BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A panel of monoclonal antibodies which react with empty non-infectious type 3 poliovirus particles (C antigen) but not infectious virus (D antigen) were characterized for their reactivity with C antigen particles derived from neutralization-resistant virus strains which had single amino acid substitutions at each of the antigenic sites. Antibodies were identified which failed to bind to variant viruses with modifications at each of antigenic sites 2b, 3b and 4 indicating that the same amino acid sequences involved in the neutralization of infectious virus are also present on the surface of non-infectious particles but in different configurations.

背景与目标： ：一组与空的非感染性3型脊髓灰质炎病毒颗粒（C抗原）但不与感染性病毒（D抗原）发生反应的单克隆抗体，其与衍生自具有单个氨基酸的中和抗性病毒株的C抗原颗粒的反应性得到了表征每个抗原位点的取代。鉴定了未能结合在抗原性位点2b，3b和4处被修饰的变异病毒的抗体，这表明与感染性病毒的中和有关的相同氨基酸序列也存在于非感染性颗粒的表面，但存在差异配置。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Neural activity is thought to play a significant role during the development of the cerebral cortex. In this study, we examined the effects of global activity block or enhancement and the effects of patterned firing on the ability of cultured rat neocortical neurons to survive during the second week in vitro, beyond the beginning of synaptogenesis. Blockade of neuronal activity by adding tetrodotoxin (TTX) and increasing magnesium concentration in the medium strongly reduced the survival of cortical cells. Increasing neuronal activity by raising the external potassium concentration significantly improved the survival of cortical neurons. We postulated that in a developing neuronal network the survival of nerve cells is regulated by synaptically mediated events that involve changes in the intracellular calcium concentration. To examine this question further, we monitored the activity of the developing network by optically recording the intracellular calcium signals of many neurons simultaneously. These recordings show that in low magnesium neocortical neurons express synchronized oscillation of their intracellular calcium concentration. The ability of a network to synchronize the changes in intracellular calcium of multiple cells appeared gradually during the second week in culture, paralleled by both an increase in the synaptic density and a decline in the number of surviving neurons. By examining the fate of identified cells several days after a recording session, we found that those nerve cells that were co-activated with other neurons had a significantly higher chance to survive than cells that did not participate in synchronized events. These experiments demonstrate that during early cortical network development cortical neurons show synchronized firing activity and that the survival of neurons is at least partially dependent on this pattern of neuronal activity.

背景与目标： 人们认为神经活动在大脑皮层的发育过程中起着重要的作用。在这项研究中，我们检查了全局活性阻滞或增强的影响以及图案化放电对培养的大鼠新皮层神经元在体外第二周（突触形成开始之后）存活的能力的影响。通过添加河豚毒素（TTX）和增加培养基中镁的浓度来阻止神经元活性，这会大大降低皮质细胞的存活率。通过提高外部钾离子浓度来增加神经元活性可以显着改善皮层神经元的存活率。我们推测，在发育中的神经元网络中，神经细胞的存活受到涉及细胞内钙浓度变化的突触介导事件的调节。为了进一步检查这个问题，我们通过光学记录许多神经元的细胞内钙信号同时监测了发育中网络的活动。这些记录表明，在低镁状态下，新皮层神经元表达其细胞内钙浓度的同步振荡。在培养的第二周内，网络同步多个细胞的细胞内钙变化的能力逐渐显现，同时突触密度增加和存活神经元数量减少。通过在录制会话几天后检查识别出的细胞的命运，我们发现与其他神经元共激活的神经细胞比不参与同步事件的细胞具有更高的存活机会。这些实验表明，在早期皮质网络发育过程中，皮质神经元显示出同步的放电活动，并且神经元的存活至少部分取决于这种神经元活动模式。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Comparison of closely related species that differ in their life histories is a powerful method for studying the underlying physiological mechanisms contributing to life-history variation. I investigated whether two closely related members of the Camponotus festinatus species complex of desert carpenter ants, C. nr. festinatus Desert Light and C. nr. festinatus Desert Dark, differed in their life-history tactics with respect to fat storage. Newly mated queens were collected in the field, and colonies were reared under common conditions in the laboratory for 2 yr before sampling. I show that the two species differ in fat storage at the individual level. While the basic scaling relationship between lean mass and fat content did not differ between the two species, Dark workers and soldiers stored significantly more fat per unit lean mass than Light workers or soldiers. There were no significant demographic differences in the proportions of workers or soldiers involved in fat storage between the two species, although there was a trend toward Light colonies having a greater proportion of soldiers storing large amounts of fat. There was also no significant difference in the total amount of fat stored by the two species at the colony level. The detection of strong individual-level effects but no colony-level effects was likely due to the low statistical power of colony-level analyses. Showing that these two closely related species differ in fat storage at the individual level in a common environment demonstrates their utility as a model for understanding the physiological and behavioral mechanisms regulating life-history variation in fat storage in ants.

背景与目标： ：比较生活史不同的密切相关物种是研究导致生活史变异的潜在生理机制的有力方法。我调查了沙漠木匠蚂蚁C. nr的Camponotus festinatus物种复合体的两个密切相关的成员。 festinatus沙漠之光和C. nr。 festinatus Desert Dark，在脂肪储存方面的生活史策略有所不同。在田间收集新交配的皇后，在常规条件下在实验室中饲养菌落2年，然后取样。我证明了这两个物种在个体水平上的脂肪储存不同。虽然这两个物种之间瘦体重和脂肪含量之间的基本比例关系没有区别，但深色工人和士兵每单位瘦体重的脂肪存储量明显多于轻工人或士兵。在这两个物种之间，从事脂肪储存的工人或士兵的比例在人口统计学上没有显着差异，尽管有一个趋势，即轻型殖民地的士兵储存大量脂肪的比例更高。这两个物种在菌落水平上储存的脂肪总量也没有显着差异。由于菌落级分析的统计能力低，因此很可能检测到较强的个体水平效应，但没有菌落级效应。表明这两个密切相关的物种在共同环境中的个体水平上的脂肪存储量不同，这表明它们可作为模型来了解调节蚂蚁脂肪存储中生命史变化的生理和行为机制的模型。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Goat alpha-lactalbumin (GLA) contains four tryptophan (Trp) residues. In order to obtain information on the fluorescence contribution of the individual Trp residues in native GLA, we recorded the fluorescence spectra of four GLA mutants, W26F, W60F, W104F, and W118F, in each of which a single Trp residue was replaced with phenylalanine (Phe). Comparison of the fluorescence spectra of the four mutants with that of wild-type GLA indicated that, in native GLA, three Trp residues (Trp60, Trp104, and Trp118) are strongly quenched and account for the partial indirect quenching of Trp26. As a consequence, the fluorescence of wild-type GLA and of the mutants W60F, W104F, and W118F mainly results from Trp26. An inspection of the crystal structure indicated that, in addition to the disulfide bonds that are in direct contact with the indole groups of Trp60 and Trp118, backbone peptide bonds that are in direct contact with the indole groups of Trp60, Trp104, and Trp118, contribute to the direct quenching effects. Interestingly, the lack of direct quenching of Trp26 explains why the cleavage of disulfide bonds by UV light is mediated more by the highly fluorescent Trp26 than by the less fluorescent Trp104 and Trp118.

背景与目标： ：山羊α-乳清蛋白（GLA）包含四个色氨酸（Trp）残基。为了获得有关天然GLA中单个Trp残基的荧光贡献的信息，我们记录了四个GLA突变体W26F，W60F，W104F和W118F的荧光光谱，其中每个单个Trp残基都被苯丙氨酸替代了（ Phe）。四个突变体与野生型GLA的荧光光谱比较表明，在天然GLA中，三个Trp残基（Trp60，Trp104和Trp118）被强烈淬灭，并说明了Trp26的部分间接淬灭。结果，野生型GLA和突变体W60F，W104F和W118F的荧光主要来自于Trp26。晶体结构的检查表明，除了与Trp60和Trp118的吲哚基团直接接触的二硫键外，与Trp60，Trp104和Trp118的吲哚基团直接接触的主链肽键也有贡献。直接淬火的效果。有趣的是，缺乏对Trp26的直接淬灭解释了为什么紫外光对二硫键的裂解更多地由高荧光的Trp26而不是由较少荧光的Trp104和Trp118介导。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Evidence suggests that gender differences exist in renin-angiotensin system (RAS) function. It was hypothesized that women may differ also in their response to RAS blockade. The renal and peripheral hemodynamic responses to incremental dosages of an angiotensin receptor blocker and the degree of angiotensin II (AngII) insensitivity achieved during 8 wk were examined in men and women. Participants were 30 young healthy men (n = 15; mean age 27 +/- 2) and women (n = 15; mean age 28 +/- 2) who were on a controlled sodium and protein diet for 1 wk before each study. The humoral, renal, and systemic response to incremental dosages of irbesartan (75 mg for 4 wk, then 150 mg for 4 wk) was assessed, as was the pressor response to AngII (3 ng/kg per min), at 2-wk intervals. AngII type 1 receptor expression in skin biopsies was assessed at baseline and after 8 wk by a real-time PCR protocol. Men and women both exhibited significant declines in BP. Women achieved significantly reduced AngII sensitivity compared with men at lower dosages, showing no pressor response at 4 wk of 75 mg/d irbesartan, whereas men continued to exhibit a pressor response at 4 wk of 150 mg/d. Receptor expression at baseline did not differ between men and women but by 8 wk was significantly decreased in women and unchanged in men. Our findings indicate that men may require larger dosages of angiotensin receptor blocker than do women and that the BP response cannot be used as a surrogate marker for adequate RAS blockade of the renal microvasculature.

背景与目标： ：证据表明，肾素-血管紧张素系统（RAS）功能存在性别差异。据推测，妇女对RAS阻滞的反应也可能有所不同。在男性和女性中，检查了在8周内达到的对血管紧张素受体阻滞剂递增剂量的肾脏和周围血液动力学反应以及血管紧张素II（AngII）的不敏感性程度。参加者为30位年轻健康男性（n = 15；平均年龄27/2）和女性（n = 15；平均年龄28/2），每项研究前均接受钠和蛋白质的控制饮食1周。评估了对依贝沙坦递增剂量的体液，肾脏和全身反应（75 mg，4 wk，然后150 mg，4 wk），以及在2周时对AngII的升压反应（3 ng / kg / min）。间隔。在基线和8周后通过实时PCR方案评估皮肤活检中AngII 1型受体的表达。男性和女性的血压均显着下降。与较低剂量的男性相比，女性的AngII敏感性显着降低，厄贝沙坦在4 wk时未显示升压反应，而在150 mg / d的4 wk时，男性仍表现出升压反应。男性和女性在基线时的受体表达没有差异，但是女性在8周时显着下降，而男性则没有变化。我们的发现表明，男性可能比女性需要更大剂量的血管紧张素受体阻滞剂，并且BP反应不能用作适当的RAS替代肾微血管系统的替代标志物。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To investigate clinically relevant intra-individual and mean changes in health-related quality of life (HRQoL) with the Short Form-36 Health Survey (SF-36) need to acknowledge that SF-36 is trademarked ie: SF-36(R) following cardiac intervention for Australian and Danish patients. DESIGN:Prospective observational study in tertiary cardiac centres in Townsville, Queensland, Australia and Copenhagen, Denmark. Two hundred coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) patients of two Townsville hospitals, and 47 CABG or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) patients of a Copenhagen hospital. The main outcome measures are eight SF-36 health subscales at baseline and six months post-intervention. RESULTS:Australian and Danish patients experienced similar HRQoL pre-intervention. By six months post-intervention, patients experienced a significant mean improvement in all subscales of the SF-36 survey (p < or = 0.05), although up to 27% of patients had a clinically significant decline in HRQoL from baseline. CONCLUSIONS:These results demonstrate that it is necessary to investigate intra-individual changes in HRQoL as well as group mean changes as they produce different conclusions. In addition, establishing clinically significant intra-individual change standards may assist researchers and clinicians in determining whether an individual may benefit from therapy or intervention.

背景与目标： 目的：要通过36型健康调查（SF-36）调查与健康相关的生活质量（HRQoL）的临床相关个体内和平均变化，需要承认SF-36是商标，即：SF-36（ R）对澳大利亚和丹麦患者进行心脏干预后。
设计：在澳大利亚昆士兰州汤斯维尔和丹麦哥本哈根的三级心脏中心进行前瞻性观察研究。两家汤斯维尔医院的200例冠状动脉搭桥术（CABG）患者，以及哥本哈根医院的47例CABG或经皮冠状动脉介入治疗（PCI）患者。主要结果指标是基线时和干预后六个月的八个SF-36健康子量表。
结果：澳大利亚和丹麦患者经历了类似的HRQoL干预前。干预后六个月，患者在SF-36调查的所有子量表中均经历了显着的平均改善（p <或= 0.05），尽管高达27％的患者的HRQoL与基线相比有临床上的显着下降。
结论：这些结果表明，有必要研究HRQoL的个体内部变化以及群体均值变化，因为它们会产生不同的结论。此外，建立具有临床意义的个体内部变更标准可能有助于研究人员和临床医生确定个人是否可以从治疗或干预中受益。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The nature of the primary genetic defects in ob/ob and db/db mice are unknown. Both the obese (ob) and diabetes (db) mutations produce similar, multicomponent obese-hyperinsulinemic syndromes when maintained in the same strain of mouse. In an attempt to find differences between these mutations in neuroendocrine function affecting the islets of Langerhans or the pituitary, tissue content of four neuropeptides that are known to be capable of influencing the rate of insulin secretion was examined in obese (ob/ob) and diabetes (db/db) mice. In the first study, C57BL/6Job/ob and control males were studied at 3, 4, and 11 weeks of age. In the second study, db/db mice of both sexes and two inbred strains (C57BL/6J and C57BL/KsJ), which differ markedly in the severity of expression of the diabetes phenotype, were studied at 3 weeks of age, before the development of hyperglycemia and secondary consequences thereof. Immunoreactive peptides were measured in acetic acid extracts of pancreas and pituitary. No differences between male ob/ob and db/db mice of the C57BL/6J strain were found. Marked sex differences in lean control mice were found at 3 weeks of age in pancreatic Met-enkephalin-LI and galanin-LI (with two- to threefold higher content in males). Low pancreatic content (50% to 70% lower than in control mice) of galanin-LI, Met-enkephalin-LI and Leu-enkephalin-LI was associated with hyperinsulinemia in male B6 ob/ob and db/db mice at 3 weeks of age, though not in B6 db/db females and not in BKs db/db mice of either sex.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

背景与目标： ：ob / ob和db / db小鼠的主要遗传缺陷的性质尚不清楚。肥胖（ob）和糖尿病（db）突变在同一小鼠品系中均会产生相似的多成分肥胖-高胰岛素血症综合征。为了发现影响兰格罕氏岛或垂体胰岛的神经内分泌功能的这些突变之间的差异，在肥胖和肥胖（ob / ob）和糖尿病患者中，对四种已知能够影响胰岛素分泌速率的神经肽的组织含量进行了检查。 （db / db）小鼠。在第一个研究中，研究了C57BL / 6Job / ob和对照男性在3、4和11周的年龄。在第二项研究中，在发育前的3周龄研究了性别和两种自交系（C57BL / 6J和C57BL / KsJ）的db / db小鼠，它们在糖尿病表型的表达严重程度上有显着差异。高血糖及其继发后果。在胰腺和垂体的乙酸提取物中测量了免疫反应性肽。在C57BL / 6J株的雄性ob / ob和db / db小鼠之间未发现差异。在瘦瘦对照小鼠中，在三周龄的胰腺Met-脑啡肽-LI和甘丙肽-LI中发现明显的性别差异（雄性含量高2至3倍）。在3周龄的雄性B6 ob / ob和db / db小鼠中，甘丙肽-LI，Met-脑啡肽-LI和亮-脑啡肽-LI的胰腺含量低（比对照小鼠低50％至70％）与高胰岛素血症相关。年龄，但不是在B6 db / db雌性中，也不是在BK s db / db两种性别的小鼠中。（摘要以250字截断）

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Women of African descent have a lower incidence of breast cancer than their white counterparts; however, the overall age-adjusted breast cancer mortality rates are higher. They also present at a younger age, and have more advanced disease that exhibits poor prognostic features including significantly larger tumors of higher grade, higher rates of estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor negativity and a higher rate of p53 mutations and HRAS1 proto-oncogene expression, all of which confer a poor prognosis. While there are many possible contributory factors to the discrepancies in outcome in women of African descent, there is no satisfactory explanation as to why women of African origin tend to present at a younger age with hormone receptor-negative tumors and more adverse prognostic features.

背景与目标： ：非洲裔女性的乳腺癌发病率低于白人女性；但是，按年龄调整的总体乳腺癌死亡率更高。它们也以较年轻的年龄出现，并具有较晚期的疾病，表现出不良的预后特征，包括更高级别的明显更大的肿瘤，更高的雌激素受体和孕激素受体阴性率以及更高的p53突变和HRAS1原癌基因表达率，所有其中预后不良。尽管有许多可能的因素导致非洲人后裔的结果差异，但对于为什么非洲裔妇女倾向于在年轻时出现荷尔蒙受体阴性肿瘤和更不利的预后特征尚无令人满意的解释。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Anxiety sensitivity (AS) is the fear of anxiety-related sensations arising from beliefs that these sensations have harmful physical, psychological, or social consequences. AS is measured using the Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI), a 16-item self-report questionnaire. Little is known about the origins of AS, although social learning experiences (including sex-role socialization experiences) may be important. The present study examined whether there were gender differences in(a) the lower- or higher-order factor structure of the ASI; and/or (b) pattern of ASI factor scores. The ASI was completed by 818 university students (290 males; 528 females). Separate principal components analyses on the ASI items of the total sample, males, and females revealed nearly identical lower-order three-factor structures for all groups, with factors pertaining to fears about the anticipated (a) physical, (b) psychological, and (c) social consequences of anxiety. Separate principal components analyses on the lower-order factor scores of the three samples revealed similar unidimensional higher-order solutions for all groups.

Gender x AS dimension analyses on ASI lower-order factor scores showed thatfemales scored higher than males only on the physical concerns factor; females scored higher on the physical concerns factor relative to their scores on the social and psychological concerns factors; and males scored higher on the social and psychological concerns factors relative to their scores on the physical concerns factor. Finally, females scored higher than males on the higher-order factor representing the global AS construct. The present study provides further support for the empirical distinction of the three lower-order dimensions of AS, and additional evidence for the theoretical hierarchical structure of the ASI. Results also suggest that males and females differ on these various AS dimensions in ways consistent with sex role socialization practices.

背景与目标： 焦虑敏感性（AS）是对与焦虑相关的感觉的恐惧，这些信念是因为这些感觉具有有害的身体，心理或社会后果。使用焦虑敏感指数（ASI）（一项16项自我报告调查问卷）来衡量AS。尽管社会学习经历（包括性角色社会化经历）可能很重要，但对AS的起源知之甚少。本研究调查了（a）ASI的低阶或高阶因子结构是否存在性别差异；和/或（b）ASI因子评分的模式。 ASI由818名大学生完成（男290名；女528名）。对总样本，男性和女性的ASI项进行单独的主成分分析，发现所有组的低三因素结构几乎相同，这些因素与对预期的（a）身体，（b）心理和心理因素的担心有关。 （c）焦虑的社会后果。对三个样本的低阶因子得分进行单独的主成分分析，发现所有组的相似一维高阶解。

ASI低阶因子得分的性别x AS维度分析显示，女性得分高于男性仅基于身体关注因素；女性在身体关怀因素上的得分高于其在社会和心理关怀因素上的得分；男性在社交和心理关注因素上的得分要高于他们在身体关注因素上的得分。最后，女性在代表全球AS结构的高阶因素上得分高于男性。本研究为AS的三个低阶维度的经验区别提供了进一步的支持，并为ASI的理论层次结构提供了额外的证据。结果还表明，男性和女性在这些不同的AS维度上的差异均与性别角色社会化实践一致。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Genetic factors are important for developing primary and subsequent malignancies in children. This study investigated the role of genetic factors involved in DNA-repair. Designed as a feasibility study, it addressed the possibility of obtaining samples for genetic analyses from former patients through the German Childhood Cancer Registry. Testing feasibility was as important as the biological question itself. We analyzed the expression of DNA-repair genes in untreated primary fibroblasts of 20 individuals with a second neoplasm compared to 20 matched single neoplasm cases using customized cDNA microarrays (1344 gene sequences, about 800 genes). Matching was by first neoplasm, age, and year of first diagnosis. Forty-six percent of the 52 contacted second neoplasm cases and 18% of the 132 single neoplasm patients participated in the study. The DNA-repair gene results show small differences in the basal gene expression of FTH1 and CDKN1A. To our knowledge, this is the first study using gene expression arrays in untreated primary fibroblasts regarding second neoplasms after a childhood neoplasm. We were able to recruit childhood cancer patients for genetic analyses long after diagnosis. The biological importance of the differences in the DNA-repair gene expression has to be elucidated yet.

背景与目标： ：遗传因素对于发展儿童原发性和随后的恶性肿瘤很重要。这项研究调查了遗传因素在DNA修复中的作用。作为一项可行性研究而设计，它解决了通过德国儿童癌症登记处从以前的患者那里获得用于基因分析的样本的可能性。测试的可行性与生物学问题本身一样重要。我们使用定制的cDNA微阵列（1344个基因序列，约800个基因）分析了20个具有第二个肿瘤的个体的未修复原代成纤维细胞与20个匹配的单个肿瘤病例相比的DNA修复基因的表达。匹配的依据是首次肿瘤，年龄和首次诊断的年份。在52例接触的第二肿瘤病例中，有46％参与了研究，在132例单发肿瘤患者中，有18％参与了研究。 DNA修复基因结果显示FTH1和CDKN1A的基础基因表达有微小差异。就我们所知，这是第一项在未治疗的原代成纤维细胞中使用基因表达阵列的研究，涉及童年肿瘤之后的第二次肿瘤。诊断后很长一段时间，我们就能够招募儿童期癌症患者进行基因分析。 DNA修复基因表达差异的生物学重要性尚未阐明。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Laparoscopic gastric bypass surgery (LGBS) has become the most widely used bariatric procedure due to its beneficial long-term outcomes for patients with morbid obesity. However, it is unclear whether racial differences in admission for LGBS have changed over time compared to racial differences in all other admissions. We aimed to investigate the trends and differences in the use of LGBS among white, African-American, and Hispanic patients from 2002 to 2008. METHODS:We performed a secondary analysis of data on obese adult patients operated between 2002 and 2008, using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) database. The probability of being admitted for LGBS was estimated using logistic regression with race, year, and year by race interaction as predictors, controlling for numerous patient and hospital characteristics. RESULTS:Among 1,704,972 obese hospitalized patients captured through NIS from 2002 to 2008, 2.6 % underwent LGBS (2.8 % Whites, 1.7 % African-Americans, and 2.6 % Hispanics). In adjusted analysis, obese African-American (OR 0.48, p < 0.001) and Hispanic patients (OR 0.59, p < 0.001) were less likely to be admitted for LGBS than white patients in 2002. Race-year interactions showed that the odds of African-Americans undergoing LGBS significantly increased from 2002 to 2008 compared with Whites (annual OR 1.03, p < 0.001) while no such increase was detected for Hispanics (annual OR 1.02, p = 0.11). In 2008, African-American (OR 0.58, p < 0.001) and Hispanic patients (OR 0.65, p < 0.001) still had lower odds than white patients. CONCLUSIONS:This is the first study showing that the difference in the use of LGBS between obese African-American and white patients declined between 2002 and 2008. However, LGBS use still remained significantly lower for both African-American and Hispanic patients in 2008 compared with white patients.

背景与目标： 背景：腹腔镜胃旁路手术（LGBS）由于对病态肥胖患者有益的长期疗效，已成为减肥手术中使用最广泛的方法。但是，目前尚不清楚与所有其他录取中的种族差异相比，LGBS录取中的种族差异是否随时间变化。我们旨在调查2002年至2008年间白人，非裔美国人和西班牙裔患者使用LGBS的趋势和差异。
方法：我们使用全国住院患者样本（NIS）数据库对2002年至2008年间肥胖成人患者的数据进行了二次分析。使用种族，年份和年份（通过种族相互作用作为预测因素）进行逻辑回归，以控制众多患者和医院的特征为基础，估算了被纳入LGBS的可能性。
结果：从2002年到2008年，通过NIS捕获的1,704,972例肥胖住院患者中，有2.6％接受了LGBS治疗（2.8％的白人，1.7％的非裔美国人和2.6％的西班牙裔）。在校正后的分析中，2002年，肥胖的非洲裔美国人（OR 0.48，p <0.001）和西班牙裔患者（OR 0.59，p <0.001）与白人患者相比，LGBS入院的可能性较小。与白人相比，经历LGBS的非裔美国人在2002年至2008年间显着增加（年度OR 1.03，p <0.001），而西班牙裔未发现此类增加（年度OR 1.02，p = 0.11）。 2008年，非裔美国人（OR 0.58，p <0.001）和西班牙裔患者（OR 0.65，p <0.001）的患病几率仍低于白人患者。
结论：这是第一项研究，表明肥胖的非洲裔美国人和白人患者使用LGBS的差异在2002年至2008年之间有所下降。但是，与2008年相比，非洲裔美国人和西班牙裔患者的LGBS使用率仍然明显低于2008年。白人患者。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Anxiety and depression for 399 survivors of a 1,102-member heart disease cohort were assessed 8 to 9 years post-hospitalization. Approximately one-third reported symptoms of emotional distress and one-fourth were on anti-anxiety drugs. Predictors of anxiety and depression were analyzed through logistic regression. Subjects age 65 and over were less likely than younger patients to report anxiety or depression and also reported less heart-associated disability, the strongest predictor of distress for both age groups. Other significant predictors included a previous history of distress, low income, female sex, and beta blocker use.

背景与目标： ：在住院后8到9年评估了1,102名心脏病患者队列中399名幸存者的焦虑和抑郁情绪。大约三分之一的人报告说有情绪困扰症状，而四分之一则是在服用抗焦虑药。焦虑和抑郁的预测因素通过逻辑回归分析。 65岁及65岁以上的受试者比年轻患者报告焦虑或抑郁的可能性更低，并且与心脏相关的残疾报告的可能性也较小，这是两个年龄组的最强烈的痛苦预测指标。其他重要的预测指标包括以前的困扰，低收入，女性和使用β-受体阻滞剂的病史。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Gender-specific associations between prenatal smoking and birthweight, and neonate intensive health care were studied. Cross-sectional data from 11,583 newborns in the continuous National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003-2008 early childhood data sets were used. Change in infant birthweight and likelihood of receiving neonatal intensive care by prenatal smoking exposure were assessed. Multivariable regression models were used to assess the influence of prenatal smoking on birthweight and likelihood of receiving intensive neonatal health care. Compared with infants from nonsmoking mothers, prenatal smoking associated with significant decrease in infant birthweight, -203.0 g ± 32.5, P < 0.001. The change in birthweight differed between infant boys, -220.2 g ± 44.5, and girls, -184.1 g ± 38.8. Newborns exposed to prenatal smoking were more likely to have low birthweight, odds ratio 1.46, P < 0.03, and to receive neonatal intensive health care, odds ratio 1.20; P < 0.04. It is imperative that prenatal counseling emphasizes prenatal maternal smoking.

背景与目标： ：研究了产前吸烟与出生体重之间的性别特异性关联以及新生儿重症监护。在连续的2003-2008年全国健康和营养检查调查（NHANES）中，使用了来自11,583名新生儿的横断面数据。评估了婴儿出生体重的变化以及通过产前吸烟暴露获得新生儿重症监护的可能性。多变量回归模型用于评估产前吸烟对出生体重的影响以及接受强化新生儿保健的可能性。与非吸烟母亲的婴儿相比，产前吸烟与婴儿出生体重显着降低相关，为-203.0 g±32.5，P <0.001。出生体重的变化在男婴为-220.2 g±44.5和女婴为-184.1 g±38.8之间。暴露于产前吸烟的新生儿更可能具有较低的出生体重，比值比为1.46，P <0.03，并且接受新生儿重症监护，比值比为1.20； P ＜0.04。产前咨询必须强调产前孕妇吸烟。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Although affective disorders have been known to have sex differences in the associated clinical characteristics and quality of life (QOL), sex differences among patients with panic disorder (PD) have remained relatively unexplored in Korea. We examined the sex differences in different types of stressful life events (SLEs), coping styles, symptom severity, and health-related QOL (HRQOL) in patients with PD. Data from 291 female and 254 male participants diagnosed with PD were analyzed using a structured clinical interview following the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition criteria. Females with PD reported more SLEs including separation issues, physical illness or disability, and pregnancy-related problems than males. They also reported lower levels of confrontation and help-seeking coping strategies and higher levels of agoraphobia in symptom severity than males. The HRQOL of females with PD was significantly lower than male in physical functioning of HRQOL. This study suggests that the patient's sex is relevant to the assessment and treatment of PD.

背景与目标： ：尽管已知情感障碍在相关的临床特征和生活质量（QOL）中存在性别差异，但在韩国，恐慌症（PD）患者之间的性别差异仍未得到开发。我们检查了PD患者不同类型的应激性生活事件（SLE），应对方式，症状严重程度和健康相关的QOL（HRQOL）的性别差异。根据《精神障碍诊断和统计手册》第4版标准，使用结构化临床访谈分析了291名诊断为PD的女性和254名男性参与者的数据。患有PD的女性比男性报告了更多的SLE，包括分离问题，身体疾病或残疾以及与怀孕有关的问题。他们还报告说，与男性相比，对抗和寻求帮助的应对措施水平较低，症状严重程度的恐惧症水平更高。女性的PD的HRQOL在HRQOL的身体机能上明显低于男性。这项研究表明，患者的性别与PD的评估和治疗有关。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The cornea and the skin are both organs that provide the outer barrier of the body. Both tissues have developed intrinsic mechanisms that protect the organism from a wide range of external threats, but at the same time also enable rapid restoration of tissue integrity and organ-specific function. The easy accessibility makes the skin an attractive model system to study tissue damage and repair. Findings from skin research have contributed to unravelling novel fundamental principles in regenerative biology and the repair of other epithelial-mesenchymal tissues, such as the cornea. Following barrier disruption, the influx of inflammatory cells, myofibroblast differentiation, extracellular matrix synthesis and scar formation present parallel repair mechanisms in cornea and skin wound healing. Yet, capillary sprouting, while pivotal in proper skin wound healing, is a process that is rather associated with pathological repair of the cornea. Understanding the parallels and differences of the cellular and molecular networks that coordinate the wound healing response in skin and cornea are likely of mutual importance for both organs with regard to the development of regenerative therapies and understanding of the disease pathologies that affect epithelial-mesenchymal interactions. Here, we review the principal events in corneal wound healing and the mechanisms to restore corneal transparency and barrier function. We also refer to skin repair mechanisms and their potential implications for regenerative processes in the cornea.

背景与目标： ：角膜和皮肤都是提供身体外部屏障的器官。两种组织都已开发出内在机制，可以保护生物体免受各种外部威胁的侵害，但同时也可以快速恢复组织的完整性和器官特异性功能。易于访问使皮肤成为研究组织损伤和修复的有吸引力的模型系统。皮肤研究的发现有助于阐明再生生物学的新基本原理，并修复了其他上皮-间质组织，例如角膜。屏障破坏后，炎症细胞的涌入，成肌纤维细胞的分化，细胞外基质的合成和疤痕的形成在角膜和皮肤伤口愈合中呈现出平行的修复机制。然而，毛细血管发芽虽然在适当的皮肤伤口愈合中起关键作用，但它是与角膜的病理修复相关的过程。对于再生疗法的发展以及对影响上皮-间质相互作用的疾病病理学的理解，了解协调皮肤和角膜伤口愈合反应的细胞和分子网络的相似性和差异性可能对两个器官都具有共同的重要性。在这里，我们回顾了角膜伤口愈合中的主要事件以及恢复角膜透明性和屏障功能的机制。我们还提到皮肤修复机制及其对角膜再生过程的潜在影响。