BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Cu-complexes were isolated from cytosol of roots and leaves of spinach plants surviving in a medium containing a high concentration of copper without showing any symptoms of toxicity and possessing an efficiently acting photosynthetic apparatus. Most of the copper in cytosol is assumed to be bound to low molecular weight proteins. Two Cu-binding fractions, at a molecular weight of 12,500 and 9,500 respectively, were isolated from the roots. However, in the cytosol of the leaves only one fraction, at a molecular weight of 8,500, was isolated. It has been suggested that Cu-complexes are formed due to copper binding by preexisting proteins in cytosol and their synthesis seems to be stimulated by excess copper. They would be able to protect, among other things, the photosynthetic apparatus against the toxic effect of copper ions.

背景与目标： ：从在高浓度铜培养基中存活的菠菜植物的根和叶的细胞质中分离出铜复合物，而没有显示任何毒性症状并具有有效发挥光合作用能力的装置。假定胞质溶胶中的大多数铜与低分子量蛋白质结合。从根中分离出分子量分别为12,500和9,500的两个Cu结合级分。然而，在叶的胞质溶胶中，仅分离出分子量为8,500的一小部分。已经提出，由于铜在细胞质溶胶中与蛋白质结合而形成铜络合物，铜的合成似乎受到过量铜的刺激。它们将能够保护光合作用设备免受铜离子的毒性影响。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Amyloid deposits derived from the amylin peptide accumulate within pancreatic islet beta-cells in most cases of type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2Dm). Human amylin 'oligomers' are toxic to these cells. Using two different experimental techniques, we found that H(2)O(2) was generated during the aggregation of human amylin into amyloid fibrils. This process was greatly stimulated by Cu(II) ions, and human amylin was retained on a copper affinity column. In contrast, rodent amylin, which is not toxic, failed to generate any H(2)O(2) and did not interact with copper. We conclude that the formation of H(2)O(2) from amylin could contribute to the progressive degeneration of islet cells in T2Dm.

背景与目标： ：在大多数2型糖尿病（T2Dm）病例中，胰岛淀粉样多肽来源的淀粉样蛋白堆积在胰岛β细胞内。人胰岛淀粉样多肽“寡聚物”对这些细胞有毒性。使用两种不同的实验技术，我们发现H（2）O（2）是在人类淀粉样蛋白聚合成淀粉样原纤维的过程中生成的。 Cu（II）离子极大地刺激了该过程，而人胰岛淀粉样多肽则保留在铜亲和柱上。相比之下，无毒的啮齿动物胰岛淀粉样多肽不能产生任何H（2）O（2），并且不会与铜发生相互作用。我们得出结论，从胰岛淀粉样多肽H（2）O（2）的形成可能有助于T2Dm中的胰岛细胞的逐步退化。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :CRH, the hypothalamic component of the hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal axis, attenuates inflammation through stimulation of glucocorticoid release, whereas peripherally expressed CRH acts as a proinflammatory mediator. CRH is expressed in the intestine and up-regulated in patients with ulcerative colitis. However, its pathophysiological significance in intestinal inflammatory diseases has just started to emerge. In a mouse model of acute, trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced experimental colitis, we demonstrate that, despite low glucocorticoid levels, CRH-deficient mice develop substantially reduced local inflammatory responses. These effects were shown by histological scoring of tissue damage and neutrophil infiltration. At the same time, CRH deficiency was found to be associated with higher serum leptin and IL-6 levels along with sustained anorexia and weight loss, although central CRH has been reported to be a strong appetite suppressor. Taken together, our results support an important proinflammatory role for CRH during mouse experimental colitis and possibly in inflammatory bowel disease in humans. Moreover, the results suggest that CRH is involved in homeostatic pathways that link inflammation and metabolism.

背景与目标： ：CRH，下丘脑-垂体肾上腺轴的下丘脑成分，通过刺激糖皮质激素释放来减轻炎症，而外周表达的CRH则充当促炎介质。 CRH在溃疡性结肠炎患者的肠中表达并上调。然而，其在肠道炎性疾病中的病理生理意义才刚刚开始显现。在急性三硝基苯磺酸诱导的实验性结肠炎的小鼠模型中，我们证明，尽管糖皮质激素水平较低，但CRH缺陷型小鼠的局部炎症反应却大大降低。组织损伤和中性粒细胞浸润的组织学评分显示了这些作用。同时，CRH缺乏症与血清瘦素和IL-6水平升高以及持续的厌食和体重减轻有关，尽管据报道中枢性CRH是强烈的食欲抑制剂。两者合计，我们的结果支持在小鼠实验性结肠炎期间CRH的重要促炎作用，并可能在人类的炎症性肠病中。此外，结果表明CRH参与了连接炎症和新陈代谢的体内平衡途径。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The transition metals iron (Fe) and copper (Cu) are needed at low levels for normal health and at higher levels they become toxic for humans and animals. The acute liver toxicity of Fe and Cu was studied in Sprague Dawley male rats (200 g) that received ip 0-60 mg/kg FeCl(2) or 0-30 mg/kg CuSO(4). Dose and time-responses were determined for spontaneous in situ liver chemiluminescence, phospholipid lipoperoxidation, protein oxidation and lipid soluble antioxidants. The doses linearly defined the tissue content of both metals. Liver chemiluminescence increased 4 times and 2 times after Fe and Cu overloads, with half maximal responses at contents (C(50%)) of 110 μgFe/g and 42 μgCu/g liver, and with half maximal time responses (t(1/2)) of 4h for both metals. Phospholipid peroxidation increased 4 and 1.8 times with C(50%) of 118 μg Fe/g and 45 μg Cu/g and with t(1/2) of 7h and 8h. Protein oxidation increased 1.6 times for Fe with C(50%) at 113 μg Fe/g and 1.2 times for Cu with 50 μg Cu/g and t(1/2) of 4h and 5h respectively. The accumulation of Fe and Cu in liver enhanced the rate of free radical reactions and produced oxidative damage. A similar free radical-mediated process, through the formation HO(•) and RO(•) by a Fenton-like homolytic scission of H(2)O(2) and ROOH, seems to operate as the chemical mechanism for the liver toxicity of both metals.

背景与目标： ：对于正常健康而言，过渡金属铁（Fe）和铜（Cu）的含量较低，而对人体和动物而言则具有较高的毒性。在接受ip 0-60 mg / kg FeCl（2）或0-30 mg / kg CuSO（4）的Sprague Dawley雄性大鼠（200 g）中研究了Fe和Cu的急性肝毒性。确定了自发性原位肝化学发光，磷脂脂质过氧化，蛋白质氧化和脂溶性抗氧化剂的剂量和时间响应。剂量线性地定义了两种金属的组织含量。 Fe和Cu超负荷后，肝化学发光增加4倍和2倍，在110μgFe/ g和42μgCu/ g肝含量（C（50％））处最大响应为一半，最大时间响应为一半（t（1 / 2））在4h内都适用于两种金属。磷脂过氧化增加4倍和1.8倍，其中C（50％）为118μgFe / g和45μgCu / g，t（1/2）为7h和8h。 Fe的蛋白质氧化在113μgFe / g的条件下含C（50％）的Fe增加1.6倍，Cu在50μgCu / g和t（1/2）分别为4h和5h的情况下增加1.2倍。肝脏中铁和铜的积累提高了自由基反应的速度并产生了氧化损伤。一个类似的自由基介导的过程，通过H（2）O（2）和ROOH的Fenton式同构分裂形成HO（•）和RO（•），似乎是肝脏毒性的化学机制两种金属。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Mononuclear complexes [Cu(Itpy)X(H2O)]X (Itpy--imidazole terpyridine, X--NO3 1 and X--ClO4 2) have been synthesized and characterized. Single crystal X-ray diffraction of complex 1 shows distorted octahedral geometry around the copper (II) ion. Presence of multiple hydrogen bonding network in the molecule results in anti-parallel stacking of the molecule. Both the complexes show dual mode of binding to DNA. Both the complexes have been found to bring about DNA cleavage in the presence of H2O2 and show potent cytotoxicity towards lung carcinoma cell line. The ability of the two complexes to induce apoptosis has been investigated by using combination of nuclear stains. FACS analysis shows that both the complexes bring about cell cycle arrest at 2.5 μM concentration.

背景与目标： ：已经合成并表征了单核络合物[Cu（Itpy）X（H2O）] X（Itpy-咪唑联吡啶，X-NO3 1和X-ClO4 2）。配合物1的单晶X射线衍射显示铜（II）离子周围的八面体几何形状失真。分子中存在多个氢键网络会导致分子反平行堆积。两种复合物均显示出与DNA结合的双重模式。已经发现两种复合物在H 2 O 2存在下引起DNA切割，并且显示出对肺癌细胞系的有效细胞毒性。通过使用核染色剂的组合已经研究了两种复合物诱导凋亡的能力。 FACS分析表明，两种复合物均以2.5μM的浓度引起细胞周期停滞。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Acromegaly secondary to extra-pituitary tumors secreting growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) is rarely encountered. We review the literature on ectopic acromegaly and present the index report of ectopic acromegaly secondary to GHRH secretion from a mediastinal paraganglioma. Clinical and pathological manifestations and therapeutic management of 99 patients with ectopic acromegaly are reviewed. Acromegaly secondary to ectopic GHRH secretion is usually caused by a neuroendocrine tumor in the lung and pancreas. We report an additional cause of ectopic acromegaly from a mediastinal paraganglioma. Diagnostic criteria of ectopic GHRH syndrome include biochemical and pathologic tumoral confirmation of GHRH secretion and expression. Management of ectopic acromegaly consists of surgical resection of the primary tumor and biochemical normalization, with possible adjuvant use of somatostatin analogs. The review demonstrates that there are several tumor types, including paragangliomas which may secrete GHRH, leading to acromegaly. Clinical and laboratory manifestations of the syndrome and challenges in diagnosis and management of these rarely encountered patients require early diagnosis and appropriate treatment to prevent long-term morbidity and mortality with ectopic acromegaly.

背景与目标： ：很少发生垂体后叶继发性肢端肥大症，分泌生长激素释放激素（GHRH）。我们回顾了关于异位肢端肥大症的文献，并提出了纵隔旁神经节瘤继发于GHRH分泌的异位肢端肥大症的索引报告。回顾了99例异位肢端肥大症的临床和病理表现及治疗方法。异位性GHRH分泌继发的肢端肥大症通常是由肺和胰腺的神经内分泌肿瘤引起的。我们报道了由纵隔神经节瘤引起的异位肢端肥大症的另一个原因。异位GHRH综合征的诊断标准包括GHRH分泌和表达的生化和病理学肿瘤确诊。异位肢端肥大症的治疗包括手术切除原发肿瘤和生化正常化，并可能辅助使用生长抑素类似物。该综述表明存在多种肿瘤类型，包括可能分泌GHRH导致肢端肥大的副神经节瘤。这些综合征的临床和实验室表现以及这些罕见患者的诊断和治疗挑战需要早期诊断和适当治疗，以防止异位肢端肥大症的长期发病和死亡。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The event rates up to 1 year after insertion of a Copper-T IUD were compared in 76 women who had 1 or more cesarean sections, and were given their IUD immediately after medical termination of pregnancy, and in 76 women matched for age and parity but normal vaginal deliveries. The cesarean group had abortion performed under general anesthesia; the vaginal group had iv diazepam and paracervical block. All subjects were less than 11 weeks gestation. They were followed up at 7 days, 6 weeks, and 3 monthly intervals for 1 year. No perforations or pregnancies occurred. Incomplete abortion caused expulsion in 2.6% of women in both groups, and removal in 6.5 and 5.3%, in the cesarean and control groups respectively, and was responsible for most discontinuations. It was concluded that IUD insertion is safe after medical termination of pregnancy in women with a history of cesarean section, depending on the skill of the surgeon.

背景与目标： ：比较了76例剖宫产为1例或以上并在妊娠医学终止后立即给予宫内节育器的女性以及76例年龄和均等的女性，比较了插入Copper-T宫内节育器后长达1年的事件发生率。但正常的阴道分娩。剖宫产组在全身麻醉下进行了流产。阴道组有静脉地西epa和宫颈旁阻滞。所有受试者的妊娠均少于11周。他们以7天，6周和3个月的间隔进行随访，为期1年。没有发生穿孔或怀孕。不完全流产导致剖宫产组和对照组分别有2.6％的女性被驱逐，剖宫产和对照组的女性分别被驱逐出6.5％和5.3％，这是大多数中断治疗的原因。结论是，对有剖宫产史的妇女，在医学上终止妊娠后，宫内节育器的插入是安全的，这取决于外科医生的技能。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A series of novel natural product like 2-substiuted-3H-benzofurobenzofurans designed by molecular hybridization were synthesized in very good yields. The key reactions involved in the synthesis are iodination of 2-dibenzofuranol using iodine monochloride followed by palladium-copper catalyzed Sonagashira-coupling of 1-iododibenzofuran-2-ol with various alkyl and aryl acetylenes. Among the all 10 new compounds screened for in vitro anti-mycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv, 2-(4-methoxy-2-methyl phenyl)-3H-benzofuro[3,2-e]benzofuran (7c) was found to be most active with MIC 3.12 μg/mL and has shown lower cytotoxicity with good therapeutic index.

背景与目标： ：通过分子杂交设计了一系列新颖的天然产物，如2-取代的3H-苯并呋喃苯并呋喃，其收率很高。合成中涉及的关键反应是使用一氯化碘将2-二苯并呋喃碘化，然后钯-铜催化1-碘二苯并呋喃-2-醇与各种烷基和芳基乙炔的Sonagashira偶联。在筛选出的针对结核分枝杆菌H37Rv的体外抗分枝杆菌活性的所有10种新化合物中，发现2-（4-甲氧基-2-甲基苯基）-3H-苯并呋喃[3,2-e]苯并呋喃（7c）为MIC 3.12μg/ mL最活跃，并显示出较低的细胞毒性和良好的治疗指数。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Previously, we demonstrated that transection of the fimbria/fornix blocked the excitatory effect of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) on startle (CRH-enhanced startle), suggesting that the hippocampus and its efferent target areas that communicate via the fimbria may be critically involved in CRH-enhanced startle. The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) receives direct projections from the ventral hippocampus via the fimbria/fornix. Therefore, the role of the ventral hippocampus, the BNST, and the amygdala in CRH-enhanced startle was investigated. NMDA lesions of the BNST completely blocked CRH-enhanced startle, whereas chemical lesions of the ventral hippocampus and the amygdala failed to block CRH-enhanced startle. However, the same amygdala-lesioned animals showed a complete blockade of fear-potentiated startle, a conditioned fear response sensitive to manipulations of the amygdala. In contrast, BNST-lesioned rats had normal fear-potentiated startle. This indicates a double dissociation between the BNST and the amygdala in two different paradigms that enhance startle amplitude. Microinfusions of CRH into the BNST, but not into the ventral hippocampus, mimicked intracerebroventricular CRH effects. Furthermore, infusion of a CRH antagonist into the BNST blocked CRH-enhanced startle in a dose-dependent manner. Control studies showed that this blockade did not result from either leakage of the antagonist into the ventricular system or a local anesthetic effect caused by infusion of the antagonist into the BNST. The present studies strongly suggest that CRH in the CSF can activate the BNST, which could lead to activation of brainstem and hypothalamic BNST target areas involved in anxiety and stress responses.

背景与目标： 先前，我们证明了横隔纤维/穹ni横断阻止了促肾上腺皮质激素释放激素（CRH）对惊吓（CRH增强的惊吓）的兴奋作用，这表明海马及其通过突触进行沟通的目标区域可能受到了严重影响。令CRH惊呆了。末端纹状体的床核（BNST）通过腹膜/穹receives从腹侧海马接受直接投射。因此，研究了腹侧海马，BNST和杏仁核在CRH增强惊吓中的作用。 BNST的NMDA损伤完全阻断了CRH增强的惊吓，而腹侧海马和杏仁核的化学损伤未能阻断CRH增强的惊吓。然而，相同的扁桃体病变动物表现出对恐惧增强惊吓的完全阻断，这是一种对杏仁核的操纵敏感的条件化恐惧反应。相反，BNST损伤的大鼠具有正常的恐惧增强惊吓。这表明BNST和杏仁核之间在两种不同的范式之间双重解离，从而增强了惊吓幅度。将CRH微量注入BNST，但不注入腹侧海马区，模仿了脑室内CRH效应。此外，将CRH拮抗剂输注到BNST中以剂量依赖的方式阻断了CRH增强的惊吓。对照研究表明，这种阻断作用不是由拮抗剂渗入心室系统引起的，也不是由将拮抗剂注入BNST引起的局部麻醉作用引起的。本研究强烈表明，CSF中的CRH可以激活BNST，这可能导致涉及焦虑和压力反应的脑干和下丘脑BNST目标区域激活。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :GH-releasing hormone (GHRH) is a hypothalamic peptide that plays a critical role in controlling the synthesis and secretion of GH in the anterior pituitary. Along with many other hypothalamic hormones, GHRH is also expressed in the placenta, although its physiological role in this tissue has not yet been determined. The placental prepro-GHRH is identical to that found in the hypothalamus. However, the placental and hypothalamic GHRH messenger RNAs differ in the region corresponding to the untranslated exon 1. A combined mechanism involving the use of tissue-specific promoters and the differential splicing of exon 1 generates the mature GHRH messenger RNAs in placenta and hypothalamus. As a first step toward the localization of the regulatory elements involved in the placenta-specific expression of the GHRH gene, we have generated transgenic mice containing constructs in which potential regulatory sequences of the rat GHRH gene were fused to the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) reporter gene. Construct GHRH-CAT1, which contains 7.5 kilobases of flanking sequences upstream to the placental transcription start site, did not promote CAT expression in the transgenic animals. In contrast, construct GHRH-CAT2, which differs from construct GHRH-CAT1 in having additional sequences located downstream to placental exon 1, exhibited high levels of CAT expression in brain and placenta. Our results show that the sequences included in construct GHRH-CAT2 contain the cis-acting regulatory elements necessary to direct developmentally regulated and cell type-specific expression of the CAT gene in the placenta. Unexpectedly, the expression of the transgene in the brain was detected in glial cells of different areas, but not in the hypothalamus.

背景与目标： ：GH释放激素（GHRH）是下丘脑肽，在控制垂体前叶GH的合成和分泌中起关键作用。尽管尚未确定GHRH在该组织中的生理作用，但它与许多其他下丘脑激素一起也在胎盘中表达。胎盘前促性腺激素释放激素与下丘脑中发现的相同。但是，胎盘和下丘脑GHRH信使RNA在对应于未翻译外显子1的区域不同。一种组合机制涉及使用组织特异性启动子和外显子1的差异剪接，在胎盘和下丘脑中生成成熟的GHRH信使RNA。作为定位涉及GHRH基因的胎盘特异性表达的调控元件的第一步，我们已经制备了转基因小鼠，其中含有将大鼠GHRH基因的潜在调控序列与氯霉素乙酰转移酶（CAT）报告基因融合的构建体基因。胎盘转录起始位点上游含有7.5 kb侧翼序列的GHRH-CAT1构建体并未促进转基因动物中CAT的表达。相反，构建体GHRH-CAT2与构建体GHRH-CAT1的不同之处在于具有位于胎盘外显子1下游的附加序列，在脑和胎盘中表现出高水平的CAT表达。我们的结果表明，构建体GHRH-CAT2中包含的序列包含指导胎盘中CAT基因的发育调控和细胞类型特异性表达所必需的顺式作用调控元件。出乎意料的是，在不同区域的神经胶质细胞中检测到了转基因在大脑中的表达，但在下丘脑中却没有检测到。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) has been shown to play a role in the regulation of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) secretion by the human placenta. Molecular studies have demonstrated that human placental trophoblast cells synthesize a progonadotropin-releasing hormone (pro-GnRH) identical to its human hypothalamic counterpart. However, far less is known about nonhuman primates. To determine whether pro-GnRH exists in the rhesus placenta, pro-GnRH mRNA was cloned, sequenced, and shown to be 97.6% homologous to its human placental counterpart. A single base difference (base 1167) in the domain encoding GnRH results in the same amino acid, arginine, in position 8, whereas four base differences (bases 1200, 1253, 1268, 1292) in the domain encoding GnRH-associated peptide (GAP) result in four different amino acids in position 19, 37, 42, and 50. The absence of a basic amino acid in position 50 suggests the rhesus sequence may be cleaved to yield GAP peptides different from the human placenta. Thus, these data justify the use of mammalian GnRH in studies of rhesus placental function, but indicate the need to investigate the roles unique GAP peptides may play in placental/uterine function.

背景与目标： 促性腺激素释放激素（GnRH）已显示在调节人胎盘分泌绒毛膜促性腺激素（hCG）中发挥作用。分子研究表明，人胎盘滋养层细胞合成与人下丘脑对应物相同的促性腺激素释放激素（pro-GnRH）。但是，对非人类灵长类动物的了解还很少。为了确定恒河胎盘中是否存在pro-GnRH，对pro-GnRH mRNA进行了克隆，测序并显示出与人胎盘对应物97.6％的同源性。编码GnRH的域中的单个碱基差异（碱基1167）在位置8处产生相同的氨基酸精氨酸，而编码GnRH的相关肽（GAP）的域中存在四个碱基差异（碱基1200、1253、1268、1292） ）在19、37、42和50位产生四个不同的氨基酸。在50位不存在碱性氨基酸表明，恒河猴序列可以被切割以产生不同于人胎盘的GAP肽。因此，这些数据证明了在哺乳动物恒河胎盘功能研究中使用哺乳动物GnRH的合理性，但表明需要研究独特的GAP肽在胎盘/子宫功能中的作用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:The study was conducted to compare the antifertility effectiveness and side effects of the copper/low-density polyethylene nanocomposite IUD (experimental group) and the copper T220C IUD (control group). STUDY DESIGN:One hundred females were randomly divided into two groups (experimental group and control group, n = 50 in each group). Clinical observation and comparative study were performed on the two groups for 12 months. RESULTS:Follow-up rate was 100% at the 12th month. In the experimental group and control group, the cumulative continuation rates were both 92.0 per 100 women at the 12th month and there was no difference between them (p > .05). The pregnancy rate, removal rate and expulsion rate were low with the difference being not statistically significant (p>.05). The most common side effects were excessive menstrual bleeding, spotting and pain. The rates of side effects were lower in the experimental group than in control group, especially during the initial 3 months after insertion with the differences being statistically significant (p < .05). CONCLUSION:The new design of the copper/low-density polyethylene nanocomposite IUD showed low pregnancy rate, high contraceptive efficacy and satisfactory acceptability. The study suggested that the TCu220C IUD also had high contraceptive efficacy, but had relatively more side effects.

背景与目标： 背景：本研究旨在比较铜/低密度聚乙烯纳米复合材料宫内节育器（实验组）和铜T220C宫内节育器（对照组）的抗生育作用和副作用。
研究设计：将一百名女性随机分为两组（实验组和对照组，每组n = 50）。两组均进行了12个月的临床观察和比较研究。
结果：第12个月随访率为100％。在实验组和对照组中，第12个月的累积持续率均为每100名妇女92.0，并且两者之间没有差异（p> .05）。妊娠率，去除率和驱逐率均较低，差异无统计学意义（p> .05）。最常见的副作用是月经过多，出血和疼痛。实验组的副作用发生率低于对照组，尤其是在插入后的最初三个月内，差异具有统计学意义（p <.05）。
结论：新设计的铜/低密度聚乙烯纳米复合材料宫内节育器妊娠率低，避孕功效高，可接受性良好。研究表明，TCu220C宫内节育器也具有较高的避孕功效，但副作用相对较多。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The roles of consortia of phototrophic microorganisms have been investigated in this paper to determine their potential role to tolerate or resist metals and to capture them from polluted cultures. With this purpose, two consortia of microorganisms: on one hand, Geitlerinema sp. DE2011 (Ge) and Scenedesmus sp. DE2009 (Sc) (both identified in this paper by molecular biology methods) isolated from Ebro Delta microbial mats, and on the other, Spirulina sp. PCC 6313 (Sp) and Chroococcus sp. PCC 9106 (Ch), from Pasteur culture collection were polluted with copper and lead. In order to analyze the ability of these consortia to tolerate and capture metals, copper and lead were selected, because both have been detected in Ebro Delta microbial mats. The tolerance-resistance to copper and lead for both consortia was determined in vivo and at cellular level by Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM-λscan function). The results obtained demonstrate that both consortia are highly tolerant-resistant to lead and that the limits between the copper concentration having cytotoxic effect and that having an essential effect are very close in these microorganisms. The capacity of both consortia to capture extra- and intracellular copper and lead was determined by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) respectively, coupled to an Energy Dispersive X-ray detector (EDX). The results showed that all the microorganisms assayed were able to capture copper extracellularly in the extrapolymeric substances, and lead extra- and intracellularly in polyphosphate inclusions. Moreover, the studied micro-organisms did not exert any inhibitory effect on each other's metal binding capacity. From the results obtained in this paper, it can be concluded that consortia of phototrophic microorganisms could play a very important role in biorepairing sediments polluted by metals, as a result of their ability to tolerate or resist high concentrations of metals and to bioaccumulate them, extra- and intracellulary.

背景与目标： ：本文已经研究了光养微生物联合体的作用，以确定它们对金属的耐受性或抵抗力，以及从污染的培养物中捕获它们的潜在作用。为了这个目的，由两个微生物组成的联合体：一方面是Geitlerinema sp。 DE2011（Ge）和Scenedesmus sp。从Ebro Delta微生物垫中分离出DE2009（Sc）（在本文中均通过分子生物学方法鉴定），另一方面从螺旋藻中分离。 PCC 6313（Sp）和色球菌sp。来自巴斯德培养物保藏中心的PCC 9106（Ch）被铜和铅污染。为了分析这些财团耐受和捕获金属的能力，选择了铜和铅，因为在埃布罗三角洲的微生物垫中都检测到了铜和铅。通过共聚焦激光扫描显微镜（CLSM-λscan功能）在体内和细胞水平测定了两个财团对铜和铅的耐受性。所获得的结果表明，两个联合体均对铅具有高度的耐受性，并且在这些微生物中，具有细胞毒性作用的铜浓度与具有基本作用的铜浓度之间的界限非常接近。两个财团捕获胞外和胞内铜和铅的能力分别通过扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和透射电子显微镜（TEM）以及能量色散X射线检测器（EDX）来确定。结果表明，所有测定的微生物都能够在胞外捕获多聚体物质中的铜，并在胞外和胞内捕获多磷酸盐夹杂物中的铅。而且，所研究的微生物对彼此的金属结合能力没有任何抑制作用。根据本文获得的结果，可以得出结论，光养微生物协会可以耐受或抵抗高浓度的金属并对其进行生物富集，因此在金属污染的生物修复沉积物中起着非常重要的作用。 -和细胞内。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In a nanoplasmonic context, copper (Cu) is a potential and interesting surrogate to less accessible metals such as gold, silver or platinum. We demonstrate optical trapping of individual Cu nanoparticles with diameters between 25 and 70 nm and of two ionic Cu nanoparticle species, CuFe2O4 and CuZnFe2O4, with diameters of 90 nm using a near infrared laser and quantify their interaction with the electromagnetic field experimentally and theoretically. We find that, despite the similarity in size, the trapping stiffness and polarizability of the ferrites are significantly lower than those of Cu nanoparticles, thus inferring a different light-particle interaction. One challenge with using Cu nanoparticles in practice is that upon exposure to the normal atmosphere, Cu is spontaneously passivated by an oxide layer, thus altering its physicochemical properties. We theoretically investigate how the presence of an oxide layer influences the optical properties of Cu nanoparticles. Comparisons to experimental observations infer that oxidation of CuNPs is minimal during optical trapping. By finite element modelling we map out the expected temperature increase of the plasmonic Cu nanoparticles during optical trapping and retrieve temperature increases high enough to change the catalytic properties of the particles.

背景与目标： ：在纳米等离子体环境中，铜（Cu）是潜在的且有趣的替代品，是诸如金，银或铂之类难以获得的金属的替代品。我们演示了使用近红外激光对直径在25至70 nm之间的单个Cu纳米颗粒以及两种离子型Cu纳米颗粒CuFe2O4和CuZnFe2O4进行光阱捕获的过程，直径分别为90 nm，并通过实验和理论定量了它们与电磁场的相互作用。我们发现，尽管尺寸相似，但铁氧体的俘获刚度和极化率显着低于Cu纳米粒子，因此推断出不同的光粒子相互作用。在实践中使用铜纳米粒子的一个挑战是，暴露于正常大气后，铜会被氧化层自然钝化，从而改变其物理化学性质。我们从理论上研究了氧化物层的存在如何影响Cu纳米粒子的光学性能。与实验观察结果的比较表明，CuNPs的氧化在光阱过程中极少。通过有限元建模，我们可以绘制出在光阱过程中等离激元Cu纳米粒子的预期温度升高情况，并且检索到的温度升高幅度足以改变颗粒的催化性能。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :High resolution 1H NMR spectroscopy of biofluids, cells and tissue extracts allows rapid, non destructive analysis for a wide range of metabolites and organic compounds with minimal sample pre treatment. We have applied high resolution 1H NMR spectroscopy to investigate the biochemical effects of Cu II in two earthworm species Eisenia andrei n =78 and Lumbricus rubellus n =45 exposed under laboratory and semi field conditions respectively. The most marked metabolic response was the elevation of endogenous whole body free histidine in animals which positively correlated with increasing copper exposure and total copper burden in the semi field experiment. Histidine forms thermodynamically stable copper complexes under a wide range of physico chemical conditions and we proposed that the elevation of free histidine in response to copper challenge provides an energetically low cost detoxification mechanism. Histidine elevation may also provide a novel molecular biomarker of Cu II exposure in environmental situations.

背景与目标： ：高分辨率的1H NMR光谱对生物流体，细胞和组织提取物进行分析，可在不进行样品预处理的情况下对各种代谢物和有机化合物进行快速，无损的分析。我们已应用高分辨率1H NMR光谱技术研究了Cu II对分别在实验室和半田间条件下暴露的两种earth Eisenia andrei n = 78和Lumbricus rubellus n = 45的生化作用。最显着的代谢反应是动物体内​​内源性全身游离组氨酸的升高，这与半田野实验中铜暴露量的增加和总铜负荷的增加呈正相关。组氨酸在广泛的物理化学条件下形成热力学稳定的铜络合物，我们提出响应铜挑战的游离组氨酸的升高提供了一种能量低廉的排毒机理。在环境条件下，组氨酸的升高也可能提供Cu II暴露的新型分子生物标记。