BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Community-acquired Clostridium difficile infection (CA-CDI) is a growing concern. CA-CDI differs from hospital-acquired C. difficile infection (HA-CDI) in its epidemiology, risk factors, severity, and outcomes. In this study, we investigated C. difficile infections in a tertiary care hospital in Seoul, Korea, and compared the CA-CDI and HA-CDI cases diagnosed in the same period. Total 593 cases were confirmed as CDI in 2014, of which CA-CDI accounted for 68 (11.5%) of the total CDI cases. Compared with HA-CDI, the mean age of CA-CDI cases was lower than that of HA-CDI (42.7 vs 60.4). In CA-CDI, antibiotic and proton pump inhibitor (PPI) use in the 12 preceding weeks and concurrent chemotherapy and tube feeding were less frequent compared with HA-CDI. In most cases (63/68, 92.6%), patients with CA-CDI recovered without any complications or recurrence. The most prevalent C. difficile type in CA-CDI cases was PCR-ribotype 012, accounting for 18.3% of the total, followed by PCR-ribotype 018 (16.7%).

背景与目标： ：社区获得性艰难梭菌感染（CA-CDI）引起了越来越多的关注。 CA-CDI的流行病学，危险因素，严重性和结局与医院获得性艰难梭菌感染（HA-CDI）不同。在这项研究中，我们调查了韩国首尔一家三级医院的艰难梭菌感染情况，并比较了同期诊断出的CA-CDI和HA-CDI病例。 2014年，共有593例确诊为CDI病例，其中CA-CDI占CDI总数的68（11.5％）。与HA-CDI相比，CA-CDI病例的平均年龄低于HA-CDI（42.7对60.4）。在CA-CDI中，与HA-CDI相比，前12周使用抗生素和质子泵抑制剂（PPI）的频率较低，同时进行化学疗法和试管喂养的频率较低。在大多数情况下（63 / 68，92.6％），CA-CDI患者康复后没有任何并发​​症或复发。在CA-CDI病例中，最常见的艰难梭菌类型是PCR核型012，占总数的18.3％，其次是PCR核型018（16.7％）。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the most common type of hospital-acquired infection, and most are associated with indwelling urinary catheters, that is, catheter-associated UTIs (CAUTIs). Our goal was to reduce the CAUTI rate. DESIGN: SETTING: INTERVENTIONS:We retrospectively examined the feasibility and cost-effectiveness of a bundle of four evidence-based interventions upon the incidence rate (IR) of CAUTIs in a community hospital. The first intervention was the exclusive use of silver alloy catheters in the hospital's acute care areas. The second intervention was a securing device to limit the movement of the catheter after insertion. The third intervention was repositioning of the catheter tubing if it was found to be touching the floor. The fourth intervention was removal of the indwelling urinary catheter on postoperative Day 1 or 2, for most surgical patients. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE:Rates of CAUTI per 1000 catheter days were estimated and compared using the generalized estimating equations Poisson regression analysis. RESULTS:During the study period, 33 of the 2228 patients were diagnosed with a CAUTI. The CAUTI IR for the pre-intervention period was 5.2/1000. For the 7 months following the implementation of the fourth intervention, the IR was 1.5/1000 catheter days, a significant reduction relative to the pre-intervention period (P = 0.03). The annualized projection for the cost of implementing this bundle of four interventions is $23 924. CONCLUSION:A bundle of four evidence-based interventions reduced the incidence of CAUTIs in a community hospital. It is relatively simple, appears to be cost-effective and might be sustainable and adaptable by other hospitals.

背景与目标： 目的：尿路感染（UTIs）是医院获得性感染的最常见类型，且多数与留置导尿管（即导管相关的UTIs（CAUTIs））相关。我们的目标是降低CAUTI率。
设计：
环境：
干预措施：我们回顾了社区医院中CAUTI发生率（IR）的四种循证干预措施的可行性和成本效益。最初的干预措施是在医院的急诊区域独家使用银合金导管。第二种干预措施是固定装置，以限制插入后导管的运动。第三次干预是重新定位导管管道，如果发现导管管道接触地面。对于大多数外科手术患者，第四项干预措施是在术后第1天或第2天取下留置导尿管。
主要观察指标：采用广义估计方程泊松回归分析法估算并比较每1000导管日的CAUTI率。
结果：在研究期间，2228例患者中有33例被诊断出患有CAUTI。干预前的CAUTI IR为5.2 / 1000。在实施第四次干预后的7个月中，IR为1.5 / 1000导管天，相对于干预前期显着减少（P = 0.03）。实施这四项干预措施的年度成本预测为23 924美元。
结论：四种基于证据的干预措施减少了社区医院中CAUTI的发生。它相对简单，似乎具有成本效益，并且可能是可持续的并且可以被其他医院适应。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Urinary tract infections are a real public health problem. They are a frequent reason for consultation as they entail a significant and sometimes inappropriate prescription of antibiotics. This is a retrospective study which involved 1,334 patients between October 2007 and February 2011. Enterobacteriaceae accounted for 85% of isolated bacteria, predominantly Escherichia coli (60%). Gram-positive bacteria account for only 11%. The highest rate of acquired resistance of Escherichia coli was observed with ampicillin (70%). This study give an idea on the rates of antibiotic resistance of the main bacteria involved in urinary tract infections and illustrate the importance of the proper use of antibiotics coupled to surveillance in order to control the spread of these resistances.

背景与目标： ：尿路感染是一个真正的公共卫生问题。它们是进行咨询的常见原因，因为它们需要使用大量有效的抗生素处方，有时甚至是不合适的处方。这是一项回顾性研究，涉及2007年10月至2011年2月之间的1,334例患者。肠杆菌科细菌占分离细菌的85％，主要是大肠杆菌（60％）。革兰氏阳性细菌仅占11％。氨苄青霉素（70％）观察到最高的获得性大肠埃希菌耐药率。这项研究给出了尿路感染中涉及的主要细菌对抗生素耐药率的观点，并说明了正确使用抗生素与监测相结合以控制这些耐药性传播的重要性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE:To evaluate the outcomes of the patients who were infected with colistin-only-susceptible (COS) Acinetobacter baumannii and treated with either colistin monotherapy or colistin combined therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS:This retrospective case-control study was conducted in the training and research hospital with an 800 beds between August 2008 and December 2011. The patients, who were infected with COS A. baumannii and received either colistin monotherapy or colistin combined therapy, were included into the study. RESULTS:In total, 51 patients fulfilling study criteria were evaluated. Colistin monotherapy was found effective as much as colistin combined therapy in terms of clinical and microbiological responses in patients with ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP) and also in patients with blood stream infections. CONCLUSION:Although there is no randomised controlled study yet, colistin monotherapy and colistin combined therapy are likely to achieve similar treatment responses rates. Heteroresistant strains can emerge in patients who receive colistin monotherapy.

背景与目标： 目的：评估感染仅大肠埃希菌敏感（COS）鲍曼不动杆菌并接受大肠素单药治疗或大肠素单药联合治疗的患者的预后。
材料与方法：该回顾性病例对照研究于2008年8月至2011年12月在训练与研究医院拥有800张床位的医院进行。被纳入研究。
结果：总共评估了51名符合研究标准的患者。就呼吸机相关性肺炎（VAP）患者以及血流感染患者而言，在临床和微生物反应方面，发现共利斯汀​​单药疗法与大肠菌素联合疗法一样有效。
结论：尽管尚无随机对照研究，但粘菌素单药疗法和粘菌素联合疗法可能达到相似的治疗反应率。接受粘菌素单药治疗的患者会出现异种耐药株。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Catheter-related infections cause morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing hemodialysis. PURPOSE:To examine whether topical or intraluminal antibiotics reduce catheter-related bloodstream infection compared with no antibiotic therapy in adults undergoing hemodialysis. DATA SOURCES:Electronic databases, trial registries, bibliographies, and conference proceedings up to October 2007, with no language restrictions. STUDY SELECTION:Two reviewers independently selected randomized, controlled trials using topical or intraluminal antibiotics for prophylaxis of infection in adults with catheters who are undergoing hemodialysis. DATA EXTRACTION:Two independent reviewers assessed studies for inclusion, quality, and extracted data. DATA SYNTHESIS:Fixed-effects models were used to estimate pooled rate ratios for outcomes. Topical antibiotics reduced the rate of bacteremia (rate ratio, 0.22 [95% CI, 0.12 to 0.40]; 0.10 vs. 0.45 case of bacteremia per 100 catheter-days), exit-site infection (rate ratio, 0.17 [CI, 0.08 to 0.38]; 0.06 vs. 0.41 case of infection per 100 catheter-days), need for catheter removal, and hospitalization for infection. Intraluminal antibiotics reduced the rate of bacteremia (rate ratio, 0.32 [CI, 0.22 to 0.47]; 0.12 vs. 0.32 case of bacteremia per 100 catheter-days) and need for catheter removal. Intraluminal antibiotics did not significantly reduce the rate of exit-site infection, and no hospitalization data were available for these agents. LIMITATIONS:The evidence base included only 16 trials, and most had less than 6 months of follow-up. Only one third of studies were blinded. Publication bias was evident. CONCLUSION:Both topical and intraluminal antibiotics reduced the rate of bacteremia as well as the need for catheter removal secondary to complications. Whether these strategies will lead to antimicrobial resistance and loss of efficacy over longer periods remains unclear.

背景与目标： 背景：与导管相关的感染会导致血液透析患者的发病和死亡。
目的：探讨在接受血液透析的成年人中，与不使用抗生素治疗相比，局部或腔内抗生素是否可减少与导管相关的血液感染。
数据来源：截止到2007年10月的电子数据库，审判登记簿，参考书目和会议记录，没有语言限制。
研究选择：两名评价者独立选择了局部或腔内抗生素治疗患有血液透析的成人导管感染的随机对照试验。
数据提取：两名独立的审阅者对研究的纳入，质量和提取的数据进行了评估。
数据综合：固定效应模型用于估计结果的合并比率。外用抗生素降低了菌血症的发生率（比率，0.22 [95％CI，0.12至0.40]； 0.10对0.45例细菌血症，每100个导管日），出部位感染（比率，0.17 [CI，0.08至[0.38]；每100个导管日感染0.06例vs.0.41例），需要拔除导管并进行感染住院。腔内抗生素降低了菌血症发生率（比率比率，每100个导管日为0.32 [CI，0.22至0.47]； 0.12比0.32例菌血症），并且需要移除导管。腔内抗生素并没有显着降低出口部位感染的发生率，也没有这些药物的住院数据。
局限性：证据仅包括16个试验，并且大多数随访时间少于6个月。只有三分之一的研究是盲目的。出版偏见显而易见。
结论：局部和腔内抗生素均可降低菌血症发生率，并减少因并发症而需要拔除导管的情况。这些策略是否会在较长时期内导致抗药性和药效下降尚不清楚。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Biomaterial-related infection of joint replacements is the second most common cause of implant failure, with serious consequences. Chronically infected replacements cannot be treated without removal of the implant, as the biofilm mode of growth protects the bacteria against antibiotics. This review discusses biofilm formation on joint replacements and the important clinical phenomenon of small-colony variants (SCVs). These slow-growing phenotypic variants often remain undetected or are misdiagnosed using hospital microbiological analyses due to their unusual morphological appearance and biochemical reactions. In addition, SCVs make the infection difficult to eradicate. They often lead to recurrence since they respond poorly to standard antibiotic treatment and can sometimes survive intracellularly.

背景与目标： ：关节置换的生物材料相关感染是植入失败的第二大最常见原因，其后果很严重。如果不移除植入物，就不能治疗长期感染的替代品，因为生物膜的生长方式可以保护细菌免受抗生素的侵害。这篇综述讨论了关节置换上生物膜的形成以及小菌落变异体（SCV）的重要临床现象。这些缓慢生长的表型变异体由于其异常的形态学外观和生化反应，经常被医院的微生物学分析所发现或误诊。此外，SCV使感染难以根除。它们通常导致复发，因为它们对标准抗生素治疗反应差，有时可以在细胞内存活。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVES:To assess the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of central venous catheters (CVCs) treated with anti-infective agents in preventing catheter-related bloodstream infection (CRBSI). DATA SOURCES:Major electronic databases were searched from 1985 to August 2005. REVIEW METHODS:The systematic clinical and economic reviews were conducted according to accepted procedures. Only full economic evaluations (synthesis of costs and benefits) comparing the use of anti-infective central venous catheters (AI-CVCs) with untreated CVCs or other treated catheters were selected for inclusion in the economic review. RESULTS:A total of 32 trials met the clinical inclusion criteria. Seven different types of AI-CVC were identified, with the most frequently tested being chlorhexidine and silver sulfadiazine (CHSS) (externally treated), CHSS (externally and internally treated) and minocycline rifampicin (internally and externally treated). In general, the trials were of a poor quality in terms of reported methodology, microbiological relevance and control of confounding variables. The pooled result suggests a statistically significant advantage for AI-CVCs in comparison to standard catheters in reducing CRBSI [odds ratio (OR) 0.45, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.34 to 0.60, 24 studies, I-squared = 0%, fixed effects]. Analysis by subgroups of catheters demonstrates that antibiotic-treated catheters and catheters treated internally and externally decrease CRBSI rates significantly (OR 0.26, 95% CI 0.15 to 0.46, six studies, I-squared = 0%, fixed effects, and OR 0.43, 95% CI 0.26 to 0.70, nine studies, I-squared = 0%, fixed effects, respectively). Catheters treated only externally demonstrate a wider CI and non-significant effect (OR 0.67, 95% CI 0.43 to 1.06, nine studies, I-squared = 0%, fixed effects). A treatment effect was also found for trials with an average duration of between 5 and 12 days, and for the one study with a mean duration of over 20 days. There was a statistically significant treatment effect for both femoral and jugular insertion sites and for those studies reporting a mix of insertion sites. The treatment effect was not observed in trials using exclusively subclavian insertion sites. Of the four trials that compared treated catheters, one reported a benefit of antibiotic-treated catheters over catheters treated externally with CHSS. All three sensitivity analyses testing for study design differences reported a statistically significant treatment effect. The review was limited owing to the quality of the trials included, marked differences in the definitions and methods of diagnosis of CRBSI, and inconsistent reporting of risk factors and patient population factors. Furthermore, two-thirds of trials were commercially funded. The economic performance (cost-effectiveness and potential cost-savings) of using AI-CVCs to reduce the number of CRBSIs in patients requiring a CVC was also reviewed. Results show that the use of AI-CVCs instead of standard CVCs can lead to a reduction in CRBSIs and decreased medical costs. To complement the reviews, a basic decision-analytic model was constructed to explore a range of possible scenarios for the NHS in England and Wales. Results show that for every patient who receives an AI-CVC there is an estimated cost-saving of 138.20 pounds. The multivariate sensitivity analyses estimate potentially large cost-savings, depending on the size of the population, under a wide range of cost and clinical assumptions. However, those considering the purchase of AI-CVCs should ensure that their patient populations and the important characteristics of local clinical practice are indeed similar to those described in this economic evaluation. CONCLUSIONS:Overall, AI-CVCs are clinically effective and relatively inexpensive and therefore their integration into clinical practice can be justified. However, the use of these anti-infective catheters without the appropriate use of other practical care initiatives will have only a limited success on the prevention of CRBSIs. Comparative trials are required to determine which, if any, of the treated catheters is the most effective. Pragmatic research related to the effectiveness of bundles of care that may reduce rates of CRBSI is also warranted.

背景与目标： 目的：评估用抗感染药治疗的中心静脉导管（CVC）在预防导管相关的血流感染（CRBSI）方面的临床效果和成本效益。
数据来源：从1985年到2005年8月，检索了主要的电子数据库。
审查方法：根据公认的程序进行系统的临床和经济审查。只有将将抗感染中心静脉导管（AI-CVC）与未经治疗的CVC或其他经过治疗的导管进行比较的全面经济评估（成本和收益的综合）才被选入经济评估。
结果：总共32项试验符合临床纳入标准。鉴定出七种不同类型的AI-CVC，最常测试的是洗必太和磺胺嘧啶银（CHSS）（外部治疗），CHSS（外部和内部治疗）和米诺环素利福平（内部和外部治疗）。总体而言，就报告的方法学，微生物学相关性和混杂变量的控制而言，这些试验的质量较差。汇总结果表明，与标准导管相比，AI-CVC在降低CRBSI方面具有统计学上的显着优势[比值比（OR）0.45，95％置信区间（CI）0.34至0.60，24个研究，I平方= 0％，固定效果]。导管亚组的分析表明，抗生素治疗过的导管和内外治疗过的导管显着降低了CRBSI率（OR 0.26，95％CI 0.15至0.46，六项研究，I平方= 0％，固定效应，OR 0.43，95 ％CI 0.26至0.70，九项研究，I平方= 0％，分别为固定效应）。仅经外部治疗的导管显示出较宽的置信区间，且无显着影响（OR为0.67，95％置信区间为0.43至1.06，九项研究，I平方= 0％，固定效应）。对于平均持续时间为5至12天的试验以及平均持续时间超过20天的一项研究，也发现了治疗效果。股骨和颈静脉插入部位以及报告混合插入部位的研究在统计学上均具有显着的治疗效果。在仅使用锁骨下插入位点的试验中未观察到治疗效果。在比较经治疗的导管的四项试验中，有一项报告指出，与经CHSS外部治疗的导管相比，经抗生素治疗的导管有益处。针对研究设计差异的所有三个敏感性分析测试均报告了统计学上显着的治疗效果。由于包括的试验质量，CRBSI的诊断定义和诊断方法存在明显差异以及危险因素和患者人群因素的报告不一致，因此该审查受到了限制。此外，三分之二的试验是由商业资助的。还回顾了使用AI-CVC减少需要CVC的患者的CRBSI数量的经济表现（成本效益和潜在的成本节省）。结果表明，使用AI-CVC代替标准CVC可以减少CRBSI并降低医疗成本。为了补充评论，构建了基本的决策分析模型，以探索英格兰和威尔士的NHS的各种可能方案。结果表明，每位接受AI-CVC的患者估计可节省138.20磅。多元敏感性分析估计，在广泛的成本和临床假设下，取决于人群的规模，可能会节省大量成本。但是，考虑购买AI-CVC的人员应确保其患者人数和当地临床实践的重要特征确实与本经济评估中所述的相似。
结论：总体而言，AI-CVC具有临床效果且相对便宜，因此可以证明将其整合到临床实践中是合理的。但是，在没有适当使用其他实践护理措施的情况下使用这些抗感染导管在预防CRBSI方面仅会取得有限的成功。需要进行比较试验，以确定哪一种治疗过的导管最有效。还必须进行与可能降低CRBSI发生率的护理捆绑的有效性相关的务实研究。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Pathogenic bacteria have evolved multiple mechanisms aimed to evade host defenses. This review summarizes selected examples of how bacteria utilize proteolytic enzymes to efficiently establish and spread infection systemically. First, the role of proteases in intracellular survival and persistence - the primary means used by bacteria to endure phagocytosis and/or avoid the vigilance of the immune system - is discussed. Second, it is demonstrated how some bacteria escape entanglement in fibrin(ogen) meshes, by inducing their proteolytic dissolution while other species modify the proteolytic cascade of mesh formation to divert this important innate immune defense for their own benefit. Third, bacterial proteolytic toxins are introduced, which allow microorganisms to exert and take advantage of systemic effects already during primary, localized infection. Finally, it is discussed how viruses utilize bacterial proteases by taking advantage of concurrent infection, and how pathogens may even mutually benefit from the joint presence of other pathogens. The reviewed adaptations are often essential for pathogen survival in the hostile environment of a host organism. As such, the potential benefits of pharmacological interference in relevant pathways for the struggle against bacterial pathogens are also discussed.

背景与目标： ：致病细菌已经进化出多种旨在逃避宿主防御的机制。这篇综述总结了细菌如何利用蛋白水解酶有效地系统建立和传播感染的选定例子。首先，讨论了蛋白酶在细胞内存活和持久性中的作用-细菌用来抵抗吞噬作用和/或避免免疫系统保持警惕的主要手段-。其次，证明了某些细菌如何通过诱导其蛋白水解溶解而逃脱纤维蛋白原网格中的纠缠，而其他物种则通过自身的作用修改了网状结构的蛋白水解级联，从而转移了这种重要的先天免疫防御能力。第三，引入细菌蛋白水解毒素，该毒素使微生物能够在原发性局部感染期间发挥作用并利用全身作用。最后，讨论了病毒如何通过并发感染利用细菌蛋白酶，以及病原体如何甚至可以从其他病原体的共同存在中互惠互利。对于病原体在宿主生物的不利环境中的生存，经过审查的适应性常常是必不可少的。这样，还讨论了药理干预在与细菌病原体作斗争的相关途径中的潜在益处。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A cross-sectional survey was conducted of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and risky behaviors among 407 drug abusers in treatment facilities in 1998. Infections with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), and syphilis were detected by testing serum antibody levels; chlamydia and gonorrhea were detected by testing nucleic acid levels in urine. Logistic regression analysis was performed to measure associations. Prevalences of antibodies were as follows: to HSV-2, 44.4%; to HCV, 35.1%; to HBV, 29.5%; to HIV, 2.7%. The prevalence of syphilis was 3.4%; of chlamydia, 3.7%; and of gonorrhea, 1.7%. Of the 407 subjects, approximately 62% had markers for 1 of the STDs. HIV infection was associated with African American race, use of smokable freebase (crack) cocaine, and STD history. HBV infection was associated with age >30 years, injecting drugs, needle sharing, a history of treatment for drug abuse, and African American race. HCV infection was associated with an age >30 years, injecting drugs, and needle sharing, and HSV-2 infection with an age >30 years, female sex, and African American race. Syphilis was associated with a history of STDs. High prevalences of STDs among drug abusers indicate the need for integration of STD screening and treatment into drug treatment programs.

背景与目标： ：1998年对治疗机构中407名药物滥用者的性传播疾病（STD）和危险行为进行了横断面调查。感染了人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV），乙型肝炎病毒（HBV），丙型肝炎病毒（HCV） ，通过检测血清抗体水平检测出2型单纯疱疹病毒（HSV-2）和梅毒；通过检测尿液中的核酸水平可检测出衣原体和淋病。进行逻辑回归分析以测量关联。抗体的患病率如下：HSV-2为44.4％； HSV-2为44.4％。 HCV占35.1％；达到HBV的29.5％；感染艾滋病毒的比例为2.7％。梅毒患病率为3.4％；衣原体的3.7％；淋病为1.7％。在407名受试者中，约62％的受试者具有针对1个性病的标记物。 HIV感染与非裔美国人种族，可吸入的游离碱（可卡因）的使用和性病史有关。 HBV感染与年龄> 30岁，注射药物，共用针头，滥用药物的治疗史以及非裔美国人种族有关。 HCV感染与年龄> 30岁，注射药物和共用针头有关，而HSV-2感染与年龄> 30岁，女性和非裔美国人有关。梅毒与性病史有关。吸毒者中性病流行率高，表明有必要将性病筛查和治疗纳入药物治疗计划。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The European Collaborative Clinical Group (ECCG) was inaugurated at the 26th International Union against Sexually Transmitted Infections (IUSTI) Congress in Riga, Latvia 2011. The ECCG is a network of over 100 sexually transmitted infection specialists who have come together to conduct questionnaire-based research across the European region. It is expected that this work will focus and direct guideline development. A central core group of the ECCG has also been established who are responsible for identifying suitable survey questions that will be carried out but only after approval by the full ECCG Board. The ECCG aims to conduct a maximum of two projects per year which will be presented at the annual regional congresses and published as appropriate.

背景与目标： ：2011年在拉脱维亚首都里加举行的第26届国际性传播感染联盟（IUSTI）大会上，欧洲协作临床小组（ECCG）成立了。ECCG是一个由100多位性传播感染专家组成的网络，他们聚集在一起进行问卷调查-基于欧洲地区的研究。预计这项工作将集中精力并指导准则的制定。还建立了ECCG的中央核心小组，负责确定适当的调查问题，这些问题将在ECCG全体委员会批准后进行。 ECCG的目标是每年最多开展两个项目，这些项目将在年度区域大会上介绍并酌情发布。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Natural feed ingredients (corn, barley and wheat bran) and compound feed (manufactured pellet) are two types of fodder used for animal feeding, especially camel in Saudi Arabia. Twenty samples of each type of fodder were collected from seven different regions and screened for the presence of fungi, aflatoxins, ochratoxin and zearalenone. Fungal isolation of natural feed ingredients yielded 10 genera and 38 species of different fungi. Compound fodder samples were contaminated with 16 genera and 32 species of fungi. Total counts of Aspergillus, Penicillium and Fusarium in the animal feed samples were ranged from 54 to 223 × 10(3), 31.9 to 60 × 10(3) and 18 to 29 × 10(3) CFU/g, respectively. These isolates when tested for aflatoxin, ochratoxin and zearalenone producing ability, revealed this property in only four isolate, identified as Aspergillus flavus, A. parasiticus, A. ochraceus and Fusarium graminaerum. The percentage of toxigenic fungi was ranged from 5.5% to 30% for natural feed ingredients and from 4.5% to 20% for compound feed. The incidence of aflatoxins (AFT) in samples of natural feed ingredients was found to be ranged from 1 to 24.8 ppb, ochratoxin A (OTA) ranged from 1 to 44 ppb and zearalenone (ZON) ranged from 1 to 23 ppb. Contamination of compound feed with aflatoxin and ochratoxin A was ranged from 1 to 6.4 ppb and 1 to 4.7 ppb, respectively. All samples collected were found contaminated with fungi or their toxins and natural feed samples were more contaminated compared to compound feed samples. The concentrations detected were in the allowed limit (<20 ppb) except four samples of natural feed ingredients which were above the allowed limit of the tested mycotoxins. In conclusion, feed samples were contaminated with fungi and some toxigenic isolates which were responsible about mycotoxin production. Some samples had exceeded amount of AFT, OTA and ZON and may be contaminated with other mycotoxins which mean implication of fungi in camel health problems and death in Saudi Arabia.

背景与目标： ：天然饲料成分（玉米，大麦和麦麸）和复合饲料（制成的颗粒）是用于动物饲料的两种饲料，特别是在沙特阿拉伯的骆驼。从七个不同地区收集了20种每种类型的饲料样品，并筛选了是否存在真菌，黄曲霉毒素、,曲霉毒素和玉米赤霉烯酮。天然饲料成分的真菌分离产生10属和38种不同的真菌。复合饲料样品被16属和32种真菌污染。动物饲料样品中曲霉菌，青霉菌和镰刀菌的总计数分别为54至223×10（3），31.9至60×10（3）和18至29×10（3）CFU / g。测试这些分离株的黄曲霉毒素，曲霉毒素和玉米赤霉烯酮的生产能力时，仅在四个分离株中发现了这一特性，这些分离株被鉴定为黄曲霉，寄生曲霉，och曲霉和革兰镰刀菌。对于天然饲料成分，产毒真菌的百分比范围为5.5％至30％，对于复合饲料，百分比为4.5％至20％。天然饲料成分样品中黄曲霉毒素（AFT）的发生范围为1至24.8 ppb，曲霉毒素A（OTA）的范围为1至44 ppb，而玉米赤霉烯酮（ZON）的范围为1至23 ppb。黄曲霉毒素和曲霉毒素A对复合饲料的污染分别为1到6.4 ppb和1到4.7 ppb。发现所有收集的样品均被真菌或其毒素污染，与天然饲料样品相比，天然饲料样品受到的污染更大。所检测到的浓度在允许的限值内（<20 ppb），但四份天然饲料成分样品的含量超出了测试的真菌毒素的允许限值。总之，饲料样品被真菌和某些产毒分离株污染，这与霉菌毒素的产生有关。一些样品的AFT，OTA和ZON含量超标，并可能被其他霉菌毒素污染，这意味着真菌对骆驼健康问题和沙特阿拉伯的死亡具有影响。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Antimicrobial susceptibility breakpoints are artificially designated to classify organisms as susceptible, intermediate or resistant but such values may differ according to the relative weight given to the microbiological, pharmacological and clinical information. Animal models of bacterial infections are considered necessary to establish tentative breakpoints before initiating clinical trials in humans. Studies in animals provide a preliminary indication of the most effective and least toxic concentration of the antibiotic and give a rational basis for the selection of dosages and schedules. Animal models of therapeutic efficacy have demonstrated the importance of the inoculum effect, showing that the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determined with high inoculum (10(7)-10(8) CFU/ml) is, under some experimental conditions, a better predictor of therapeutic efficacy than the value obtained with standard (10(4)-10(5) CFU/Ml) inoculum. Studies in animals have demonstrated the failure of some fluoroquinolones in respiratory tract infections where Streptococcus pneumoniae was present or the efficacy of penicillins and third-generation cephalosporins for treating respiratory tract infections and meningitis by pneumococci with diminished susceptibility to such agents. Although most therapeutic models in animals should be carried out during preclinical studies, many are done during later phases of antibiotic development, as explicate models of what is seen in clinical practice.

背景与目标： 人为地指定了抗微生物敏感性的临界点，以将生物分类为易感，中等或抗药性，但是根据微生物，药理学和临床信息的相对权重，这些值可能会有所不同。在人类中进行临床试验之前，细菌感染的动物模型被认为是建立试验性断点所必需的。动物研究提供了抗生素最有效和最低毒性浓度的初步指示，并为选择剂量和时间表提供了合理的依据。具有治疗效果的动物模型证明了接种效果的重要性，表明在某些实验条件下，高接种量（10（7）-10（8）CFU / ml）所确定的最小抑菌浓度（MIC）更好比标准（10（4）-10（5）CFU / M1）接种物获得的值可预测治疗效果。动物研究表明，某些氟喹诺酮类药物在存在肺炎链球菌的呼吸道感染中无效，或者青霉素和第三代头孢菌素通过肺炎球菌治疗呼吸道感染和脑膜炎的有效性降低，对这类药物的敏感性降低。尽管大多数动物治疗模型都应在临床前研究期间进行，但许多治疗模型都是在抗生素开发的后期阶段完成的，这是临床实践中发现的典型模型。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Regulation of RNA homeostasis or "RNAstasis" is a central step in eukaryotic gene expression. From transcription to decay, cellular messenger RNAs (mRNAs) associate with specific proteins in order to regulate their entire cycle, including mRNA localization, translation and degradation, among others. The best characterized of such RNA-protein complexes, today named membraneless organelles, are Stress Granules (SGs) and Processing Bodies (PBs) which are involved in RNA storage and RNA decay/storage, respectively. Given that SGs and PBs are generally associated with repression of gene expression, viruses have evolved different mechanisms to counteract their assembly or to use them in their favor to successfully replicate within the host environment. In this review we summarize the current knowledge about the viral regulation of SGs and PBs, which could be a potential novel target for the development of broad-spectrum antiviral therapies.

背景与目标： RNA稳态或“ RNA停滞”的调控是真核基因表达的中心步骤。从转录到衰变，细胞信使RNA（mRNA）与特定蛋白质相关联，以调节其整个循环，包括mRNA定位，翻译和降解等。此类RNA-蛋白质复合物（现称为无膜细胞器）中最具特征的是应力颗粒（SGs​​）和加工体（PBs），它们分别参与RNA储存和RNA衰变/储存。鉴于SG和PB通常与基因表达的抑制有关，病毒已经进化出不同的机制来抵消它们的装配或以它们的有利条件在宿主环境中成功复制。在这篇综述中，我们总结了有关SG和PB病毒调控的当前知识，这可能是广谱抗病毒疗法发展的潜在新靶标。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Blood-borne infections are life-threatening challenges among prisoners. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of these infections and related risk behaviors among male prisoners. This cross-sectional study was performed on 1,034 voluntarily enrolled male prisoners in several prisons of Kermanshah province, Iran. All participants completed a questionnaire and were interviewed by an expert. To test the presence of hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections, 5-mL samples of blood were collected from all participants. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess the association of HBV, HCV and HIV infections with the related risk factors. Totally, 1034 male prisoners participated in the current study. The mean age of subjects was 35.52 ± 8.12 years, with a range of 19-64 years. The prevalence rates of HBsAg+, HCVAb+, and HIVAb+ in male prisoners were 1.25% (95% CI: 0.67-2.14), 22.2% (95% CI: 19.7-24.2), and 3.09% (95% CI: 2.1- 4.3), respectively. Backward logistic regression analysis demonstrated a marked association between history of intravenous drug use and HBsAg+. There was also a positive association between HCVAb+ and age, region, age at the time of first substance use, and history of intravenous drug use and camp residency, as well as heterosexual relationships. HIV infection was also significantly associated with history of intravenous drug use and homosexual relationships. Although HBV infection was shown to be lower in Kermanshah than other parts of the country, a higher prevalence was found for HCV and HIV infections in this province.

背景与目标： ：血源性感染是囚犯中威胁生命的挑战。这项研究的目的是确定男性囚犯中这些感染的发生率和相关的危险行为。这项横断面研究是在伊朗克曼沙（Hermanshah）省的几所监狱中，对1,034名自愿招募的男性囚犯进行的。所有参与者均填写了调查表，并接受了专家的采访。为了测试乙型肝炎病毒（HBV），丙型肝炎病毒（HCV）和人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）感染的存在，从所有参与者中收集了5 mL血液样本。多变量logistic回归用于评估HBV，HCV和HIV感染与相关危险因素的关联。共有1034名男性囚犯参加了本研究。受试者的平均年龄为35.52±8.12岁，范围为19-64岁。男性囚犯中HBsAg，HCVAb和HIVAb的患病率分别为1.25％（95％CI：0.67-2.14），22.2％（95％CI：19.7-24.2）和3.09％（95％CI：2.1- 4.3） ， 分别。后向Logistic回归分析表明静脉吸毒史与HBsAg之间有明显的联系。 HCVAb与年龄，地区，首次吸毒时的年龄，静脉吸毒史和营地居住地以及异性恋关系之间也呈正相关。 HIV感染也与静脉吸毒史和同性恋关系显着相关。尽管在克尔曼沙赫（Kermanshah）的HBV感染率低于该国其他地区，但该省的HCV和HIV感染率较高。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :On November 27, 2007, a local health officer in central Massachusetts contacted the Massachusetts Department of Public Health (MDPH) to report listeriosis in a man aged 87 years. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) performed on the patient's Listeria monocytogenes isolate produced a pattern indistinguishable from that of isolates from three other cases identified in residents of central Massachusetts in June, October, and early November 2007. MDPH, in collaboration with local public health officials, conducted an investigation, which implicated pasteurized, flavored and nonflavored, fluid milk produced by a local dairy (dairy A) as the source of the outbreak. This report summarizes the results of that investigation. In all, five cases were identified, and three deaths occurred. This outbreak illustrates the potential for contamination of fluid milk products after pasteurization and the difficulty in detecting outbreaks of L. monocytogenes infections.

背景与目标： ：2007年11月27日，马萨诸塞州中部的一名当地卫生官员与马萨诸塞州公共卫生部（MDPH）联系，报告了一名87岁男子的李斯特菌病。对患者单核细胞增生李斯特菌分离株进行的脉冲场凝胶电泳（PFGE）产生的模式与2007年6月，10月和2007年11月初在马萨诸塞州中部居民中发现的其他三例分离株的模式无法区分。MDPH与当地公众合作卫生官员进行了一项调查，该调查涉及由当地乳制品（乳业A）生产的巴氏杀菌，调味和无味液态奶，作为爆发的源头。该报告总结了该调查的结果。总共确定了5例，发生了3例死亡。该暴发说明巴氏灭菌后可能会污染液体乳制品，并难以检测出单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌感染的暴发。