BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Encouraging findings have been reported for the effects of Triclosan/zinc citrate toothpastes on plaque regrowth and in some studies gingival health. To date, commercially-available toothpastes contain 0.2% Triclosan with or without 0.5% zinc citrate. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects on 4-day plaque regrowth, of a number of 0.2% Triclosan toothpastes with or without zinc citrate. All of the toothpastes contained varying levels of anionic detergent sodium lauryl sulphate and were compared with a commercially available toothpaste without Triclosan or zinc citrate and a 0.2% chlorhexidine mouthrinse. The toothpastes were used as slurry twice a day and plaque regrowth scored by area and the criteria of the debris index. Plaque inhibition was significantly greater with the chlorhexidine mouthrinse than with all of the toothpastes. There were no significant differences in plaque scores between any of the toothpastes. It would appear that at the concentration of 0.2% Triclosan with or without 0.5% zinc citrate provides little if any additional benefit to plaque inhibition to that produced by a conventional toothpaste containing sodium lauryl sulphate.

背景与目标： : 据报道，三氯生/柠檬酸锌牙膏对牙菌斑再生长和牙龈健康的影响令人鼓舞。迄今为止，市售牙膏含有0.2% 三氯生，含或不含0.5% 柠檬酸锌。这项研究的目的是评估许多含或不含柠檬酸锌的0.2% 三氯生牙膏对4天斑块再生的影响。所有牙膏均含有不同水平的阴离子洗涤剂十二烷基硫酸钠，并与不含三氯生或柠檬酸锌和0.2% 氯己定漱口水的市售牙膏进行比较。每天两次将牙膏用作浆液，并按面积和碎片指数标准对牙菌斑再生进行评分。洗必泰漱口水对斑块的抑制作用明显大于所有牙膏。任何牙膏之间的牙菌斑评分均无显着差异。在含有或不含0.5% 柠檬酸锌的0.2% 三氯生浓度下，与由含有月桂基硫酸钠的常规牙膏产生的牙菌斑抑制相比，似乎几乎没有额外的益处。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :4-Nonylphenol (4-NP), bisphenol-A (BPA) and triclosan (TCS) are three industrial chemicals used widely in daily products. This study investigated 4-NP, BPA and TCS levels in urine samples of 287 children and students aged from 3 to 24 years old in Guangzhou, China. Total (free and conjugated) amounts of 4-NP, BPA and TCS in the urine samples were detected using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with negative chemical ionization. The detection rates of 4-NP, BPA and TCS were 100%, 100% and 93% respectively, given the detection limits of 3.8, 0.5 and 0.9 ng/L respectively. Data for 4-NP, BPA and TCS were presented in both creatinine-adjusted (microgram per gram creatinine) and unadjusted (microgram per liter) urinary concentrations. The geometric mean (GM) concentrations of urinary 4-NP, BPA and TCS were 15.92 μg/g creatinine (17.40 μg/L), 2.75 μg/g creatinine (3.00 μg/L) and 3.55 μg/g creatinine (3.77 μg/L) respectively. Multiple regression models considering age, gender, preferred drinking bottle and log-transformed creatinine were used to calculate the adjusted least square geometric mean (LSGM). Among these subjects, the females had higher LSGM concentrations of 4-NP, BPA and TCS than the males; and the only statistically significant difference was found for the LSGM concentrations of triclosan (p=0.031). Participants who reported to use ceramic cups more frequently had significantly lower LSGM concentrations of BPA than those who used plastic cups (p=0.037). Meanwhile, a three-week test of using polycarbonate bottles and ceramic cups to drink bottled water and boiled tap-water was carried out among 12 graduate students of 25 years old. The GM concentrations of urinary BPA at the end of the first week after using ceramic cups to drink bottled water were 7.16 μg/g creatinine, then decreased significantly to 3.49 μg/g creatinine after the second week of using ceramic cups to drink boiled tap-water (p<0.05), and finally increased to 4.15 μg/g creatinine after the third week of using polycarbonate bottles in drinking boiled tap-water. The results indicate that in daily life the use of polycarbonate bottles or drinking of bottled water is likely to increase the ingestion of BPA, resulting in an increase in urinary BPA levels.

背景与目标： : 4-壬基酚 (4-NP)，双酚a (BPA) 和三氯生 (TCS) 是三种广泛用于日用产品的工业化学品。这项研究调查了中国广州287名3至24岁儿童和学生的尿液样本中的4-NP，BPA和TCS水平。使用带有负化学电离的气相色谱-质谱法检测尿液样品中4-NP，BPA和TCS的总量 (游离和共轭)。4-NP、BPA和TCS的检出率分别为100% 、100% 和93%，检出限分别为3.8、0.5和0.9 ng/L。4-NP，BPA和TCS的数据均以肌酐校正 (微克/克肌酐) 和未校正 (微克/升) 尿浓度显示。尿4-NP，BPA和TCS的几何平均 (GM) 浓度分别为15.92 μ g/g肌酐 (17.40 μ g/L)，2.75 μ g/g肌酐 (3.00 μ g/L) 和3.55 μ g/g肌酐 (3.77 μ g/L)。考虑年龄，性别，首选饮水瓶和对数转换肌酐的多元回归模型用于计算调整后的最小二乘几何平均值 (LSGM)。在这些受试者中，女性的LSGM浓度为4-NP，BPA和TCS高于男性; 三氯生的LSGM浓度只有统计学上的显着差异 (p = 0.031)。与使用塑料杯的参与者相比，报告使用陶瓷杯的参与者BPA的LSGM浓度明显降低 (p = 0.037)。同时，对12名25岁的研究生进行了为期三周的测试，使用聚碳酸酯瓶和陶瓷杯喝瓶装水和煮沸的自来水。使用陶瓷杯饮用瓶装水后第一周末尿BPA的GM浓度为7.16 μ g/g肌酐，然后在使用陶瓷杯饮用煮沸的自来水第二周后显着降低至3.49 μ g/g肌酐 (p<0.05)。在饮用煮沸的自来水中使用聚碳酸酯瓶的第三周后，最终增加到4.15 μ g/g肌酐。结果表明，在日常生活中，使用聚碳酸酯瓶或饮用瓶装水可能会增加BPA的摄入，从而导致尿BPA水平升高。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The effects of triclosan, an environmental pollutant from household items and health care products, on membrane potential and intracellular Ca(2+) concentrations of rat thymocytes were examined by a flow cytometry with fluorescent probes, di-BA-C(4) and fluo-3-AM, because triclosan is often found in humans and wild animals. Triclosan at a concentration of 3 μM decreased the intensity of di-BA-C(4) fluorescence, indicating the triclosan-induced hyperpolarization. The application of charybdotoxin, a specific inhibitor of Ca(2+)-dependent K(+) channels, and the removal of external Ca(2+) eliminated the triclosan-attenuation of di-BA-C(4) fluorescence. Furthermore, triclosan augmented the fluo-3 fluorescence under normal Ca(2+) condition, indicating that triclosan increased intracellular Ca(2+) concentration. These results suggest that triclosan induces membrane hyperpolarization by increasing intracellular Ca(2+) concentration that activates Ca(2+)-dependent K(+) channels. Since the change in membrane potential of lymphocytes influence cellular immune functions, triclosan may exert adverse actions on immune system in human and wild animals.

背景与目标： : 通过荧光探针，di-BA-C(4) 和fluo-3-AM的流式细胞术，检查了三氯生 (一种来自家庭用品和保健产品的环境污染物) 对大鼠胸腺细胞膜电位和细胞内Ca(2) 浓度的影响，因为三氯生常见于人类和野生动物。浓度为3μm的三氯生降低了di-BA-C(4) 荧光的强度，表明三氯生诱导的超极化。Ca(2) 依赖性K () 通道的特异性抑制剂charybdotoxin的应用以及外部Ca(2) 的去除消除了di-BA-C(4) 荧光的三氯生衰减。此外，三氯生在正常Ca(2 +) 条件下增强了fluo-3荧光，表明三氯生增加了细胞内Ca(2 +) 浓度。这些结果表明，三氯生通过增加细胞内Ca(2) 浓度来诱导膜超极化，从而激活Ca(2) 依赖性K () 通道。由于淋巴细胞膜电位的变化会影响细胞免疫功能，因此三氯生可能会对人和野生动物的免疫系统产生不利作用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A commercial laccase from Trametes versicolor was conjugated with biopolymer chitosan using 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) as the cross-linking agent. Laccase-chitosan conjugation strategies were tested using different molar ratios of glucosamine monomer/protein with different molar excess ratios of EDC relative to laccase. Immobilization techniques were developed to improve the stability against thermal and chemical denaturation, storage and reusability of this biocatalyst. The conjugation resulted in a solid biocatalyst with an apparent laccase activity of ±626 U/g, 12 and 60 folds higher in the conjugation efficiency of biocatalyst relative to the immobilized and free laccase activity respectively when compared with zero EDC/laccase ratio used in conjugation solution. The conjugated laccases formed successfully eliminated the emerging pollutant triclosan (TCS) from aqueous solutions, having a higher potential to transform TCS than free laccase. UPLC-QTOF results indicate the formation of TCS oligomers. Furthermore, they are the first evidence of direct dechlorination of TCS mediated by the oxidative action of laccases.

背景与目标： : 使用1-乙基-3-(3-二甲基氨基丙基) 碳二亚胺盐酸盐 (EDC) 作为交联剂，将versicolor的市售漆酶与生物聚合物壳聚糖偶联。使用不同的葡萄糖胺单体/蛋白质摩尔比以及相对于漆酶的EDC摩尔过量比，测试了漆酶-壳聚糖结合策略。开发了固定化技术，以提高该生物催化剂对热和化学变性，存储和可重复使用性的稳定性。与用于缀合溶液的零EDC/漆酶比相比，该缀合产生了表观漆酶活性为 ± 626 U/g的固体生物催化剂，与固定漆酶活性和游离漆酶活性相比，生物催化剂的缀合效率分别高12和60倍。形成的共轭漆酶成功地消除了水溶液中出现的污染物三氯生 (TCS)，比游离漆酶具有更高的转化TCS的潜力。Uplc-qtof结果表明形成了TCS低聚物。此外，它们是漆酶氧化作用介导的TCS直接脱氯的第一个证据。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Twenty male and female adult subjects were entered into a 7-week, double-blind clinical study to determine the effect on plaque formation of a mouthrinse containing 0.03% [corrected] triclosan and 0.25% of a copolymer of methoxyethylene and maleic acid, as compared to 1) a water placebo mouthrinse, 2) a matching alcohol placebo mouthrinse, and 3) Plax antiplaque pre-brushing dental rinse. The subjects were stratified according to their initial plaque scores and assigned in a type of randomized block design (repeated Latin square), so that each subject received each of the four mouthrinses only once for 1 week during the study. The subjects did not use any other oral hygiene procedure (including use of a toothbrush and dentifrice) during the 1-week period of time when they rinsed with their assigned mouthrinse product. The results indicated that use of the triclosan/copolymer mouthrinse provided a 49.8% reduction in supragingival plaque formation compared to the water placebo mouthrinse. The difference was statistically significant at the 99% level of confidence (P less than .01). Similarly, the use of the triclosan/copolymer mouthrinse provided a 47.6% reduction in supragingival plaque formation compared to Plax antiplaque pre-brushing dental rinse. The difference was statistically significant at the 99% level of confidence (P less than .01). The results further indicated that use of the triclosan/copolymer provided a 31.2% reduction in supragingival plaque formation compared to the alcohol placebo mouthrinse. The difference was statistically significant at the 99% level of confidence (P less than .01).

背景与目标： : 20名男性和女性成年受试者进入了一项为期7周的双盲临床研究，以确定含0.03% [校正] 三氯生的漱口水和甲氧基乙烯和马来酸共聚物的0.25% 对斑块形成的影响，与1) 水安慰剂漱口水，2) 匹配的酒精安慰剂漱口水，以及3) Plax抗牙菌斑预刷牙漱口水。根据受试者的初始斑块得分对受试者进行分层，并以一种随机区组设计 (重复的拉丁方) 进行分配，以便在研究期间，每个受试者仅接受一次四个漱口水中的每一个，持续1周。在使用指定的mouthrinse产品冲洗的1周时间内，受试者未使用任何其他口腔卫生程序 (包括使用牙刷和洁齿剂)。结果表明，与水安慰剂漱口水相比，使用三氯生/共聚物漱口水可49.8% 减少龈上菌斑的形成。在99% 置信水平上，差异有统计学意义 (P <.01)。类似地，与Plax抗牙菌斑预刷牙相比，使用三氯生/共聚物漱口水提供了47.6% 减少龈上牙菌斑形成。在99% 置信水平上，差异有统计学意义 (P <.01)。结果进一步表明，与酒精安慰剂漱口水相比，使用三氯生/共聚物可31.2% 减少龈上菌斑的形成。在99% 置信水平上，差异有统计学意义 (P <.01)。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Triclosan (TCS; 5-chloro-2-[2,4-dichloro-phenoxy]-phenol) is a widely used antimicrobial agent. To understand its fate during sewage treatment, the biodegradation and removal of TCS were determined in activated sludge. In addition, the effects of TCS on treatment processes were assessed. Fate was determined by examining the biodegradation and removal of TCS radiolabeled with 14C in the 2,4-dichlorphenoxy ring in laboratory batch mineralization experiments and bench-top continuous activated-sludge (CAS) systems. In batch experiments with unacclimated sludge, TCS was mineralized to 14CO2, but the total yield varied as a function of test concentration. Systems that were redosed with TCS exhibited more extensive and faster mineralization, indicating that adaptation was a critical factor determining the rate and extent of biodegradation. In a CAS study in which the influent level of TCS was incrementally increased from 40 microg/L to 2,000 microg/L, removal of the parent compound exceeded 98.5% and removal of total radioactivity (parent and metabolites) exceeded 85%. Between 1.5 and 4.5% of TCS in the influent was sorbed to the wasted solids, whereas >94% underwent primary biodegradation and 81 to 92% was mineralized to CO2 or incorporated in biomass. Increasing levels of TCS in the influent had no major adverse effects on any wastewater treatment process, including chemical oxygen demand, biological oxygen demand, and ammonia removal. In a subsequent experiment, a CAS system, acclimated to TCS at 35 microg/L, received two separate 4-h shock loads of 750 microg/L TCS. Neither removal of TCS nor treatment processes exhibited major adverse effects. An additional CAS study was conducted to examine the removal of a low level (10 microg/L) of TCS. Removal of parent equaled 94.7%, and biodegradation remained the dominant removal mechanism. A subsequent series of CAS experiments examined removal at four influent concentrations (7.5, 11, 20, and 50 microg/L) of TCS and demonstrated that removal of parent ranged from 98.2 to 99.3% and was independent of concentration. Although TCS removal across all experiments appeared unrelated to influent concentration, removal was significantly correlated (r2 = 0.87) with chemical oxygen demand removal, indicating that TCS removal was related to overall treatment efficiency of specific CAS units. In conclusion, the experiments show that TCS is extensively biodegraded and removed in activated-sludge systems and is unlikely to upset sewage treatment processes at levels expected in household and manufacturing wastewaters.

背景与目标： : 三氯生 (TCS; 5-氯-2-[2,4-二氯-苯氧基]-苯酚) 是一种广泛使用的抗菌剂。为了了解其在污水处理过程中的命运，确定了活性污泥中TCS的生物降解和去除。此外，还评估了TCS对治疗过程的影响。通过在实验室分批矿化实验和台式连续活性污泥 (CAS) 系统中检查2,4-二氯苯氧基环中用14C放射性标记的TCS的生物降解和去除来确定命运。在使用不适应污泥的分批实验中，TCS矿化为14CO2，但总产量随测试浓度的变化而变化。用TCS进行处理的系统表现出更广泛，更快的矿化作用，这表明适应性是决定生物降解速率和程度的关键因素。在CAS研究中，TCS的进水水平从40微克/升增加到2,000微克/升，母体化合物的去除超过98.5%，总放射性 (母体和代谢物) 的去除超过85%。在进水中的TCS 1.5至4.5% 之间被吸附到废弃的固体中，而> 94% 经历了初级生物降解，81至92% 被矿化成CO2或掺入生物质中。进水中TCS水平的增加对任何废水处理过程都没有重大不利影响，包括化学需氧量，生物需氧量和氨去除。在随后的实验中，以35微g/L适应TCS的CAS系统接收两个单独的750微g/L TCS的4小时休克载荷。TCS的去除和治疗过程均未显示出重大的不良反应。进行了另一项CAS研究，以检查低水平 (10微g/L) TCS的去除情况。母体的去除等于94.7%，生物降解仍然是主要的去除机制。随后的一系列CAS实验检查了在四种进水浓度 (7.5、11、20和50微克/升) 下TCS的去除，并证明亲本的去除范围为98.2至99.3%，并且与浓度无关。尽管所有实验中的TCS去除似乎与进水浓度无关，但去除与化学需氧量去除显著相关 (r2 = 0.87)，表明TCS去除与特定CAS单元的总体处理效率相关。总之，实验表明，TCS在活性污泥系统中被广泛生物降解和去除，并且不太可能以家庭和制造废水中预期的水平破坏污水处理过程。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:The effect of triclosan (2,4,4'-trichloro-2'-hydroxydiphenyl ether) on the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1) and on the translocation of the nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) in relation to prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production was investigated in human gingival fibroblasts challenged with tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha). METHODS:Fibroblasts were established from gingival biopsies obtained from six children. COX-2 mRNA and protein expression was quantified using mRNA quantitation and enzyme immunometric assay kits. mPGES-1 mRNA was analysed by RT-PCR, mPGES-1 protein and NF-kappaB translocation by immunoblotting. PGE2 was determined by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS:The cytokine TNFalpha enhanced the expression of mRNA as well as the protein levels of both COX-2 and mPGES-1 and subsequently the production of PGE2 in gingival fibroblasts. Treatment of gingival fibroblasts with triclosan (1 microg/ml) significantly reduced the stimulatory effect of TNFalpha (10 ng/ml) on the expression of mPGES-1 at both the mRNA and the protein level by an average of 21% and 43%, respectively, and subsequently the production of PGE2 (p<0.01). Triclosan did not, however, affect the translocation of NF-kappaB or the expression of COX-2 in TNFalpha-stimulated cells. CONCLUSION:The results show that triclosan reduces the augmented biosynthesis of PGE2 by inhibiting the mRNA and the protein expression of mPGES-1 in gingival fibroblasts. This finding may partly explain the anti-inflammatory effect of the agent previously reported in clinical studies.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A total of 108 adult male and female subjects completed a 7-month, double-blind clinical study designed to compare the effect of a dentifrice containing 0.3% triclosan and 2% of a copolymer of methoxyethylene and maleic acid on plaque formation and gingivitis, as compared to a placebo dentifrice. The subjects were stratified into two balanced groups according to baseline plaque and baseline gingivitis scores. They then received an oral prophylaxis and were assigned to the use of either a placebo dentifrice or the triclosan/copolymer dentifrice for the next 7 months. After this time, the dentifrice containing triclosan/copolymer provided a 58.96% statistically significant (99% level of confidence) reduction in plaque [corrected], as compared to the placebo dentifrice. Further, after 7-months' use, the dentifrice containing triclosan/copolymer also provided a 30.17% statistically significant (99% level of confidence) reduction in gingivitis as compared to the placebo dentifrice. The results after 7 months also indicated that the dentifrice containing triclosan/copolymer provided a 97.74% statistically significant (99% level of confidence) reduction in the supragingival plaque deposits on those tooth surfaces with the greatest amount of plaque formation, when compared to the placebo dentifrice. The dentifrice containing triclosan/copolymer also provided 87.56% less sites with the most severe amount of gingival disease, as compared to the placebo dentifrice. This decrease in diseased gingival sites was statistically significant at the 99% level of confidence. It was concluded that the twice daily use of a dentifrice containing 0.3% triclosan and 2% of a copolymer reduces supragingival plaque deposit formation and gingivitis to a highly significant degree, without any extrinsic stains observed.

背景与目标： : 共有108名成年男性和女性受试者完成了一项为期7个月的双盲临床研究，旨在比较含三氯生0.3% 的洁齿剂和2% 的甲氧基乙烯和马来酸共聚物对牙菌斑形成和牙龈炎的影响与安慰剂洁齿剂相比。根据基线斑块和基线牙龈炎评分将受试者分为两个平衡组。然后，他们接受了口服预防，并在接下来的7个月内被分配使用安慰剂洁齿剂或三氯生/共聚物洁齿剂。在这段时间之后，与安慰剂洁齿剂相比，含有三氯生/共聚物的洁齿剂在 [校正的] 斑块中提供了58.96% 统计学上显著的 (99% 置信水平) 减少。此外，在使用7个月后，与安慰剂洁齿剂相比，含有三氯生/共聚物的洁齿剂在牙龈炎中也提供了30.17% 统计学上显著的 (99% 置信水平) 降低。7个月后的结果还表明，与安慰剂洁齿剂相比，含有三氯生/共聚物的洁齿剂在牙面上的牙菌斑沉积物中提供了97.74% 统计学上显着的 (99% 置信水平) 减少，牙菌斑形成量最大。与安慰剂洁齿剂相比，含有三氯生/共聚物的洁齿剂还提供了87.56% 少的具有最严重量牙龈病的部位。患病牙龈部位的这种减少在99% 置信水平下具有统计学意义。结论是，每天两次使用含有0.3% 三氯生和2% 共聚物的洁齿剂，可显着减少龈上斑块的形成和牙龈炎，而没有观察到任何外在污渍。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A novel anti-infection strategy to alleviate antibiotic-resistance problem and non-specific toxicity associated with chemotherapy is explored in this study. It is based on utilizing a bacteriolytic enzyme (lysozyme) as a carrier to allow specific targeting of a potential phenolic antimicrobial drug (triclosan) to microbial cells. Lysozyme (LZ) was complexed, via electrostatic and hydrophobic condensation at alkaline pH, to various degrees with triclosan (TCS), a negatively charged phenolic antimicrobial that inhibits bacterial fatty acid synthesis. Fluorescence and absorbance spectra analysis revealed non-covalent association of TCS with the aromatic residues at the interior of LZ molecule. The conjugation greatly promoted the lytic activity of LZ as the degree of TCS derivatization increased. The complexation with LZ turned TCS into completely soluble in aqueous solution. TCS-LZ complexes showed significantly enhanced bactericidal activity against several strains of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria compared to the activity of TCS or LZ alone when tested at the same molar basis. Strikingly, TCS-LZ complex, but not LZ or TCS alone, exhibited unique specificity to scavenge superoxide radicals, generated by the natural xanthine/xanthine oxidase coupling system, without affecting the catalytic function of oxidase. This finding is the first to describe that the membrane disrupting function of lysozyme can be utilized to specifically target antimicrobial drug(s) to pathogen cells and heralding a fascinating opportunity for the potential candidacy of TCS-LZ as novel antimicrobial strategy for human therapy.

背景与目标： : 本研究探索了一种新的抗感染策略，以减轻与化疗相关的抗生素耐药性问题和非特异性毒性。它基于利用溶菌酶 (溶菌酶) 作为载体，允许将潜在的酚类抗菌药物 (三氯生) 特异性靶向微生物细胞。溶菌酶 (LZ) 在碱性pH下通过静电和疏水缩合与三氯生 (TCS) 复合，三氯生是一种带负电荷的酚类抗菌剂，可抑制细菌脂肪酸的合成。荧光和吸收光谱分析显示TCS与LZ分子内部的芳族残基非共价缔合。随着TCS衍生化程度的增加，共轭大大提高了LZ的裂解活性。与LZ的络合使TCS完全溶于水溶液。与在相同摩尔基础上测试的TCS或LZ单独的活性相比，TCS-LZ复合物对几种革兰氏阳性和革兰氏阴性细菌的杀菌活性显着增强。令人惊讶的是，TCS-LZ复合物 (而不是LZ或TCS) 表现出独特的特异性，可清除由天然黄嘌呤/黄嘌呤氧化酶偶联系统产生的超氧化物自由基，而不会影响氧化酶的催化功能。这一发现是第一个描述溶菌酶的膜破坏功能可用于特异性靶向病原体细胞的抗菌药物，并预示着tcs-lz作为人类治疗新型抗菌策略的潜在候选资格的迷人机会。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: -2

背景与目标： -2

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The use of triclosan (TCS), an antimicrobial agent in consumer product, results in adverse effects on the environment due to its wide usage all over the world. The present study focused on TCS detection and attempted for degradation by biosurfactant produced by Bacillus licheniformis from domestic wastewater in Surathkal region, Karnataka, India. The experimental investigation includes biosurfactant production using crude sunflower oil and detection and degradation of TCS from wastewater by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Results exhibited that maximum biosurfactant yield (7.8 g/L) was achieved using 1 g/L of glycerol as carbon and 5.5 g/L of ammonium bicarbonate as a nitrogen source. Detection of TCS from domestic wastewater (0.36 mg/L) and degradation was carried out by HPLC. The result discloses that 47.2% and 100% removal of TCS was achieved in 2 h and 16 h for 1:1(v/v) ratio of wastewater and biosurfactant.

背景与目标： : 三氯生 (TCS) 是消费品中的一种抗菌剂，由于其在世界各地的广泛使用，对环境造成不利影响。本研究的重点是TCS检测，并尝试通过印度卡纳塔克邦suathkal地区的生活废水中地衣芽孢杆菌产生的生物表面活性剂进行降解。实验研究包括使用粗葵花籽油生产生物表面活性剂，以及通过高效液相色谱 (HPLC) 检测和降解废水中的TCS。结果表明，使用1g/L的甘油作为碳，5.5g/L的碳酸氢铵作为氮源，可获得最大的生物表面活性剂产量 (7.8g/L)。用高效液相色谱法检测生活污水 (0.36 mg/L) 中的TCS并进行降解。结果表明，对于废水和生物表面活性剂的1:1(v/v) 比，在2 h和16 h内实现了47.2% 和100% 的TCS去除。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The antibacterial agent triclosan has demonstrated antiplaque and antigingivitis activity in several clinical studies. Retention of antiplaque agents is of significance for their clinical effect. Triclosan has a relatively rapid clearance from the oral cavity, and attempts have been made to increase its oral retention. In the present clinical antiplaque study, it was found that 0.5% copolymer polyvinyl-methylether maleic acid (PVM-MA) or 0.5% zinc citrate, which are both added to commercial products, inhibited plaque formation to a similar degree when used in combination with 0.3% triclosan, 1.5% sodium lauryl sulfate (SL.S) and diluted propylene glycol (PG) in water (18). Plaque inhibition was significantly improved compared to a placebo solution. It was shown that these results could not be explained by an increase in antibacterial activity or by a change in the critical micellar concentration. The effect of the same solutions on SLS-induced inflammation on skin was also tested. It was seen that the triclosan/ zinc citrate solution and the control (triclosan/ethanol) decreased the inflammatory response, whereas the solutions containing triclosan in either propylene glycol (PG) or copolymer/PG did not exhibit any anti-inflammatory capacity.

背景与目标： 在一些临床研究中，抗菌剂三氯生已显示出抗牙菌斑和抗牙龈炎的活性。保留抗噬菌斑剂对其临床效果具有重要意义。三氯生与口腔的清除相对较快，并已尝试增加其口腔保留。在目前的临床抗噬菌斑研究中，发现0.5% 共聚物聚乙烯-甲基醚马来酸 (PVM-MA) 或0.5% 柠檬酸锌，两者都添加到商业产品中，当与0.3% 三氯生组合使用时，抑制噬菌斑形成的程度相似，在水中1.5% 十二烷基硫酸钠 (S L.S) 和稀释的丙二醇 (PG) (18)。与安慰剂溶液相比，斑块抑制作用明显改善。结果表明，这些结果不能用抗菌活性的增加或临界胶束浓度的变化来解释。还测试了相同溶液对SLS诱导的皮肤炎症的影响。可以看出，三氯生/柠檬酸锌溶液和对照 (三氯生/乙醇) 降低了炎症反应，而在丙二醇 (PG) 或共聚物/PG中含有三氯生的溶液没有表现出任何抗炎能力。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Triclosan (5-chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenol) is a potent antibacterial and antifungal compound that is widely used in personal care products, plastics, and fabrics. Recently triclosan has been shown to alter endocrine function in a variety of species. The purpose of this study was to determine effects of triclosan on pubertal development and thyroid hormone concentrations in the male rat. Weanling rats were exposed to 0, 3, 30, 100, 200, or 300 mg/kg of triclosan by oral gavage from postnatal day (PND) 23 to 53. Preputial separation (PPS) was examined beginning on PND 33. Rats were killed on PND 53, organ weights were recorded and serum was collected for subsequent analysis. Triclosan did not affect growth or the onset of PPS. Serum testosterone was significantly decreased at 200 mg/kg, however no effects were observed on androgen-dependent reproductive tissue weights. Triclosan significantly decreased total serum thyroxine (T4) in a dose-dependent manner at 30 mg/kg and higher (no observed effect level of 3 mg/kg). Triiodothyronine (T3) was significantly decreased only at 200 mg/kg, but thyroid stimulating hormone was not statistically different at any dose. Liver weights were significantly increased at 100 mg/kg triclosan and above suggesting that the induction of hepatic enzymes may have contributed to the altered T4 and T3 concentrations, but it does not appear to correlate with the T4 dose-response. This study demonstrates that triclosan exposure does not alter androgen-dependent tissue weights or onset of PPS; however, triclosan exposure significantly impacts thyroid hormone concentrations in the male juvenile rat.

背景与目标： : 三氯生 (5-氯-2-(2,4-二氯苯氧基) 苯酚) 是一种有效的抗菌和抗真菌化合物，广泛用于个人护理产品，塑料，和织物。最近，三氯生被证明可以改变多种物种的内分泌功能。这项研究的目的是确定三氯生对雄性大鼠青春期发育和甲状腺激素浓度的影响。断奶的大鼠暴露于0,3，30,100，200，或从出生后23天 (PND) 至53天口服灌胃300 mg/kg三氯生。从PND 33开始检查包皮分离 (PPS)。在PND 53上杀死大鼠，记录器官重量并收集血清进行后续分析。三氯生不影响生长或PPS的发作。血清睾丸激素在200 mg/kg时显着降低。然而，没有观察到对雄激素依赖性生殖组织重量的影响。三氯生以剂量依赖性方式显着降低血清总甲状腺素 (T4)，在30 mg/kg或更高 (未观察到3 mg/kg的作用水平)。三碘甲状腺素 (T3) 仅在200 mg/kg时显着降低。但促甲状腺激素在任何剂量下均无统计学差异。在100 mg/kg三氯生及以上时，肝脏重量显着增加，这表明肝酶的诱导可能导致T4和T3浓度的改变。但它似乎与T4剂量反应无关。这项研究表明，三氯生暴露不会改变雄激素依赖性组织重量或PPS的发作; 然而，三氯生暴露会显着影响雄性幼年大鼠的甲状腺激素浓度。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The effect of PVM/MA copolymer on hydroxyapatite crystal growth in vitro at 37 degrees C was evaluated. The copolymer provided a 50% inhibition of the growth rate at 35 ppm for 220 minutes. The polymer adsorbed to saliva-coated hydroxyapatite disks and the adsorption was time and concentration dependent. Under exaggerated in vitro conditions, the copolymer did not etch or damage enamel surfaces at pH 5.5 and 7.5. It was highly effective against calculus formation in rats when applied topically yielding a 54% reduction (P less than or equal to 0.01). In beagle dogs, it reduced calculus formation significantly (P = 0.06) over a period of 24 to 28 weeks when applied topically either as a rinse or toothpaste. Collectively, the data indicated that the copolymer was an effective anticalculus agent when applied topically, in the presence of triclosan.

背景与目标： : 评价了PVM/MA共聚物在37 ℃ 下对羟基磷灰石晶体体外生长的影响。共聚物在35 ppm下50% 抑制生长速率220分钟。聚合物吸附在唾液包被的羟基磷灰石盘中，吸附与时间和浓度有关。在夸张的体外条件下，共聚物在pH 5.5和7.5下不会蚀刻或损伤釉质表面。当局部使用时，它对大鼠的结石形成非常有效，产生54% 降低 (P小于或等于0.01)。在比格犬中，当作为漂洗剂或牙膏局部施用时，它在24至28周的时间内显着减少牙结石形成 (P = 0.06)。总的来说，数据表明，在三氯生存在下，该共聚物在局部使用时是有效的抗结石剂。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Our previous studies found that mitochondrial uncouplers induced vasodilation. Triclosan, the broad spectrum antibacterial agent, is the active ingredient in soaps and toothpastes. It was reported that triclosan induced mitochondrial uncoupling, so we aim to investigate the effects of triclosan on vascular function of rat mesenteric arteries and aorta. The isometric tension of rat mesenteric artery and thoracic aorta was recorded by multi-wire myograph system. The cytosolic [Ca2+]i, mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mitoROS), and mitochondrial membrane potential of smooth muscle cells (A10 cells) were measured using laser scanning confocal microscopy. Triclosan treatment relaxed phenylephrine (PE)- and high K+ (KPSS)-induced constriction, and pre-treatment with triclosan inhibited PE- and KPSS-induced constriction of rat mesenteric arteries. In rat thoracic aorta, triclosan also relaxed PE- and KPSS-induced constriction. Triclosan induces vasorelaxation without involving KATP channel activation in smooth muscle cells of arteries. Triclosan treatment increased cytosolic [Ca2+]i, mitochondrial ROS production and depolarized mitochondrial membrane potential in A10 cells. In conclusion, triclosan induces mitochondrial uncoupling in vascular smooth muscle cells and relaxes the constricted rat mesenteric arteries and aorta of rats. The present results suggest that triclosan would indicate vasodilation effect if absorbed excessively in vivo.

背景与目标： : 我们以前的研究发现线粒体解偶联剂诱导血管舒张。三氯生是广谱抗菌剂，是肥皂和牙膏中的活性成分。据报道，三氯生可诱导大鼠线粒体解偶联，因此我们旨在研究三氯生对大鼠肠系膜动脉和主动脉血管功能的影响。用多线肌电图系统记录大鼠肠系膜动脉和胸主动脉的等距张力。使用激光扫描共聚焦显微镜测量平滑肌细胞 (A10细胞) 的胞质 [Ca2] i，线粒体活性氧 (mitoROS) 和线粒体膜电位。三氯生治疗可缓解去氧肾上腺素 (PE) 和高K (KPSS) 引起的收缩，三氯生预处理可抑制PE和KPSS引起的大鼠肠系膜动脉收缩。在大鼠胸主动脉中，三氯生还可以缓解PE和KPSS引起的收缩。三氯生诱导血管舒张而不涉及动脉平滑肌细胞中KATP通道激活。三氯生处理可增加A10细胞的胞质 [Ca2] i，线粒体ROS产生和线粒体膜电位去极化。总之，三氯生诱导血管平滑肌细胞中的线粒体解偶联，并松弛大鼠肠系膜动脉和主动脉的收缩。目前的结果表明，如果在体内过度吸收，三氯生将表明血管舒张作用。