BACKGROUND & AIMS: It is well known that different methods of eliciting the valuations attached to various health states, such as the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and the Time Trade Off (TTO), yield different results. This study gathers qualitative data from a group of 43 respondents who had previously taken part in a large scale national study which set out to elicit the values attached by individuals to various health states using both the VAS and the TTO techniques. The findings of this study raised three questions which are of particular interest here(1) Why are some states that are rated better than dead on the VAS often rated as worse than dead in TTO? (2) Why are some respondents unwilling to trade off any time at all in order to avoid a health state that they place below full health on the VAS? (3) Why are TTO valuations of older respondents for the more severe health states lower than those of the younger age groups? This study has uncovered qualitative evidence on each of these three key issues. Regarding the first question, many respondents did not appear to interpret a better than dead VAS score as a strict preference for spending 10 years in a health state over immediate death. Several different factors appeared to contribute towards this, an important one being the tendency of respondents to ignore the duration of the health state during the VAS task. Regarding the second question, there is evidence of the existence of a "threshold of tolerability" below which states would have to fall before some respondents would be willing to give up any time at all on the TTO. Regarding the last question, it appears that older respondents are less likely to find the worse than dead TTO scenario plausible than those in the younger age groups. However, whilst this may explain why older respondents attach lower worse than dead valuations to health states, it does not appear to account for the entire difference in TTO valuations between the two age groups. In addition, it appears that older respondents may be less prepared to live for the next 10 years in a diminished health state.

背景与目标： 众所周知，产生与各种健康状态相关的估值的不同方法，例如视觉模拟量表 (VAS) 和时间权衡 (TTO)，会产生不同的结果。这项研究收集了一组43名受访者的定性数据，这些受访者以前曾参加过一项大规模的全国性研究，该研究旨在利用VAS和TTO技术得出个人对各种健康状态的重视。这项研究的结果提出了三个特别令人感兴趣的问题 (1) 为什么一些在VAS上被评为比死亡更好的州通常被评为比TTO中的死亡更糟糕？(2) 为什么有些受访者根本不愿意在任何时候进行权衡，以避免他们将VAS置于完全健康以下的健康状态？(3) 为什么在更严重的健康状态下，老年受访者的TTO估值低于年轻年龄组？这项研究发现了关于这三个关键问题的定性证据。关于第一个问题，许多受访者似乎并没有将比dead更好的VAS评分解释为严格偏爱在健康状态中度过10年而不是立即死亡。似乎有几个不同的因素对此做出了贡献，一个重要的因素是受访者倾向于忽略VAS任务期间健康状态的持续时间。关于第二个问题，有证据表明存在 “容忍阈值”，在某些受访者愿意在TTO上任何时候放弃之前，国家必须降低该阈值。关于最后一个问题，与年轻年龄组的受访者相比，年龄较大的受访者似乎不太可能发现比死亡更糟糕的情况。然而，尽管这可以解释为什么年龄较大的受访者对健康状况的评估低于死估值，但似乎并不能解释两个年龄组之间TTO估值的全部差异。此外，年龄较大的受访者似乎不太愿意在健康状况下降的情况下生活未来10年。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The inhibitory effects of adenosine as well as its related analogues on the contractile response of the rat vas deferens to field stimulation were compared in the absence and in the presence of nitrobenzylthioguanosine (NBTGR), a potent adenosine uptake inhibitor. In the presence of NBTGR, the order of potency was N6-cyclohexyladenosine (CHA) greater than or equal to L-N6-phenylisopropyladenosine (L-PIA) greater than 2-chloroadenosine greater than D-N6-phenylisopropyladenosine (D-PIA) greater than or equal to adenosine greater than 2'-deoxyadenosine. The inhibitory effect of adenosine but not that of clonidine, beta-endorphin and somatostatin was blocked by 1,3-diethyl-8-phenylxanthine (DPX, pA2 = 7.2), a potent P1-purinergic antagonist. The results suggest that adenosine inhibited the electrically evoked contractions of the rat vas deferens via the activation of the A1 subtype of P1-purinergic receptors.

背景与目标： : 在不存在和存在有效的腺苷摄取抑制剂硝基苄基硫鸟苷 (NBTGR) 的情况下，比较了腺苷及其相关类似物对大鼠输精管对场刺激的收缩反应的抑制作用。在NBTGR存在下，效力顺序N6-cyclohexyladenosine (CHA) 大于或等于L-N6-phenylisopropyladenosine (L-PIA) 大于2-氯腺苷大于D-N6-phenylisopropyladenosine (D-PIA) 大于或等于腺苷大于2 '-脱氧腺苷。腺苷的抑制作用而不是可乐定，β-内啡肽和生长抑素的抑制作用被有效的P1-purinergic拮抗剂1,3-二乙基-8-苯基黄嘌呤 (DPX，pA2 = 7.2) 阻断。结果表明，腺苷通过激活P1-purinergic受体的A1亚型来抑制大鼠输精管的电诱发收缩。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The mechanism of action of B-HT 933 (azepexole) was studied on the rat vas deferens and myenteric plexus-longitudinal muscle (MP-LM) of the guinea-pig ileum. The drug caused a concentration-dependent inhibition of the twitch response in both preparations. The maximal inhibition in both preparations was 80-90%. B-HT 933 did not affect the cumulative dose-response curves of the vas deferens and of MP-LM to noradrenaline (NA) and acetylcholine (Ach) respectively. Yohimbine antagonized in a competitive way the twitch inhibitory effect of B-HT 933 on vas deferens and on MP-LM; the pA2 values were 8.62 and 8.5, respectively. The twitch inhibitory effects of B-HT 933 were not antagonized by propranolol. The results suggest that the action of B-HT 933 is mediated by stimulation of presynaptic alpha 2-receptors.

背景与目标： : 研究了B-HT 933 (azepexole) 对豚鼠回肠大鼠输精管和肌间神经丛-纵向肌 (mp-lm) 的作用机理。该药物在两种制剂中都引起了抽搐反应的浓度依赖性抑制。两种制剂的最大抑制为80-90%。B-ht 933分别不影响输精管和MP-LM对去甲肾上腺素 (NA) 和乙酰胆碱 (Ach) 的累积剂量-反应曲线。育亨宾以竞争性方式拮抗b-ht 933对输精管和mp-lm的抽搐抑制作用; pA2值分别为8.62和8.5。B-HT 933的抽搐抑制作用不受普萘洛尔的拮抗。结果表明，B-HT 933的作用是由突触前 α2-受体的刺激介导的。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A new male antifertility agent, styrene maleic anhydride (SMA) dissolved in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO), was injected into the vas deferens of rats. The morphological changes detected were confined only to the mucosa. After four weeks, the vas deferens lumen was flushed with the solvent DMSO, and the mucosal structures returned to normal.

背景与目标： : 将一种新的雄性抗生育剂，溶解在二甲基亚砜 (DMSO) 中的苯乙烯马来酸酐 (SMA) 注入大鼠输精管中。检测到的形态变化仅局限于粘膜。四周后，用溶剂DMSO冲洗输精管腔，粘膜结构恢复正常。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The importance of exocrine secretions of testis in the regulation of energy metabolism of the epididymis and vas deferens was examined in rhesus monkeys by performing efferentiectomy. At autopsy the epididymis was divided into initial segment, caput, corpus and cauda portions to make an account of regional differences, if any. Eleven enzymes of glycolysis, two key enzymes of HMP pathway and seven enzymes of TCA cycle were assayed in the epididymal segments and vas deferens of control (intact) and experimental (efferentiectomised for 90 days) monkeys. The results indicate that while anaerobic energy metabolism (glycolysis and HMP pathway) is sensitive to efferentiectomy chiefly in the proximal regions of epididymis, the oxidative pathway (TCA cycle) is dependent on testicular exocrine secretions throughout the length of epididymis, as well as in the vas deferens. Since all androgen-sensitive enzymes do not regress after efferentiectomy, it is suggested that unidentified exocrine factors of testis may have role in regulating energy metabolism in the epididymis and vas deferens.

背景与目标： : 通过进行睾丸切除术，在恒河猴中检查了睾丸外分泌分泌物在调节附睾和输精管能量代谢中的重要性。尸检时，将附睾分为初始段，头段，语料库和尾突部分，以说明区域差异 (如果有)。在对照 (完整) 和实验性 (经90天切除) 猴子的附睾段和输精管中测定了11种糖酵解酶，HMP途径的两种关键酶和TCA循环的七种酶。结果表明，尽管厌氧能量代谢 (糖酵解和HMP途径) 主要在附睾近端区域对睾丸切除术敏感，但氧化途径 (TCA循环) 依赖于整个附睾长度以及输精管的睾丸外分泌。由于睾丸切除术后所有雄激素敏感酶均不会消退，因此提示睾丸的外分泌因子可能在调节附睾和输精管的能量代谢中起作用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Nasal airflow, as measured by rhinomanometry, is frequently impaired in allergic rhinitis (AR). The decongestion test evaluates whether the application of an intranasal vasoconstrictor drug increases nasal airflow. The aim of this study was to verify the suitability of the use of the visual analogue scales (VAS) as a surrogate for rhinomanometry in the decongestion test assessment in adolescents with atopic rhinitis. Forty adolescents [16 males and 24 females, mean age 15 (s.d. 2) yr] with AR were studied. Nasal symptoms, VAS, rhinomanometry, and nasal decongestion test were assessed in all patients. A significant association was observed between VAS and nasal airflow after performing the decongestion test (Spearman's r is -51.7%, p < 0.001). The associated sensitivity and specificity were 84.8 (95% confidence interval, CI 68.1-94.8) and 85.7 (95% CI 42.2-97.6), respectively. The corresponding area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of 0.83 (95% CI 0.67-0.93) indicated a good discriminating ability for the decongestion measured on the VAS scale. In conclusion, the use of VAS appears as clinically relevant, in that it allows, with a fair reliability, to perform the decongestion test in the absence of rhinomanometry.

背景与目标： : 鼻气流，通过鼻压法测量，在过敏性鼻炎 (AR) 中经常受损。减充血试验评估鼻内血管收缩药物的应用是否增加鼻气流。这项研究的目的是验证在患有特应性鼻炎的青少年减充血试验评估中使用视觉模拟量表 (VAS) 作为鼻测压的替代物的适用性。研究了40名患有AR的青少年 [16名男性和24名女性，平均年龄15 (s.d. 2) 岁]。在所有患者中评估了鼻症状，VAS，鼻测压和鼻充血试验。在进行减充血试验后，观察到VAS与鼻气流之间存在显着关联 (Spearman's r为-51.7%，p <0.001)。相关的敏感性和特异性分别为84.8 (95% 置信区间，CI 68.1-94.8) 和85.7 (95% CI 42.2-97.6)。0.83的接收器工作特性 (ROC) 曲线下的相应面积 (95% CI 0.67-0.93) 表明，在VAS量表上测量的解充血具有良好的区分能力。总之，VAS的使用似乎与临床相关，因为它允许在没有鼻测压法的情况下以相当的可靠性进行减充血试验。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: 1. Angiotensin II (AII) elicited only a minute, if any, direct contractile response in smooth muscle cells of prostatic rat vas deferens, but it potentiated contractile responses to field stimulation. 2. Angiotensin-potentiated contractile response to field stimulation was concentration-dependent, and the order of potency was AII > AIII approximately AI. The EC50 of AII was 8.11 +/- 2.79 nM. 3. AII did not modify the contractile response of exogenous noradrenaline (NA) on non-stimulated prostatic vas deferens. Furthermore, the concentration-response curve for AII-potentiated contractile responses to field stimulation in reserpine-treated rats did not significantly differ from the control group. 4. Desensitization of purinoceptors with 30 microM alpha, beta-methylene-ATP almost completely abolished the potentiation of the contractile response to field stimulation by AII. 5. The response to AII in the prostatic rat vas deferens was blocked by the AT1 selective antagonist losartan, but not by the AT2 selective antagonist CGP 42112. Losartan acted as a competitive antagonist with a pA2 value of 8.75. 6. In conclusion, AII potentiated purinergic transmission in the prostatic rat vas deferens via the AT1 receptor.

背景与目标： 1.血管紧张素II (AII) 仅在前列腺大鼠输精管的平滑肌细胞中引起一分钟 (如果有的话) 的直接收缩反应，但它增强了对场刺激的收缩反应。2.对场刺激的血管紧张素增强收缩反应是浓度依赖性的，效力顺序为AII> AII。AII的EC50为8.11 +/- 2.79纳米。3. AII没有改变外源性去甲肾上腺素 (NA) 对非刺激的前列腺输精管的收缩反应。此外，在利血平治疗的大鼠中，AII增强对场刺激的收缩反应的浓度-反应曲线与对照组没有显着差异。4.用30微m α，β-亚甲基-ATP对嘌呤受体的脱敏几乎完全消除了AII对场刺激的收缩反应的增强作用。5.前列腺大鼠输精管对AII的反应被AT1选择性拮抗剂氯沙坦阻断，但不是被AT2选择性拮抗剂CGP 42112阻断。氯沙坦作为竞争性拮抗剂，pA2值为8.75。6.总之，AII通过AT1受体增强了前列腺大鼠输精管中的嘌呤能传递。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Twitch contractions of the rabbit vas deferens elicited by electrical field stimulation were inhibited by tetrodotoxin, guanethidine, bretylium and alpha,beta-methylene-ATP but were unaffected by hexamethonium, physostigmine, 1,1-dimethyl-4-phenylpiperazinium and prazosin, suggesting that they resulted from ATP released following postganglionic sympathetic nerve stimulation. McN-A-343 inhibited but carbachol and several other muscarinic agonists potentiated the twitch contractions; these effects were not modified by hexamethonium or physostigmine. Muscarinic agonists had no effect on the tension in unstimulated organs whereas contractions elicited by ATP, noradrenaline and KCl were potentiated by carbachol but remained unaffected by McN-A-343. The responses of the twitch contractions to McN-A-343 and carbachol were inhibited to different degrees by antimuscarinic drugs: the affinity (pA2) of atropine, secoverine and himbacine against McN-A-343 and carbachol was similar. However, pirenzepine, telenzepine, trihexyphenidyl, dicyclomine and hexahydro-sila-difenidol displayed preferential antagonism of the responses to McN-A-343 whereas the converse was true for AF-DX 116 and gallamine. The highly significant correlation between the pA2 values obtained for 10 antagonists against carbachol responses in rabbit vas deferens and rat left atrium suggests that the receptors may be similar. The data support the presence of a presynaptic M1-receptor mediating inhibition and a postsynaptic, cardiac-like M2-receptor responsible for enhancing neurogenic contractions in rabbit vas deferens.

背景与目标： : 电场刺激引起的兔输精管的抽搐收缩被河豚毒素，胍乙啶，bretylium和 α，β-亚甲基-ATP抑制，但不受六甲铵，毒扁豆碱，1,1-二甲基-4-苯基哌嗪和哌唑嗪的影响，表明它们是由神经节后交感神经刺激后释放的ATP引起的。McN-A-343抑制，但卡巴胆碱和其他几种毒蕈碱激动剂增强了抽搐收缩; 六甲铵或毒扁豆碱未改变这些作用。毒蕈碱激动剂对未刺激器官的张力没有影响，而由ATP，去甲肾上腺素和KCl引起的收缩被卡巴胆碱增强，但不受McN-A-343影响。抗毒蕈碱药物在不同程度上抑制了抽搐收缩对McN-A-343和卡巴胆碱的反应: 阿托品，赛科林和喜巴因对McN-A-343和卡巴胆碱的亲和力 (pA2) 相似。然而，哌仑西平，替仑西平，三己苯甲基，二环胺和六氢-sila-difenidol表现出对McN-A-343反应的优先拮抗作用，而AF-DX 116和没食子胺则相反。在兔输精管和大鼠左心房中，针对卡巴胆碱反应的10种拮抗剂获得的pA2值之间的高度显着相关性表明受体可能相似。数据支持存在突触前M1-receptor介导抑制和突触后，心脏样M2-receptor负责增强兔输精管的神经源性收缩。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Prejunctional neuropeptide Y (NPY) receptors that inhibit the contractions evoked in rat and rabbit vas deferens by field stimulation were investigated by using NPY, [Leu31,Pro34]NPY and the fragments, NPY-(13-36) and NPY-(18-36). NPY, and especially [Leu31,Pro34]NPY, were more potent agonists on the twitch response of the rabbit vas deferens. In contrast the NPY C-terminal fragments, NPY-(13-36) and NPY-(18-36), inhibited the twitch response at lower concentrations in the rat vas deferens. These results indicate that distinct NPY receptor subtypes mediate the biological effect in these two tissues. We suggest that prejunctional receptors in the rat vas deferens are of the Y2-subtype and those in rabbit vas deferens of the Y1-subtype.

背景与目标： : 使用NPY，[Leu31，Pro34]NPY和片段NPY-(13-36) 和NPY-(18-36) 研究了抑制野外刺激引起的大鼠和兔输精管收缩的结前神经肽Y (NPY) 受体。NPY，尤其是 [Leu31，Pro34]NPY，是对兔输精管抽搐反应更有效的激动剂。相反，NPY C末端片段NPY-(13-36) 和NPY-(18-36) 抑制了大鼠输精管中较低浓度的抽搐反应。这些结果表明，不同的NPY受体亚型介导了这两种组织的生物学效应。我们建议大鼠输精管中的结前受体是Y2-subtype的，而兔输精管中的Y1-subtype。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We evaluated the contractile reactivity to various stimuli, and the content and release of noradrenaline (NA) from a non-vascular tissue, the vas deferens, isolated from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY). The concentration-contraction curves for NA in tissue from animals of two ages (10-25 weeks and 30-45 weeks) were shifted to the left in SHR as compared with in age-matched WKY, with significant differences at 1.0 and/or 10 microM of NA. Similarly, the amplitude of contraction produced by electrical stimulation at 4, 8 and 16 Hz in the tissue was much larger in SHR than in WKY. However, ATP (10-100 microM) evoked contractions of the tissue to a similar extent in both SHR and WKY. The electrically evoked contractions of vas deferens from both strains were inhibited by isoprenaline in an approximate dose-dependent and equipotent manner. The tissue NA content, determined by HPLC-ECD, was nearly same in both SHR and WKY. In addition, the same amount of NA was released from the vas deferens of both strains by electrical stimulation in the presence of 4-aminopyridine. The present findings indicate that the contractile response of vas deferens to stimulation of alpha 1-adrenoceptors, but not of beta-adrenoceptors or P2X-purinoceptors, is more pronounced in SHR than in WKY and that a response indicative of hypertension may also occur in non-vascular tissue as it does in vascular tissue.

背景与目标： : 我们评估了对各种刺激的收缩反应性，以及从自发性高血压大鼠 (SHR) 和Wistar-Kyoto大鼠 (WKY) 分离的非血管组织输精管中去甲肾上腺素 (NA) 的含量和释放。与年龄匹配的WKY相比，SHR的两个年龄 (10-25周和30-45周) 动物组织中NA的浓度-收缩曲线向左移动，在1.0和/或10微米处有显着差异NA。同样，SHR在组织中以4、8和16Hz的电刺激产生的收缩幅度比WKY大得多。然而，在SHR和WKY中，ATP (10-100微米) 以相似的程度诱发组织的收缩。异丙肾上腺素以近似剂量依赖性和等效性的方式抑制了两种菌株输精管的电诱发收缩。通过hplc-ecd测定的组织NA含量在SHR和WKY中几乎相同。此外，在存在4-氨基吡啶的情况下，通过电刺激从两种菌株的输精管中释放了相同量的NA。目前的发现表明，输精管对刺激 α1-肾上腺素能受体而不是 β-肾上腺素能受体或P2X-purinoceptors的收缩反应在SHR中比在WKY中更为明显，并且指示高血压的反应也可能发生在非血管组织中，就像在血管组织中一样。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The dependence of neurotransmitter release on calcium was evaluated in adrenergic terminals from mice that were acutely withdrawn from chronic morphine treatment (CMT). A two fold increase in the number of writhes in response to an i.p. injection of acetylcholine was induced in mice by CMT and subsequent withdrawal. A shift to the left in the relationship between the excitatory junction potential (e.j.p.) amplitude and extracellular calcium concentration ([Ca]o) was induced in vasa deferentia from CMT-withdrawn mice. A reduction in the degree of facilitation of transmitter release during a short low-frequency train of impulses and an increase in the amount of transmitter release during a high-frequency train of impulses was induced in vasa deferentia from CMT-withdrawn mice. The adaptive mechanism of the terminals to the sustained presence of morphine may involve an increase in the probability that the release sites will release transmitter either via increase in calcium influx or an increase in the affinity of calcium to the hypothetical X-receptor.

背景与目标： 在从慢性吗啡治疗 (CMT) 中急性撤出的小鼠的肾上腺素能末端中评估了神经递质释放对钙的依赖性。响应i.p.，扭扭率增加了两倍。CMT诱导小鼠注射乙酰胆碱，随后停药。在来自CMT撤回小鼠的输精管中，兴奋性连接电位 (e.j.p.) 振幅和细胞外钙浓度 ([Ca]o) 之间的关系向左移动。在短暂的低频训练中，递质释放的促进程度降低脉冲和在高频脉冲过程中，递质释放量的增加是在CMT撤回小鼠的输精管中诱导的。终端对吗啡持续存在的适应性机制可能涉及释放位点通过增加释放递质的可能性的增加钙内流或钙对假设的X受体的亲和力增加。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Effects of diethylstilbestrol (DES) treatment (30 daily i.m. injections) in reproductive function in the male rat were investigated. These functions were evaluated with sperm counts, motility, fertility, morphology, serum testosterone, and a number of biochemical tests in rat epididymis and vasa deferentia. DES treatment resulted in a 15% loss of body weight and a 60 to 90% loss of weight of testes, epididymis, and vas deferens. Sperm parameters and fertility were reduced to nil by DES treatment. Likewise, the majority of the biochemical measures were severely depressed by the DES treatment. In general, the measured parameters were less affected or recovered with either testosterone cotreatment or 60 days of recovery, showing the role of androgen in maintaining functional integrity and metabolism. However, sperm parameters and fertility did not recover with testosterone cotreatment, which differs from withdrawal of treatment.

背景与目标： 研究了己烯雌酚 (DES) 治疗 (每天30次i.m.注射) 对雄性大鼠生殖功能的影响。通过精子数量，运动能力，生育能力，形态，血清睾丸激素以及大鼠附睾和输精管的许多生化测试来评估这些功能。DES治疗导致15% 体重减轻，睾丸，附睾和输精管重量减轻60至90%。经DES处理，精子参数和生育力降低为零。同样，DES治疗严重抑制了大多数生化措施。通常，通过睾丸激素联合治疗或恢复60天，测得的参数受到的影响较小或恢复，表明雄激素在维持功能完整性和代谢中的作用。但是，睾丸激素联合治疗无法恢复精子参数和生育力，这与退出治疗不同。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The study concerned Ca2+ channels that are receptor-operated by norepinephrine (NE) and mediate hyper-reactivity of vas deferens smooth muscle from rats with streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes, and the mediatory responses of these channels, such as tension development, Ca2+ uptake and phosphatidylinositol (PI) turnover. The contractile responses induced by adrenoceptor agonists were significantly greater in diabetic rat vas deferens than in the controls. A greater Ca2+ uptake was induced by 10(-5) M NE in strips from diabetic rats than in the controls. The uptake of Ca2+ was completely inhibited by 10(-6) M prazosin but not by 10(-5) M verapamil. Enhancement of Ca2+ release by 10(-5) M NE was faster and greater in diabetic muscles than in the controls. The accumulation of [3H]inositol phosphates was increased 4-fold in the controls and 7-fold in diabetic muscles by 10(-5) M NE. This increase was completely inhibited by 10(-6) M prazosin but not by 10(-6) M yohimbine. The data suggest that vas deferens smooth muscle hyper-reactivity in diabetic rats is due to increased PI turnover mediated by alpha 1-adrenoceptors, to the release of intracellular bound Ca2+ and to an increase of Ca2+ uptake through receptor-operated Ca2+ channels.

背景与目标： : 该研究涉及由去甲肾上腺素 (NE) 受体操作的Ca2通道，并介导链脲佐菌素 (STZ) 诱导的糖尿病大鼠输精管平滑肌的高反应性，以及这些通道的介导反应，例如紧张发展，ca2 + 摄取和磷脂酰肌醇 (PI) 更新。糖尿病大鼠输精管中肾上腺素受体激动剂诱导的收缩反应明显大于对照组。与对照组相比，糖尿病大鼠的10(-5) M NE诱导的Ca2摄取更大。10(-6) M哌唑嗪完全抑制了Ca2的吸收，但没有抑制10(-5) M维拉帕米。与对照组相比，糖尿病肌肉中10(-5) M NE增强Ca2释放的速度更快且更大。10(-5) M NE在对照组中 [3H] 肌醇磷酸盐的积累增加了4倍，在糖尿病肌肉中增加了7倍。这种增加被10(-6) M哌唑嗪完全抑制，但没有被10(-6) M育亨宾抑制。数据表明糖尿病大鼠输精管平滑肌高反应性是由于 α1-肾上腺素受体介导的PI转换增加，通过受体操作的Ca2通道释放细胞内结合的Ca2并增加Ca2的摄取。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The main objective of this study has been to analyse the electrophysiological differences in the prostatic portion of vas deferens between spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY). Resting membrane potentials (RMP) recorded in SHR (-63.8+/-0.3 mV) and WKY (-68.1+/-0.3 mV) were significantly different. Bath applications of suramin (30 microM), alpha,beta-methylene adenosine 5'-triphosphate (alpha,beta-meATP; 30 microM) or prazosin (0.1 microM) did not modify the control values of RMP. In control conditions, spontaneous excitatory junction potentials (SEJPs) were recorded in preparations from both groups of animals. SEJPs registered in SHR were greater than those in WKY in amplitude (7.0+/-0.4 mV vs. 2.6+/-0.1 mV) and frequency (0.25+/-0.02 Hz vs. 0.14+/-0.01 Hz). SEJP amplitude was abolished by bath applications of suramin (30 microM) or alpha,beta-meATP (30 microM). However, tetrodotoxin (TTX; 1 microM) and prazosin (0.1 microM) had no effect on this spontaneous activity. Electrical-field stimulation (EFS; 0.1 ms, 20 V, 0.2 Hz) induced an enhanced excitatory junction potential (EJP) in SHR but not in WKY (16.0+/-0.6 mV vs. 12.2+/-0.5 mV) which was abolished by TTX (1 microM), suramin (30 microM) and alpha,beta-meATP (30 microM). The degree of inhibition of both SEJP and EJP produced by alpha,beta-meATP (0.3-30 microM) was greater in SHR than in WKY. This study demonstrates an altered purinergic contribution to the co-transmission process in the prostatic portion of vas deferens from SHR.

背景与目标： : 这项研究的主要目的是分析自发性高血压 (SHR) 和Wistar Kyoto大鼠 (WKY) 之间输精管前列腺部分的电生理差异。SHR (-63.8 +/-0.3 mV) 和WKY (-68.1 +/-0.3 mV) 中记录的静息膜电位 (RMP) 显著不同。苏拉明 (30微米)，α，β-亚甲基腺苷5 '-三磷酸 (α，β-meATP; 30微米) 或哌唑嗪 (0.1微米) 的浴应用不会改变RMP的对照值。在对照条件下，两组动物的制剂中均记录了自发的兴奋性连接电位 (SEJPs)。SHR中记录的SEJPs在幅度 (7.0 +/-0.4 mV对2.6 +/-0.1 mV) 和频率 (0.25 +/-0.02Hz对0.14 +/-0.01Hz) 方面大于WKY中的SEJPs。苏拉明 (30微米) 或 α，β-meATP (30微米) 的浴应用消除了SEJP振幅。然而，河豚毒素 (TTX; 1 microM) 和普拉唑嗪 (0.1 microM) 对这种自发活性没有影响。电场刺激 (EFS; 0.1 ms，20 V，0.2Hz) 在SHR中引起增强的兴奋性结电位 (EJP)，但在WKY中不引起增强 (16.0/-0.6 mV对12.2/-0.5 mV)，苏拉明 (30微米) 和 α，β-meATP (30微米)。由 α，β-meATP (0.3-30微米) 产生的SEJP和EJP的抑制程度在SHR中比在WKY中大。这项研究表明，在SHR输精管的前列腺部分中，嘌呤能对共传递过程的贡献发生了改变。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Mechanisms of postjunctional synergism between adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) and noradrenaline were studied in isolated guinea pig vas deferens. Whereas prior exposure to ATP had no significant effect on noradrenaline-mediated contractions, noradrenaline concentration-dependently enhanced ATP-induced contractions. Similarly to noradrenaline, histamine, which also acts via phospholipase-coupled receptors, induced contractions of the vas deferens and enhanced subsequent responses to ATP. Although phorbol-12, 13-dibutyrate (PDBu), a stimulant of protein kinase C (PKC), failed to induce contractions, it significantly potentiated ATP-induced contractions. The PKC inhibitor, Calphostin C, prevented this effect and the noradrenaline-mediated enhancement of ATP-induced contractions. The phosphatase inhibitor cantharidin induced a time- and concentration-dependent tonic contraction and markedly increased subsequent contractions to ATP. It is suggested that noradrenaline potentiates the contractile response of the vas deferens to ATP via a PKC-mediated mechanism. This may involve the inhibition of myosin light chain phosphatase (MLCP) and subsequent calcium sensitisation.

背景与目标： : 在分离的豚鼠输精管中研究了5 '-三磷酸腺苷 (ATP) 和去甲肾上腺素之间的结后协同作用机制。尽管先前暴露于ATP对去甲肾上腺素介导的收缩没有显着影响，但去甲肾上腺素浓度依赖性地增强了ATP诱导的收缩。与去甲肾上腺素类似，组胺也通过磷脂酶偶联受体起作用，可诱导输精管收缩并增强对ATP的后续反应。尽管phorbol-12，13-二丁酸 (PDBu)，一种蛋白激酶C (PKC) 的刺激物，未能诱导收缩，但它显著增强了ATP诱导的收缩。PKC抑制剂Calphostin C阻止了这种作用以及去甲肾上腺素介导的ATP诱导的收缩的增强。磷酸酶抑制剂斑霉素可诱导时间和浓度依赖性的强直收缩，并显着增加随后对ATP的收缩。建议去甲肾上腺素通过PKC介导的机制增强输精管对ATP的收缩反应。这可能涉及抑制肌球蛋白轻链磷酸酶 (MLCP) 和随后的钙致敏。