BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Bioelectrical fetal heart activity being recorded from maternal abdominal surface contains more information than mechanical heart activity measurement based on the Doppler ultrasound signals. However, it requires extraction of fetal electrocardiogram from abdominal signals where the maternal electrocardiogram is dominant. The simplest technique for maternal component suppression is a blanking procedure, which relies upon the replacement of maternal QRS complexes by isoline values. Although, in case of coincidence of fetal and maternal QRS complexes, it causes a loss of information on fetal heart activity. Its influence on determination of fetal heart rate and the variability analysis depends on the sensitivity of the heart-beat detector used. The sensitivity is defined as an ability to detect the incomplete fetal QRS complex. The aim of this work was to evaluate the influence of the maternal electrocardiogram suppression method used on the reliability of FHR signal being calculated.

背景与目标： : 从母体腹部表面记录的生物电胎儿心脏活动比基于多普勒超声信号的机械心脏活动测量包含更多信息。但是，它需要从母体心电图占主导地位的腹部信号中提取胎儿心电图。抑制母体成分的最简单技术是消隐程序，该程序依赖于用等值线值代替母体QRS复合物。尽管在胎儿和母体QRS复合物重合的情况下，它会导致有关胎儿心脏活动的信息丢失。它对确定胎儿心率和变异性分析的影响取决于所使用的心跳检测器的灵敏度。敏感性定义为检测不完整胎儿QRS复合物的能力。这项工作的目的是评估所使用的母体心电图抑制方法对所计算的FHR信号可靠性的影响。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In this work, particle electrification in the Turbula and horizontally oscillating mixers were investigated for adipic acid, microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), and glycine particles. MCC and glycine particles acquired positive electrostatic charges, while adipic acid particles attained negative charges in both mixers. Adipic acid (of sieved size larger than 500 microm), MCC, and glycine particles were monotonically charged to saturated values, and had negligible wall adhesion. On the contrary, the adipic acid particles, both unsieved and sieved but of smaller sieved size fraction, exhibited very different charging kinetics in the horizontally oscillating mixer. These adipic acid particles firstly acquired charges up to a maximum value, and then the charges slowly reduced to a lower saturated value with increasing mixing time. Furthermore, these particles were found to adhere to the inner wall of the mixer, and the adhesion increased with mixing time. Surface specific charge densities for adipic acid particles were estimated based on particle size distribution, and were found to increase with particle mean diameters under the conditions investigated. The results obtained from the current work suggested that electrostatic force enhanced particle-wall adhesion, and the adhered particles can have a significant impact on particle electrification.

背景与目标： : 在这项工作中，研究了湍流和水平振荡混合器中己二酸，微晶纤维素 (MCC) 和甘氨酸颗粒的颗粒带电。MCC和甘氨酸颗粒在两个混合器中均获得正电荷，而己二酸颗粒则获得负电荷。己二酸 (筛分尺寸大于500微米) 、MCC和甘氨酸颗粒单调带电至饱和值，并且具有可忽略的壁粘附力。相反，未过筛和过筛但过筛尺寸分数较小的己二酸颗粒在水平振荡混合器中表现出非常不同的充电动力学。这些己二酸颗粒首先获得的电荷达到最大值，然后随着混合时间的增加，电荷逐渐降低到较低的饱和值。此外，发现这些颗粒粘附在混合器的内壁上，并且粘附力随混合时间而增加。根据粒径分布估算了己二酸颗粒的表面比电荷密度，并发现在所研究的条件下随着颗粒平均直径的增加而增加。从当前工作中获得的结果表明，静电力增强了颗粒壁的附着力，并且粘附的颗粒会对颗粒的起电产生重大影响。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that runners having different running economies show differences in the mechanical and morphological properties of their muscle-tendon units (MTU) in the lower extremities. Twenty eight long-distance runners (body mass: 76.8+/-6.7 kg, height: 182+/-6 cm, age: 28.1+/-4.5 years) participated in the study. The subjects ran on a treadmill at three velocities (3.0, 3.5 and 4.0 m s(-1)) for 15 min each. The V(O(2)) consumption was measured by spirometry. At all three examined velocities the kinematics of the left leg were captured whilst running on the treadmill using a high-speed digital video camera operating at 250 Hz. Furthermore the runners performed isometric maximal voluntary plantarflexion and knee extension contractions at eleven different MTU lengths with their left leg on a dynamometer. The distal aponeuroses of the gastrocnemius medialis (GM) and vastus lateralis (VL) were visualised by ultrasound during plantarflexion and knee extension, respectively. The morphological properties of the GM and VL (fascicle length, angle of pennation, and thickness) were determined at three different lengths for each MTU. A cluster analysis was used to classify the subjects into three groups according to their V(O(2)) consumption at all three velocities (high running economy, N=10; moderate running economy, N=12; low running economy, N=6). Neither the kinematic parameters nor the morphological properties of the GM and VL showed significant differences between groups. The most economical runners showed a higher contractile strength and a higher normalised tendon stiffness (relationship between tendon force and tendon strain) in the triceps surae MTU and a higher compliance of the quadriceps tendon and aponeurosis at low level tendon forces. It is suggested that at low level forces the more compliant quadriceps tendon and aponeurosis will increase the force potential of the muscle while running and therefore the volume of active muscle at a given force generation will decrease.

背景与目标： : 这项研究的目的是检验以下假设: 具有不同跑步经济性的跑步者在下肢的肌肉肌腱单位 (MTU) 的机械和形态特性上存在差异。28名长跑运动员 (体重: 76.8 +/-6.7千克，身高: 182 +/-6厘米，年龄: 28.1 +/-4.5岁) 参加了这项研究。受试者在跑步机上以三种速度 (3.0、3.5和4.0 m s(-1)) 分别运行15分钟。通过肺活量测定法测量V(O(2)) 的消耗量。在所有三个检查的速度下，使用以250Hz运行的高速数字摄像机在跑步机上跑步时捕获左腿的运动学。此外，跑步者在测力计上的左腿以11种不同的MTU长度进行了等距最大的自愿plant屈和膝盖伸展收缩。在plant屈和膝关节伸展过程中，分别通过超声观察腓肠肌内侧 (GM) 和股外侧 (VL) 的远端腱膜。对于每个MTU，以三种不同的长度确定GM和VL的形态特性 (分束长度，顶角和厚度)。使用聚类分析根据受试者在所有三个速度下的V(O(2)) 消耗将受试者分为三组 (高运行经济，N = 10; 中等运行经济，N = 12; 低运行经济，N = 6)。GM和VL的运动学参数和形态特性均未在组之间显示出显着差异。最经济的跑步者在肱三头肌MTU中显示出更高的收缩强度和更高的归一化肌腱刚度 (肌腱力和肌腱应变之间的关系)，而在低水平的肌腱力下，股四头肌腱和腱膜的顺应性更高。建议在低水平的力下，更顺应性的股四头肌腱和腱膜会增加跑步时肌肉的力势，因此在给定的力产生下活动肌肉的体积会减少。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Surveys of the population are commonly used to obtain information on health status. Increasingly, researchers are linking self-reported health status information to primary care consultation data. However, it is not known how participating in a health-related survey affects consultation behaviour. The objective of this study was to assess whether completion of a health-related questionnaire changes primary care consultation behaviour. METHODS:Participants were 3402 adults aged 50 and over from the general population in North Staffordshire, UK, who completed a health-related postal survey received in April 2003. The survey was predominantly about occurrence and severity of knee pain in the last year. Primary care attendance for the three months following response was compared to three control periods: i) the three months prior to the survey, ii) the same time period in the previous year and iii) the same time period in the following year. Comparisons were made on consultations for any problem, consultations for musculoskeletal disorders and consultations for knee problems. RESULTS:The percentage of subjects consulting for any condition was marginally higher for the three months directly after receipt of the questionnaire but the difference was only statistically significant in comparison to the three months before the survey (64% v. 62%, p = 0.05). There was little difference in consultation prevalence for musculoskeletal problems immediately after the survey compared to the three control periods. There was an increase of 37% in knee disorder consultations for the three months after the survey compared to the three months directly before the survey (p = 0.02). However, consultation prevalence for knee problems was identical for the three months after the survey to the same time periods in the years prior to and following the survey (both p = 0.94). CONCLUSION:The results from this study suggests that questionnaires related to physical health do not affect the standard consulting behaviour of patients, even for the symptom under investigation. This should reassure researchers who wish to link self-reported health status and medical care utilisation and clinicians whose patients are involved in such research.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :R1H tumors were irradiated with a single dose of 15 Gy X rays using varying sizes of treatment fields. Damage to tumor cells and tumor stroma was determined separately by analysis of growth delay to ten times treatment volume (GD10vo) and net growth delay. GD10vo comprises irradiation effects on tumor parenchymal cells and on tumor stroma, whereas net growth delay only measures effects on tumor parenchymal cells. Stromal damage was observed to increase with increasing field size; the effect on the tumor parenchymal cells, however, was independent of the field size. An increase of GD10vo of 13 days per cm increase of field size diameter was observed. From this the velocity of neovascularization of the irradiated tumor bed was calculated to be 0.30 to 0.38 mm per day.

背景与目标： : 使用不同大小的治疗场，用15 Gy x射线的单剂量照射R1H肿瘤。通过分析生长延迟至十倍治疗量 (GD10vo) 和净生长延迟，分别确定对肿瘤细胞和肿瘤基质的损害。GD10vo包括对肿瘤实质细胞和肿瘤基质的辐射作用，而净生长延迟仅测量对肿瘤实质细胞的影响。观察到基质损伤随着视野大小的增加而增加; 然而，对肿瘤实质细胞的影响与视野大小无关。观察到每增加cm的场尺寸直径，GD10vo增加13天。由此计算出照射肿瘤床的新血管形成速度为每天0.30至0.38毫米。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Conventional peritoneal dialysis fluid (PDF) is a bioincompatible solution because of several components. These unphysiological compositions might contribute to the development of peritoneal fibrosis. In the present overview we summarize the influence of each composition of PDF (acidic pH, high concentration of glucose and glucose degradation products; advanced glycation end-products and lactate) on the peritoneal fibrotic changes in long peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. We also summarized the report of new approaches to the prevention of peritoneal fibrosis in Japan.

背景与目标： : 常规腹膜透析液 (PDF) 是一种生物不相容的解决方案，因为它有多种成分。这些非生理成分可能有助于腹膜纤维化的发展。在本概述中，我们总结了PDF的每种成分 (酸性pH，高浓度的葡萄糖和葡萄糖降解产物; 晚期糖基化终产物和乳酸) 对长腹膜透析 (PD) 患者腹膜纤维化变化的影响。我们还总结了日本预防腹膜纤维化的新方法的报告。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: INTRODUCTION:The aim of this article is to report, from their own perspective, the attitudes and believes towards vaccination, with special emphasis on the influence of sources of information to make the decision to get vaccinated, of health care workers (HCWs), considered as a specific risk group for immunization strategy against A (H1N1) influenza. METHODS:Cross-sectional observational study focused on active health workers in the province of Alicante. Made by face to face questionnaires to a stratified random sample based on occupational categories in hospitals and health care centres. RESULTS:The sources of information differ between subgroups; physicians used journals and/or conferences, nurses obtained information through the Ministry of Health and other nurses, and the remaining workers opted for television and/or the family physician. Of the three studied groups, physicians felt minor concern about the influenza A (H1N1) pandemic (59.4%), had the most confidence in the vaccine (42.3%), were the ones who recommended the vaccine the most (44.4%), who best followed the recommendations to avoid infection (93%), and were the most vaccinated (18.3%). Around three-quarters (75.5%) of the HCWs assessed the provided information as fair, poor or very poor. All HCWs admitted that a social alarm was created. DISCUSSION:The success of future immunization campaigns against influenza in HCWs could increase if information activities were designed to focus on each subgroup of HCWs, by adapting the strategy and improving the quality of information.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVES:To evaluate first-year doctor of pharmacy (PharmD) students' communication apprehension, outcome expectations, and self-efficacy for communication over the duration of a 15-week patient-counseling course. DESIGN:First-year PharmD students (n=94) were asked to complete a 47-item, self-administered questionnaire on 3 occasions over the duration of the Nonprescription Drugs/Patient-Counseling course during the fall 2009 and 2010 semesters. ASSESSMENT:Eighty-seven of 94 students completed the survey instrument across data collection periods. There were significant reductions in total communication apprehension scores and in the communication apprehension subscores for meetings and public speaking, and significant increases in self-efficacy over time. No differences were found for outcome expectations of communication scores or the subscores for interpersonal conversations and group discussion. CONCLUSIONS:Communication apprehension may be decreased and self-efficacy for communication increased in first-year PharmD students through a 15-week Nonprescription Drugs/Patient-Counseling course using small-group practice sessions, case studies, and role-play exercises in conjunction with classroom lectures.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In this work the Langmuir monolayers were used to prepare multicomponent systems mimicking outer and inner layer of human erythrocyte membranes. The aim of performed experiments was to compare the influence of cholesterol on complex artificial membranes reflecting compositional diversity of the respective membranes leaflets. The properties of both systems in the presence of cholesterol at various concentrations were analyzed by means of thermodynamic description of the interactions between molecules in the investigated monolayers, complemented by the analysis of their morphology performed with the application of Brewster Angle Microcopy. It was found that cholesterol induces highly favorable stabilizing effect on the studied monolayers, increases their condensation and strengthens intermolecular forces. However, the influence of cholesterol was found to be stronger on the mixed film imitating outer membrane layer. Detailed discussion of the obtained results proved that the behavior of cholesterol in the model outer vs. inner layers is strongly determined by their compositional differences. The most important findings resulting from these experiments concern the problem of transbilayer distribution of cholesterol in membranes, which despite numerous investigations seems to be still unclear. The data obtained in this work allow one to suggest that cholesterol tends to accumulate preferentially in outer membrane leaflet or it is localized symmetrically in both layers rather than in inner leaflet.

背景与目标： : 在这项工作中，Langmuir单层用于制备模仿人红细胞膜外层和内层的多组分系统。进行实验的目的是比较胆固醇对复杂人工膜的影响，反映出相应膜小叶的成分多样性。通过热力学描述所研究的单层中分子之间的相互作用，并通过使用Brewster Angle Microcopy对其形态进行分析，来分析两种系统在各种浓度的胆固醇存在下的特性。发现胆固醇对所研究的单层具有非常有利的稳定作用，增加了它们的凝结并增强了分子间力。然而，发现胆固醇对模仿外膜层的混合膜的影响更强。对获得的结果的详细讨论证明，模型外层与内层中胆固醇的行为很大程度上取决于它们的组成差异。这些实验得出的最重要的发现涉及膜中胆固醇的跨双层分布问题，尽管进行了大量研究，但仍不清楚。在这项工作中获得的数据表明，胆固醇倾向于优先在外膜小叶中积累，或者它对称地定位在两层而不是内小叶中。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This prospective study assesses the impact of fat and calcium intake on the risk of developing cancer in each large-bowel subsite. The study population is a cohort of Hawaii Japanese men who experience high rates of colon cancer, especially of the sigmoid segment. Total calcium intake is not related to the risk of colon cancer, and separation of calcium into dairy and nondairy sources does not alter the result. There is, however, a significant, monotonic increase in sigmoid colon cancer risk with decreasing total calcium intake. Similar trends are shown for both dairy and nondairy calcium. Dietary calcium is not consumed in large quantities among the Hawaii Japanese, partly because of their limited consumption of milk due to lactose intolerance. If calcium plays a protective role against sigmoid colon cancer, this effect is unlikely to be related to fat intake. Sigmoid colon cancer subjects had lower intakes of fat than other cohort men, and a statistical test for the interaction effect of total calcium and fat intake on colon cancer risk was statistically insignificant (P = 0.2).

背景与目标： : 这项前瞻性研究评估了脂肪和钙摄入对每个大肠亚部位患癌症风险的影响。该研究人群是夏威夷日本男性的队列，他们的结肠癌发病率很高，尤其是乙状结肠部分。总钙摄入量与结肠癌的风险无关，将钙分离为乳制品和非乳制品来源不会改变结果。然而，随着总钙摄入量的减少，乙状结肠癌的风险显着单调增加。乳制品和非乳制品钙也显示出类似的趋势。在夏威夷日本人中，饮食中的钙并未大量消耗，部分原因是由于乳糖不耐症导致的牛奶消费量有限。如果钙对乙状结肠癌起保护作用，则这种作用不太可能与脂肪摄入有关。乙状结肠癌受试者的脂肪摄入量低于其他队列男性，总钙和脂肪摄入量对结肠癌风险的交互作用的统计学检验无统计学意义 (P = 0.2)。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Understanding the regulation of human food intake in response to an acute exercise session is of importance for interventions with athletes and soldiers, as well as overweight individuals. However, the influence of hot and cold environments on this crucial function for the regulation of body mass and motor performance has not been summarized. The purpose of this review was to exhaustively search the literature on the effect of ambient temperature during an exercise session on the subsequent subjective feeling of appetite, energy intake (EI) and its regulation. In the absence of stress due to environmental temperature, exercise-induced energy expenditure is not compensated by EI during an ad libitum meal following the session, probably due to decreased acylated ghrelin and increased peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY), glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), and pancreatic polypeptide (PP) levels. No systematic analysis has been yet made for major alterations of relative EI in cold and hot environments. However, observed eating behaviors are altered (proportion of solid/liquid food, carbohydrate/fat) and physiological regulation appears also to be altered. Anorexigenic signals, particularly PYY, appear to further increase in hot environments than in those that are thermoneutral. Ghrelin and leptin may be involved in the observed increase in EI after exercise in the cold, in parallel with increased energy expenditure. The potential influence of ambient thermal environment on eating behaviors after an exercise session should not be neglected.

背景与目标： : 了解对急性运动过程中人类食物摄入量的调节对于对运动员和士兵以及超重个体的干预至关重要。但是，尚未总结冷热环境对调节体重和运动性能的关键功能的影响。这篇综述的目的是详尽地检索有关运动过程中环境温度对随后的主观食欲，能量摄入 (EI) 及其调节的影响的文献。在没有由于环境温度引起的压力的情况下，运动引起的能量消耗在饮食后的饮食过程中未被EI补偿，这可能是由于酰化ghrelin降低和肽酪氨酸 (PYY)，胰高血糖素样肽1 (GLP-1)，和胰多肽 (PP) 水平。尚未对冷热环境中相对EI的主要变化进行系统分析。但是，观察到的饮食行为发生了变化 (固体/液体食物，碳水化合物/脂肪的比例)，生理调节似乎也发生了变化。在炎热的环境中，厌食信号 (尤其是PYY) 似乎比在热中性环境中进一步增加。Ghrelin和leptin可能与寒冷运动后观察到的EI增加有关，同时增加了能量消耗。不应忽略运动后周围热环境对饮食行为的潜在影响。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Quality of the numerical modelling (MCNP code) of the spectrometric neutron-gamma benchmark experiment, performed at the Polish Calibration Station BGW in Zielona Gora for quantification of the main rock elements: Si, Ca, Fe and H, is considered. Elemental concentrations obtained from the measurements and simulations, for the rock models with water-filled boreholes, are in good agreement. For chlorine present in the borehole, the quality of the numerical reproducibility of the measured elemental concentrations depends on the cross section library used for the Cl(n,gamma)Cl reaction. The standard evaluated nuclear data library ENDF/B-VI Release 2 supplies imperfect data for photon production from thermal neutron capture in Cl. The improved cross sections for Cl(n,gamma)Cl are included in the ENDF/B-VI Release 8 library. Superiority of this new compilation over the previous one is shown in the paper. The accuracies for the Si, Ca and Fe determination have been improved by about 36%, 19.9% and 21.4%, respectively, when the ENDF/B-VI Release 8 library has been used for Cl.

背景与目标： : 在Zielona Gora的波兰校准站BGW进行的光谱中子-伽马基准实验的数值建模 (MCNP代码) 的质量，用于定量主要岩石元素: Si，Ca，Fe和H。对于带有注水钻孔的岩石模型，从测量和模拟中获得的元素浓度非常吻合。对于存在于钻孔中的氯，测得的元素浓度的数值重现性的质量取决于用于Cl(n，γ) Cl反应的横截面库。标准评估的核数据库ENDF/b-vi第2版提供了Cl中热中子俘获光子产生的不完善数据。Cl(n，γ) Cl的改进横截面包含在ENDF/b-vi版本8库中。本文显示了此新编译比前一个编译的优越性。当将ENDF/b-vi版本8文库用于Cl时，Si、Ca和Fe测定的准确度分别提高了约36% 、19.9% 和21.4%。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The effects of co-culture of human spermatozoa with human immortalized endometrial cells - epithelial or stromal - on sperm movement characteristics, including hyperactivation, were studied using computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA). Epithelial and stromal cell types could be separated following 8-10 days of culture of endometrial cells originating from human biopsies. Both cell types were immortalized by the SV 40 large T antigen. Co-incubation of sperm with epithelial and stromal monolayers enhanced the rate of hyperactivation24.9% (P <0.05) and 17.8% (P = 0.05) versus 9.5% as control, respectively, whereas the majority of motility parameters remained unchanged. Conditioned media had no effect upon sperm parameters, including hyperactivation. Co-incubation with either monolayer was able to maintain sperm motility over a longer period than incubation in control medium alone.

In four patients whose spermatozoa did not exhibit hyperactivation, co-incubation with epithelial cells, but not conditioned medium, allowed normal rates of hyperactivation (range6.9-15.6%).

背景与目标： 使用计算机辅助精子分析 (CASA) 研究了人类精子与人类永生化的子宫内膜细胞 (上皮或基质) 共培养对精子运动特征 (包括过度活化) 的影响。在培养源自人活检的子宫内膜细胞8-10天后，可以分离上皮和基质细胞类型。两种细胞类型都被SV 40大T抗原永生化。与9.5% 对照相比，将精子与上皮和基质单层共同孵育可分别提高高激活率24.9% (P <0.05) 和17.8% (P = 0.05)，而大多数运动参数保持不变。条件培养基对精子参数 (包括过度活化) 没有影响。与单独在对照培养基中孵育相比，与任一单层共同孵育能够在更长的时间内保持精子活力。
在四名精子未表现出过度活化的患者中，与上皮细胞共同孵育，但不是条件培养基，允许正常的过度激活率 (范围6.9-15.6%)。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The oxidized and semiquinone anion radical forms of flavin mononucleotide carried by flavocytochrome b2 and L-lactate monooxygenase have been studied by resonance Raman (RR) spectroscopy. The RR spectra of their oxidized forms are compared with previously published RR data on various flavins and flavoproteins. Taking as a support available X-ray crystallographic data on flavoproteins, we have found correlations between the frequencies of RR bands II (1575-1588 cm-1), III (1534-1557 cm-1), and X (1244-1266 cm-1) and the H-bonding environment and/or the structure of the flavin ring. The present RR data provide strong evidence that the electron density, the conformation, and the H-bonding environment of the oxidized flavin mononucleotide of flavocytochrome b2 and L-lactate monooxygenase are different. As far as the anionic semiquinone form of flavoproteins is concerned, the behavior of two bands observed at 1280-1300 and 1320-1350 cm-1 suggests that they have vibrational origins similar to those of RR bands II and III of oxidized compounds. On this basis, the differences in conformation and H-bonding environment of the isoalloxazine ring, observed for the oxidized form of flavocytochrome b2 and L-lactate monooxygenase, appear to be preserved upon one-electron reduction of the flavin. For both flavoproteins, the RR spectra of the semiquinone form are affected by pyruvate binding. The data are interpreted in the frame of a change in H-bonding interaction of the C4&dbd;O carbonyl group of the flavin without significant alteration of the isoalloxazine conformation. This modification in electrostatic interaction quantitatively accounts for the pyruvate-induced changes of the oxidized/semiquinone and semiquinone/reduced redox potentials of the flavoproteins. Considering the high homology in the flavin catalytic sites of flavocytochrome b2 and L-lactate monooxygenase, the observed differences in H-bonding environment and conformation of the FMN ring are related to the different biological functions of the two flavoproteins.

背景与目标： 已通过共振拉曼 (RR) 光谱研究了黄细胞色素b2和L-乳酸单加氧酶携带的黄素单核苷酸的氧化和半醌阴离子自由基形式。将其氧化形式的RR光谱与先前发布的各种黄素和黄素蛋白的RR数据进行比较。以可用的关于黄素蛋白的x射线晶体学数据为支持，我们发现RR波段II (1575-1588厘米-1)，III (1534-1557厘米-1)，和X (1244-1266厘米-1) 和H键环境和/或黄素环的结构。当前的RR数据提供了有力的证据，表明黄细胞色素b2和L-乳酸单加氧酶的氧化黄素单核苷酸的电子密度，构象和H键环境不同。就黄素蛋白的阴离子半醌形式而言，在1280-1300和1320-1350厘米-1处观察到的两个带的行为表明它们具有类似于氧化化合物的RR带II和III的振动起源。在此基础上，对于黄色素b2和L-乳酸单加氧酶的氧化形式观察到的异alloxazine环的构象和H键环境的差异似乎在黄素的单电子还原后得以保留。对于两种黄素蛋白，半醌形式的RR光谱均受丙酮酸结合的影响。在C4和dbd的H键相互作用变化的框架内解释数据; 黄素的O羰基，而异alloxazine构象没有明显改变。静电相互作用中的这种修饰定量地解释了丙酮酸诱导的黄素蛋白的氧化/半醌和半醌/降低的氧化还原电位的变化。考虑到黄细胞色素b2和L-乳酸单加氧酶的黄素催化位点的高度同源性，观察到的H键环境和FMN环构象的差异与两种黄素蛋白的不同生物学功能有关。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:The aim of this study was to assess the relative influence of age and edentulousness upon mandibular bone mineral density (BMD) in a sample of dentate and edentulous female subjects. STUDY DESIGN:Seventy-two patients (43-79 years of age; mean age, 62.5 years), of whom 49 were edentulous and 23 dentate, underwent dual x-ray energy absorptiometry (DXA) to determine the BMD of the body of mandible. Mandibular BMD was measured using DXA. The investigators independently determined rectangular regions of interest (ROIs) on the mandibular images, and the computer calculated the BMD of these specified regions. For the dentate patients, the ROIs were placed to exclude the roots of teeth. RESULTS:A linear multiple regression model was fitted to the dependent variable, mandibular body BMD, with age and whether the patient was edentulous or dentate being explanatory factors in the statistical model. The variable describing the dentate/edentulous state was not significant in the statistical model (P = .91). The model showed that age was significantly related negatively to the BMD of the mandibular body (P = .01). CONCLUSION:Age was a predictor of mandibular BMD but edentulousness was not.

背景与目标：