BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Gold nanoparticles (Au NPs), silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs), zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) and titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) are widely used in cosmetic products such as preservatives, colorants and sunscreens. This study investigated the genotoxicity of Au NPs, Ag NPs, ZnO NPs and TiO2 NPs using the SOS chromotest with Escherichia coli PQ37. The maximum exposure concentrations for each nanoparticle were 3.23 mg l(-1) for Au NPs, 32.3 mg l(-1) for Ag NPs and 100 mg l(-1) for ZnO NPs and TiO2 NPs. Additionally, in order to compare the genotoxicity of nanoparticles and corresponding dissolved ions, the ions were assessed in the same way as nanoparticles. The genotoxicity of the titanium ion was not assessed because of the extremely low solubility of TiO2 NPs. Au NPs, Ag NPs, ZnO NPs, TiO2 NPs and ions of Au, Ag and Zn, in a range of tested concentrations, exerted no effects in the SOS chromotest, evidenced by maximum IF (IFmax) values of below 1.5 for all chemicals. Owing to the results, nanosized Au NPs, Ag NPs, ZnO NPs, TiO2 NPs and ions of Au, Ag and Zn are classified as non-genotoxic on the basis of the SOS chromotest used in this study. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate the genotoxicity of Au NPs, Ag NPs, ZnO NPs and TiO2 NPs using the SOS chromotest.

背景与目标： ：金纳米颗粒（Au NPs），银纳米颗粒（Ag NPs），氧化锌纳米颗粒（ZnO NPs）和二氧化钛纳米颗粒（TiO2 NPs）广泛用于化妆品，如防腐剂，着色剂和防晒霜。这项研究使用大肠杆菌PQ37进行了SOS色度测试，研究了金纳米颗粒，银纳米颗粒，氧化锌纳米颗粒和二氧化钛纳米颗粒的遗传毒性。纳米金的最大暴露浓度分别为：金纳米颗粒为3.23μg-1（-1），银纳米颗粒为32.3μg-1（-1），锌纳米颗粒和二氧化钛纳米颗粒的最大暴露浓度为100μg-1（-1）。另外，为了比较纳米粒子和相应溶解离子的遗传毒性，以与纳米粒子相同的方式评估离子。由于TiO2 NPs的溶解度极低，因此未评估钛离子的遗传毒性。在各种测试浓度范围内，Au NPs，Ag NPs，ZnO NPs，TiO2 NPs和Au，Ag和Zn离子对SOS色度测试均无影响，所有化学药品的最大IF（IFmax）值均在1.5以下。由于该结果，根据本研究中使用的SOS色度测试，将纳米级的Au NPs，Ag NPs，ZnO NPs，TiO2 NPs以及Au，Ag和Zn的离子归类为非遗传毒性。据我们所知，这是第一项使用SOS色度分析评估Au NP，Ag NP，ZnO NP和TiO2 NP的遗传毒性的研究。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The objective of this study was to synthesize and characterize a thermally responsive polymer-metal nanocomposite system comprised of a solid gold nanoparticle core and thermally responsive interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) shell, which was surface functionalized or PEGylated with a covalently bound linear poly(ethylene glycol) chain layer. Gold nanoparticles (50 nm diameter) were prepared using standard gold chloride and citrate reduction method. These particles were then encapsulated inside of a polyacrylamide (PAAm)/poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) IPN shell via an in situ inverse emulsion polymerization. The surface of the nanocomposite system was then PEGylated via covalent grafting of a linear methoxy-PEG-N-hydroxysuccinimide (M.W. 3400) to the primary amine groups of the PAAm network. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy were used to confirm the successful synthesis and encapsulation of gold nanoparticles within the IPN shell. Dynamic light scattering was used to examine the temperature swelling response of the IPN particles. Zeta-potential analysis was used to confirm the successful PEGylation of the final nanocomposite system.

背景与目标： ：本研究的目的是合成和表征由固体金纳米颗粒核和热响应互穿聚合物网络（IPN）壳组成的热响应聚合物-金属纳米复合材料系统，该系统表面进行功能化或与共价键合的线性聚PEG聚乙二醇化乙二醇）链层。使用标准氯化金和柠檬酸盐还原法制备金纳米颗粒（直径为50 nm）。然后通过原位逆乳液聚合将这些颗粒封装在聚丙烯酰胺（PAAm）/聚（丙烯酸）（PAA）IPN壳内部。然后通过将线性甲氧基-PEG-N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺（M.W.3400）共价接枝到PAAm网络的伯胺基团上，将纳米复合系统的表面进行PEG化。扫描和透射电子显微镜用于确认IPN壳内金纳米颗粒的成功合成和封装。动态光散射用于检查IPN颗粒的温度溶胀响应。 Zeta电位分析用于确认最终纳米复合系统的成功PEG化。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:One of the critical problems in cancer management is local recurrence of disease. Between 20% and 30% of patients who undergo tumor resection surgery require reoperation due to incomplete excision. Currently, there are no validated methods for intraoperative tumor margin detection. In the present work, we demonstrate the potential use of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) as a novel contrast agent for photothermal molecular imaging of cancer. METHODS:Phantoms containing different concentrations of GNPs were irradiated with continuous-wave laser and measured with a thermal imaging camera which detected the temperature field of the irradiated phantoms. RESULTS:The results clearly demonstrate the ability to distinguish between cancerous cells specifically targeted with GNPs and normal cells. This technique, which allows highly sensitive discrimination between adjacent low GNP concentrations, will allow tumor margin detection while the temperature increases by only a few degrees Celsius (for GNPs in relevant biological concentrations). CONCLUSION:We expect this real-time intraoperative imaging technique to assist surgeons in determining clear tumor margins and to maximize the extent of tumor resection while sparing normal background tissue.

背景与目标： 背景：癌症治疗中的关键问题之一是疾病的局部复发。接受肿瘤切除手术的患者中有20％至30％由于切除不完全而需要再次手术。目前，尚无经验证的术中肿瘤边缘检测方法。在本工作中，我们证明了金纳米颗粒（GNP）作为癌症光热分子成像的新型造影剂的潜在用途。
方法：用连续波激光辐照含有不同浓度GNP的人体模型，并用热像仪测量，以检测所辐照人体模型的温度场。
结果：这些结果清楚地表明了区分GNPs特异性靶向癌细胞和正常细胞的能力。这项技术可以在相邻的低GNP浓度之间进行高度灵敏的区分，当温度仅升高几摄氏度时（对于相关生物浓度的GNP），就可以检测肿瘤边缘。
结论：我们希望这种实时术中成像技术能够帮助外科医生确定清楚的肿瘤切缘，并在保留正常背景组织的同时最大程度地扩大肿瘤切除范围。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Exosomes are nanovesicles formed in the endosomal pathway with an important role in paracrine and autocrine cell communication. Exosomes secreted by cancer cells, malicious exosomes, have important roles in tumor microenvironment maturation and cancer progression. The knowledge of the role of exosomes in tumorigenesis prompted a new era in cancer diagnostics and therapy, taking advantage of the use of circulating exosomes as tumor biomarkers due to their stability in body fluids and targeting malignant exosomes' release and/or uptake to inhibit or delay tumor development. In recent years, nanotechnology has paved the way for the development of a plethora of new diagnostic and therapeutic platforms, fostering theranostics. The unique physical and chemical properties of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) make them suitable vehicles to pursuit this goal. AuNPs' properties such as ease of synthesis with the desired shape and size, high surface:volume ratio, and the possibility of engineering their surface as desired, potentiate AuNPs' role in nanotheranostics, allowing the use of the same formulation for exosome detection and restraining the effect of malicious exosomes in cancer progression.

背景与目标： ：外泌体是在内体途径中形成的纳米囊泡，在旁分泌和自分泌细胞通讯中起重要作用。癌细胞分泌的外泌体，恶意外泌体在肿瘤微环境成熟和癌症进展中具有重要作用。对外泌体在肿瘤发生中的作用的了解开创了癌症诊断和治疗的新纪元，由于循环外泌体在体液中的稳定性以及利用恶性外泌体的释放和/或摄取来抑制或抑制恶性外泌体的利用，利用循环外泌体作为肿瘤生物标志物。延缓肿瘤的发展。近年来，纳米技术为开发大量新的诊断和治疗平台铺平了道路，从而促进了诊断学的发展。金纳米粒子（AuNPs）独特的物理和化学性质使其成为实现该目标的合适载体。 AuNPs的特性，例如易于合成并具有所需的形状和大小，高的表面体积比以及根据需要对其表面进行修饰的可能性，都增强了AuNPs在纳米热力学中的作用，从而允许使用相同的配方进行外泌体的检测和抑制恶意囊泡对癌症进展的影响。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A modified non-cross-linking gold-nanoparticles (Au-NPs) aggregation strategy has been developed for the label free colorimetric detection of DNAs/RNAs based on self-assembling target species in the presence of thiolated probes. Two complementary thiol- modified probes, each of which specifically binds at one half of the target introduced SH groups at both ends of dsDNA. Continuous disulfide bond formation at 3' and 5' terminals of targets leads to the self-assembly of dsDNAs into the sulfur- rich and flexible products with different lengths. These products have a high affinity for the surface of Au-NPs and efficiently protect the surface from salt induced aggregation. To evaluate the assay efficacy, a small part of the citrus tristeza virus (CTV) genome was targeted, leading to a detection limit of about 5 × 10-9 mol.L-1 over a linear ranged from 20 × 10-9 to 10 × 10-7 mol.L-1. This approach also exhibits good reproducibility and recovery levels in the presence of plant total RNA or human plasma total circulating RNA extracts. Self-assembled targets can be then sensitively distinguished from non-assembled or mismatched targets after gel electrophoresis. The disulfide reaction method and integrating self-assembled DNAs/RNAs targets with bare AuNPs as a sensitive indicator provide us a powerful and simple visual detection tool for a wide range of applications.

背景与目标： ：已开发出一种改进的非交联金纳米粒子（Au-NPs）聚集策略，用于在硫醇化探针存在下基于自组装靶物种的DNA / RNA的无标记比色检测。两个互补的巯基修饰探针，每个探针都与dsDNA两端的目标导入的SH基团的一半特异性结合。在靶标的3'和5'末端连续形成二硫键，导致dsDNA自组装成具有不同长度的富硫和柔性产物。这些产品对Au-NPs的表面具有很高的亲和力，并有效地保护了表面免于盐诱导的聚集。为了评估测定的功效，针对了小部分的柑桔类Tristeza病毒（CTV）基因组，在20 limit×10-9至10的线性范围内导致检出限约为5×10-9 mol.L-1。 ×10-7 mol.L-1。在存在植物总RNA或人血浆总循环RNA提取物的情况下，该方法还具有良好的重现性和回收率。凝胶电泳后，可以将自组装的靶标与未组装或错配的靶标区分开。二硫键反应方法以及将自组装的DNA / RNA靶标与裸金纳米颗粒结合在一起作为敏感指示剂，为我们提供了功能强大且简单的视觉检测工具，可用于广泛的应用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVES:To evaluate the performance of cast gold bonded restorations in clinical practice. MATERIALS AND METHODS:The records of all patients treated with cast gold bonded restorations between 1997 and 2004 of The Dental Hospital of Newcastle upon Tyne were reviewed. The following data were recorded: sex of patient, location of teeth (anterior or posterior), position of teeth (upper or lower) and type of cement (glass ionomer, zinc phosphate or resin cement). The survival time was calculated for each restoration; and the reason for failure (either debond or change of treatment plan) identified for each case. The restorations were stratified according to the age of the patient into 10-year age bands and survival analysis was used to identify variables associated with increased risk of failure. RESULTS:Restorations luted with resin cement showed the highest rate of survival after 7 years of follow-up. The alternative lutes had significantly worse survival (p<0.05). Restorations on anterior teeth had poorer survival than on posterior teeth but there were no differences between those placed in the mandible and the maxilla. CONCLUSIONS:Within the limitations of this study resin cements are most appropriate for this type of restoration with 80% survival at 7 years. Restorations placed on posterior teeth survived better.

背景与目标： 目的：评估铸金结合修复体在临床中的性能。
材料与方法：回顾性分析了泰恩河畔纽卡斯尔牙科医院1997年至2004年之间所有使用铸金结合修复体治疗的患者的记录。记录以下数据：患者性别，牙齿位置（前牙或后牙），牙齿位置（上牙或下牙）和粘固剂的类型（玻璃离聚物，磷酸锌或树脂粘固剂）。计算每个修复体的存活时间；并确定每种情况下的失败原因（脱骨或改变治疗计划）。根据患者的年龄将修复体分为10岁年龄段，并使用生存分析确定与失败风险增加相关的变量。
结果：经过7年的随访，树脂胶泥恢复的存活率最高。替代的卢特的存活率明显较差（p <0.05）。与前牙相比，前牙的修复生存性较差，但下颌骨和上颌骨的修复之间没有差异。
结论：在本研究的局限性内，树脂水泥最适合此类修复，其7年生存率达80％。后牙的修复效果更好。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE:This study aimed to determine the efficacy of thermotherapy in the presence of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) and microwave (MW) radiation at a frequency of 2450 MHz on the survival of Leishmania major promastigotes and amastigotes. MATERIALS AND METHODS:L. major promastigotes (strain MRHO/IR/75/ER) were cultured in RPMI-1640 medium supplemented with foetal bovine serum and antibiotic. The promastigotes were incubated with GNPs for 2 h. After washing, thermotherapy was performed by MW irradiation. After 48 h the promastigote survival rate was assessed using Alamar Blue assay. In the second part of the study, after culture and proliferation of J744 cells, the infected macrophages were incubated with the GNPs and were inserted under MW irradiation. After 24 h, the number of amastigotes in the macrophages was determined after Giemsa staining by a light microscope. RESULT:Increased exposure time of the microwave to the parasites in the presence of GNPs induced a significant decline in promastigotes survival rate in comparison to similar samples without GNPs. The least survival of amastigotes was also recorded in the groups containing GNPs. The presence of GNPs during MW irradiation was more lethal for promastigotes and amastigotes in comparison to MW alone. CONCLUSION:Thermotherapy using MW radiation in the presence of GNPs may be proposed as a new approach to treat leishmaniasis in future studies.

背景与目标： 目的：本研究旨在确定在2450 MHz频率存在金纳米颗粒（GNP）和微波（MW）辐射的情况下，热疗法对利什曼原虫主要前鞭毛体和拟吻足动物的存活的功效。
材料与方法：L．在补充胎牛血清和抗生素的RPMI-1640培养基中培养主要的前鞭毛体（菌株MRHO / IR / 75 / ER）。将前鞭毛体与GNP一起温育2小时。洗涤后，通过MW照射进行热疗。 48小时后，使用Alamar Blue分析法评估前鞭毛体的存活率。在研究的第二部分中，在培养和增殖J744细胞后，将感染的巨噬细胞与GNP一起孵育，并在MW辐射下插入。 24小时后，在吉姆萨染色后，用光学显微镜测定巨噬细胞中变形虫的数目。
结果：与不含GNP的类似样品相比，存在GNP的情况下微波暴露于寄生虫的时间增加，导致前鞭毛体成活率显着下降。在含有GNP的组中，amastigotes的存活率也最低。与单独的MW相比，MW照射期间GNPs的存在对前鞭毛体和扁桃体更具致死性。
结论：在未来的研究中，在存在GNPs的情况下使用MW辐射进行热疗可能是治疗利什曼病的一种新方法。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) causes regression of advanced cancers when used in isolation perfusion with melphalan; evidence suggests these effects are mediated via selective yet uncharacterized actions on tumor neovasculature. A novel derivative, colloidal gold bound TNF (cAu-TNF) has been shown to have similar antitumor effects as native TNF with less systemic toxicity in mice. These studies were done to determine their effects on tumor neovasculature, using in vivo video microscopy. Female C57BL/6 mice bearing 20 mm(2) MC38 or LLC tumors that are TNF sensitive and resistant tumors, respectively, had dorsal skinfold chambers implanted. The rate of interstitial accumulation of Texas red fluorescently labeled albumin in tumor and normal vasculature was measured after intravenous TNF, cAu-TNF or PBS. Changes in interstitial fluorescent intensity over time were quantified as a reflection of alterations in vascular permeability. MC38 bearing mice treated with TNF or cAu-TNF demonstrated a rapid, selective and significant increase in tracer accumulation in areas of neovasculature compared to those of normal vasculature. Experiments in LLC tumor bearing mice showed similar results. Monoclonal antibody against tissue factor partially abrogated the effects of TNF on MC38 neovasculature. These data provide direct evidence that TNF and cAu-TNF selectively and rapidly alter permeability in tumor neovasculature; a phenomenon that may be exploited to enhance selective delivery of chemotherapeutics to tumor.

背景与目标： ：肿瘤坏死因子（TNF）与美法仑单独灌注使用时可导致晚期癌症消退；证据表明这些作用是通过对肿瘤新脉管系统的选择性但未表征的作用介导的。一种新型衍生物，胶体金结合TNF（cAu-TNF）已显示出与天然TNF相似的抗肿瘤作用，并且对小鼠的全身毒性较小。使用体内视频显微镜，进行了这些研究以确定它们对肿瘤新脉管系统的影响。携带20毫米（2）MC38或LLC肿瘤的雌性C57BL / 6小鼠分别是TNF敏感和耐药性肿瘤，已植入了背部皮褶室。静脉注射TNF，cAu-TNF或PBS后，测量德克萨斯州红色荧光标记白蛋白在肿瘤和正常脉管系统中的间质累积率。间质荧光强度随时间的变化被量化为反映血管通透性变化的反映。与正常脉管系统的小鼠相比，用TNF或cAu-TNF治疗的MC38荷瘤小鼠在示踪剂在新脉管系统区域的蓄积迅速，选择性且显着增加。在LLC荷瘤小鼠中进行的实验显示了相似的结果。针对组织因子的单克隆抗体部分消除了TNF对MC38新脉管系统的影响。这些数据提供了直接的证据，表明TNF和cAu-TNF选择性和迅速地改变了肿瘤新脉管系统的通透性。一种可以用来增强化学疗法向肿瘤的选择性递送的现象。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Herein we describe the synthesis of gold nanoparticles (Au-NPs) in presence of sulphonated imidazolium salts [1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropyl-4-sodiumsulfonatophenyl)imidazolium (L1), 1-mesityl-3-(3-sulfonatopropyl)imidazolium (L2) and 1-(3-sulfonatopropyl)imidazolium (L3)] in water and in a confinement environment created by reverse micelles (RMs). The Au-NPs were characterized-with an excellent agreement between different techniques-by UV-vis spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS) and zeta potential. In homogeneous media, the Au-NPs interact with the imidazolium ring and the sulphonate groups were directed away from the NPs' surface. This fact is responsible for the Au-NPs' stability-over three months-in water. Based on the obtained zeta potential values we assume the degree of coverage of the Au-NPs by the imidazolium salts. In n-heptane/sodium 1,4-bis (2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate (AOT)/water RMs, the Au-NPs formed in presence of sulphonated imidazolium salts present different patterns depending on the ligand used as stabilizer. Interestingly, the Au-NPs are more stable in time when the salts are present in AOT RMs (three weeks) in comparison with the same RMs system but in absence of ligands (less than an hour). Clearly, the sulphonated imidazolium salts are very effective Au-NPs stabilizers in a different medium and this generates a plus to be able to use them for multiple purposes.

背景与目标： ：在此，我们描述了在磺化咪唑鎓盐[1,3-双（2,6-二异丙基-4-钠磺酰基苯基）咪唑鎓（L1），1-甲磺酰基-3-（3）的存在下金纳米颗粒（Au-NPs）的合成-磺基丙基）咪唑鎓（L2）和1-（3-磺基丙基丙基）咪唑鎓（L3）]在水中和在由反胶束（RM）形成的封闭环境中。通过紫外可见光谱，透射电子显微镜（TEM），动态光散射（DLS）和Zeta电位，对Au-NP进行了表征-在不同技术之间有着极好的一致性。在均相介质中，Au-NP与咪唑鎓环相互作用，并且磺酸盐基团被引导远离NPs表面。这一事实是金纳米颗粒在水中三个月内稳定的原因。基于获得的ζ电位值，我们假设咪唑鎓盐对Au-NP的覆盖程度。在正庚烷/ 1,4-双（2-乙基己基）磺基琥珀酸钠（AOT）/水RMs中，根据用作稳定剂的配体，在磺化咪唑鎓盐存在下形成的Au-NPs具有不同的模式。有趣的是，与相同的RMs系统但没有配体（少于一个小时）相比，当盐存在于AOT RMs中时（三周），Au-NPs在时间上更稳定。显然，磺化的咪唑鎓盐在不同的介质中是非常有效的Au-NPs稳定剂，这产生了可将其用于多种目的的优势。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In-vitro metabolite and drug detection rely on designed materials-based analytical platforms, which are universally used in biomedical research and clinical practice. However, metabolic analysis in bio-samples needs tedious sample preparation, due to the sample complexity and low molecular abundance. A further challenge is to construct diagnostic tools. Herein, we developed a platform using silver nanoshells. We synthesized SiO2@Ag with tunable shell structures by multi-cycled silver mirror reactions. Optimized nanoshells achieved direct laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry in 0.5 μL of bio-fluids. We applied these nanoshells for disease diagnosis and therapeutic evaluation. We identified patients with postoperative brain infection through daily monitoring and glucose quantitation in cerebrospinal fluid. We measured drug distribution in blood and cerebrospinal fluid systems and validated the function of blood-brain/cerebrospinal fluid-barriers for pharmacokinetics. Our work sheds light on the design of materials for advanced metabolic analysis and precision diagnostics.Preparation of samples for diagnosis can affect the detection of biomarkers and metabolites. Here, the authors use a silver nanoparticle plasmonics approach for the detection of biomarkers in patients as well as investigate the distribution of drugs in serum and cerebral spinal fluid.

背景与目标： ：体外代谢物和药物检测依赖于基于材料的设计分析平台，这些平台普遍用于生物医学研究和临床实践。但是，由于样品的复杂性和低分子丰度，生物样品中的代谢分析需要繁琐的样品制备。另一个挑战是构建诊断工具。在这里，我们开发了一个使用银纳米壳的平台。我们通过多周期银镜反应合成了具有可调壳结构的SiO2 @ Ag。优化的纳米壳可在0.5μL的生物流体中实现直接激光解吸/电离质谱。我们将这些纳米壳用于疾病诊断和治疗评估。我们通过每日监测和脑脊液中的葡萄糖定量来确定术后脑部感染的患者。我们测量了血液和脑脊液系统中的药物分布，并验证了血脑/脑脊液屏障对药代动力学的作用。我们的工作为高级代谢分析和精确诊断的材料设计提供了启发，用于诊断的样品制备可能会影响生物标志物和代谢物的检测。在这里，作者使用银纳米粒子等离激元方法检测患者体内的生物标志物，并研究药物在血清和脑脊髓液中的分布。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Artisanal miners sell their gold to shops that are usually located in the urban core, where the mercury-gold amalgam is burned to evaporate the mercury that was added during ore processing. People living and working near these gold shops are exposed to intermittent and extreme concentrations of mercury vapour. In the urban centres of Segovia, Colombia, and Andacollo, Chile, the average concentrations measured by mobile mercury vapour analyzer transects taken repeatedly over several weeks were 1.26 and 0.338μgm(-3), respectively. By World Health Organization standards, these towns are exposed to significant health hazard, and globally, the millions of miners, as well as non-miners who live near gold shops, are at serious risk of neurological and renal deficits. Measurements taken in Suriname, Ecuador and Peru reveal this to be a widespread phenomenon with unique regional variations and myriad attempts at remediation. Maps of average mercury concentrations show the spatial distribution of the hazard in relation to residential buildings and schools. Measurements from towers show the temporal variability of mercury concentrations, and suggest that large quantities of mercury are available for long-range atmospheric transport. Mercury mapping in Segovia in 2011 suggest a 10% reduction in airborne mercury concentrations over 2010, despite a 30% increase in gold production. This is attributable to the adoption of retorts by miners and regulations banning new processing centres to the rural periphery. This is the first full description of artisanal mining gold shop practices and of the character, quantity, and remediation of mercury emissions within urban mining centres.

背景与目标： ：手工采矿者将黄金出售给通常位于城市中心的商店，在那里燃烧汞金汞合金，以蒸发矿石加工过程中添加的汞。在这些金店附近生活和工作的人们暴露于间歇性和极高浓度的汞蒸气中。在哥伦比亚的塞哥维亚和智利的安达科洛的城市中心，通过移动水银蒸汽分析仪横断面测量的平均浓度在数周内重复测量，分别为1.26和0.338μgm（-3）。按照世界卫生组织的标准，这些城镇面临严重的健康危害，全球范围内，数百万矿工以及居住在金店附近的非矿工都面临严重的神经系统疾病和肾功能不全的风险。在苏里南，厄瓜多尔和秘鲁进行的测量表明，这是一种普遍现象，具有独特的地区差异和无数次的补救尝试。平均汞浓度图显示了与住宅建筑物和学校有关的危害的空间分布。从塔上进行的测量表明汞浓度随时间变化，并表明大量汞可用于远程大气传输。尽管黄金产量增加了30％，2011年塞哥维亚的汞测绘表明空气中的汞浓度比2010年降低了10％。这是由于矿工采用了反蒸煮法，以及禁止向农村边缘地区建立新加工中心的法规。这是对手工采矿金店做法以及城市采矿中心内汞排放的特征，数量和补救措施的首次完整描述。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Based on colloidal gold and broad-spectrum monoclonal antibody that binds to zeranol and its five analogues with high sensitivity, a lateral flow immunochromatographic assay (LFIA) in a competitive format was developed to specifically determine residues of zeranol, an illegal growth promoter in livestock. In this study, the assay had high sensitivity and was broad-spectrum only for zeranol and its five analogues, and the results were obtained within 10 min without needing sophisticated procedures. The cutoff values for zeranol and its five analogues were 10 ng/mL, and the IC50 values for zeranol, β-zearalanol, zearalanone, α-zearalenol, β-zearalenol and zearalenone were 1.250, 1.800, 1.775, 1.225, 1.709 and 1.319 ng/mL, respectively. The recovery rates were ranged from 85.6 to 93.9%, with the coefficient of variations less than 12.4%. The results demonstrated that the LFIA could be used for rapid, simultaneous, semi-quantitative and quantitative detection of residues of zeranol and its five analogous in milk.

背景与目标： ：基于胶体金和广谱单克隆抗体，它们以高灵敏度结合至沙仑醇及其五种类似物，开发了一种竞争性形式的侧流免疫色谱测定法（LFIA），用于特异性测定家畜非法生长促进剂沙仑醇的残留量。在这项研究中，该测定法具有很高的灵敏度，并且仅对麦醇及其五种类似物具有广谱性，并且无需复杂的程序即可在10分钟内获得结果。 zeranol及其5个类似物的截断值为10 ng / mL，zeranol，β-玉米赤霉烯醇，玉米赤霉烯酮，α-玉米赤霉烯醇，β-玉米赤霉烯醇和玉米赤霉烯酮的IC50值为1.250、1.800、1.775、1.225、1.709和1.319 ng / mL。回收率介于85.6％至93.9％之间，变异系数小于12.4％。结果表明，LFIA可用于快速，同时，半定量和定量检测牛奶中的麦角甾醇及其五种类似物的残留。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: -2

背景与目标： -2

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Biomass of Desulfovibrio desulfuricans was used to recover Au(III) as Au(0) from test solutions and from waste electronic scrap leachate. Au(0) was precipitated extracellularly by a different mechanism from the biodeposition of Pd(0). The presence of Cu(2+) ( approximately 2000 mg/l) in the leachate inhibited the hydrogenase-mediated removal of Pd(II) but pre-palladisation of the cells in the absence of added Cu(2+) facilitated removal of Pd(II) from the leachate and more than 95% of the Pd(II) was removed autocatalytically from a test solution supplemented with Cu(II) and Pd(II). Metal recovery was demonstrated in a gas-lift electrobioreactor with electrochemically generated hydrogen, followed by precipitation of recovered metal under gravity. A 3-stage bioseparation process for the recovery of Au(III), Pd(II) and Cu(II) is proposed.

背景与目标： ：使用脱硫脱硫弧菌的生物质从测试溶液和电子废废浸出液中回收作为Au（0）的Au（III）。 Au（0）通过与Pd（0）的生物沉积不同的机制在细胞外沉淀。渗滤液中Cu（2）（大约2000 mg / l）的存在抑制了氢化酶介导的Pd（II）的去除，但是在没有添加Cu（2）的情况下对细胞进行前palpalpalisation促进了Pd（II）的去除）从浸出液中去除，然后从催化溶液中自动催化去除了95％的Pd（II），其中添加了Cu（II）和Pd（II）。在具有电化学产生的氢气的气举式电生物反应器中证明了金属的回收，然后在重力作用下沉淀了回收的金属。提出了一种用于回收Au（III），Pd（II）和Cu（II）的三步生物分离工艺。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In the present study, a facile functionalization of magnetic nanoparticles has been described for the immobilization of enzyme that offers many advantages for reuse and excellent efficiencies. The magnetic gold nanocomposites have been fabricated for the successful immobilization of an industrially important enzyme "papain". For immobilization of papain on magnetic gold nanocomposites, magnetic nanoparticles were modified with 3-(mercaptopropyl) trimethoxy silane (MPTS). Further, the citrate stabilized gold nanoparticles were chemisorbed on these thiol coated magnetic nanoparticles to fabricate the desired magnetic gold nanocomposites. Papain containing net positive charge (isoelectric point of papain=8.75) in PBS buffer (pH 7.4) has immobilized on the surface of the negatively charged magnetic gold nanocomposites through the ionic or electrostatic interaction. The Michaelis-Menten kinetic constant (K(m)) and maximum reaction velocity (V(max)) for free papain were 0.236×10(5) g ml(-1) and 4.08 g ml(-1)/s respectively whereas for immobilized papain, K(m) and V(max) values were 0.308×10(5) g ml(-1) and 5.4 g ml(-1)/s respectively. The loading amount of papain on magnetic gold nanocomposites was 54 mg/g support and the activity recovery of the immobilized papain reached to 47 (±5)% compared to native papain. The main advantage of this papain nanobiocatalyst is the easy isolation of enzyme from the reaction medium.

背景与目标： ：在本研究中，已描述了磁性纳米粒子的简便功能化，用于固定化酶，该酶具有许多可重复使用的优点和出色的效率。已经制造出磁性金纳米复合材料，以成功固定工业上重要的酶“木瓜蛋白酶”。为了将木瓜蛋白酶固定在磁性金纳米复合材料上，用3-（巯基丙基）三甲氧基硅烷（MPTS）修饰了磁性纳米粒子。此外，将柠檬酸盐稳定的金纳米颗粒化学吸附在这些硫醇涂覆的磁性纳米颗粒上，以制造所需的磁性金纳米复合材料。在PBS缓冲液（pH 7.4）中含有净正电荷的木瓜蛋白酶（木瓜蛋白酶的等电点= 8.75）已通过离子或静电相互作用固定在带负电荷的磁性金纳米复合材料的表面上。游离木瓜蛋白酶的Michaelis-Menten动力学常数（K（m））和最大反应速度（V（max））分别为0.236×10（5）g ml（-1）和4.08 g ml（-1）/ s固定化木瓜蛋白酶的K（m）和V（max）值分别为0.308×10（5）g ml（-1）和5.4 g ml（-1）/ s。木瓜蛋白酶在磁性金纳米复合材料上的负载量为54 mg / g载体，与天然木瓜蛋白酶相比，固定化木瓜蛋白酶的活性回收率达到47（±5）％。这种木瓜蛋白酶纳米生物催化剂的主要优点是易于从反应介质中分离出酶。