BACKGROUND & AIMS: The demographic data of industrialised nations predict an unavoidable shift towards an increase of the ratio of old people to total population. Thus, senescence presents a challenge to sociology, psychology and medicine. The latter responds by the holistic approach of geriatrics and medical gerontology. The diversity of European nations and their medical schools lead us to assess the respective incentives in the field of geriatric medicine. By means of a questionnaire with a response rate of 41%, by direct contact and personal communication and by consulting published and unpublished papers we obtained a survey of current geriatric activities in European universities. The results of this investigation are summarized.

背景与目标： 工业化国家的人口统计数据预测，老年人与总人口的比例将不可避免地转向增加。因此，衰老对社会学，心理学和医学提出了挑战。后者通过老年医学和医学老年学的整体方法做出回应。欧洲国家及其医学院的多样性使我们评估了老年医学领域的各自激励措施。通过答复率为41% 的问卷，直接联系和个人交流以及咨询已发表和未发表的论文，我们获得了对欧洲大学当前老年活动的调查。总结了这项调查的结果。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The current status of interprofessional education (IPE) in Australian and New Zealand universities is largely unexamined despite its generally acknowledged benefit. Data are also limited about the use of IPE in teaching medication safety to nursing, pharmacy and medical students. For this reason a web-based cross-sectional survey was used to gather information from Australian and New Zealand universities offering nursing, pharmacy or medical programs. Responses were received from 31 of the 43 (72%) target universities. Eighty percent of the participants indicated that they currently offer IPE experiences, but only 24% of these experiences met the accepted definition of IPE. Of the participants who offer IPE as defined by Center for the Advancement of Interprofessional Education, only 50% use it to teach medication safety. Timetabling restrictions and lack of appropriate teaching and learning resources were identified as the main barriers to implementation of IPE. All participants reported that staff development, multi-media and e-learning resources would be beneficial to IPE initiatives and the teaching of medication safety. Innovative approaches will be needed to overcome the barriers and facilitate the uptake of quality IPE more broadly. Web-based and e-learning options promise a possible way forward, particularly in the teaching of medication safety to nursing, pharmacy and medical students.

背景与目标： : 尽管澳大利亚和新西兰大学的专业间教育 (IPE) 的现状得到了普遍认可，但在很大程度上尚未得到审查。关于使用IPE向护理，药学和医学生教授药物安全性的数据也很有限。因此，基于网络的横断面调查被用来从提供护理，药学或医学课程的澳大利亚和新西兰大学收集信息。收到了43所 (72%) 目标大学中的31所的答复。80% 的参与者表示他们目前提供IPE体验，但只有24% 的体验符合公认的IPE定义。在提供跨专业教育促进中心定义的IPE的参与者中，只有50% 使用它来教授药物安全性。时间表限制和缺乏适当的教学资源被认为是实施IPE的主要障碍。所有与会者都报告说，员工发展、多媒体和电子学习资源将有利于IPE倡议和药物安全教学。将需要创新的方法来克服障碍并促进更广泛地采用高质量的IPE。基于Web的和电子学习选项有望成为可能的前进方向，尤其是在向护理，药学和医学生教授药物安全方面。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:This article centers around a proposal outlining how research universities could leverage their intellectual property to help close the access gap for health innovations in poor countries. A recent deal between Emory University, Gilead Sciences, and Royalty Pharma is used as an example to illustrate how 'equitable access licensing' could be put into practice. DISCUSSION:While the crisis of access to medicines in poor countries has multiple determinants, intellectual property protection leading to high prices is well-established as one critical element of the access gap. Given the current international political climate, systemic, government-driven reform of intellectual property protection seems unlikely in the near term. Therefore, we propose that public sector institutions, universities chief among them, adopt a modest intervention--an Equitable Access License (EAL)--that works within existing trade-law and drug-development paradigms in order to proactively circumvent both national and international obstacles to generic medicine production. Our proposal has three key features: (1) it is prospective in scope, (2) it facilitates unfettered generic competition in poor countries, and (3) it centers around universities and their role in the biomedical research enterprise. Two characteristics make universities ideal agents of the type of open licensing proposal described. First, universities, because they are upstream in the development pipeline, are likely to hold rights to the key components of a wide variety of end products. Second, universities acting collectively have a strong negotiating position with respect to other players in the biomedical research arena. Finally, counterarguments are anticipated and addressed and conclusions are drawn based on how application of the Equitable Access License would have changed the effects of the licensing deal between Emory and Gilead.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Since sexual health education (SHE) is not mandatory in Italian schools, we conducted a survey on freshmen of four Italian university campuses in 2012 to investigate the respective level of sexual health knowledge (SHK) in relation to birth control, with the aim to inform public health policy makers. A convenience strategy was employed to sample 4,552 freshmen registered with various undergraduate courses at four Italian universities: Padua university (Veneto Region); university of Milan (Lombardy Region); university of Bergamo (Lombardy Region); university of Palermo (Sicily Region). We investigated the level of SHK on birth control using 6 proxy indicators: (1) the average length of a woman's period [outcome with 3 levels: wrong (base) vs. acceptable vs. correct]; (2) the most fertile interval within a woman's period (binary outcome: correct vs. wrong answer); (3) the event between the end of a period and the beginning of the next cycle (binary outcome: correct vs. wrong answer); (4) the average survival of spermatozoa in the womb (binary outcome: correct vs. wrong answer); (5) the concept of contraception (binary outcome: correct vs. wrong answer); (6) the efficacy of various contraceptives to prevent unintended pregnancies (linear score: 0-17). We fitted 6 separate models of multiple regression: multinomial for outcome 1; logistic for outcomes 2, 3, 4, 6; linear for outcome 6. Statistical estimates were adjusted for a number of socio-demographic factors. Results were expressed as odds ratios (OR) for the 4 multiple logistic regression models, linear coefficients (RC) for the linear regression model and relative risk ratio (RRR) for the multinomial logistic regression model. The level of significance of each risk estimate was set at 0.05. The level of SHK of freshmen sampled was rather low, as 60% interviewees did not know the average length of a woman's period, the average survival of spermatozoa in the womb and the concept of contraception, whilst the most fertile interval within a woman's period was known only to 55% of interviewees. The mean score of SHK on the efficacy of various contraceptive methods was only 5 (scale 0-17). Some categories of students were consistently and significantly less knowledgeable on birth control at multivariable analysis: males; students from the university of Palermo; those with vocational secondary school education and those not in a romantic relationship at the time the survey was conducted. The results of this survey clearly call for the introduction of SHE programs in Italian schools, as already done in several European countries. School SHE should start as early as possible, ideally even before secondary school. SHE should be holistic and delivered with a multiple agency coordinated approach involving the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Education, University and Scientific Research (MIUR), families, schools, public health departments, primary health care providers, pharmacists, media, other.

背景与目标： : 由于意大利学校的性健康教育 (SHE) 不是强制性的，我们对四个意大利大学校园的新生进行了一项调查，2012年调查与节育有关的性健康知识 (SHK) 的各自水平，目的是告知公共卫生决策者。采用便利策略来抽样在四所意大利大学注册了各种本科课程的4,552名新生: 帕多瓦大学 (威尼托地区); 米兰大学 (伦巴第地区); 贝加莫大学 (伦巴第地区); 巴勒莫大学 (西西里岛地区)。我们使用6个代理指标调查了SHK在节育方面的水平 :( 1) 女性的平均时间 [3个水平的结果: 错误 (基础) 与可接受与正确]; (2) 女性时期内最肥沃的间隔 (二元结果: 正确答案与错误答案); (3) 周期结束与下一个周期开始之间的事件 (二元结果: 正确答案与错误答案); (4) 子宫内精子的平均存活率 (二元结果: 正确答案与错误答案); (5) 避孕的概念 (二元结果: 正确与错误的答案); (6) 各种避孕药预防意外怀孕的功效 (线性得分: 0-17)。我们拟合了6个独立的多元回归模型: 结果1的多项式; 结果2、3、4、6的逻辑; 结果6的线性。统计估计数针对一些社会人口因素进行了调整。结果表示为4种多元逻辑回归模型的优势比 (OR)，线性回归模型的线性系数 (RC) 和多项式逻辑回归模型的相对风险比 (RRR)。每个风险估计的显著性水平设定为0.05。抽样的新生SHK水平相当低，因为60% 受访者不知道女性的平均月经时间，子宫中精子的平均存活率和避孕的概念，而女性时期内最肥沃的时间间隔仅对55% 受访者了解。SHK对各种避孕方法的疗效的平均得分仅为5 (量表0-17)。在多变量分析中，某些类别的学生对节育知识的了解一直持续且明显较低: 男性; 巴勒莫大学的学生; 在进行调查时，受过职业中学教育的人和没有恋爱关系的人。这项调查的结果显然要求在意大利学校引入SHE计划，就像在几个欧洲国家已经这样做的那样。她应该尽早上学，最好是在中学之前。她应该是整体的，并采取多机构协调的方法，涉及卫生部，教育，大学和科学研究部 (MIUR)，家庭，学校，公共卫生部门，初级卫生保健提供者，药剂师，媒体等。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A group of 26 hard of hearing university students answered a questionnaire about their socioeconomic status, health, social support, well-being, and educational experiences. Results indicated that hard of hearing university students in Sweden are from families of higher socioeconomic status than their hearing peers, have a greater number of minor medical complaints, report more frequent feelings of loneliness and mild depression, are more pessimistic about the future, experience greater anxiety, and have slightly weaker social networks and support systems. However, variables related to their educational settings indicated stronger commitment, greater academic and classroom integration, and a less stressful academic experience than their hearing peers.

背景与目标： : 由26名听力良好的大学生组成的小组回答了有关其社会经济地位，健康状况，社会支持，福祉和教育经历的问卷。结果表明，瑞典听力障碍大学生来自社会经济地位高于听力同龄人的家庭，有更多的轻微医疗投诉，报告更频繁的孤独感和轻度抑郁，对未来更加悲观，经历更大的焦虑，并且社交网络和支持系统稍弱。然而，与他们的教育环境相关的变量表明，与他们的听力同龄人相比，他们的承诺更强，学术和课堂融合更强，学术经验压力更小。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: INTRODUCTION:Vaccines are well-established public health interventions with major impact on the prevalence of infectious diseases, but outbreaks are occurring frequently due to primary and secondary failures, despite high coverage. Surveillance of efficacy and duration of induced immunity is a difficult task as it requires invasive blood sampling in children and teenagers. Saliva can be an acceptable alternative source of IgG to assess vaccine efficacy and toxoplasmosis incidence. We investigated IgG response for measles, mumps, rubella, and T. gondii in saliva samples of vaccinated young people. METHODS:Saliva was collected from 249 public schools students from São Paulo, Brazil, aged 7 to 13 years old, during an interactive exhibition on hygiene. We used S. aureus protein A solid phase capture assay for IgG reactive to biotinylated purified proteins. Paired saliva and serum (47) were tested from young adults with serum evidence of T. gondii infection and from negative children less than 12 month old for standardization. Reproducibility was greater than 98% and sensitivity and specificity of the saliva assays were greater than 95%, as well as the concordance of paired saliva and serum samples. RESULTS:Saliva from high school students showed a prevalence of 8.5% (95% CI: 5.0-11.9%) for anti T. gondii IgG; 96.8% (94.6-99%) of anti-measles IgG; 59.1% (53-65%) of anti-rubella IgG, and 57.5% (51.3-63.6%) of anti-mumps IgG. DISCUSSION:The prevalence of antibodies against mumps and rubella after 6-8 years of vaccination was lower than against measles among students. The findings of this study demonstrate the feasibility of saliva sampling for follow-up of vaccine immune status in teenagers. This useful approach allows for IgG detection for vaccine control or epidemiological studies.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Embryological research at the University of Wroclaw covers hormonal control of metamorphosis, primarily invertebrate embryology and gametogenesis, vertebrate myogenesis and the developmental impact of external factors. Developmental studies at the University of Wroclaw are a continuation of those conducted at the former Jan Kazimierz (Johannes Casimirus) University in Lwow before World War II. The Wroclaw embryological school is best characterized as comparative embryology which approaches embryonic development experimentally as well as through the analysis of its natural diversity.

背景与目标： : 弗罗茨瓦夫大学的胚胎学研究涵盖了变态的激素控制，主要是无脊椎动物胚胎学和配子发生，脊椎动物的肌肉发生以及外部因素的发育影响。弗罗茨瓦夫大学的发展研究是第二次世界大战前在卢沃的前1月卡齐米日大学进行的研究的延续。弗罗茨瓦夫胚胎学学校的最佳特征是比较胚胎学，它通过实验以及通过分析其自然多样性来研究胚胎发育。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The purpose of this study was to examine predental enrichment activities and their impact on the number of applicants from some of the nation's top dental school feeder institutions (DSFI). The DSFI were identified by their total number of applicants to dental schools and the number of applicants per total student enrollment. A survey consisting of twenty-seven questions on possible predental enrichment activities was administered by phone or sent by email to eighty-eight DSFI, with forty-nine responding. In addition to identifying and characterizing the most common predental enrichment activities, the relationships among the number of applicants, predental activities, and total student enrollments per institution were evaluated. The total number of dental school applicants/institution was correlated with the total student enrollment/institution (r=0.529) and the number of predental activities/institution (r=0.520). No correlation was observed between the number of activities at an institution and dental school applicants per thousand enrolled. Sixteen of the DSFI reported ten or more enrichment activities, the most common being preprofessional health advising (96 percent), dentistry club (88 percent), and volunteer programs (73 percent). In general, larger institutions produced more applicants and provided more enrichment activities. However, there was no correlation between the number of dental school applicants per thousand students enrolled and the number of activities at an institution. Results indicate that there are specific predental enrichment activities common to some of the top dental school feeder institutions in the United States. A better understanding of successful feeder programs may assist nonfeeder schools in developing or strengthening an interest in dentistry as a career option.

背景与目标： : 这项研究的目的是检查齿前浓缩活动及其对来自美国一些顶级牙科学校饲养员机构 (DSFI) 的申请人数量的影响。DSFI是根据牙科学校的申请人总数和每个学生总入学人数确定的。通过电话或通过电子邮件发送给八十八个DSFI，由二十七个关于可能的齿前浓缩活动的问题组成的调查，有四十九个答复。除了确定和表征最常见的齿前充实活动外，还评估了每个机构的申请人数量，齿前活动和学生总数之间的关系。牙科学校申请人/机构的总数与学生入学/机构的总数 (r = 0.529) 和牙科前活动/机构的数量 (r = 0.520) 相关。没有观察到机构的活动数量与每千名注册的牙科学校申请人之间的相关性。DSFI中有16个报告了十个或更多的丰富活动，最常见的是专业前健康咨询 (96%)，牙科俱乐部 (88%) 和志愿者计划 (73%)。总的来说，较大的机构产生了更多的申请人，并提供了更多的丰富活动。但是，每千名注册学生中牙科学校的申请者数量与机构的活动数量之间没有相关性。结果表明，在美国一些顶尖的牙科学校饲养者机构中，存在特定的齿前浓缩活动。更好地了解成功的补习计划可能会帮助非补习学校发展或增强对牙科作为职业选择的兴趣。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Over the past two decades, there has been a flurry of government papers and policy reports worldwide calling for increased number and diversity of doctoral researchers and a broadening of the curriculum to meet the developing needs of respective national 'knowledge-driven' economies. This has been followed by position papers and best practice examples of employability skills development in boundary-crossing doctoral programmes, especially in response to these initiatives. However, there is a disassociation between this ample literature expounding the new doctorate with its broader remit, inclusivity and production of 'industry-ready' graduates and the comparatively sparse literature on the doctoral candidates' experiences of their programmes and career readiness. Within this review, we briefly outline international government initiatives and examples of the responses by Life Science and Biomedical doctoral programmes to address these various challenges. Furthermore, we explore the recent literature on the lived experience of doctoral researchers by examining their perception of the recent changes to the research context to make recommendations for universities and supervisors on how to better support an ever more diverse doctoral population for a wide range of career opportunities. Examples of how doctoral researchers themselves can make the best of currently available opportunities are also provided.

背景与目标： : 在过去的二十年中，世界各地出现了一系列政府文件和政策报告，呼吁增加博士研究人员的数量和多样性，并扩大课程设置，以满足各自国家 “知识驱动” 经济体的发展需求。随后是跨界博士课程中就业能力发展的立场文件和最佳实践实例，特别是针对这些举措。然而，这些丰富的文献阐述了新的博士学位，其更广泛的职权范围，包容性和 “行业就绪” 毕业生的生产，与关于博士候选人的课程和职业准备经验的相对稀疏的文献之间存在脱节。在这篇评论中，我们简要概述了国际政府的举措以及生命科学和生物医学博士课程为应对这些各种挑战而采取的对策的例子。此外，我们通过研究他们对研究背景的最新变化的看法来探索有关博士研究人员的生活经验的最新文献，从而为大学和主管提出建议，以了解如何更好地支持更多样化的博士群体的广泛职业机会。还提供了一些示例，说明博士研究人员本身如何充分利用当前可用的机会。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Background:The Concordat to Support Research Integrity published in 2012 recommends that UK research institutions should provide a named point of contact to receive concerns about research integrity (RI). The Concordat also requires institutions to publish annual RI statements. Objective:To see whether contact information for a staff member responsible for RI was readily available from UK university websites and to see how many universities published annual RI statements. Methods:UK university websites were searched in mid-2012, mid-2014 and mid-2018. The availability of contact details for RI inquiries, other information about RI and, specifically, an annual RI statement, was recorded. Results:The proportion of UK universities publishing an email address for RI inquiries rose from 23% in 2012 (31/134) to 55% in 2018. The same proportion (55%) published at least one annual RI statement in 2018, but only three provided statements for all years from 2012/13. There was great variation in the titles used for the staff member with responsibility for RI which made searching difficult. Conclusion:Over 6 years after the publication of the Concordat to Support Research Integrity, nearly half of UK universities are not complying with all its recommendations and do not provide contact details for a staff member with responsibility for RI or an annual statement.

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BACKGROUND & AIMS: -2

背景与目标： -2

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The aim of this study was to analyze Internal Medicine as a subject and its requirement in each of the Universities curriculum in Mexico that offers a degree in General Medicine. By the end of the first quarter of 2014, the research was closed and 81 campuses were studied. This research was quantitative, using an analytical technique, written discourse, exploratory and purposive sampling not random and homogeneous type. The Likert questionnaire was used in this study to analyse the following variables: the record of Internal Medicine as a subject, the burden of credit, and the location of the program. The procedure consisted of three phases. First obtaining an official list of all the Universities in the Mexican Association of Colleges and Schools of Medicine. Second, obtaining an analysis of each of the Universities' curriculums, and lastly gathering each variable of the study. The results of the Universities were 63% were public and 37% private. Internal Medicine as a subject in the curriculum was 37.1%, and 20% of the universities include it for six months and 9% offer it the whole year. However, the undergraduate internship in Internal Medicine offers it 100%. In conclusion, Internal Medicine as a subject could disappear from the curriculum in General Medicine before coming to the undergraduate internship, even though the latter is declared required in hospital shifts.

背景与目标： : 这项研究的目的是分析内科医学作为一门学科及其在墨西哥提供普通医学学位的每所大学课程中的要求。到2014年第一季度末，该研究已关闭，并研究了81个校园。这项研究是定量的，使用的是分析技术，书面话语，探索性和有目的的抽样，而不是随机和同质的类型。在这项研究中使用了Likert问卷来分析以下变量: 内科医学作为受试者的记录，学分负担和计划的位置。该过程包括三个阶段。首先获得墨西哥学院和医学院协会所有大学的正式名单。其次，对每个大学的课程进行分析，最后收集研究的每个变量。大学的结果是63% 是公立和37% 私立的。内科作为课程中的一门学科被37.1%，20% 大学将其纳入六个月，9% 全年提供。然而，本科实习在内科提供它100%。总之，内科医学作为一门学科可能会在进入本科实习之前从普通医学的课程中消失，即使后者在医院轮班中被宣布是必需的。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: AIM:To determine the factors affecting medical students' choice of the specialty of family medicine. METHODS:The study was conducted in the period from 2004-2006 and comprised 770 first-year medical students from Ondokuz Mayis, Karadeniz Technical, Kocaeli, and Adnan Menderes Universities, Turkey. The questionnaire included questions on demographic data and 6 "yes/no" or open-ended questions on students' career aspirations and the specialty of family medicine. RESULTS:The response rate was 93.1% (n=717, 54.7% male). Nearly all students (n=714, 99.6%) showed an intention to specialize after receiving the medical doctor degree. A total of 187 students (26.2%) showed an intention to work in primary care without specialization "for a temporary period" to "gain some experience." Family medicine was the least preferred specialty (n=7, 0.9%). The most important reasons for the choice of specialty were "better financial opportunities" and "prestige" (n=219, 30.5%), followed by "personal development" (n=149, 20.8%), "more benefits for the patient" (n=128, 17.9%), and "wish to work in an urban area" (n=32, 4.5%). The most preferred specialties were cardiology (n=179, 25.0%), pediatrics (n=121, 16.9%), ophthalmology (n=47, 6.6%), physical therapy and rehabilitation (n=34, 4.7%), and obstetrics and gynecology (n=32, 4.5%). CONCLUSION:Prestige, money, and personal development are important factors in career decision-making among medical students in Turkey. This should be taken into consideration when conducting reforms at the primary level.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: INTRODUCTION:Rural clinical schools and regionally based medical schools have a major role in expanding the rural medical workforce. The aim of this cohort study was to compare location of practice of graduates from the University of Tasmania School of Medicine's clinical schools based in the larger cities of Hobart and Launceston (UTAS SoM), with those graduates who spent at least 1 year at the University of Tasmania School of Medicine's Rural Clinical School based in the smaller regional city of Burnie (UTAS RCS) in Australia. Specifically, the aim was to quantify the proportion who worked in an Australian regional or remote location, or in the regional cities and smaller towns within Tasmania. METHODS:The 2014 locations of practice of all graduates from the UTAS SoM and UTAS RCS between 2002 and 2013 were determined using the postcode listed in the Australian Health Practitioners Authority database. These postcodes were mapped against the Australian Bureau of Statistics Australian Standard Geographic Classification - Remoteness Areas (ASGC-RA) and the 2011 Census population data for Tasmania to define Modified Monash Model classifications. RESULTS:The study tracked 974 UTAS SoM graduates; 202 (21%) spent at least 1 year at the Rural Clinical School (UTAS RCS graduates). Students who had spent a year at the UTAS RCS were five times more likely to be working in RA3 to RA5 than those who hadn't spent a clinical year there (28% vs 7%, χ2(1)=59.5, p<0.0001) (odds ratio (OR) 4.9, 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.2-7.6). Using the Modified Monash Model, it was found that UTAS RCS graduates were nine times more likely (OR 9.0, 95%CI 4.7-17.2) to be working in the regional cities and smaller towns of Tasmania. CONCLUSIONS:This study adds to the growing evidence that training medical students in rural areas delivers graduates that work rurally. The additional year spent in a rural area, even when their medical school is in a regional city, significantly affects their workplace choices over the first 3 years post-graduation.

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BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Researchers and academic institutions need assessment and rating to measure their performance. The criteria are designed to evaluate quality and adequacy of research and welcome by most universities as an international process to increase monitoring academic achievements. The study aimed to evaluate the increasing trend in global ranking of Iranian medical universities websites emphasizing on comparative approach. METHODS:This is a cross-sectional study involving websites of Iranian medical universities. Sampling was conducted by census selecting universities affiliated to the Ministry of Health in webometrics rating system. Web sites of Iranian medical universities were investigated based on the webometrics indicators, global ranking as well as the process of changing their rating. Universities of medical sciences were associated with improved ratings in seven periods from Jan 2012 until Jan 2015. RESULTS:The highest rank was in Jan 2014. Tehran University of Medical Sciences ranked the first in all periods. The highest ratings were about impact factor in universities of medical sciences reflecting the low level of this index in university websites. The least ranking was observed in type 1 universities. CONCLUSION:Despite the criticisms and weaknesses of these webometrics criteria, they are critical to this equation and should be checked for authenticity and suitability of goals. Therefore, localizing these criteria by the advantages model, ranking systems features, continuous development and medical universities evaluation based on these indicators provide new opportunities for the development of the country especially through online media.

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