BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:The Nutrition Embedded Evaluation Programme Impact Evaluation (NEEP-IE) study is a cluster randomised controlled trial designed to evaluate the impact of a childcare centre-based integrated nutritional and agricultural intervention on the diets, nutrition and development of young children in Malawi. The intervention includes activities to improve nutritious food production and training/behaviour-change communication to improve food intake, care and hygiene practices. This paper presents the rationale and study design for this randomised control trial. METHODS:Sixty community-based childcare centres (CBCCs) in rural communities around Zomba district, Malawi, were randomised to either (1) a control group where children were attending CBCCs supported by Save the Children's Early Childhood Health and Development (ECD) programme, or (2) an intervention group where nutritional and agricultural support activities were provided alongside the routine provision of the Save the Children's ECD programme. Primary outcomes at child level include dietary intake (measured through 24-h recall), whilst secondary outcomes include child development (Malawi Development Assessment Tool (MDAT)) and nutritional status (anthropometric measurements). At household level, primary outcomes include smallholder farmer production output and crop-mix (recall of last production season). Intermediate outcomes along theorised agricultural and nutritional pathways were measured. During this trial, we will follow a mixed-methods approach and undertake child-, household-, CBCC- and market-level surveys and assessments as well as in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with project stakeholders. DISCUSSION:Assessing the simultaneous impact of preschool meals on diets, nutrition, child development and agriculture is a complex undertaking. This study is the first to explicitly examine, from a food systems perspective, the impact of a preschool meals programme on dietary choices, alongside outcomes in the nutritional, child development and agricultural domains. The findings of this evaluation will provide evidence to support policymakers in the scale-up of national programmes. TRIAL REGISTRATION:ISRCTN registry, ID: ISRCTN96497560 . Registered on 21 September 2016.

背景与目标： 背景：营养嵌入式评估计划影响评估（NEEP-IE）研究是一项集群随机对照试验，旨在评估基于托儿所的营养和农业综合干预对马拉维幼儿饮食，营养和发育的影响。干预措施包括改善营养食品生产的活动和培训/行为改变交流，以改善食物摄入，护理和卫生习惯。本文介绍了该随机对照试验的原理和研究设计。
方法：将马拉维Zomba地区周边农村社区的60个社区托儿中心（CBCC）随机分为（1）对照组，在该组中，儿童参加了由Save the Children's Early Childhood Health and Development（ECD）计划支持的CBCC，或（2）一个干预小组，在该小组的日常服务之外，还提供了营养和农业支持活动。儿童一级的主要结局包括饮食摄入量（通过24小时召回来衡量），而次级一级的结局包括儿童发育（马拉维发育评估工具（MDAT））和营养状况（人体测量）。在家庭一级，主要成果包括小农户的农产品产量和作物结构（回顾上个生产季节）。测量了沿理论化的农业和营养途径的中间结果。在此试验期间，我们将采用混合方法，并进行儿童，家庭，CBCC和市场级别的调查和评估，以及与项目利益相关者的深入访谈和焦点小组讨论。
讨论：评估学龄前膳食对饮食，营养，儿童发育和农业的同时影响是一项复杂的工作。这项研究是第一个从食品系统的角度明确检查学龄前儿童饮食计划对饮食选择以及营养，儿童发育和农业领域的成果的影响的研究。评估的结果将为支持决策者扩大国家计划提供证据。
试用注册：ISRCTN注册，ID：ISRCTN96497560。 2016年9月21日注册。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Choline is essential for fetal brain development, and it is not known whether a typical American diet contains enough choline to ensure optimal brain development. OBJECTIVE:The study was undertaken to determine whether supplementing pregnant women with phosphatidylcholine (the main dietary source of choline) improves the cognitive abilities of their offspring. DESIGN:In a double-blind, randomized controlled trial, 140 pregnant women were randomly assigned to receive supplemental phosphatidylcholine (750 mg) or a placebo (corn oil) from 18 wk gestation through 90 d postpartum. Their infants (n = 99) were tested for short-term visuospatial memory, long-term episodic memory, language development, and global development at 10 and 12 mo of age. RESULTS:The women studied ate diets that delivered ∼360 mg choline/d in foods (∼80% of the recommended intake for pregnant women, 65% of the recommended intake for lactating women). The phosphatidylcholine supplements were well tolerated. Groups did not differ significantly in global development, language development, short-term visuospatial memory, or long-term episodic memory. CONCLUSIONS:Phosphatidylcholine supplementation of pregnant women eating diets containing moderate amounts of choline did not enhance their infants' brain function. It is possible that a longer follow-up period would reveal late-emerging effects. Moreover, future studies should determine whether supplementing mothers eating diets much lower in choline content, such as those consumed in several low-income countries, would enhance infant brain development.

背景与目标： 背景：胆碱对胎儿脑部发育至关重要，尚不清楚典型的美国饮食中是否含有足够的胆碱以确保最佳的脑部发育。
目的：本研究旨在确定孕妇补充磷脂酰胆碱（胆碱的主要饮食来源）是否能改善其后代的认知能力。
设计：在一项双盲，随机对照试验中，从怀孕18周到产后90天，随机分配了140名孕妇接受补充磷脂酰胆碱（750毫克）或安慰剂（玉米油）。他们的婴儿（n = 99）在10和12个月大时接受了短期视觉空间记忆，长期情境记忆，语言发展和整体发展的测试。
结果：这些妇女所研究的饮食中，食物中的胆碱/日摄入量约为360毫克/天（孕妇的推荐摄入量约为80％，哺乳期妇女的推荐摄入量约为65％）。磷脂酰胆碱补充剂的耐受性良好。在全球发展，语言发展，短期视觉空间记忆或长期情境记忆方面，各组没有显着差异。
结论：孕妇食用含适量胆碱饮食的磷脂酰胆碱不能增强婴儿的脑功能。较长的随访期可能会显示出较晚出现的影响。此外，未来的研究应确定补充食用胆碱含量低得多的饮食的母亲（如在几个低收入国家食用的饮食）是否会增强婴儿的大脑发育。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: INTRODUCTION:The most severe complication of parenteral nutrition (PTN) is catheter-related infection (CRI). OBJECTIVES:To study the incidence rate and factors associated to CRI. MATERIAL AND METHODS:271 patients followed at the Nutrition Unit for 6 months. The composition of the PTN was calculated according to the metabolic demands. 20.3% received a lipid solution enriched with omega-3 fatty acids (SMOF Fresenius Kabi®) and 79.7% with olive oil (Clinoleic Baxter®). RESULTS:The rate of CRI was 25 per 1,000 days of PTN (55 patients: 61.7±17.8 years, 60.3% males, 29.3±10.6 days of hospital stay and 10.4% mortality). Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus was the most frequently isolated microorganism. There were no differences by age, gender, mortality, or composition of the PTN between patients with or without infection. The patients treated with omega-3 received more calories with the PTN, at the expense of higher intake of glucose and lipids. However, the rate of infection was similar, although there was a not significant trend towards a lower infection rate when using the omega-3 composition (14.5% vs. 23.1%, respectively, p = 0.112). The duration of the nutritional support was higher in patients with CRI (13.0 ± 9.7 vs. 9.3 ± 8.1, p = 0.038). Total mortality (16.9%) was independent of the presence or absence of CRI (10.4% vs. 18.7%, p = 0.090) or of the use of omega-3 lipids or olive oil in the PTN (10.9% vs. 18.5%, p = 0.125). CONCLUSION:Patients submitted to PTN have a high rate of CRI. The presence of infection is related to the duration of the PTN, being independent of the age, gender, and composition of the solution. The use of omega-3 lipid solutions may be beneficial although further studies are needed to confirm this.

背景与目标： 简介：肠胃外营养（PTN）的最严重并发症是导管相关感染（CRI）。
目的：研究CRI的发生率及相关因素。
材料与方法：271例患者在营养科接受了6个月的随访。根据代谢需要计算PTN的组成。 20.3％的人接受了富含omega-3脂肪酸（SMOF FreseniusKabi®）的脂质溶液，而79.7％的接受了橄榄油（ClinoleicBaxter®）的脂质溶液。
结果：PTN的CRI率为25/1000天（55例患者：61.7±17.8岁，男性为60.3％，住院时间为29.3±10.6天，死亡率为10.4％）。凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌是最常分离的微生物。在有或没有感染的患者之间，PTN的年龄，性别，死亡率或组成没有差异。用omega-3治疗的患者接受PTN吸收的卡路里更多，但要以增加葡萄糖和脂质的摄入为代价。但是，感染率相似，尽管使用omega-3组合物时感染率降低的趋势并不明显（分别为14.5％和23.1％，p = 0.112）。 CRI患者的营养支持持续时间更长（13.0±9.7与9.3±8.1，p = 0.038）。总死亡率（16.9％）与是否存在CRI（10.4％对18.7％，p = 0.090）或PTN中是否使用omega-3脂质或橄榄油无关（10.9％对18.5％， p = 0.125）。
结论：PTN患者的CRI率很高。感染的存在与PTN的持续时间有关，而与溶液的年龄，性别和组成无关。尽管需要进一步的研究来证实这一点，但使用omega-3脂质溶液可能是有益的。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: INTRODUCTION:Significant malnutrition exists in a high percentage of patients with head and neck cancer. Malnutrition is associated with defects in immune function that may impair the host response to malignancy. Malnutrition and immunosupression make patients highly susceptible to postoperative infections and complications. OBJECTIVES:Some studies of patients receiving immuno-nutrition in the perioperative period in head and neck cancer have shown beneficial effects on clinical outcome and inmune status. The authors carried out a systematic review of randomised control trials to determine whether perioperative immunonutrition has a role in the treatment of head and neck cancer. METHODS:14 trials of polymeric nutritional supplementation with immunonutrition were identified. Two studies compared two types of immunonutrition. RESULTS:A reduction in the length of postoperative hospital stay was seen in some trials, but the reason for this reduction is not clear. Some studides showed statistical differences with less complications in arginine-enhanced group and also showed a significant decrease of fistula complications in patients treated with a high arginine dose enhanced formula, if compared with a medium dose of arginine. CONCLUSION:[corrected] Those planning future studies face challenges. A suitable powered clinical trial is required before firm recommendations can be made on the use of immunonutrition in head and neck cancer patients postoperatively.

背景与目标： 简介：大量的营养不良存在于头颈癌患者中。营养不良与免疫功能缺陷有关，可能损害宿主对恶性肿瘤的反应。营养不良和免疫抑制使患者对术后感染和并发症高度敏感。
目的：一些对头颈部癌患者围手术期接受免疫营养治疗的患者的研究表明，它们对临床结局和免疫状况具有有益作用。作者对随机对照试验进行了系统评价，以确定围手术期免疫营养是否在头颈癌的治疗中起作用。
方法：鉴定了14项免疫营养性高分子营养补充试验。两项研究比较了两种类型的免疫营养。
结果：在某些试验中，术后住院时间减少了，但是减少的原因尚不清楚。与中等剂量的精氨酸相比，在精氨酸增强组中，一些研究结果显示统计学差异且并发症较少，并且用高精氨酸剂量增强配方治疗的患者的瘘管并发症也显着减少。
结论：[已纠正]那些计划未来研究的人面临挑战。在对头颈部癌患者术后免疫营养的使用提出可靠建议之前，需要进行适当的临床试验。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:Breast-feeding is associated with maternal health, such as electrolyte metabolism, lipid profile and body component change. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between duration of breast-feeding and obesity in postmenopausal women. METHODS:We analyzed data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2010-2012, a cross-sectional study in a Korean population. A total of 6621 postmenopausal women were analyzed. RESULTS:Body mass index and waist circumference were greater in women who had breast-fed for 6 months or more than in those who had not (BMI: 23.7±0.1 vs 24.5±0.1, P<0.0001; WC: 80.6±0.4 vs 82.8±0.3, P<0.001). This association persisted after adjustment for confounding factors (BMI: odds ratio[OR]1.54, 95% confidence interval[CI] 1.19-2.0; WC: OR1.67, 95% CI 1.29-2.17). The duration of breast-feeding tended to increase with increasing BMI and WC (P for trend, 0.001 for each). The proportions of women with greater BMI and WC increased with increasing duration of breast-feeding (27.3% in ≤6 months vs 41.2% in >18months, P<0.0001). CONCLUSION:The results of this study suggest that prolonged breast-feeding may be associated with greater BMI and WC among postmenopausal women.

背景与目标： 目的：母乳喂养与孕妇健康有关，例如电解质代谢，脂质分布和身体成分变化。这项研究的目的是评估绝经后妇女的母乳喂养时间与肥胖之间的关系。
方法：我们分析了2010-2012年韩国国民健康与营养检查调查（KNHANES）的数据，这是一项针对韩国人群的横断面研究。总共对6621名绝经后妇女进行了分析。
结果：母乳喂养6个月或更长时间的妇女的身体质量指数和腰围比没有母乳的妇女更大（BMI：23.7±0.1 vs 24.5±0.1，P <0.0001; WC：80.6±0.4 vs 82.8 ±0.3，P <0.001）。调整混杂因素（BMI：比值比[OR] 1.54，95％置信区间[CI] 1.19-2.0； WC：OR1.67，95％CI 1.29-2.17）后，这种关联仍然存在。母乳喂养的时间倾向于随着BMI和WC的增加而增加（趋势P，每种0.001）。 BMI和WC较高的女性比例随着母乳喂养时间的增加而增加（≤6个月为27.3％，而> 18个月为41.2％，P <0.0001）。
结论：这项研究的结果表明，延长母乳喂养可能与绝经后妇女的BMI和WC升高有关。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVES:Approximately 30% of the adult Czech population smokes. Previous studies of smokers have documented diet sufficient in energy, but inadequate intake of dietary fibre, vitamins A, E, calcium and proteins. DESIGN:Nutrition was assessed between the groups of the probands (over 18 years aged, 667 smokers, 1044 nonsmokers, 428 past smokers) from 1% random sample of the Czech population. All volunteers completed a one day dietary recall after instruction from a nutrition expert. The dietary recall calculated energy, proteins, fats, vitamins C and E, cholesterol, fibre, calcium and iron intake using the Nutridan programme. RESULTS:Smokers had higher consumption of animal (p=0.0034), and total fat (p=0.0315), cholesterol (p=0.005), and lower intake of vitamin E (p=0.004) than nonsmokers. No other differences were found. The differences between past smokers and other groups were insignificant. CONCLUSION:The smokers consumed more total and animal fat, cholesterol and less of vitamin E than nonsmokers.

背景与目标： 目标：约30％的捷克成年人口吸烟。以前的吸烟者研究表明，饮食中能量充足，但饮食纤维，维生素A，E，钙和蛋白质的摄入不足。
设计：从捷克人口的1％随机样本中，对先证者（18岁以上，667位吸烟者，1044位非吸烟者，428位过去吸烟者）之间的营养进行了评估。在营养专家的指导下，所有志愿者完成了一天的饮食召回。饮食召回使用Nutridan程序计算出能量，蛋白质，脂肪，维生素C和E，胆固醇，纤维，钙和铁的摄入量。
结果：与不吸烟者相比，吸烟者对动物的食用量较高（p = 0.0034），总脂肪（p = 0.0315），胆固醇（p = 0.005）和维生素E摄入量较低（p = 0.004）。没有发现其他差异。过去吸烟者与其他群体之间的差异微不足道。
结论：吸烟者比不吸烟者摄入了更多的总脂肪，动物脂肪，胆固醇和更少的维生素E。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Milk (Similac), sucrose (12% wt/vol), or water were delivered to crying normal newborns once per minute for 5 minutes, in a volume of 0.1 mL/delivery. Milk and sucrose markedly reduced infant crying, and this calm persisted during the 3 minutes after substance delivery. Infants who received water were only marginally quieted, and this calm did not persist. Despite quieting agitated infants, milk did not cause them to bring their hands to their mouths during the period of milk treatment, whereas infants who received sucrose did bring their hands to their mouths. These data demonstrate that milk effectively quiets human newborns, that its quieting effects endure, and that the mechanisms that quiet and that underlie hand-in-mouth engagement are separable and independent.

背景与目标： 每分钟一次将牛奶（Similac），蔗糖（12％wt / vol）或水分5次输给哭泣的正常新生儿，持续5分钟，每次输注0.1 mL。牛奶和蔗糖显着减少了婴儿的哭泣，这种平静在药物输送后的3分钟内持续存在。刚喝水的婴儿只有一点点安静下来，这种平静并没有持续下去。尽管使躁动不安的婴儿安静下来，但是在进行乳汁治疗期间，牛奶并未使他们把手伸到嘴里，而接受蔗糖的婴儿却使把手伸到了嘴里。这些数据表明，牛奶有效地使人的新生儿安静，其安静效果得以持久，并且安静和作为亲手参与的基础的机制是可分离且独立的。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: -2

背景与目标： -2

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Coronary artery fistula with giant coronary artery ectasia is a rare abnormal CHD. Multidetector CT is useful for the diagnosis. Early diagnosis and surgery are recommended.

背景与目标： ：冠状动脉瘘伴巨大冠状动脉扩张是一种罕见的冠心病异常。 Multidetector CT对诊断很有用。建议及早诊断和手术。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Emerging studies suggest that dietary components can affect gene expression through epigenetic mechanisms. Epigenetic modifications are heritable and potentially reversible changes in gene expression that do not require changes in the DNA sequence. The main mechanisms of epigenetic control in mammals are DNA methylation, histone modifications, and RNA silencing. The potential reversibility of epigenetic changes suggests that they could be modulated by nutrition and bioactive food compounds. Thus, epigenetic modifications could mediate environmental signals and provide a link between susceptibility genes and environmental factors in the etiology of cancer. Elucidating the impact of nutrition on epigenetic mechanisms may serve as a tool to predict an individuals' susceptibility to cancer, provide dietary recommendations, or provide therapeutic applications of natural compounds against cancer. The optimal duration and the dose necessary for a chemopreventive effect require further studies. There is limited information about tissue specificity and temporal aspects of dietary treatments. Species differences need to be considered when interpreting results from various models. Importantly, molecular mechanisms of bioactive dietary components should be investigated in greater detail in human intervention studies. Although some of these issues remain controversial, this review mainly focuses on promising data that support the developing field of Nutritional Epigenetics.

背景与目标： ：新兴研究表明，饮食成分可以通过表观遗传机制影响基因表达。表观遗传修饰是基因表达中可遗传且潜在可逆的变化，不需要改变DNA序列。哺乳动物表观遗传控制的主要机制是DNA甲基化，组蛋白修饰和RNA沉默。表观遗传变化的潜在可逆性表明，它们可以被营养和生物活性食品化合物调节。因此，表观遗传修饰可以介导环境信号，并在癌症病因学中提供易感基因与环境因素之间的联系。阐明营养对表观遗传机制的影响可以用作预测个人对癌症的易感性，提供饮食建议或提供天然化合物治疗癌症的工具。化学预防作用的最佳持续时间和必要剂量需要进一步研究。关于饮食治疗的组织特异性和时间方面的信息有限。在解释各种模型的结果时，需要考虑物种差异。重要的是，应在人类干预研究中更详细地研究生物活性饮食成分的分子机制。尽管其中一些问题仍存在争议，但本综述主要侧重于有前途的数据，这些数据支持营养表观遗传学的发展领域。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVES:To describe the US public health nutrition workforce and its future social, biological and fiscal challenges. DESIGN:Literature review primarily for the four workforce surveys conducted since 1985 by the Association of State and Territorial Public Health Nutrition Directors. SETTING:The United States. SUBJECTS:Nutrition personnel working in governmental health agencies. The 1985 and 1987 subjects were personnel in full-time budgeted positions employed in governmental health agencies providing predominantly population-based services. In 1994 and 1999 subjects were both full-time and part-time, employed in or funded by governmental health agencies, and provided both direct-care and population-based services. RESULTS:The workforce primarily focuses on direct-care services for pregnant and breast-feeding women, infants and children. The US Department of Agriculture funds 81.7 % of full-time equivalent positions, primarily through the WIC Program (Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children). Of those personnel working in WIC, 45 % have at least 10 years of experience compared to over 65 % of the non-WIC workforce. Continuing education needs of the WIC and non-WIC workforces differ. The workforce is increasingly more racially/ethnically diverse and with 18.2 % speaking Spanish as a second language. CONCLUSIONS:The future workforce will need to focus on increasing its diversity and cultural competence, and likely will need to address retirement within leadership positions. Little is known about the workforce's capacity to address the needs of the elderly, emergency preparedness and behavioural interventions. Fiscal challenges will require evidence-based practice demonstrating both costs and impact. Little is known about the broader public health nutrition workforce beyond governmental health agencies.

背景与目标： 目的：描述美国公共卫生营养工作人员及其未来的社会，生物和财政挑战。
设计：文献回顾主要针对自1985年以来由州和地区公共卫生营养总监协会进行的四次劳动力调查。
地点：美国。
主题：在政府卫生机构工作的营养人员。 1985年和1987年的受试者是政府卫生机构提供的全职预算职位的人员，主要提供基于人群的服务。在1994年和1999年，受试者均为全日制和非全日制，在政府卫生机构中受雇或受其资助，并提供直接护理和基于人群的服务。
结果：劳动力主要集中在为孕妇和哺乳期妇女，婴儿和儿童提供直接护理服务。美国农业部主要通过WIC计划（妇女，婴儿和儿童特殊补充营养计划）来资助全职同等职位的81.7％。在WIC工作的人员中，有45％具有至少10年的经验，而非WIC工作人员中有超过65％。 WIC和非WIC员工的继续教育需求有所不同。劳动力在种族/种族上越来越多样化，有18.2％的人说西班牙语作为第二语言。
结论：未来的劳动力将需要专注于增加其多样性和文化能力，并且可能将需要解决领导职位中的退休问题。对于劳动力满足老年人需求，应急准备和行为干预的能力知之甚少。财政挑战将需要基于证据的实践，以证明成本和影响。除政府卫生机构外，对更广泛的公共卫生营养工作人员知之甚少。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To investigate evolving food retail systems in Thailand. DESIGN:Rapid assessment procedures based on qualitative research methods including interviews, focus groups discussions and site visits. SETTING:Seven fresh markets located in the four main regions of Thailand. SUBJECTS:Managers, food specialists, vendors and shoppers from seven fresh markets who participated in interviews and focus group discussions. RESULTS:Fresh markets are under economic pressure and are declining in number. They are attempting to resist the competition from supermarkets by improving convenience, food diversity, quality and safety. CONCLUSIONS:Obesity has increased in Thailand at the same time as rapid growth of modern food retail formats has occurred. As fresh markets are overtaken by supermarkets there is a likely loss of fresh, healthy, affordable food for poorer Thais, and a diminution of regional culinary culture, women's jobs and social capital, with implications for the health and nutrition transition in Thailand.

背景与目标： 目的：调查泰国不断发展的食品零售系统。
设计：基于定性研究方法的快速评估程序，包括访谈，焦点小组讨论和实地考察。
地点：位于泰国四个主要地区的七个新鲜市场。
主题：来自七个新鲜市场的经理，食品专家，摊贩和购物者参加了访谈和焦点小组讨论。
结果：新鲜市场承受着经济压力，数量正在下降。他们试图通过提高便利性，食品多样性，质量和安全性来抵抗超市的竞争。
结论：随着现代食品零售业的快速发展，泰国的肥胖率也在增加。由于超市取代了新鲜市场，因此较贫穷的泰国人可能会损失新鲜，健康，负担得起的食物，区域烹饪文化，妇女的工作和社会资本的减少，这对泰国的健康和营养过渡产生了影响。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:The increased availability of computers and the efficiency and user-acceptability of computer-assisted questioning have increased the attractiveness of computer-administered querying for large-scale population nutrition research during the last decade. The Young Adolescents' Nutrition Assessment on Computer (YANA-C), a computer-based 24-h dietary recall, was originally developed to collect dietary data among Belgian-Flemish adolescents. A web-based version was created to collect parentally reported dietary data of preschoolers, called Young Children's Nutrition Assessment on the Web (YCNA-W), which has been improved and adapted for use in young adolescents: Children and Adolescents' Nutrition Assessment and Advice on the Web (CANAA-W). The present study describes recent developments and the formative evaluation of the dietary assessment component. METHODS:A feasibility questionnaire was completed by 131 children [mean (SD) age: 11.3 (0.7) years] and 53 parents. Eight focus groups were held with children (n = 65) and three with parents (n = 17). RESULTS:Children (C) and parents (P) found the instrument clear (C: 97%; P: 94%), comprehensible (C: 92%; P: 100%), attractive (C: 84%; P: 85%), fun (C: 93%; P: 83%) and easy to complete (C: 91%; P: 83%). There was ample explanation (C: 95%; P: 94%); the pictures were clear (C: 97%; P: 96%); and most respondents found the food items easy to find (C: 71%, P: 85%). The results helped to refine the lay out and structure of the instrument and the list of food items included. CONCLUSIONS:Children and parents were enthusiastic. The major challenge will be to convince parents who are less interested in dietary intake and less computer literate to participate in this type of study. Children in this age group (11-12 years) should complete the instrument with assistance from an adult.

背景与目标： 背景技术：在过去的十年中，计算机可用性的提高以及计算机辅助查询的效率和用户接受度提高了计算机管理查询对大规模人群营养研究的吸引力。基于计算机的24小时饮食召回青年计算机青年营养评估（YANA-C）最初是为了收集比利时佛兰德青少年的饮食数据而开发的。创建了一个基于网络的版本，以收集家长报告的学龄前儿童的饮食数据，称为网络上的幼儿营养评估（YCNA-W），该版本已得到改进并适用于青少年：儿童和青少年的营养评估和建议在网络上（CANAA-W）。本研究描述了饮食评估成分的最新发展和形成性评估。
方法：可行性研究问卷由131名儿童（平均（SD）年龄：11.3（0.7）岁）和53名父母完成。八个焦点小组由孩子（n = 65）和三个父母（n = 17）组成。
结果：儿童（C）和父母（P）发现仪器清晰（C：97％; P：94％），可理解（C：92％; P：100％），有吸引力（C：84％; P：85 ％），有趣（C：93％; P：83％）和易于完成（C：91％; P：83％）。有足够的解释（C：95％； P：94％）；图片清晰（C：97％； P：96％）；大多数受访者认为这些食物很容易找到（C：71％，P：85％）。结果有助于完善仪器的布局和结构以及所含食品的清单。
结论：儿童和父母都很热情。主要的挑战将是说服对饮食摄入不感兴趣和计算机知识较少的父母参加这种类型的研究。此年龄段（11-12岁）的儿童应在成人的协助下完成仪器的安装。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :"Outings to Your Taste" is an innovative program that aims to improve the nutritional status and social network of elderly people who receive home-delivered meals. This article examines participation in one of the program's components, outings to community restaurants. Participation data were collected on-site and information about client characteristics was collected in at-home interview surveys of targeted clients (n = 144). While about half of the clients had tried at least one outing, more than 25% of them participated in at least one third of the outings offered to them. Results indicate that the program attracted a variety of clients in terms of sociodemographic, health, and social isolation characteristics.

背景与目标： ：“外出品尝”是一项创新计划，旨在改善接受家庭送餐的老年人的营养状况和社交网络。本文考察了该程序的组成部分之一的参与情况，即社区餐馆的郊游。现场收集参与数据，并在针对目标客户的家庭访问调查中收集有关客户特征的信息（n = 144）。虽然大约一半的客户尝试了至少一次郊游，但其中超过25％的人至少参与了提供给他们的郊游的三分之一。结果表明，该计划在社会人口统计学，健康状况和社会隔离特征方面吸引了各种各样的客户。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:We suggested that the continuous translocation of endotoxin from Gram-negative bacterial overgrowth during bowel rest and total parenteral nutrition (TPN) causes the release of tumor necrosis factor (TNF), resulting in liver damage and hepatic dysfunction. Because TPN-induced hepatic steatosis was significantly reduced by the monoclonal antibodies against TNF, we attempted a more clinically applicable approach using pentoxifylline and thalidomide. METHODS:A control group (group I) fed rat chow and four groups of rats receiving TPN were studied. Group II received TPN only; group III, TPN and 100 mg/kg/d pentoxifylline; group IV, TPN and 200 mg/kg/d pentoxifylline; and group V, TPN and 5 mg/kg/d thalidomide. On day 7, total liver fat was determined. RESULTS:Bowel rest and TPN resulted in a significant (p < .0005) increase in liver fat content that was unaltered by either pentoxifylline or thalidomide. CONCLUSIONS:Our results show no role for pentoxifylline or thalidomide in reducing TPN-associated hepatic steatosis.

背景与目标： 背景：我们建议肠道休息和全胃肠外营养（TPN）期间革兰氏阴性细菌过度生长引起的内毒素的连续移位会导致肿瘤坏死因子（TNF）的释放，从而导致肝损伤和肝功能障碍。由于针对TNF的单克隆抗体可显着降低TPN诱导的肝脂肪变性，因此我们尝试使用己酮可可碱和沙利度胺进行临床治疗。
方法：对对照组（I组）喂食大鼠食物和四组接受TPN的大鼠进行研究。第二组仅收到TPN； III组，TPN和100 mg / kg / d己酮可可碱; IV组，TPN和200 mg / kg / d己酮可可碱; V组，TPN和5 mg / kg / d沙利度胺。在第7天，测定总肝脂肪。
结果：大便休息和TPN导致肝脂肪含量显着增加（p <.0005），而己酮可可碱或沙利度胺均未改变。
结论：我们的结果显示己酮可可碱或沙利度胺在减少TPN相关性肝脂肪变性中没有作用。