BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Board certification is a means of demonstrating expertise above the minimum licensing standards. For many health care professionals, this credential is a necessity. As pharmacists become involved in more advanced patient care services, board certification becomes an essential component to ensuring quality care. The prevalence of United States pharmacy practice faculty members who are board certified, however, is unknown. In addition, to our knowledge, factors that serve to motivate or discourage faculty from obtaining board certification have not been previously described; thus, 900 pharmacy practice faculty members listed in the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy (AACP) online directory were invited to complete an online survey regarding motivators and barriers for board certification. In addition, a list of board-certified pharmacists, obtained from the Board of Pharmacy Specialties, was used to check the board certification status of all pharmacy practice faculty members listed in the AACP directory. In 2011, the prevalence of board certification among the 2867 pharmacy practice faculty members was 37% (1063 pharmacists), with the highest prevalence found among assistant professors (39.4%). A total of 322 faculty members (36% response rate) completed the survey; of these, 308 self-identified as pharmacy practice faculty, and their responses were included in the analysis. Current board certification in pharmacy specialties was reported by 163 respondents (52.9%); 14 (4.5%) were previously certified. Among the 308 respondents, the most common perceived reason why pharmacy practice faculty become board certified was the desire to be recognized as an expert in the field (71.5%). Those who were currently board certified indicated personal growth as the most important reason (60.1%). Those previously certified indicated no perceived benefit as the most common reason for not recertifying (71.4%). Among those never certified, no perceived need (52.0%) or benefit (44.8%) were the most common reasons for not becoming certified; however, a majority of those never certified (68%) stated that they would become board certified if there was no associated cost and they were confident they would pass. To increase the prevalence of board certification in pharmacy practice faculty at U.S. schools and colleges of pharmacy, the benefits of this credential must be addressed at each institution. Steps should be taken to assist and encourage board certification.

背景与目标： ：董事会认证是一种展示最低许可标准之上的专业知识的方式。对于许多医疗保健专业人员而言，此证书是必不可少的。随着药剂师参与更高级的患者护理服务，董事会认证已成为确保高质量护理的重要组成部分。但是，尚不知道获得董事会认证的美国药学实践教职人员的患病率。此外，据我们所知，以前没有描述过用来激励或劝​​阻教师获得董事会认证的因素；因此，邀请了美国药学院联合会（AACP）在线目录中列出的900名药学实践教师完成了有关董事会认证激励因素和障碍的在线调查。此外，还使用了从药房专业委员会获得的经董事会认证的药剂师名单，以检查ACPCP目录中列出的所有药学执业教职人员的董事会认证状态。 2011年，在2867名药学实践教师中，董事会认证的患病率为37％（1063位药剂师），在助理教授中患病率最高（39.4％）。共有322名教职员工（36％的回应率）完成了调查；其中，有308位自称药学专业的教师，他们的回答也包括在分析中。 163名受访者报告了当前的药学专业委员会认证（52.9％）； 14（4.5％）位先前得到认证。在308位受访者中，药房实践教师获得董事会认证的最常见原因是希望获得该领域专家的认可（71.5％）。目前获得董事会认证的人指出，个人成长是最重要的原因（60.1％）。那些先前获得认证的人表示，没有被认可的利益是不进行重新认证的最普遍原因（71.4％）。在那些从未获得认证的人中，没有被认可的需求（52.0％）或收益（44.8％）是未获得认证的最常见原因；但是，大多数从未认证的人（68％）表示，如果没有相关成本，他们将成为董事会认证的人，他们有信心会通过。为了提高美国药学院和药学院药房实践教师的董事会认证普及率，必须在每个机构中都使用此证书的好处。应该采取步骤来协助和鼓励董事会认证。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE:To evaluate the 7-hole angle plate for open reduction, internal fixation of mandibular angle fractures when the Champy technique is inadequate and more rigid or semirigid fixation is beneficial and to provide rational indications for the choice of the 7-hole angle plate. PATIENTS AND METHODS:Retrospective evaluation of 10 patients selected at Parkland Memorial Hospital over a 2-year period when the 7-hole angle plate stabilized their angle fracture. Patients were evaluated for postoperative complications including pain, malocclusion, and infection. RESULTS:All 10 patients had sufficient follow-up for inclusion in this retrospective study. Correct placement of the 7-hole angle plate, easily accomplished with adequate assistance, produced no reportable postoperative complications. CONCLUSION:The 7-hole angle plate is a good first option when more rigid or semirigid fixation is required, and the best fallback when the Champy technique is ineffective.

背景与目标： 目的：评价7孔角钢板的切开复位，当Champy技术不充分且更坚硬或半刚性固定时下颌角骨折的内固定是有益的，并为选择7孔角钢板提供合理的依据。
病人和方法：回顾性评估10例在2年期间在7孔角钢板稳定其角膜骨折后在帕克兰纪念医院（Parkland Memorial Hospital）入选的患者。对患者进行了术后并发症评估，包括疼痛，咬合不正和感染。
结果：所有10例患者均进行了足够的随访，以纳入本回顾性研究。正确地放置7孔角板可以很容易地在适当的辅助下完成，并且没有术后并发症的发生。
结论：7孔角板是需要更多刚性或半刚性固定的首选，当Champy技术无效时，是最好的后备选择。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE:To determine the size of the foveal avascular zone (FAZ) before and after vitrectomy for a macular hole (MH). STUDY DESIGN:Retrospective case series study. METHODS:Twenty-five eyes of 25 patients with a unilateral MH that had undergone vitrectomy with internal limiting membrane peeling were studied. The unaffected 17 fellow eyes were studied in the same way. En face images of the parafoveal region were obtained by optical coherence tomography angiography, and the images were used to measure the FAZ before and 1 month after the vitrectomy. The relationships between the different FAZ sizes and the ocular parameters were determined by Pearson product moment correlation analysis. RESULTS:Compared with the preoperative superficial FAZ (sFAZ), the postoperative sFAZ was significantly reduced (P < 0.001). The postoperative sFAZ was significantly smaller than that of the fellow eye (P < 0.001). The size of the postoperative sFAZ was significantly correlated with that of the preoperative sFAZ, the postoperative foveal thickness (FT), and the sFAZ of the fellow eyes (r = 0.520, P = 0.008; r = -0.515, P = 0.012; and r = 0.702, P = 0.002, respectively). The size of the postoperative deep FAZ (dFAZ) was significantly correlated with the postoperative FT and the dFAZ of the fellow eyes (r = -0.441, P = 0.035; and r = 0.499, P = 0.049, respectively). However, no significant correlation was found between the size of the postoperative FAZ and the size of the preoperative MH. CONCLUSIONS:MH closure leads to a significant decrease in the size of the FAZ symmetrical to the size of the fellow eye. The size of the postoperative FAZ is influenced by the postoperative FT independently of the size of the MH.

背景与目标： 目的：确定黄斑裂孔（MH）玻璃体切除术前后黄斑中心凹无血管区（FAZ）的大小。
研究设计：回顾性病例系列研究。
方法：研究25例单侧MH患者的25只眼睛，这些患者接受了玻璃体切除术并进行了内部限制膜剥离术。以相同的方式研究了未受影响的17位同伴的眼睛。通过光学相干断层扫描血管造影术获得小凹旁区域的全脸图像，并将这些图像用于测量玻璃体切除术之前和之后1个月的FAZ。通过皮尔逊乘积矩相关分析确定不同的FAZ大小与眼参数之间的关系。
结果：与术前浅表FAZ（sFAZ）相比，术后sFAZ明显降低（P <0.001）。术后sFAZ明显小于另一只眼睛（P <0.001）。术后sFAZ的大小与术前sFAZ的大小，术后中央凹厚度（FT）和另一只眼睛的sFAZ显着相关（r = 0.520，P = 0.008; r = -0.515，P = 0.012;和r = 0.702，P = 0.002）。术后深部FAZ（dFAZ）的大小与术后FT和另一只眼睛的dFAZ显着相关（r = -0.441，P = 0.035； r = 0.499，P = 0.049）。但是，术后FAZ的大小与术前MH的大小之间没有显着相关性。
结论：MH闭合导致与另一只眼睛对称的FAZ尺寸显着减小。术后FAZ的大小受术后FT的影响，与MH的大小无关。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: INTRODUCTION:Treatment of oesophageal cancer with curative intent requires a multidisciplinary approach. Neoadjuvant therapy, the radicality of resection and extension of lymphadenectomy have been associated with increased operative morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to assess the results of surgical treatment of oesophageal cancer since the presence of an interdisciplinary esophagogastric tumour board. METHODS:Patients with cancer of the oesophagus and oesophagogastric junction who underwent oesophagectomy between January 2005 and March 2012 were included in this retrospective study. Data concerning type of resection, postoperative complications, mortality and survival were analysed. RESULTS:Of the 392 patients with a diagnosis of oesophageal cancer over the study period, 100 underwent oesophagectomy. Seventy-four patients received neoadjuvant treatment. Eighty-two patients underwent transthoracic resection while a transhiatal was used in 10 patients. Colon interposition was required in 8 cases. An R0 resection was achieved in 98 patients. Anastomotic leaks developed in 15 patients, 9 were intrathoracic and 6 were cervical. Postoperative morbidity occurred in 42% of patients, and intra-hospital and 90-day mortality was 2%. Median length of hospital stay was 16 days. The respective actuarial survival at 1 and 5 years were 82% and 56%. CONCLUSIONS:Surgical treatment with curative intention for oesophageal cancer is only possible in a quarter of patients diagnosed. The high morbidity rate was mainly due to intrathoracic complications.

背景与目标： 简介：具有治愈意图的食管癌治疗需要多学科的方法。新辅助疗法，淋巴结清扫术的彻底切除和扩展与手术发病率和死亡率增加相关。这项研究的目的是评估由于跨学科食管胃肿瘤委员会的存在而对食道癌进行外科治疗的结果。
方法：这项回顾性研究纳入了2005年1月至2012年3月间接受食管切除术的食道和食管胃交界处的癌症患者。分析了有关切除类型，术后并发症，死亡率和生存率的数据。
结果：在本研究期间的392例诊断为食道癌的患者中，有100例接受了食管切除术。 74例患者接受了新辅助治疗。 82例患者行了胸腔切除术，而10例患者使用了经食管切开术。 8例需要插入结肠。 98例患者完成了R0切除术。 15例患者发生吻合口漏，胸腔内漏9例，颈椎漏6例。术后发病率发生在42％的患者中，院内死亡率和90天死亡率为2％。住院时间中位数为16天。 1年和5年的精算生存率分别为82％和56％。
结论：只有四分之一的被诊断患者可以进行具有食管癌根治性的手术治疗。高发病率主要归因于胸腔内并发症。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :To prevent indocyanine green (ICG) toxicity during macular hole repair, a surgical technique was designed in which the hole is protected by a viscoelastic material before injecting ICG to stain the internal limiting membrane. The area covered by the viscoelastic material was not stained by ICG. The internal limiting membrane was peeled without difficulty by taking advantage of the ICG stain outlining it. After surgery, all holes closed and the postoperative outcomes were favorable. Only a small amount of residual ICG remained in the macular area. This surgical technique does not interfere with internal limiting membrane peeling and reduces the residual ICG postoperatively.

背景与目标： ：为了防止黄斑裂孔修复过程中的吲哚菁绿（ICG）毒性，设计了一种外科手术技术，其中在注入ICG以染色内部限制膜之前，用粘弹性材料保护孔。粘弹性材料覆盖的区域没有被ICG染色。通过利用概述其的ICG染色剂轻松剥离内部限制膜。手术后，所有孔均闭合，术后预后良好。在黄斑区域中仅残留少量的ICG。这种手术技术不会干扰内部限制膜的剥离，并减少了术后残留的ICG。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE:To document the effect of internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling in macular hole closure and reading vision. METHOD:Fifty-four patients with idiopathic and traumatic macular hole underwent standard vitreous surgery and received either ILM peeling (n=25) or no ILM peeling (n=29). The hole closure, and Snellen acuity (distant and near) were recorded 12 weeks after surgery and statistically analysed. RESULTS:The macular hole closure rate was 96% (24 of 25) and 72.4% (21 of 29) with and without ILM peeling respectively (P = 0.028). Distant vision improvement of two or more lines was recorded in 64% (16 of 25) and 51.7% (15 of 29) eyes (P = 0.417) with and without ILM peeling respectively. Near vision improvement of two or more lines was seen in 68% (17 of 25) and 41.2% (12 of 29) eyes (P = 0.048) with and without ILM peeling respectively. CONCLUSION:ILM peeling in macular hole surgery improves the macular hole closure rate and reading vision.

背景与目标： 目的：记录内部限制膜（ILM）剥离对黄斑裂孔和阅读视力的影响。
方法：54例特发性和外伤性黄斑裂孔患者接受了标准的玻璃体手术，并接受了ILM脱皮（n = 25）或无ILM脱皮（n = 29）。术后12周记录闭孔和Snellen视力（远处和近处）并进行统计分析。
结果：有和没有ILM剥离的黄斑裂孔闭合率分别为96％（25/24）和72.4％（21/21）（P = 0.028）。分别在有和没有ILM剥离的情况下，分别有64％（25/16）和51.7％（15/29）的眼睛记录了两行或更多行视力的改善（P = 0.417）。在有和没有ILM剥离的情况下，分别有68％（25个中的17个）和41.2％（12个中的12个）的眼睛出现了两行或多行的近视改善（P = 0.048）。
结论：黄斑裂孔术中ILM脱皮可提高黄斑裂孔闭合率和阅读视力。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:To evaluate the visual and anatomical outcomes of surgery for retinal detachment due to macular hole in highly myopic eyes with pronounced posterior staphyloma. PATIENTS AND METHODS:Data for all patients with high myopia who underwent surgery for retinal detachment resulting from macular hole from 1993 to 2002 in one hospital were evaluated. Patient characteristics, best-corrected visual acuity preoperatively and at last examination, surgical technique, anatomical success, and follow-up period were extracted and analyzed statistically. RESULTS:Twenty-six of the 27 patients (28 eyes) were female (96%) with a mean age of 59.8 years; mean follow-up was 17.3 months. Mean axial length was 29.1+/-2.74 mm; mean myopia was -16.4 +/- 3.1 diopters. Marked posterior staphyloma was detected in 71%. Seven eyes had undergone failed scleral buckling as the primary procedure; intravitreal SF6 injection was the primary procedure in 12 eyes. Twenty-three eyes underwent deep vitrectomy with use of high viscosity silicone oil. Overall anatomical success was achieved in 92.9% (26 of 28 eyes); 78.6% had visual improvement. CONCLUSIONS:Vitreous surgery combined with other necessary adjunct procedures such as membrane peeling and use of retinal tamponade, as a primary or a secondary procedure, seems to be successful in achieving retinal reattachment in eyes with macular hole and posterior staphyloma.

背景与目标： 背景与目的：评价高度近视眼伴有明显葡萄球菌的高度近视眼黄斑裂孔引起的视网膜脱离的手术的视觉和解剖学结果。
病人和方法：对1993年至2002年在一家医院中接受黄斑裂孔性视网膜脱离手术的所有高度近视患者的数据进行了评估。提取患者特征，术前和最后检查的最佳矫正视力，手术技术，解剖学成功率和随访时间，并进行统计学分析。
结果：27例患者中有26例（28只眼）为女性（96％），平均年龄为59.8岁。平均随访17.3个月。平均轴向长度为29.1 /-2.74 mm;平均近视为-16.4 /-3.1屈光度。检出明显的后葡萄球菌占71％。七只眼的巩膜屈曲失败是主要手术。玻璃体内SF6注射是12眼的主要手术。使用高粘度硅油对二十三只眼睛进行了深玻璃体切除术。总体解剖学成功率为92.9％（28眼中的26眼）； 78.6％的视力有所改善。
结论：玻璃体手术结合其他必要的辅助手术（例如膜剥离和视网膜填塞术的使用）作为主要手术或继发手术，似乎成功地实现了黄斑裂孔和后葡萄球菌病的视网膜复位。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The demographic trend of industrialized societies is also reflected in commercial airlines' passengers: passengers are older nowadays and long-haul flights are routine mode of transport despite considerable chronic and acute medical conditions. Moreover, duration of non-stop flight routes and the number of passengers on board increase. Thus, the probability of a medical incident during a particular flight event increases, too.Due to international regulations minimum standards for medical equipment on board, and first aid training of the crews are set. However, it is often difficult to assess whether a stopover at a nearby airport can improve the medical care of a critically ill passenger. Besides flight operations and technical aspects, the medical infrastructure on the ground has to be considered carefully.Regardless of the amount of experience of a physician medical emergencies on board an aircraft usually represent a particular challenge. This is mainly due to the unfamiliar surroundings, the characteristics of the cabin atmosphere, the often existing cultural and language barriers and legal liability concerns.

背景与目标： ：工业化社会的人口趋势也反映在商业航空公司的乘客上：当今，乘客年龄较大，尽管有相当长的慢性和急性医疗条件，但长途航班已成为常规的运输方式。此外，直飞航线的持续时间和机上乘客数量增加。因此，在特定飞行事件中发生医疗事故的可能性也增加了。由于国际法规的限制，规定了机上医疗设备的最低标准以及机组人员的急救培训。但是，通常很难评估在附近机场的中途停留是否可以改善危重旅客的医疗。除了飞行操作和技术方面，还必须仔细考虑地面医疗基础设施。无论医生在飞机上遇到紧急医疗事故的经验如何，通常都面临着特殊的挑战。这主要是由于不熟悉的环境，机舱氛围的特征，经常存在的文化和语言障碍以及法律责任问题。