BACKGROUND & AIMS: Purpose:To compare the intermodality and interreader agreement for geographic atrophy (GA) lesion size quantification in green-light fundus autofluorescence (GAF; excitation = 518 nm) versus combined blue-light fundus autofluorescence (BAF; excitation = 488 nm) and near-infrared reflectance (NIR; 820 nm) -based grading. Methods:Confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (cSLO) GAF, BAF, and NIR images of 40 eyes from 29 patients (mean age 79.7 years) with GA secondary to AMD were recorded according to a standardized protocol. GA areas were analyzed in GAF, BAF combined with NIR (BAF+NIR), or BAF alone, by four independent readers using semiautomated software (RegionFinder; Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany). A mixed-effects model was used to assess the effect of image modality on the measured square-root lesion area. The coefficient of repeatability (CR) and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were assessed for the square-root lesion area, lesion perimeter, and circularity. Results:GAF-based measurements were on average 0.062 mm (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.04-0.08 mm) larger than BAF+NIR-based measurements and 0.077 mm (95% CI 0.06 - 0.10 mm) larger than BAF-based measurements. Interreader agreement was highest for GAF-based analysis ([CR, ICC] 0.196 mm, 0.995) followed by BAF+NIR (0.232 mm, 0.992) and BAF alone (0.263 mm, 0.991). The same was noted for the lesion perimeter and circularity. Post hoc review revealed that interreader differences were associated with media opacification interfering with lesion boundary demarcation to a larger extent in BAF than in GAF. Conclusions:cSLO-based GAF and combined BAF+NIR imaging with semiautomated lesion delineation allow for an accurate and reproducible quantification of GA. The slightly better interreader agreement using cSLO GAF suggests that its use may be preferable in clinical trials examining the change in lesion size as a clinical endpoint.

背景与目标： 目的：比较在绿光眼底自发荧光（GAF；激发= 518 nm）与蓝光眼底自发荧光（BAF；激发= 488 nm）和近-基于红外反射率（NIR; 820 nm）的分级。
方法：按照标准方案记录29例年龄平均为79.7岁，继发于AMD的GA患者的40只眼的椎间扫描激光检眼镜（cSLO）GAF，BAF和NIR图像。四个独立的读者使用半自动化软件（RegionFinder； Heidelberg Engineering，Heidelberg，Germany），在GAF，BAF与NIR（BAF NIR）结合或单独使用BAF中分析了GA区域。使用混合效应模型来评估图像模态对所测量的平方根病变区域的影响。对平方根病变面积，病变周长和圆度评估了重复性系数（CR）和组内相关系数（ICC）。
结果：基于GAF的测量值比基于BAF NIR的测量值平均大0.062 mm（95％置信区间[CI] 0.04-0.08 mm），比基于BAF的测量值大0.077 mm（95％CI 0.06-0.10 mm）。基于GAF的分析（[CR，ICC] 0.196 mm，0.995）的阅读器间协议最高，其次是BAF NIR（0.232 mm，0.992）和单独的BAF（0.263 mm，0.991）。病变周长和圆形度也相同。事后审查显示，与GAF相比，BAF中阅读者之间的差异与媒介混浊干扰病灶边界的程度更大。
结论：基于cSLO的GAF以及结合BAF NIR成像和半自动病变描述，可以对GA进行准确且可重复的定量。使用cSLO GAF的阅读器之间的协议稍好，这表明在临床研究中（病灶大小变化作为临床终点）可能更可取。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:In the Chlorophyta--the green algal phylum comprising the classes Prasinophyceae, Ulvophyceae, Trebouxiophyceae and Chlorophyceae--the chloroplast genome displays a highly variable architecture. While chlorophycean chloroplast DNAs (cpDNAs) deviate considerably from the ancestral pattern described for the prasinophyte Nephroselmis olivacea, the degree of remodelling sustained by the two ulvophyte cpDNAs completely sequenced to date is intermediate relative to those observed for chlorophycean and trebouxiophyte cpDNAs. Chlorella vulgaris (Chlorellales) is currently the only photosynthetic trebouxiophyte whose complete cpDNA sequence has been reported. To gain insights into the evolutionary trends of the chloroplast genome in the Trebouxiophyceae, we sequenced cpDNA from the filamentous alga Leptosira terrestris (Ctenocladales). RESULTS:The 195,081-bp Leptosira chloroplast genome resembles the 150,613-bp Chlorella genome in lacking a large inverted repeat (IR) but differs greatly in gene order. Six of the conserved genes present in Chlorella cpDNA are missing from the Leptosira gene repertoire. The 106 conserved genes, four introns and 11 free standing open reading frames (ORFs) account for 48.3% of the genome sequence. This is the lowest gene density yet observed among chlorophyte cpDNAs. Contrary to the situation in Chlorella but similar to that in the chlorophycean Scenedesmus obliquus, the gene distribution is highly biased over the two DNA strands in Leptosira. Nine genes, compared to only three in Chlorella, have significantly expanded coding regions relative to their homologues in ancestral-type green algal cpDNAs. As observed in chlorophycean genomes, the rpoB gene is fragmented into two ORFs. Short repeats account for 5.1% of the Leptosira genome sequence and are present mainly in intergenic regions. CONCLUSION:Our results highlight the great plasticity of the chloroplast genome in the Trebouxiophyceae and indicate that the IR was lost on at least two separate occasions. The intriguing similarities of the derived features exhibited by Leptosira cpDNA and its chlorophycean counterparts suggest that the same evolutionary forces shaped the IR-lacking chloroplast genomes in these two algal lineages.

背景与目标： 背景：在绿藻（绿藻门，包括草藻科，绿藻科，绿藻科和绿藻科）中，叶绿体基因组显示出高度可变的结构。尽管叶绿藻叶绿体DNA（cpDNA）与描述的古藻类Nephroselmis olivacea的祖先模式有很大差异，但迄今为止，两个完全被测序的ulvophyte cpDNA所维持的重塑程度相对于叶绿藻和trebouxiophyte cpDNA所观察到的中等。小球藻（Chlorellales）是目前唯一已报道完整cpDNA序列的光合藻类植物。为了深入了解细叶藻科中叶绿体基因组的进化趋势，我们对丝状藻类海藻Leptosira terrestris（Ctenocladales）的cpDNA进行了测序。
结果：195081bp的叶绿体叶绿体基因组类似于150613bp的小球藻基因组，但缺少大的反向重复序列（IR），但基因顺序差异很大。小球藻cpDNA中存在的六个保守基因在Leptosira基因库中缺失。 106个保守基因，四个内含子和11个自由开放阅读框（ORF）占基因组序列的48.3％。这是迄今为止在绿藻cpDNA中观察到的最低基因密度。与小球藻中的情况相反，但与斜叶绿藻场景中的情况相似，该基因的分布在Leptosira的两条DNA链上高度偏向。与小球藻中的三个基因相比，九个基因相对于其祖先型绿色藻类cpDNA中的同源物具有显着扩展的编码区。如在叶绿素基因组中所观察到的，rpoB基因被片段化为两个ORF。短重复序列占Leptosira基因组序列的5.1％，主要存在于基因间区域。
结论：我们的结果突显了藻藻科中叶绿体基因组的可塑性，并表明至少在两次不同的情况下IR丢失了。 Leptosira cpDNA及其对应的叶绿素对应物表现出的令人着迷的相似之处表明，相同的进化力塑造了这两个藻类谱系中缺少IR的叶绿体基因组。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: INTRODUCTION:The new 3 Tesla (T) magnetic resonance (MR) scanners yield improved signal-to-noise ratio and spatial resolution with superior background suppression compared to lower field strength systems. This is advantageous for MR angiograms. The purpose of our study was to compare unenhanced three-dimensional time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography (3D TOF MRA) at 3T with catheter digital subtraction angiography (DSA) in detecting unruptured intracranial aneurysms. MATERIALS AND METHODS:Out of 1375 consecutive patients who underwent unenhanced 3D TOF MRA at 3T, 15 patients with unruptured intracranial aneurysms were retrospectively identified. Nine of these 15 patients had DSA as the reference standard for comparison. Aneurysm size, location and morphology were independently assessed on both MRA and DSA by 2 radiologists. RESULTS:Seventeen aneurysms ranging in size from 1 mm to 24 mm were identified in 15 patients on MRA. DSA confirmed the aneurysms in 9 patients with good anatomical correlation compared with the MRA findings. CONCLUSIONS:3D TOF MRA at 3T has good correlation with DSA and aneurysms as small as 1 mm in size can be detected. This can be a promising, non-invasive method for aneurysm surveillance.

背景与目标： 简介：与较低的场强系统相比，新型3 Tesla（T）磁共振（MR）扫描仪可提高信噪比和空间分辨率，并具有出色的背景抑制能力。这对于MR血管造影是有利的。我们的研究的目的是比较3T时未增强的三维飞行时间磁共振血管造影（3D TOF MRA）与导管数字减影血管造影（DSA）在检测颅内动脉瘤未破裂中的作用。
材料与方法：回顾性分析了1375例连续3T行3D TOF MRA的患者，其中15例颅内动脉瘤未破裂。这15例患者中有9例以DSA作为参考标准进行比较。两名放射科医生分别在MRA和DSA上独立评估了动脉瘤的大小，位置和形态。
结果：在15例MRA患者中发现了17个大小在1mm至24mm之间的动脉瘤。 DSA证实9例患者的动脉瘤与MRA结果相比具有良好的解剖学相关性。
结论：3T时的3D TOF MRA与DSA具有良好的相关性，并且可以检测到小至1 mm的动脉瘤。这可能是一种有前途的，无创的动脉瘤监测方法。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Cancer chemopreventive effects of polyphenols from green tea (GTP) in mouse models of photocarcinogenesis are established. The present study is extended from mouse model to human system in vivo to determine the effect of topical application of GTP to human individuals against UV light-induced DNA damage in the form of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) in the skin. UVB-induced CPDs were detected by immunohistochemical technique using monoclonal antibodies to thymine dimers. With the gradual increase in UVB dose, both erythema response and CPD formation in the skin was increased. GTP treatment inhibited both UVB-induced erythema response as well as CPD formation. Topical treatment with GTP (approximately 1 mg/cm2 of skin area) 20 min before human buttock skin (sun-protected site) exposure to UVB inhibited CPD formation in epidermis by 81, 70, 60, and 60% at 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 minimal erythema dose of UV exposure, respectively. Treatment of human skin with varying doses of GTP (1-4 mg/2.5 cm2 of skin area) before a single dose of UVB exposure (4.0 minimal erythema dose) decreased dose dependently the formation of UVB-induced CPDs in both epidermis and dermis. The inhibition of UVB-induced CPDs by GTP treatment may be, at least in part, responsible for the inhibition of photocarcinogenesis. Our data suggest that GTP may be used as a novel chemopreventive candidate and possible strategy to reduce UV-induced skin cancer risk in the human population.

背景与目标： ：建立了绿茶（GTP）中的多酚在光致癌小鼠模型中的化学预防作用。本研究从小鼠模型扩展到体内的人体系统，以确定局部应用GT​​P对人体产生的抗UV光诱导的DNA伤害，其形式为皮肤中的环丁烷嘧啶二聚体（CPDs）。使用针对胸腺嘧啶二聚体的单克隆抗体，通过免疫组织化学技术检测了UVB诱导的CPD。随着UVB剂量的逐渐增加，皮肤中的红斑反应和CPD形成均增加。 GTP处理既抑制了UVB引起的红斑反应，又抑制了CPD的形成。在人臀部皮肤（防晒部位）暴露于UVB之前20分钟，用GTP（约1 mg / cm2皮肤面积）局部治疗在0.5、1.0、2.0、81、70、60和60％抑制表皮中的CPD形成。和分别为4.0的紫外线最小红斑剂量。在单剂量的UVB暴露（最小红斑剂量为4.0）之前，使用不同剂量的GTP（1-4 mg / 2.5 cm2皮肤面积）治疗人的皮肤，剂量会减少，这取决于表皮和真皮中UVB诱导的CPD的形成。通过GTP处理抑制UVB诱导的CPD可能至少部分负责光致癌作用的抑制。我们的数据表明，GTP可用作新型化学预防候选药物，并可能是降低人群中紫外线诱发的皮肤癌风险的策略。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Liver mitochondria from the great green goby Zosterisessor ophiocephalus (Pallas) normally exhibit bioenergetic variables (membrane potential 165+/-7 mV; respiratory control ratio 6.6+/-0.4; ADP/O ratio 1.85+/-0.8; means +/- s.e.m., N=6) and activities of physiological transport systems (phosphate/proton symporter, adenine nucleotide antiporter, Ca(2+) electrophoretic uniporter) comparable with those of rat liver mitochondria. When incubated in the presence of Ca(2+) and an inducer agent such as phosphate, these mitochondria undergo a complete collapse of membrane potential accompanied by a large-amplitude swelling of the matrix, influx of sucrose from the incubation medium, release of endogenous Mg(2+) and K(+) (approximately 90% of the total) and of preaccumulated Ca(2+) and oxidation of endogenous pyridine nucleotides. All these phenomena, which are completely eliminated by cyclosporin A and inhibited with different efficacies by Mg(2+) and spermine, demonstrate that the induction of the permeability transition in this type of mitochondria has characteristics similar to those described in rat liver mitochondria. In contrast, the requirement for very high Ca(2+) concentrations (greater than 100 micromol l(-1) for the induction of the permeability transition represents a very important difference that distinguishes this phenomenon in fish and mammalian mitochondria.

背景与目标： ：绿色虾虎鱼带状疱疹（Pallas）的肝线粒体通常表现出生物能变量（膜电位165 / -7 mV;呼吸控制比6.6 /-0.4; ADP / O比1.85 /-0.8;平均值/ sem，N = 6）和与大鼠肝线粒体可比的生理转运系统（磷酸/质子同向转运蛋白，腺嘌呤核苷酸反向转运蛋白，Ca（2）电泳单向转运蛋白）的活动。当在Ca（2）和诱导剂（如磷酸盐）的存在下孵育时，这些线粒体经历膜电位的完全塌陷，伴随着基质的大幅度溶胀，蔗糖从孵育培养基中大量涌入，内源性Mg释放（2）和K（）（约占总数的90％）以及预先积累的Ca（2）和内源吡啶核苷酸的氧化作用。所有这些现象，完全被环孢菌素A消除，并被Mg（2）和精胺以不同的效率抑制，证明这种类型的线粒体中通透性转变的诱导具有与大鼠肝线粒体中描述的特征相似的特征。相反，对于非常高的Ca（2）浓度（大于100 micromol l（-1））的诱导渗透性过渡的要求代表了一个非常重要的区别，该区别区分了鱼类和哺乳动物的线粒体中的这一现象。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The purpose of this study was to assess 4 Fr Judkins catheters with modified shorter tips for performing selective coronary angiography in infants and young children. Twenty patients ranging 6 weeks to 3. 8 years of age were enrolled. Retrograde left heart catheterization and selective coronary angiography were performed. Right (JR) and left (JL) catheters with modified 1.5- and 2.5-cm curves (Cordis) were used. Thirty-six of 37 coronary arteries were successfully cannulated and demonstrated. Median procedure time was 95 sec for the right and 50 sec for the left coronary artery. Median fluoroscopy time was 1.1 min for the right and 0.7 min for the left coronary artery. The JL 1.5 appeared best suited for patients less than 75 cm tall. The JR 1.5 was suitable for patients up to 85 cm tall. Taller patients required the 2.5-cm curves. It is concluded that these modified 4 Fr Judkins catheters were effective.

背景与目标： ：本研究的目的是评估4个Fr Judkins导管，这些导管具有改良的较短尖端，用于在婴幼儿中进行选择性冠状动脉造影。招募了20名6周至3. 8岁的患者。进行逆行左心导管检查和选择性冠状动脉造影。使用具有改良的1.5厘米和2.5厘米曲线的右（JR）和左（JL）导管（Cordis）。 37例冠状动脉中有36例成功插管并显示。右侧冠状动脉的中位手术时间为95秒，左侧冠状动脉的中位手术时间为50秒。透视的中位时间，右侧冠状动脉为1.1分钟，左侧冠状动脉为0.7分钟。 JL 1.5似乎最适合身高不到75厘米的患者。 JR 1.5适用于身高不超过85厘米的患者。较高的患者需要2.5厘米的曲线。结论是这些改良的4 Fr Judkins导管是有效的。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVES:Performance evaluation of a fully automated system for calculating computed tomography (CT) coronary artery calcium scores from contrast medium-enhanced coronary CT angiography (cCTA) studies. METHODS:One hundred and twenty-seven patients (58 ± 11 years, 71 men) who had undergone cCTA as well as an unenhanced CT calcium scoring study where included. Calcium scores were computed from cCTA by an automated image processing algorithm and compared with calcium scores obtained by standard manual assessment of unenhanced CT calcium scoring studies. Results were compared vis-a-vis (1) absolute calcium score values, (2) age-, gender- and race-dependent percentiles, and (3) commonly used calcium score risk classification categories. RESULTS:One hundred and nineteen out of 127 (93.7%) studies were successfully processed. Mean Agatston calcium score values obtained by traditional non-contrast CT calcium scoring studies and derived from contrast medium-enhanced cCTA did not significantly differ (235.6 ± 430.5 vs 262.0 ± 499.5; P > 0.05). Calcium score risk categories and Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) percentiles showed very high correlation (Spearman rank correlation coefficient = 0.97, P < 0.0001/0.95, P < 0.0001) between the two approaches. CONCLUSIONS:Calcium score values automatically computed from cCTA are highly correlated with standard unenhanced CT calcium scoring studies. These results suggest a radiation dose- and time-saving potential when deriving calcium scores from cCTA studies without a preceding unenhanced CT calcium scoring study.

背景与目标： 目的：从造影剂增强型冠状动脉CT血管造影（cCTA）研究中计算计算机断层扫描（CT）冠状动脉钙分数的全自动系统的性能评估。
方法：127例患者（58岁±11岁，男71例）接受了cCTA以及一项未经增强的CT钙评分研究。通过自动图像处理算法从cCTA计算钙分数，并将其与通过标准人工评估未增强的CT钙评分研究获得的钙分数进行比较。相对于（1）绝对钙分数值，（2）年龄，性别和种族依赖性百分位数，以及（3）常用钙分数风险分类类别，比较了结果。
结果：127项研究中有119项（93.7％）得到了成功处理。通过传统的非对比CT钙评分研究获得的，从造影剂增强的cCTA得出的平均Agatston钙评分值没有显着差异（235.6±430.5 vs 262.0±499.5； P> 0.05）。两种方法之间的钙得分风险类别和动脉粥样硬化（MESA）百分位数的多民族研究显示出非常高的相关性（Spearman等级相关系数= 0.97，P <0.0001 / 0.95，P <10.0001）。
结论：从cCTA自动计算的钙评分值与标准的未增强CT钙评分研究高度相关。这些结果表明，从cCTA研究获得钙分数时，无需进行先前的未增强CT钙评分研究，就可以节省辐射剂量和节省时间。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Green roofs have been treated as practical low impact development (LID) strategies to retain stormwater runoff and alleviate the rainfall-induced flooding risks in urban regions. The purpose of this study was to analyze the hydrological effects of the spatial location of green roofs in urbanized catchments. In the built-up region of Beijing, 12 urbanized catchments with various architectural patterns were chosen as the study areas. To distinguish the spatial characteristics of roof surfaces, we defined the effective roof surfaces to distinguish from other types of roofs, which have more convenient or direct hydrological connections to drainage systems. A hydrological model was then used to simulate the stormwater mitigation performance of green roofs for the study catchments, which were assigned to different rainfall conditions. The simulation results confirmed the benefits of implementing green roofs for urban stormwater regulation. However, the spatial variability of green roofs showed inherent influences on the runoff mitigation capacity in urbanized catchments. Greening on effective roof surfaces would provide more effective stormwater regulation benefits, for reductions in both runoff volume and peak flow. In addition, the spatial arrangement characteristics of roof surfaces also influenced the hydrological efficiency of green roofs. The effect of the spatial location of green roofs on runoff mitigation was rainfall-dependent. These findings provide insights into the hydrological role of green roofs, and suggest that proper siting of LID facilities should be a consideration for urban stormwater management in order to fulfill the hydrological efficiency and cost-effectiveness planning target.

背景与目标： ：绿色屋顶已被视为实用的低影响开发（LID）策略，以保留雨水径流并减轻城市地区降雨引起的洪水风险。这项研究的目的是分析城市化集水区中绿色屋顶空间位置的水文影响。在北京建成区，研究区选择了12个具有各种建筑模式的城市化集水区。为了区分屋顶表面的空间特征，我们定义了有效的屋顶表面，以与其他类型的屋顶区分开来，其他类型的屋顶与排水系统之间的联系更为便捷或直接。然后，使用水文模型来模拟研究集水区的绿色屋顶缓解雨水的性能，这些集水区被分配给了不同的降雨条件。仿真结果证实了为城市雨水调节实施绿色屋顶的好处。然而，绿化屋顶的空间变异性显示了对城市化集水区径流缓解能力的内在影响。有效屋顶表面的绿化将提供更有效的雨水调节效益，以减少径流量和峰值流量。此外，屋顶表面的空间布置特征也影响了绿色屋顶的水文效率。绿化屋顶的空间位置对径流减缓的影响与降雨有关。这些发现提供了对绿色屋顶的水文作用的见解，并建议将LID设施的正确位置选为城市雨水管理的考虑因素，以实现水文效率和成本效益计划目标。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE:To study the relationship between intraretinal optical coherence tomography (OCT) and fluorescein angiography (FA) findings in eyes with diabetic macular oedema (DMO). METHODS:We carried out a retrospective observational case series. Thirty eyes with previously untreated DMO underwent FA and OCT. The same ETDRS template was overlaid on the FA images in order to compare OCT and FA. Transfoveal linear high-resolution OCT scans (at the 0- and 90-degree meridians) and FA pictures were compared according to the ETDRS rings. RESULTS:Six distinct patterns of intraretinal changes in OCT correlated with changes in FA: (a) focal angiographic leakage did not correspond to any obvious intraretinal abnormality in OCT in four eyes; (b) localized thickening of the outer nuclear layer in OCT corresponded to focal leaking microaneurysm (focal oedema) in FA in 11 eyes; (c) diffuse thickening of the outer nuclear layer in OCT corresponded to diffuse angiographic leakage in 21 eyes; (d) cystoid expansion of the outer nuclear layer was found in seven eyes with a petaloid angiographic pattern of leakage; (e) cystoid expansion of the inner nuclear layer was found in relation to honeycomb angiographic oedema in five eyes, and (f) serous detachment of the fovea in OCT did not correspond to any distinct finding in FA in four eyes. CONCLUSIONS:Intraretinal abnormalities found in OCT correlate systemically with changes in FA. Very early DMO morphological changes may be seen better with FA than with OCT. Serous detachment of the fovea is seen in OCT, but not in FA. The combination of OCT and FA is useful in facilitating understanding of the pathophysiological changes that occur in DMO.

背景与目标： 目的：研究糖尿病性黄斑水肿（DMO）眼睛的视网膜内光学相干断层扫描（OCT）与荧光素血管造影（FA）结果之间的关系。
方法：我们进行了回顾性观察病例系列。 30眼未经治疗的DMO接受了FA和OCT。为了比较OCT和FA，将相同的ETDRS模板覆盖在FA图像上。根据ETDRS环比较经小凹的线性高分辨率OCT扫描（在0度和90度子午线）和FA图片。
结果：OCT的视网膜内变化的六个不同模式与FA的变化相关：（a）四只眼中OCT的局灶性血管造影渗漏并不与任何明显的视网膜内异常相对应； （b）在11眼中，OCT中外核层的局部增厚对应于FA中的局灶性漏出性微动脉瘤（局灶性水肿）； （c）OCT外核层的弥漫性增厚对应于21眼的弥散性血管造影渗漏； （d）在七只眼中发现了外核层的囊状扩张，并有花瓣状的血管造影样渗漏； （e）在五只眼中发现了与蜂窝状血管造影水肿相关的内核层的囊状扩张，并且（f）在四只眼中，OCT中央凹的浆液性脱离并不对应于FA中的任何明显发现。
结论：OCT中发现的视网膜内异常与​​FA的改变有系统的相关性。用FA可以比用OCT更好地观察DMO的早期形态变化。在OCT中可见中央凹的浆液性脱离，但在FA中未见。 OCT和FA的组合有助于促进对DMO中发生的病理生理变化的了解。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) guidelines have been used to define treatment goals in patients with hypercholesterolemia. However, epidemiology-based guidelines are unable to identify all subjects with coronary artery disease for aggressive lipid intervention. OBJECTIVE:We sought to evaluate the additive value of multislice computed tomography (MSCT) angiography to the NCEP guideline classification for lipid treatment. METHODS:Multislice computed tomography was performed in 114 consecutive patients (mean age 57+/-14 y; 59% male) without known coronary artery disease. Subjects were classified into 3 categories (low-, intermediate-, and high-risk) according to their Framingham risk scores (FRS). RESULTS:Traditional cardiac risk factors were common: hypertension 59%, diabetes 13%, and smoking 22%. On the basis of the FRS, 11% (n=12/114) of the patients met high-risk criteria requiring aggressive cholesterol reduction. Of those in the low- and intermediate-risk groups, MSCT found coronary plaque in 76% (n=77/102), with moderate or severe plaque in 38% (n=39/102), thus reclassifying them in the high-risk category. Use of statin drugs increased from 32% at baseline to 53% (p=0.002) based on MSCT results; statin dose was increased in 31% of the patients who were already on a statin. The mean low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) decreased from 114 mg/dL to 91 mg/dL after MSCT (p<0.001). CONCLUSION:Multislice computed tomography reclassifies a high percentage of patients considered to be low- to intermediate-risk into the high-risk category based on their coronary artery lesions. Thus, the rise in MSCT use at present may have a large impact on clinician practice patterns in lipid-lowering therapy.

背景与目标： 背景：国家胆固醇教育计划（NCEP）指南已用于定义高胆固醇血症患者的治疗目标。但是，基于流行病学的指南无法识别出患有冠状动脉疾病的所有受试者进行积极的脂质干预。
目的：我们试图评估多层计算机断层扫描（MSCT）血管造影对脂质治疗的NCEP指南分类的附加价值。
方法：对114例无已知冠状动脉疾病的连续患者（平均年龄57 / -14岁；男性59％）进行了多层计算机断层扫描。根据弗雷明汉风险评分（FRS）将受试者分为3类（低，中和高风险）。
结果：传统的心脏危险因素是常见的：高血压59％，糖尿病13％，吸烟22％。根据FRS，11％（n = 12/114）的患者符合需要积极降低胆固醇的高风险标准。在低危和中危组中，MSCT发现冠状动脉斑块占76％（n = 77/102），中度或重度斑块占38％（n = 39/102），因此将其重新分类为高危风险类别。根据MSCT结果，他汀类药物的使用从基线的32％增加到53％（p = 0.002）；在已经接受他汀类药物治疗的患者中，有31％的患者增加了他汀类药物的剂量。 MSCT后，平均低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-c）从114 mg / dL降至91 mg / dL（p <0.001）。
结论：多层计算机断层扫描根据其冠状动脉病变将高百分比的被认为是低风险至中风险的患者重新分类为高风险类别。因此，目前MSCT使用量的增加可能对降脂治疗中临床医生的实践模式产生重大影响。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVES:Cost-effectiveness analysis of three diagnostic imaging strategies for the assessment of aortoiliac and femoropopliteal arteries in patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease. The strategies were: angiography as the reference strategy, duplex scanning (DS) plus supplementary angiography (S1) and DS plus confirmative angiography (S2). DESIGN, MATERIALS AND METHODS:A decision model was built with sensitivity and specificity data from literature, supplemented with prospective hospital cost data in Euro (euro). The probability of correctly identifying the status of a lesion was taken as the primary outcome. We compared strategies by assessing the extra costs per additional correctly identified case. RESULTS:Assuming no false positive or false negative results, angiography is the most effective strategy if the prevalence of significant obstructive lesions in the aortoiliac and femoropopliteal tract exceeds 70%, or if the sensitivity of duplex scanning is lower than 83%. In case of lower prevalence, strategy S1 becomes equally or even more effective than angiography. At a prevalence of 75%, performing angiography costs euro 8443 per extra correctly identified case compared with strategy S1. CONCLUSIONS:In most situations angiography is more effective than diagnostic strategy S1. However, if society is unwilling to pay more than euro 8443 for knowing a patient's disease status, diagnostic strategy S1 is a cost-effective alternative to angiography, especially at lower prevalence values.

背景与目标： 目的：评估三种诊断性成像策略评估外周动脉闭塞性疾病的主动脉和股pop动脉的成本效益分析。这些策略是：作为参考策略的血管造影，双重扫描（DS）加上辅助血管造影（S1）和DS加上确认性血管造影（S2）。
设计，材料和方法：建立决策模型，其中包含来自文献的敏感性和特异性数据，并补充以欧元（欧元）计算的前瞻性医院成本数据。正确识别病变状态的可能性被视为主要结局。我们通过评估每个其他正确确定的案例的额外成本来比较策略。
结果：假设没有假阳性或假阴性结果，如果主动脉和股pop道的严重阻塞性病变的患病率超过70％，或者双重扫描的敏感性低于83％，则血管造影术是最有效的策略。在患病率较低的情况下，策略S1与血管造影术等效或什至更有效。与策略S1相比，在75％的患病率下，对每个额外正确识别的病例进行血管造影的费用为8443欧元。
结论：在大多数情况下，血管造影比诊断策略S1更有效。但是，如果社会不愿意为了解患者的疾病状况付出多于8443欧元的费用，则诊断策略S1是血管造影术的一种经济有效的替代方法，尤其是在较低的患病率时。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We performed successful surgery for lung cancer after confirming the anatomical abnormality of a tracheal bronchus by three-dimensional multidetector-row computed tomography (3D-MDCT) bronchography and angiography. Tracheal bronchus is unusual, and right upper lobectomy for lung cancer would rarely be performed in a patient with a tracheal bronchus. Most clinicians are unfamiliar with the anatomy of a right upper lobe that includes a tracheal bronchus. Preoperative 3D imaging of the tracheal bronchus and its related vessels familiarized us with the anatomy of this patient before the operation. Thus, we recommend preoperative 3DMDCT bronchography and angiography, especially for patients with a possible bronchial anomaly.

背景与目标： ：我们通过三维多排行计算机断层扫描（3D-MDCT）支气管造影和血管造影术确认了气管支气管的解剖异常后，成功进行了肺癌手术。气管支气管是不寻常的，对于患有气管支气管的患者，很少进行右上叶肺癌切除术。大多数临床医生不熟悉包括气管支气管的右上叶的解剖结构。气管支气管及其相关血管的术前3D成像使我们熟悉了该患者在手术前的解剖结构。因此，我们建议术前进行3DMDCT支气管造影和血管造影，尤其是对于可能存在支气管异常的患者。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The purpose of this study was to utilize dynamic computed tomographic angiography (CTA) on pre- and postoperative thoracic endovascular aneurysm repair (TEVAR) patients to characterize cardiac pulsatility-induced aortic motion on essential TEVAR proximal sealing zones and to study the influence of endograft placement. Six pre- and six postoperative dynamic CTA studies were obtained in six patients with thoracic aortic aneurysms (TAAs) undergoing TEVAR. Data were acquired using a retrospective electrocardiography-triggered dynamic CTA scan, with eight reconstructed phases over the cardiac cycle. Scans were acquired during a single breath hold. Multiplanar reconstructions were made perpendicular to the aorta at five surgically relevant anatomical thoracic landmarks: 1 cm proximal to the innominate trunk, 1 cm proximal and 1 cm distal to the left subclavian artery, and 1 cm proximal and 3 cm distal to the proximal end of the stent. After segmentation of the aortic lumen in the images, diameter change and area change over the cardiac cycle were measured. Diameter change was measured through the center of mass of the aortic lumen, and the average change over 180 axis is presented. We found significant distention of the thoracic aortic arch and descending thoracic aorta during the cardiac cycle before and after TEVAR. Distention ranged 3-12% in diameter and 2-20% in area. This distention was preserved after TEVAR. Patients with TAA experience aortic diameter and area changes during the cardiac cycle. The magnitude, and hence the clinical importance, of this aortic distention varies among patients. After stent-graft placement, aortic distention throughout the cardiac cycle is preserved. This may have major implications for correct sizing of the endograft as well as for stent-graft design and durability as the forces on the stents may be much larger after implantation than initially anticipated by stent manufacturers.

背景与目标： ：本研究的目的是对术前和术后胸腔内血管瘤修复（TEVAR）患者使用动态计算机断层血管造影（CTA），以表征心脏搏动诱发的主动脉运动对基本TEVAR近端密封区域的影响，并研究内移植的影响放置。在六名接受TEVAR的胸主动脉瘤（TAA）患者中进行了六项术前和六项动态CTA研究。使用回顾性心电图触发的动态CTA扫描获取数据，在整个心动周期中具有八个重建阶段。在一次屏气期间进行扫描。在五个与手术相关的解剖学胸部标志点垂直于主动脉进行多平面重建：距无名主干近1 cm，左锁骨下动脉近端1 cm和远端1 cm，近端1 cm和近端3 cm远处进行多平面重建。支架。在图像中分割主动脉腔后，测量整个心动周期的直径变化和面积变化。通过主动脉腔质心测量直径变化，并给出180轴的平均变化。我们发现在TEVAR之前和之后的心动周期中，胸主动脉弓和胸主动脉下降明显。肿胀的直径范围为3-12％，面积为2-20％。 TEVAR后保留了这种膨胀。 TAA患者在心动周期中会经历主动脉直径和面积的变化。这种主动脉扩张的程度以及因此的临床重要性在患者之间有所不同。植入支架后，可保留整个心动周期的主动脉扩张。这可能对正确设置内移植物的尺寸以及支架移植物的设计和耐用性具有重大意义，因为在植入后，支架上的作用力可能比支架制造商最初预期的要大得多。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Purpose:To evaluate the change of retinal thickness and ocular microvasculature in a rat model of retinitis pigmentosa using swept source optical coherence tomography angiography (SS-OCTA). Methods:Three-weeks-old Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) rats (n = 8) and age-matched control rats (n = 14) were imaged by a prototype SS-OCTA system. Follow-up measurements occurred every three weeks on six RCS rats until week 18, and cross-sectional measurements were conducted on control rats. Thicknesses of different retinal layers and the total retina were measured. The enface angiograms from superficial vascular plexiform (SVP) and deep capillary plexiform (DCP) were analyzed, and the image sharpness was also extracted from the choroidal angiograms. Immunohistochemical analysis was done in the RCS rats after week 18, as well as in three-week-old RCS rats and age-matched controls. Results:In RCS rats, the thicknesses of the ganglion cell complex, the nuclear layer, the debris/photoreceptor layer and the total retina decreased over the weeks (P < 0.001). The SVP metrics remained unchanged whereas the DCP metrics decreased significantly over the weeks (P < 0.001). The immunohistochemical analysis confirmed our OCTA findings of capillary dropout in the DCP. The choroidal plexus appeared indistinct initially due to scattering of light at the intact retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and became more visible after week nine probably due to RPE degeneration. Loss of choriocapillaris was visualized at week 18. In control rats, no vascular change was detected, but nuclear layers, photoreceptor layers and total retina showed slight thinning with age (P < 0.001). Conclusions:Photoreceptor degeneration in RCS rats was associated with the loss of capillaries in DCP, but not in SVP. The OCTA imaging allows for the characterization of structural and angiographic changes in rodent models.

背景与目标： 目的：使用扫频光源光学相干断层扫描血管造影（SS-OCTA）评估色素性视网膜炎大鼠模型中视网膜厚度和眼微血管的变化。
方法：使用原型SS-OCTA系统对三周大的皇家外科医学院（RCS）大鼠（n = 8）和年龄匹配的对照大鼠（n = 14）进行成像。在六只RCS大鼠上每三周进行一次随访测量，直到第18周为止，并在对照组大鼠上进行横断面测量。测量不同视网膜层和整个视网膜的厚度。分析了浅表血管丛状（SVP）和深层毛细管丛状（DCP）的面血管造影，并从脉络膜血管造影中提取图像清晰度。在第18周后在RCS大鼠中以及三周大的RCS大鼠和年龄匹配的对照组中进行了免疫组织化学分析。
结果：在RCS大鼠中，神经节细胞复合物，核层，碎片/感光层和总视网膜的厚度在几周内下降（P <0.001）。 SVP指标保持不变，而DCP指标在过去几周中显着下降（P <0.001）。免疫组织化学分析证实了我们在DCP中OCTA的毛细血管脱落现象。脉络丛起初由于在完整的视网膜色素上皮（RPE）处散射而显得模糊，在第9周后可能由于RPE变性而变得更加明显。在第18周观察到脉络膜毛细血管的丧失。在对照组中，未检测到血管变化，但是核层，感光层和整个视网膜随年龄增长而略微变薄（P <0.001）。
结论：RCS大鼠的光感受器变性与DCP中毛细血管的丢失有关，而与SVP中的毛细血管丢失无关。 OCTA成像可表征啮齿动物模型中的结构和血管造影变化。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: AIMS:To evaluate the antibacterial activity of Artocarpus hirsutus mediated seed extract for nanoparticle synthesis. BACKGROUND:Gastrointestinal bacteria are known for causing deadly infections in humans. They also possess multi-drug resistance and interfere with clinical treatments. Applied nanotechnology has been known to combat such infectious agents with little interference from their special attributes. Here we synthesize silver nanoparticles from Artocarpus hirsutus seed extract against two gastro-intestinal bacterial species: Enterobacter aerogenes and Listeria monocytogenes. OBJECTIVE:To collect, dry, and process seeds of Artocarpus hirsutus for nanoparticle synthesis. To evaluate the morphological interaction of silver nanoparticles with bacteria. METHODS:Artocarpus hirsutus seeds were collected and processed and further silver nanoparticles were synthesized by the co-precipitation method. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using XRD, UV, FTIR, and SEM. These nanoparticles were employed to study the antibacterial activity of nanoparticles against Enterobacter aerogenes and Listeria monocytogenes using well diffusion method. Further, morphological interaction of silver nanoparticles on bacteria was studied using SEM. RESULTS:Silver nanoparticles were synthesized using Artocarpus hirsutus seed extract and characterization studies confirmed that silver nanoparticles were spherical in shape with 25-40 nm size. Antibacterial study exhibited better activity against Enterobacter aerogenes with a maximum zone of inhibition than on Listeria monocytogenes. SEM micrographs indicated that Enterobacter aerogenes bacteria were more susceptible to silver nanoparticles due to the absence of cell wall. Also, the size and charge of silver nanoparticles enable easy penetration of the bacterial cell wall. CONCLUSION:In this study, silver nanoparticles were synthesized using the seed extract of Artocarpus hirsutus for the first time exploiting the fact that Moraceae species have high phytonutrient content which aided in nanoparticle synthesis. This nanoparticle can be employed for large scale synthesis which when coupled with the pharmaceutical industry can be used to overcome the problems associated with conventional antibiotics to treat gastrointestinal bacteria.

背景与目标： 目的：评价面包果介导的种子提取物对纳米粒子合成的抗菌活性。
背景：胃肠道细菌已知会导致人类致命的感染。它们还具有多药耐药性并干扰临床治疗。已知应用纳米技术可在不受其特殊属性干扰的情况下与此类传染源抗争。在这里，我们从面包果种子提取物中合成了针对两种胃肠道细菌的银纳米颗粒：产气肠杆菌和单核细胞增生李斯特菌。
目的：收集，干燥和加工面包果种子进行纳米颗粒合成。评估银纳米粒子与细菌的形态相互作用。
方法：收集和处理面包果种子，并通过共沉淀法合成银纳米颗粒。使用XRD，UV，FTIR和SEM对合成的纳米颗粒进行表征。这些纳米颗粒被用于通过良好扩散方法研究纳米颗粒对产气肠杆菌和单核细胞增生性李斯特菌的抗菌活性。此外，使用SEM研究了银纳米颗粒在细菌上的形态相互作用。
结果：利用面包果种子提取物合成了银纳米颗粒，表征研究证实银纳米颗粒为球形，尺寸为25-40 nm。抗菌研究显示，与单核细胞增生李斯特菌相比，对产气肠杆菌具有最大的抑制作用，具有更好的抑制作用。 SEM显微照片表明，由于不存在细胞壁，所以产气肠杆菌对银纳米颗粒更敏感。而且，银纳米颗粒的大小和电荷使细菌细胞壁易于渗透。
结论：在这项研究中，利用禾本科物种具有高植物营养素含量的事实，首次利用面包果种子提取物合成了银纳米颗粒。该纳米颗粒可用于大规模合成，当与制药工业结合使用时，可用于克服与常规抗生素相关的治疗胃肠道细菌的问题。