复率51％）。提出了具有典型症状和体征的小插图，提示有抑郁症，精神分裂症，神经性贪食症和神经性厌食症。受访者被问及精神障碍的终生患病率以及他们对社交距离的渴望。在所研究的所有四种疾病中，受访者都高估了终生患病率。在精神分裂症的情况下，患病率估计值的提高与社交距离的渴望显着降低有关。至于抑郁症，神经性厌食症和神经性贪食症没有明显的关联。许多旨在减少耻辱感的运动都强调了精神障碍的高患病率。这些运动的假设是，减少感知到的区别会导致人们减少与受苦者之间的社会距离的愿望。我们的结果表明，这通常可能不是减少污名的有效方法。