Emerging studies suggest that dietary components can affect gene expression through epigenetic mechanisms. Epigenetic modifications are heritable and potentially reversible changes in gene expression that do not require changes in the DNA sequence. The main mechanisms of epigenetic control in mammals are DNA methylation, histone modifications, and RNA silencing. The potential reversibility of epigenetic changes suggests that they could be modulated by nutrition and bioactive food compounds. Thus, epigenetic modifications could mediate environmental signals and provide a link between susceptibility genes and environmental factors in the etiology of cancer. Elucidating the impact of nutrition on epigenetic mechanisms may serve as a tool to predict an individuals' susceptibility to cancer, provide dietary recommendations, or provide therapeutic applications of natural compounds against cancer. The optimal duration and the dose necessary for a chemopreventive effect require further studies. There is limited information about tissue specificity and temporal aspects of dietary treatments. Species differences need to be considered when interpreting results from various models. Importantly, molecular mechanisms of bioactive dietary components should be investigated in greater detail in human intervention studies. Although some of these issues remain controversial, this review mainly focuses on promising data that support the developing field of Nutritional Epigenetics.

译文

:新兴研究表明,饮食成分可以通过表观遗传机制影响基因表达。表观遗传修饰是基因表达中可遗传且潜在可逆的变化,不需要改变DNA序列。哺乳动物表观遗传控制的主要机制是DNA甲基化,组蛋白修饰和RNA沉默。表观遗传变化的潜在可逆性表明,它们可以被营养和生物活性食品化合物调节。因此,表观遗传修饰可以介导环境信号,并在癌症病因学中提供易感基因与环境因素之间的联系。阐明营养对表观遗传机制的影响可以用作预测个人对癌症的易感性,提供饮食建议或提供天然化合物治疗癌症的工具。化学预防作用的最佳持续时间和必要剂量需要进一步研究。关于饮食治疗的组织特异性和时间方面的信息有限。在解释各种模型的结果时,需要考虑物种差异。重要的是,应在人类干预研究中更详细地研究生物活性饮食成分的分子机制。尽管其中一些问题仍存在争议,但本综述主要侧重于有前途的数据,这些数据支持营养表观遗传学的发展领域。

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