BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A new male antifertility agent, styrene maleic anhydride (SMA) dissolved in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO), was injected into the vas deferens of rats. The morphological changes detected were confined only to the mucosa. After four weeks, the vas deferens lumen was flushed with the solvent DMSO, and the mucosal structures returned to normal.

背景与目标： : 将一种新的雄性抗生育剂，溶解在二甲基亚砜 (DMSO) 中的苯乙烯马来酸酐 (SMA) 注入大鼠输精管中。检测到的形态变化仅局限于粘膜。四周后，用溶剂DMSO冲洗输精管腔，粘膜结构恢复正常。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The importance of exocrine secretions of testis in the regulation of energy metabolism of the epididymis and vas deferens was examined in rhesus monkeys by performing efferentiectomy. At autopsy the epididymis was divided into initial segment, caput, corpus and cauda portions to make an account of regional differences, if any. Eleven enzymes of glycolysis, two key enzymes of HMP pathway and seven enzymes of TCA cycle were assayed in the epididymal segments and vas deferens of control (intact) and experimental (efferentiectomised for 90 days) monkeys. The results indicate that while anaerobic energy metabolism (glycolysis and HMP pathway) is sensitive to efferentiectomy chiefly in the proximal regions of epididymis, the oxidative pathway (TCA cycle) is dependent on testicular exocrine secretions throughout the length of epididymis, as well as in the vas deferens. Since all androgen-sensitive enzymes do not regress after efferentiectomy, it is suggested that unidentified exocrine factors of testis may have role in regulating energy metabolism in the epididymis and vas deferens.

背景与目标： : 通过进行睾丸切除术，在恒河猴中检查了睾丸外分泌分泌物在调节附睾和输精管能量代谢中的重要性。尸检时，将附睾分为初始段，头段，语料库和尾突部分，以说明区域差异 (如果有)。在对照 (完整) 和实验性 (经90天切除) 猴子的附睾段和输精管中测定了11种糖酵解酶，HMP途径的两种关键酶和TCA循环的七种酶。结果表明，尽管厌氧能量代谢 (糖酵解和HMP途径) 主要在附睾近端区域对睾丸切除术敏感，但氧化途径 (TCA循环) 依赖于整个附睾长度以及输精管的睾丸外分泌。由于睾丸切除术后所有雄激素敏感酶均不会消退，因此提示睾丸的外分泌因子可能在调节附睾和输精管的能量代谢中起作用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Nasal airflow, as measured by rhinomanometry, is frequently impaired in allergic rhinitis (AR). The decongestion test evaluates whether the application of an intranasal vasoconstrictor drug increases nasal airflow. The aim of this study was to verify the suitability of the use of the visual analogue scales (VAS) as a surrogate for rhinomanometry in the decongestion test assessment in adolescents with atopic rhinitis. Forty adolescents [16 males and 24 females, mean age 15 (s.d. 2) yr] with AR were studied. Nasal symptoms, VAS, rhinomanometry, and nasal decongestion test were assessed in all patients. A significant association was observed between VAS and nasal airflow after performing the decongestion test (Spearman's r is -51.7%, p < 0.001). The associated sensitivity and specificity were 84.8 (95% confidence interval, CI 68.1-94.8) and 85.7 (95% CI 42.2-97.6), respectively. The corresponding area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of 0.83 (95% CI 0.67-0.93) indicated a good discriminating ability for the decongestion measured on the VAS scale. In conclusion, the use of VAS appears as clinically relevant, in that it allows, with a fair reliability, to perform the decongestion test in the absence of rhinomanometry.

背景与目标： : 鼻气流，通过鼻压法测量，在过敏性鼻炎 (AR) 中经常受损。减充血试验评估鼻内血管收缩药物的应用是否增加鼻气流。这项研究的目的是验证在患有特应性鼻炎的青少年减充血试验评估中使用视觉模拟量表 (VAS) 作为鼻测压的替代物的适用性。研究了40名患有AR的青少年 [16名男性和24名女性，平均年龄15 (s.d. 2) 岁]。在所有患者中评估了鼻症状，VAS，鼻测压和鼻充血试验。在进行减充血试验后，观察到VAS与鼻气流之间存在显着关联 (Spearman's r为-51.7%，p <0.001)。相关的敏感性和特异性分别为84.8 (95% 置信区间，CI 68.1-94.8) 和85.7 (95% CI 42.2-97.6)。0.83的接收器工作特性 (ROC) 曲线下的相应面积 (95% CI 0.67-0.93) 表明，在VAS量表上测量的解充血具有良好的区分能力。总之，VAS的使用似乎与临床相关，因为它允许在没有鼻测压法的情况下以相当的可靠性进行减充血试验。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: 1. Angiotensin II (AII) elicited only a minute, if any, direct contractile response in smooth muscle cells of prostatic rat vas deferens, but it potentiated contractile responses to field stimulation. 2. Angiotensin-potentiated contractile response to field stimulation was concentration-dependent, and the order of potency was AII > AIII approximately AI. The EC50 of AII was 8.11 +/- 2.79 nM. 3. AII did not modify the contractile response of exogenous noradrenaline (NA) on non-stimulated prostatic vas deferens. Furthermore, the concentration-response curve for AII-potentiated contractile responses to field stimulation in reserpine-treated rats did not significantly differ from the control group. 4. Desensitization of purinoceptors with 30 microM alpha, beta-methylene-ATP almost completely abolished the potentiation of the contractile response to field stimulation by AII. 5. The response to AII in the prostatic rat vas deferens was blocked by the AT1 selective antagonist losartan, but not by the AT2 selective antagonist CGP 42112. Losartan acted as a competitive antagonist with a pA2 value of 8.75. 6. In conclusion, AII potentiated purinergic transmission in the prostatic rat vas deferens via the AT1 receptor.

背景与目标： 1.血管紧张素II (AII) 仅在前列腺大鼠输精管的平滑肌细胞中引起一分钟 (如果有的话) 的直接收缩反应，但它增强了对场刺激的收缩反应。2.对场刺激的血管紧张素增强收缩反应是浓度依赖性的，效力顺序为AII> AII。AII的EC50为8.11 +/- 2.79纳米。3. AII没有改变外源性去甲肾上腺素 (NA) 对非刺激的前列腺输精管的收缩反应。此外，在利血平治疗的大鼠中，AII增强对场刺激的收缩反应的浓度-反应曲线与对照组没有显着差异。4.用30微m α，β-亚甲基-ATP对嘌呤受体的脱敏几乎完全消除了AII对场刺激的收缩反应的增强作用。5.前列腺大鼠输精管对AII的反应被AT1选择性拮抗剂氯沙坦阻断，但不是被AT2选择性拮抗剂CGP 42112阻断。氯沙坦作为竞争性拮抗剂，pA2值为8.75。6.总之，AII通过AT1受体增强了前列腺大鼠输精管中的嘌呤能传递。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Twitch contractions of the rabbit vas deferens elicited by electrical field stimulation were inhibited by tetrodotoxin, guanethidine, bretylium and alpha,beta-methylene-ATP but were unaffected by hexamethonium, physostigmine, 1,1-dimethyl-4-phenylpiperazinium and prazosin, suggesting that they resulted from ATP released following postganglionic sympathetic nerve stimulation. McN-A-343 inhibited but carbachol and several other muscarinic agonists potentiated the twitch contractions; these effects were not modified by hexamethonium or physostigmine. Muscarinic agonists had no effect on the tension in unstimulated organs whereas contractions elicited by ATP, noradrenaline and KCl were potentiated by carbachol but remained unaffected by McN-A-343. The responses of the twitch contractions to McN-A-343 and carbachol were inhibited to different degrees by antimuscarinic drugs: the affinity (pA2) of atropine, secoverine and himbacine against McN-A-343 and carbachol was similar. However, pirenzepine, telenzepine, trihexyphenidyl, dicyclomine and hexahydro-sila-difenidol displayed preferential antagonism of the responses to McN-A-343 whereas the converse was true for AF-DX 116 and gallamine. The highly significant correlation between the pA2 values obtained for 10 antagonists against carbachol responses in rabbit vas deferens and rat left atrium suggests that the receptors may be similar. The data support the presence of a presynaptic M1-receptor mediating inhibition and a postsynaptic, cardiac-like M2-receptor responsible for enhancing neurogenic contractions in rabbit vas deferens.

背景与目标： : 电场刺激引起的兔输精管的抽搐收缩被河豚毒素，胍乙啶，bretylium和 α，β-亚甲基-ATP抑制，但不受六甲铵，毒扁豆碱，1,1-二甲基-4-苯基哌嗪和哌唑嗪的影响，表明它们是由神经节后交感神经刺激后释放的ATP引起的。McN-A-343抑制，但卡巴胆碱和其他几种毒蕈碱激动剂增强了抽搐收缩; 六甲铵或毒扁豆碱未改变这些作用。毒蕈碱激动剂对未刺激器官的张力没有影响，而由ATP，去甲肾上腺素和KCl引起的收缩被卡巴胆碱增强，但不受McN-A-343影响。抗毒蕈碱药物在不同程度上抑制了抽搐收缩对McN-A-343和卡巴胆碱的反应: 阿托品，赛科林和喜巴因对McN-A-343和卡巴胆碱的亲和力 (pA2) 相似。然而，哌仑西平，替仑西平，三己苯甲基，二环胺和六氢-sila-difenidol表现出对McN-A-343反应的优先拮抗作用，而AF-DX 116和没食子胺则相反。在兔输精管和大鼠左心房中，针对卡巴胆碱反应的10种拮抗剂获得的pA2值之间的高度显着相关性表明受体可能相似。数据支持存在突触前M1-receptor介导抑制和突触后，心脏样M2-receptor负责增强兔输精管的神经源性收缩。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Prejunctional neuropeptide Y (NPY) receptors that inhibit the contractions evoked in rat and rabbit vas deferens by field stimulation were investigated by using NPY, [Leu31,Pro34]NPY and the fragments, NPY-(13-36) and NPY-(18-36). NPY, and especially [Leu31,Pro34]NPY, were more potent agonists on the twitch response of the rabbit vas deferens. In contrast the NPY C-terminal fragments, NPY-(13-36) and NPY-(18-36), inhibited the twitch response at lower concentrations in the rat vas deferens. These results indicate that distinct NPY receptor subtypes mediate the biological effect in these two tissues. We suggest that prejunctional receptors in the rat vas deferens are of the Y2-subtype and those in rabbit vas deferens of the Y1-subtype.

背景与目标： : 使用NPY，[Leu31，Pro34]NPY和片段NPY-(13-36) 和NPY-(18-36) 研究了抑制野外刺激引起的大鼠和兔输精管收缩的结前神经肽Y (NPY) 受体。NPY，尤其是 [Leu31，Pro34]NPY，是对兔输精管抽搐反应更有效的激动剂。相反，NPY C末端片段NPY-(13-36) 和NPY-(18-36) 抑制了大鼠输精管中较低浓度的抽搐反应。这些结果表明，不同的NPY受体亚型介导了这两种组织的生物学效应。我们建议大鼠输精管中的结前受体是Y2-subtype的，而兔输精管中的Y1-subtype。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We evaluated the contractile reactivity to various stimuli, and the content and release of noradrenaline (NA) from a non-vascular tissue, the vas deferens, isolated from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY). The concentration-contraction curves for NA in tissue from animals of two ages (10-25 weeks and 30-45 weeks) were shifted to the left in SHR as compared with in age-matched WKY, with significant differences at 1.0 and/or 10 microM of NA. Similarly, the amplitude of contraction produced by electrical stimulation at 4, 8 and 16 Hz in the tissue was much larger in SHR than in WKY. However, ATP (10-100 microM) evoked contractions of the tissue to a similar extent in both SHR and WKY. The electrically evoked contractions of vas deferens from both strains were inhibited by isoprenaline in an approximate dose-dependent and equipotent manner. The tissue NA content, determined by HPLC-ECD, was nearly same in both SHR and WKY. In addition, the same amount of NA was released from the vas deferens of both strains by electrical stimulation in the presence of 4-aminopyridine. The present findings indicate that the contractile response of vas deferens to stimulation of alpha 1-adrenoceptors, but not of beta-adrenoceptors or P2X-purinoceptors, is more pronounced in SHR than in WKY and that a response indicative of hypertension may also occur in non-vascular tissue as it does in vascular tissue.

背景与目标： : 我们评估了对各种刺激的收缩反应性，以及从自发性高血压大鼠 (SHR) 和Wistar-Kyoto大鼠 (WKY) 分离的非血管组织输精管中去甲肾上腺素 (NA) 的含量和释放。与年龄匹配的WKY相比，SHR的两个年龄 (10-25周和30-45周) 动物组织中NA的浓度-收缩曲线向左移动，在1.0和/或10微米处有显着差异NA。同样，SHR在组织中以4、8和16Hz的电刺激产生的收缩幅度比WKY大得多。然而，在SHR和WKY中，ATP (10-100微米) 以相似的程度诱发组织的收缩。异丙肾上腺素以近似剂量依赖性和等效性的方式抑制了两种菌株输精管的电诱发收缩。通过hplc-ecd测定的组织NA含量在SHR和WKY中几乎相同。此外，在存在4-氨基吡啶的情况下，通过电刺激从两种菌株的输精管中释放了相同量的NA。目前的发现表明，输精管对刺激 α1-肾上腺素能受体而不是 β-肾上腺素能受体或P2X-purinoceptors的收缩反应在SHR中比在WKY中更为明显，并且指示高血压的反应也可能发生在非血管组织中，就像在血管组织中一样。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The dependence of neurotransmitter release on calcium was evaluated in adrenergic terminals from mice that were acutely withdrawn from chronic morphine treatment (CMT). A two fold increase in the number of writhes in response to an i.p. injection of acetylcholine was induced in mice by CMT and subsequent withdrawal. A shift to the left in the relationship between the excitatory junction potential (e.j.p.) amplitude and extracellular calcium concentration ([Ca]o) was induced in vasa deferentia from CMT-withdrawn mice. A reduction in the degree of facilitation of transmitter release during a short low-frequency train of impulses and an increase in the amount of transmitter release during a high-frequency train of impulses was induced in vasa deferentia from CMT-withdrawn mice. The adaptive mechanism of the terminals to the sustained presence of morphine may involve an increase in the probability that the release sites will release transmitter either via increase in calcium influx or an increase in the affinity of calcium to the hypothetical X-receptor.

背景与目标： 在从慢性吗啡治疗 (CMT) 中急性撤出的小鼠的肾上腺素能末端中评估了神经递质释放对钙的依赖性。响应i.p.，扭扭率增加了两倍。CMT诱导小鼠注射乙酰胆碱，随后停药。在来自CMT撤回小鼠的输精管中，兴奋性连接电位 (e.j.p.) 振幅和细胞外钙浓度 ([Ca]o) 之间的关系向左移动。在短暂的低频训练中，递质释放的促进程度降低脉冲和在高频脉冲过程中，递质释放量的增加是在CMT撤回小鼠的输精管中诱导的。终端对吗啡持续存在的适应性机制可能涉及释放位点通过增加释放递质的可能性的增加钙内流或钙对假设的X受体的亲和力增加。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Effects of diethylstilbestrol (DES) treatment (30 daily i.m. injections) in reproductive function in the male rat were investigated. These functions were evaluated with sperm counts, motility, fertility, morphology, serum testosterone, and a number of biochemical tests in rat epididymis and vasa deferentia. DES treatment resulted in a 15% loss of body weight and a 60 to 90% loss of weight of testes, epididymis, and vas deferens. Sperm parameters and fertility were reduced to nil by DES treatment. Likewise, the majority of the biochemical measures were severely depressed by the DES treatment. In general, the measured parameters were less affected or recovered with either testosterone cotreatment or 60 days of recovery, showing the role of androgen in maintaining functional integrity and metabolism. However, sperm parameters and fertility did not recover with testosterone cotreatment, which differs from withdrawal of treatment.

背景与目标： 研究了己烯雌酚 (DES) 治疗 (每天30次i.m.注射) 对雄性大鼠生殖功能的影响。通过精子数量，运动能力，生育能力，形态，血清睾丸激素以及大鼠附睾和输精管的许多生化测试来评估这些功能。DES治疗导致15% 体重减轻，睾丸，附睾和输精管重量减轻60至90%。经DES处理，精子参数和生育力降低为零。同样，DES治疗严重抑制了大多数生化措施。通常，通过睾丸激素联合治疗或恢复60天，测得的参数受到的影响较小或恢复，表明雄激素在维持功能完整性和代谢中的作用。但是，睾丸激素联合治疗无法恢复精子参数和生育力，这与退出治疗不同。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The study concerned Ca2+ channels that are receptor-operated by norepinephrine (NE) and mediate hyper-reactivity of vas deferens smooth muscle from rats with streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes, and the mediatory responses of these channels, such as tension development, Ca2+ uptake and phosphatidylinositol (PI) turnover. The contractile responses induced by adrenoceptor agonists were significantly greater in diabetic rat vas deferens than in the controls. A greater Ca2+ uptake was induced by 10(-5) M NE in strips from diabetic rats than in the controls. The uptake of Ca2+ was completely inhibited by 10(-6) M prazosin but not by 10(-5) M verapamil. Enhancement of Ca2+ release by 10(-5) M NE was faster and greater in diabetic muscles than in the controls. The accumulation of [3H]inositol phosphates was increased 4-fold in the controls and 7-fold in diabetic muscles by 10(-5) M NE. This increase was completely inhibited by 10(-6) M prazosin but not by 10(-6) M yohimbine. The data suggest that vas deferens smooth muscle hyper-reactivity in diabetic rats is due to increased PI turnover mediated by alpha 1-adrenoceptors, to the release of intracellular bound Ca2+ and to an increase of Ca2+ uptake through receptor-operated Ca2+ channels.

背景与目标： : 该研究涉及由去甲肾上腺素 (NE) 受体操作的Ca2通道，并介导链脲佐菌素 (STZ) 诱导的糖尿病大鼠输精管平滑肌的高反应性，以及这些通道的介导反应，例如紧张发展，ca2 + 摄取和磷脂酰肌醇 (PI) 更新。糖尿病大鼠输精管中肾上腺素受体激动剂诱导的收缩反应明显大于对照组。与对照组相比，糖尿病大鼠的10(-5) M NE诱导的Ca2摄取更大。10(-6) M哌唑嗪完全抑制了Ca2的吸收，但没有抑制10(-5) M维拉帕米。与对照组相比，糖尿病肌肉中10(-5) M NE增强Ca2释放的速度更快且更大。10(-5) M NE在对照组中 [3H] 肌醇磷酸盐的积累增加了4倍，在糖尿病肌肉中增加了7倍。这种增加被10(-6) M哌唑嗪完全抑制，但没有被10(-6) M育亨宾抑制。数据表明糖尿病大鼠输精管平滑肌高反应性是由于 α1-肾上腺素受体介导的PI转换增加，通过受体操作的Ca2通道释放细胞内结合的Ca2并增加Ca2的摄取。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The main objective of this study has been to analyse the electrophysiological differences in the prostatic portion of vas deferens between spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY). Resting membrane potentials (RMP) recorded in SHR (-63.8+/-0.3 mV) and WKY (-68.1+/-0.3 mV) were significantly different. Bath applications of suramin (30 microM), alpha,beta-methylene adenosine 5'-triphosphate (alpha,beta-meATP; 30 microM) or prazosin (0.1 microM) did not modify the control values of RMP. In control conditions, spontaneous excitatory junction potentials (SEJPs) were recorded in preparations from both groups of animals. SEJPs registered in SHR were greater than those in WKY in amplitude (7.0+/-0.4 mV vs. 2.6+/-0.1 mV) and frequency (0.25+/-0.02 Hz vs. 0.14+/-0.01 Hz). SEJP amplitude was abolished by bath applications of suramin (30 microM) or alpha,beta-meATP (30 microM). However, tetrodotoxin (TTX; 1 microM) and prazosin (0.1 microM) had no effect on this spontaneous activity. Electrical-field stimulation (EFS; 0.1 ms, 20 V, 0.2 Hz) induced an enhanced excitatory junction potential (EJP) in SHR but not in WKY (16.0+/-0.6 mV vs. 12.2+/-0.5 mV) which was abolished by TTX (1 microM), suramin (30 microM) and alpha,beta-meATP (30 microM). The degree of inhibition of both SEJP and EJP produced by alpha,beta-meATP (0.3-30 microM) was greater in SHR than in WKY. This study demonstrates an altered purinergic contribution to the co-transmission process in the prostatic portion of vas deferens from SHR.

背景与目标： : 这项研究的主要目的是分析自发性高血压 (SHR) 和Wistar Kyoto大鼠 (WKY) 之间输精管前列腺部分的电生理差异。SHR (-63.8 +/-0.3 mV) 和WKY (-68.1 +/-0.3 mV) 中记录的静息膜电位 (RMP) 显著不同。苏拉明 (30微米)，α，β-亚甲基腺苷5 '-三磷酸 (α，β-meATP; 30微米) 或哌唑嗪 (0.1微米) 的浴应用不会改变RMP的对照值。在对照条件下，两组动物的制剂中均记录了自发的兴奋性连接电位 (SEJPs)。SHR中记录的SEJPs在幅度 (7.0 +/-0.4 mV对2.6 +/-0.1 mV) 和频率 (0.25 +/-0.02Hz对0.14 +/-0.01Hz) 方面大于WKY中的SEJPs。苏拉明 (30微米) 或 α，β-meATP (30微米) 的浴应用消除了SEJP振幅。然而，河豚毒素 (TTX; 1 microM) 和普拉唑嗪 (0.1 microM) 对这种自发活性没有影响。电场刺激 (EFS; 0.1 ms，20 V，0.2Hz) 在SHR中引起增强的兴奋性结电位 (EJP)，但在WKY中不引起增强 (16.0/-0.6 mV对12.2/-0.5 mV)，苏拉明 (30微米) 和 α，β-meATP (30微米)。由 α，β-meATP (0.3-30微米) 产生的SEJP和EJP的抑制程度在SHR中比在WKY中大。这项研究表明，在SHR输精管的前列腺部分中，嘌呤能对共传递过程的贡献发生了改变。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Mechanisms of postjunctional synergism between adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) and noradrenaline were studied in isolated guinea pig vas deferens. Whereas prior exposure to ATP had no significant effect on noradrenaline-mediated contractions, noradrenaline concentration-dependently enhanced ATP-induced contractions. Similarly to noradrenaline, histamine, which also acts via phospholipase-coupled receptors, induced contractions of the vas deferens and enhanced subsequent responses to ATP. Although phorbol-12, 13-dibutyrate (PDBu), a stimulant of protein kinase C (PKC), failed to induce contractions, it significantly potentiated ATP-induced contractions. The PKC inhibitor, Calphostin C, prevented this effect and the noradrenaline-mediated enhancement of ATP-induced contractions. The phosphatase inhibitor cantharidin induced a time- and concentration-dependent tonic contraction and markedly increased subsequent contractions to ATP. It is suggested that noradrenaline potentiates the contractile response of the vas deferens to ATP via a PKC-mediated mechanism. This may involve the inhibition of myosin light chain phosphatase (MLCP) and subsequent calcium sensitisation.

背景与目标： : 在分离的豚鼠输精管中研究了5 '-三磷酸腺苷 (ATP) 和去甲肾上腺素之间的结后协同作用机制。尽管先前暴露于ATP对去甲肾上腺素介导的收缩没有显着影响，但去甲肾上腺素浓度依赖性地增强了ATP诱导的收缩。与去甲肾上腺素类似，组胺也通过磷脂酶偶联受体起作用，可诱导输精管收缩并增强对ATP的后续反应。尽管phorbol-12，13-二丁酸 (PDBu)，一种蛋白激酶C (PKC) 的刺激物，未能诱导收缩，但它显著增强了ATP诱导的收缩。PKC抑制剂Calphostin C阻止了这种作用以及去甲肾上腺素介导的ATP诱导的收缩的增强。磷酸酶抑制剂斑霉素可诱导时间和浓度依赖性的强直收缩，并显着增加随后对ATP的收缩。建议去甲肾上腺素通过PKC介导的机制增强输精管对ATP的收缩反应。这可能涉及抑制肌球蛋白轻链磷酸酶 (MLCP) 和随后的钙致敏。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Ectopia of the vas deferens into the ureter is a rare occurrence, frequently associated with anorectal anomalies. To date, 20 cases have been reported, accounting for a total of 26 vasoureteral communications, 6 of which are bilateral. Embryologically, ureteral ectopia of the vas deferens may be explained by an underlying defect in the proximal mesonephric duct or an abnormally cranial origin of the ureteric bud. We add the case of a newborn with an ectopic vas terminating into the ureter of a multicystic kidney.

背景与目标： : 输精管进入输尿管的异位是一种罕见的情况，通常与肛门直肠异常有关。迄今为止，已报告20例，共26例血管输尿管通信，其中6例为双侧。从胚胎学上讲，输精管的输尿管异位可以由中肾近端的潜在缺陷或输尿管芽的异常颅骨起源来解释。我们添加了一个新生儿，其异位vas终止于多囊性肾脏的输尿管。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: -2

背景与目标： -2

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Acting in vivo, heparin causes a statistically significant and permanent decrease in the motility of mouse spermatozoa remaining in the vas deferens. This effect was observed after intratesicular injection of 0.1 mg of heparin.

背景与目标： : 肝素在体内起作用，会导致输精管中残留的小鼠精子的运动能力在统计学上显着且永久降低。在注射0.1 mg肝素后观察到这种效果。