BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Triclocarban [N-(4-chlorophenyl)-N-(3,4-dichlorophenyl) urea] (TCC) is an antimicrobial agent utilized in a variety of consumer products. It is commonly released into domestic wastewaters and upon treatment, it is known to accumulate in biosolids. This study examines the occurrence of TCC in biosolids and its long-term fate in biosolid-treated soils. TCC levels in the biosolids from a large waste water treatment plant (WWTP) over 2 years showed little variability at 18,800 ± 700 ng g-1 dry wt. (mean ± SEM). Surface soil samples (top 10 cm) were collected from 26 commercial farms located in northern VA, US that had received biosolid applications from the WWTP. Samples were grouped as farms receiving no biosolids, farms with a single biosolid application, and those receiving multiple biosolid applications from 1992 to 2006. Our results illustrate that TCC soil residues remained years after biosolid application. The two most important parameters controlling TCC topsoil concentrations were the biosolid application rate and the period since the last application. No TCC removal was observed in farms where the time since biosolid application was between 7 and 9 months. TCC concentration analyzed 7 and 8 years after biosolid applications were 45.8 ± 6.1 and 72.4 ± 15.3 ng g-1 dry wt., respectively, showing its persistence in soils and build-up upon multiple biosolid applications. A soil TCC half-life of 287.5 ± 45.5 days was estimated.

背景与目标： : 三氯卡班 [N-(4-氯苯基)-N-(3,4-二氯苯基) 脲] (TCC) 是用于各种消费品的抗菌剂。它通常被释放到生活废水中，并且经过处理后，已知会在生物固体中积累。这项研究研究了生物固体中TCC的发生及其在生物固体处理过的土壤中的长期命运。在过去的2年中，来自大型废水处理厂 (WWTP) 的生物固体中的TCC水平在18,800 ± 700 ng g-1干重时几乎没有变化。(平均值 ± SEM)。从位于美国弗吉尼亚州北部的26个商业农场收集了地表土壤样品 (前10厘米名)，这些农场已经从WWTP获得了生物固体应用。将样品分为不接受生物固体的农场，具有单个生物固体应用的农场以及1992年2006年接受多个生物固体应用的农场。我们的结果表明，TCC土壤残留物在生物固体施用后仍然存在数年。控制TCC表土浓度的两个最重要参数是生物固体施用率和自上次施用以来的时间。自生物固体施用以来的时间在7到9个月之间的农场中未观察到TCC去除。生物固体施用后7年和8年分析的TCC浓度分别为45.8 ± 6.1和72.4 ± 15.3 ng g-1干重量，显示其在土壤中的持久性和在多种生物固体施用后的积累。估计土壤TCC半衰期为287.5 ± 45.5天。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Triclosan (TCS) and triclocarban (TCC) are two active ingredients widely used in many home and personal care products. Multimedia fate of TCS and TCC in the Dongjiang River basin, South China were addressed by the developed level III fugacity model based on their usage. Under the assumption of steady state, the concentrations in air, water, soil, sediment, suspended particulate matter (SPM) and fish as well as transfer flux across the interface between the compartments were simulated. The measured concentrations for the two compounds in water, SPM, and sediment from field monitoring campaigns were then compared to validate the model. The results showed that the model predicted reasonably accurate concentrations and the differences between the measured and modeled concentrations were all less than 0.7 log units. TCS and TCC had a tendency to distribute into the sediment phase, which accounted for more than 66.3% and 90.3% of the total masses, respectively. Wastewater discharge was the main source for the occurrence of the two compounds in the aquatic environment, while degradation was the primary process for the loss in the study area, followed by the advection export. Sensitivity analysis showed that the most influential parameters for the fate of the target chemicals were source term, degradation rates and adsorption coefficients. Monte Carlo simulation could well describe the modeling uncertainty and variability.

背景与目标： : 三氯生 (TCS) 和三氯卡班 (TCC) 是广泛用于许多家庭和个人护理产品的两种活性成分。根据开发的III级逸度模型，解决了华南东江流域TCS和TCC的多媒体命运。在稳态假设下，模拟了空气，水，土壤，沉积物，悬浮颗粒物 (SPM) 和鱼类中的浓度以及跨隔室之间界面的转移通量。然后比较了现场监测活动中水，SPM和沉积物中两种化合物的测得浓度，以验证模型。结果表明，该模型预测的合理准确的浓度以及测量和建模浓度之间的差异均小于0.7对数单位。TCS和TCC有分布到沉积物阶段的趋势，分别占总质量的66.3% 和90.3% 以上。废水排放是水生环境中两种化合物发生的主要来源，而降解是研究区域损失的主要过程，其次是平流出口。敏感性分析表明，对目标化学品命运影响最大的参数是来源项，降解速率和吸附系数。蒙特卡罗模拟可以很好地描述建模的不确定性和可变性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This work aims to investigate whether and how TCC affects hydrogen production using both experimental and model approaches. Experimental results showed that the exposure of TCC not only enhanced the hydrogen production yield but also promoted the hydrogen yield potential and hydrogen production rate. The maximum hydrogen production yield and hydrogen production rate increased from 10.1 ± 0.2 to 14.2 ± 0.2 mL/g VSS and 0.09 to 0.13 mL/g VSS·h, respectively, when TCC level increased from 0 to 1403 ± 150 mg/kg TSS. Mechanism exploration showed that the presence of TCC significantly promoted the release of substances and observably facilitated the acidification process but seriously inhibited the methonogenesis and homoacetogenesis processes. Further investigations with enzyme analysis revealed that TCC importantly increased the activities of acetate kinase and [FeFe] hydrogenase but seriously inhibited the activities of carbon monoxide dehydrogenase and Coenzyme F420.

背景与目标： : 这项工作旨在使用实验和模型方法研究TCC是否以及如何影响氢的生产。实验结果表明，TCC的暴露不仅提高了产氢率，而且提高了产氢潜力和产氢速率。当TCC水平从0增加到1403   ±   150 mg mg/kg TSS时，最大产氢率和产氢率分别从10.1   ±   0.2增加到14.2   ±   0.2  mL/g VSS和0.09增加到0.13  mL/g VSS·h。机理探索表明，TCC的存在显着促进了物质的释放，并明显促进了酸化过程，但严重抑制了甲烷生成和同乙酰化过程。通过酶分析进行的进一步研究表明，TCC重要地提高了乙酸激酶和 [FeFe] 氢化酶的活性，但严重抑制了一氧化碳脱氢酶和辅酶f420的活性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Triclosan, triclocarban, 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47), and bisphenol A (BPA) have been reported to disturb thyroid hormone (TH) homeostasis. We have examined the effects of these chemicals on sodium/iodide symporter (NIS)-mediated iodide uptake and the expression of genes involved in TH synthesis in rat thyroid follicular FRTL-5 cells, and on the activity of thyroid peroxidase (TPO) using rat thyroid microsomes. All four chemicals inhibited NIS-mediated iodide uptake in a concentration-dependent manner. A decrease in the iodide uptake was also observed in the absence of sodium iodide. Kinetic studies showed that all four chemicals were non-competitive inhibitors of NIS, with the order of Ki values being triclosan300 μM, respectively. Neither BDE-47 nor BPA affected TPO activity. In conclusion, triclosan, triclocarban, BDE-47, and BPA inhibited iodide uptake, but had differential effects on the expression of TH synthesis-related genes and the activity of TPO.

背景与目标： : 据报道，三氯生，三氯卡班，2,2 '，4,4'-四溴二苯醚 (BDE-47) 和双酚a (BPA) 会干扰甲状腺激素 (TH) 的稳态。我们已经使用大鼠甲状腺微粒体研究了这些化学物质对钠/碘同向转运体 (NIS) 介导的碘化物摄取和参与TH合成的基因表达的影响，以及对甲状腺过氧化物酶 (TPO) 活性的影响。所有四种化学物质均以浓度依赖性方式抑制NIS介导的碘化物吸收。在没有碘化钠的情况下，还观察到碘化物的吸收减少。动力学研究表明，所有四种化学物质都是NIS的非竞争性抑制剂，Ki值的顺序为三氯生 <三氯卡班 300 μ m时抑制TPO的活性。BDE-47和BPA均不影响TPO活性。总之，三氯生，三氯卡班，BDE-47和BPA抑制碘化物的吸收，但对TH合成相关基因的表达和TPO的活性有不同的影响。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :More than 85% of breast cancers are sporadic and attributable to long-term exposure to environmental carcinogens and co-carcinogens. To identify co-carcinogens with abilities to induce cellular pre-malignancy, we studied the activity of triclocarban (TCC), an antimicrobial agent commonly used in household and personal care products. Here, we demonstrated, for the first time, that chronic exposure to TCC at physiologically-achievable nanomolar concentrations resulted in progressive carcinogenesis of human breast cells from non-cancerous to pre-malignant. Pre-malignant carcinogenesis was measured by increasingly-acquired cancer-associated properties of reduced dependence on growth factors, anchorage-independent growth and increased cell proliferation, without acquisition of cellular tumorigenicity. Long-term TCC exposure also induced constitutive activation of the Erk-Nox pathway and increases of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cells. A single TCC exposure induced transient induction of the Erk-Nox pathway, ROS elevation, increased cell proliferation, and DNA damage in not only non-cancerous breast cells but also breast cancer cells. Using these constitutively- and transiently-induced changes as endpoints, we revealed that non-cytotoxic curcumin was effective in intervention of TCC-induced cellular pre-malignancy. Our results lead us to suggest that the co-carcinogenic potential of TCC should be seriously considered in epidemiological studies to reveal the significance of TCC in the development of sporadic breast cancer. Using TCC-induced transient and constitutive endpoints as targets will likely help identify non-cytotoxic preventive agents, such as curcumin, effective in suppressing TCC-induced cellular pre-malignancy.

背景与目标： : 超过85% 的乳腺癌是零星的，可归因于长期暴露于环境致癌物和共致癌物。为了鉴定具有诱导细胞前恶性肿瘤能力的共致癌物，我们研究了三氯卡班 (TCC) 的活性，三氯卡班是一种常用于家庭和个人护理产品的抗菌剂。在这里，我们首次证明了以生理上可达到的纳摩尔浓度长期暴露于TCC会导致人类乳腺细胞从非癌性到恶变前的进行性癌变。通过日益获得的与癌症相关的特性来衡量恶性癌前的发生，这些特性减少了对生长因子的依赖性，不依赖锚定的生长和细胞增殖的增加，而没有获得细胞致瘤性。长期TCC暴露还会诱导Erk-Nox途径的组成型激活和细胞中活性氧 (ROS) 的增加。单次TCC暴露不仅在非癌性乳腺细胞中而且在乳腺癌细胞中诱导了Erk-Nox途径的瞬时诱导，ROS升高，细胞增殖增加和DNA损伤。使用这些组成性和瞬时诱导的变化作为终点，我们揭示了非细胞毒性姜黄素可有效干预TCC诱导的细胞前恶性肿瘤。我们的结果使我们建议在流行病学研究中应认真考虑TCC的共同致癌潜力，以揭示TCC在散发性乳腺癌发展中的重要性。使用TCC诱导的瞬时终点和组成型终点作为靶标可能有助于识别非细胞毒性的预防剂，例如姜黄素，可有效抑制TCC诱导的细胞前恶性肿瘤。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :It was recently reported that nanomolar concentrations of triclocarban, an antimicrobial agent, were detected in human blood after the use of soap containing triclocarban. Due to the widespread use of triclocarban in adult and infant personal care products, the report prompted us to study its cytotoxicity. The cytotoxicity of triclocarban was examined in rat thymocytes by using a cytometric technique with propidium iodide for examining cell lethality, FluoZin-3-AM for monitoring the intracellular Zn(2+) level, and 5-chloromethylfluorescencein diacetate for estimating the cellular content of non-protein thiol. The incubation with triclocarban at nanomolar concentrations (50-500nM) for 1h did not affect cell lethality but significantly elevated the intracellular Zn(2+) level. The elevation of the intracellular Zn(2+) level by triclocarban was not significantly dependent on external Zn(2+) level. There was a negative correlation (r=-0.9225) between the effect on the intracellular Zn(2+) level and that on the cellular content of non-protein thiol. These results suggest that nanomolar concentrations of triclocarban decrease the cellular content of non-protein thiol, leading to intracellular Zn(2+) release. Since zinc plays physiological roles in mammalian cells, the percutaneous absorption of triclocarban from soap may, therefore, affect some cellular functions.

背景与目标： : 最近有报道称，使用含有三氯卡班的肥皂后，在人体血液中检测到纳摩尔浓度的三氯卡班 (一种抗菌剂)。由于三氯卡班在成人和婴儿个人护理产品中的广泛使用，该报告促使我们研究其细胞毒性。使用碘化丙啶的细胞计数技术检查大鼠胸腺细胞中的三氯卡班的细胞毒性，以检查细胞致死率，FluoZin-3-AM监测细胞内Zn(2) 水平，并使用5-氯甲基荧光素二乙酸酯估算非蛋白质硫醇的细胞含量。与三氯卡班以纳摩尔浓度 (50-500nM) 孵育1小时不会影响细胞致死率，但会显着提高细胞内Zn(2) 水平。三氯卡班升高的细胞内Zn(2) 水平与外部Zn(2) 水平无关。对细胞内Zn(2) 水平的影响与非蛋白质硫醇的细胞含量之间存在负相关 (r =-0.9225)。这些结果表明，纳摩尔浓度的三氯卡班降低了非蛋白质硫醇的细胞含量，导致细胞内Zn(2) 释放。由于锌在哺乳动物细胞中发挥生理作用，因此从肥皂中经皮吸收三氯卡班可能会影响某些细胞功能。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Alteration of gut microbial colonization process may influence susceptibility of the newborn/infant to infectious and chronic disease. Infectious disease risk leads to widespread use of non-prescription antimicrobials in household products such as Triclocarban (TCC), an antimicrobial compound in personal care products. TCC concentrates in and is transferred through the milk to suckling offspring. TCC exposure during gestation and lactation significantly reduced phylogenetic diversity (PD) among exposed dams and neonates. Among dams using weighted UniFrac distances, TCC induced significant dysbiosis of gut microbiota by gestational day (GD) 18, a trend that continued after delivery. Similarly, an overall restructuring of gut microbiota occurred in neonates. By postnatal day (PND) 12, communities separated based on exposure status and became significantly different at PND 16. The ability of TCC to drive microbial dysbiosis warrants future investigation to evaluate the safety of non-prescription antimicrobial use, including TCC, during critical exposure windows.

背景与目标： 肠道微生物定植过程的改变可能会影响新生儿/婴儿对传染病和慢性疾病的易感性。传染病风险导致非处方抗菌剂在家用产品中广泛使用，例如个人护理产品中的抗菌化合物三氯卡班 (TCC)。TCC浓缩并通过牛奶转移到哺乳后代。妊娠和哺乳期TCC暴露显着降低了暴露的水坝和新生儿的系统发育多样性 (PD)。在使用加权UniFrac距离的水坝中，TCC在妊娠第18天 (GD) 引起了肠道菌群的严重生态失调，这种趋势在分娩后仍在继续。同样，新生儿发生了肠道菌群的整体重组。到出生后第12天 (PND)，社区根据暴露状态而分离，并在PND 16时变得显着不同。TCC驱动微生物生态失调的能力需要进行未来的研究，以评估在关键暴露窗口期间非处方抗菌药物使用 (包括TCC) 的安全性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Triclocarban (TCC), which is used as an antimicrobial agent in personal care products, has been widely detected in aquatic ecosystems. However, the consequence of TCC exposure on embryo development is still elusive. Here, by using zebrafish embryos, we aimed to understand the developmental defects caused by TCC exposure. After exposure to 0.3, 30, and 300 μg/L TCC from 4-hour postfertilization (hpf) to 120 hpf, we observed that TCC exposure significantly increased the mortality and malformation, delayed hatching, and reduced body length. Exposure to TCC also affected the heart rate and expressions of cardiac development-related genes in zebrafish embryos. In addition, TCC exposure altered the expressions of the genes involved in hormonal pathways, indicating its endocrine disrupting effects. In sum, our data highlight the impact of TCC on embryo development and its interference with the hormone system of zebrafish.

背景与目标： : 三氯卡班 (TCC) 在个人护理产品中用作抗菌剂，已在水生生态系统中广泛检测到。然而，TCC暴露对胚胎发育的影响仍然难以捉摸。在这里，通过使用斑马鱼胚胎，我们旨在了解TCC暴露引起的发育缺陷。从受精后4小时 (hpf) 到120 hpf暴露于0.3、30和300  μ g/L的TCC后，我们观察到TCC暴露显着增加了死亡率和畸形，延迟孵化并缩短了体长。TCC暴露还会影响斑马鱼胚胎的心率和心脏发育相关基因的表达。此外，TCC暴露改变了激素途径中涉及的基因的表达，表明其内分泌干扰作用。总之，我们的数据强调了TCC对胚胎发育的影响及其对斑马鱼激素系统的干扰。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Triclocarban (TCC) toxicity and bioaccumulation data are primarily limited to direct human and animal dermal exposures, animal ingestion exposures to neat and feed-spiked TCC, and/or aquatic organism exposures. Three non-human, terrestrial organism groups anticipated to be the most highly exposed to land-applied, biosolids-borne TCC are soil microbes, earthworms, and plants. The three ecological receptors are expected to be at particular risk due to unique modes of exposure (e.g. constant, direct contact with soil; uptake of amended soil and pore water), inherently greater sensitivity to environmental contaminants (e.g. increased body burdens, permeable membranes), and susceptibility to minute changes in the soil environment. The toxicities of biosolids-borne TCC to Eisenia fetida earthworms and soil microbial communities were characterized using adaptations of the USEPA Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances (OPPTS) Guidelines 850.6200 (Earthworm Subchronic Toxicity Test) and 850.5100 (Soil Microbial Community Toxicity Test), respectively. The resultant calculated TCC LC50 value for E. fetida was 40 mg TCC kg amended fine sand(-1). Biosolids-borne TCC in an amended fine sand had no significant effect on soil microbial community respiration, ammonification, or nitrification. Bioaccumulation of biosolids-borne TCC by E. fetida and Paspulum notatum was measured to characterize potential biosolids-borne TCC movement through the food chain. Dry-weight TCC bioaccumulation factor (BAF) values in E. fetida and P. notatum ranged from 5.2-18 and 0.00041-0.007 (gsoil gtissue(-1)), respectively.

背景与目标： : 三氯卡班 (TCC) 毒性和生物蓄积数据主要限于直接的人类和动物皮肤暴露，动物摄入的纯净和加饲料的TCC暴露，和/或水生生物暴露。土壤微生物，earth和植物预计最容易暴露于土地上的生物固体传播的TCC的三个非人类陆地生物群体是土壤微生物，earth和植物。由于独特的暴露模式 (例如，与土壤的持续直接接触; 吸收改良的土壤和孔隙水)，对环境污染物的固有敏感性更高 (例如，身体负担增加，渗透膜)，以及对土壤环境微小变化的敏感性。利用美国环保局预防、农药和有毒物质办公室 (OPPTS) 指南850.6200 (蚯蚓亚慢性毒性试验) 和850.5100 (土壤微生物群落毒性试验)，分别对生物固体传播的TCC对Eisenia fetida蚯蚓和土壤微生物群落的毒性进行了表征。所得的fetida的TCC LC50值为40 mg TCC kg修正细砂 (-1)。改良细沙中生物固体传播的TCC对土壤微生物群落的呼吸，氨化或硝化作用没有显着影响。测量了E. fetida和Paspulum notatum对生物固体传播的TCC的生物累积，以表征生物固体传播的TCC在食物链中的潜在运动。E. fetida和P. notatum的干重TCC生物累积因子 (BAF) 值分别为5.2-18和0.00041-0.007 (gsoil gsit组织 (-1))。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The antibacterial triclocarban (TCC) concentrates in the cellular fraction of blood. Consequently, plasma levels are at least two-fold lower than the TCC amount present in blood. Utilizing whole blood sampling, a low but significant absorption of TCC from soap during showering is demonstrated for a small group of human subjects.

背景与目标： : 抗菌三氯卡班 (TCC) 集中在血液的细胞部分。因此，血浆水平至少比血液中存在的TCC量低两倍。利用全血采样，对于一小部分人类受试者，在淋浴过程中TCC的吸收很低，但明显。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In many jurisdictions land application of municipal biosolids is a valued source of nutrients for crop production. The practice must be managed to ensure that crops and adjacent water are not subject to contamination by pharmaceuticals or other organic contaminants. The broad spectrum antimicrobial agents triclosan (TCS) and triclocarban (TCC), the anti-epileptic drug carbamazepine (CBZ), and the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug naproxen (NAP) are widely used and are carried in biosolids. In the present study, the effect of biosolids and depth of placement in the soil profile on the rates of TCS, TCC, CBZ, and NAP dissipation were evaluated under semi-field conditions. Aggregates of dewatered municipal biosolids (DMBs) supplemented with (14)C-labeled residues were applied either on the soil surface or in the subsurface of the soil profile, and incubated over several months under ambient outdoor conditions. The dissipation of TCS, TCC and NAP was significantly faster in sub-surface than surface applied biosolid aggregates. In contrast the dissipation rate for CBZ was the same in surface applied and incorporated aggregates. Overall, the present study has determined a significant effect of depth of placement on the dissipation rate of biodegradable molecules.

背景与目标： : 在许多司法管辖区，市政生物固体的土地施用是作物生产的重要营养来源。必须对这种做法进行管理，以确保农作物和邻近的水不会受到药物或其他有机污染物的污染。广谱抗菌剂三氯生 (TCS) 和三氯卡班 (TCC)，抗癫痫药卡马西平 (CBZ) 和非甾体抗炎药萘普生 (NAP) 被广泛使用，并在生物固体中携带。在本研究中，在半田间条件下评估了生物固体和土壤剖面中的放置深度对TCS，TCC，CBZ和NAP耗散速率的影响。将补充有 (14)C标记残留物的脱水市政生物固体 (dmb) 的聚集体施用在土壤表面或土壤剖面的地下，并在室外环境条件下孵育数月。在亚表面，TCS，TCC和NAP的耗散明显快于表面施加的生物固体聚集体。相反，CBZ的耗散率在表面施加和掺入的聚集体中是相同的。总体而言，本研究确定了放置深度对可生物降解分子耗散率的显着影响。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Triclocarban (TCC), triclosan (TCS) and methyl triclosan (Me-TCS) were detected in soil and the native population of earthworms of an agricultural field in Ottawa, Canada, about four years after a commercial-scale application of biosolids. In soil that received biosolids, TCC and TCS were detected at median concentrations of 13.0 and 1.5 ng/g soil (d.w.), respectively, while Me-TCS, the transformation product of triclosan, was detected at a six-fold higher median concentration than its precursor. In earthworms collected at the biosolids-amended field-plot about four years post application, Me-TCS was also detected at higher concentrations (26 to 114 ng/g tissue d.w.) than TCS (16-51 ng/g) and TCC (4-53 ng/g). These data provide evidence that not only parent compounds but also their transformation products need to be considered in faunal bioaccumulation studies. Moreover, the preliminary results for pooled earthworm samples from different ecological groups suggest that the degree of bioaccumulation of biosolids-associated contaminants may depend on the habitat and feeding behavior of the organisms.

背景与目标： : 在商业规模的生物固体应用大约四年后，在加拿大渥太华一个农田的土壤和本地蚯蚓种群中检测到三氯卡班 (TCC) 、三氯生 (TCS) 和甲基三氯生 (me-tcs)。在接受生物固体的土壤中，分别以13.0和1.5 ng/g土壤 (d.w.) 的中值浓度检测到TCC和TCS，而三氯生的转化产物Me-TCS的中值浓度比其前体高六倍。在施用后约四年在经生物固体修正的田间图收集的蚯蚓中，还检测到比TCS (16-51 ng/g) 和TCC (4-53 ng/g) 更高的浓度 (26至114 ng/g组织d.w.) 的Me-TCS。这些数据提供了证据，表明在动物生物蓄积研究中不仅需要考虑母体化合物，而且还需要考虑其转化产物。此外，来自不同生态群体的汇总worm样品的初步结果表明，与生物固体相关的污染物的生物积累程度可能取决于生物的栖息地和摄食行为。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :3,4,4'-Trichlorocarbanilide (triclocarban, TCC) is widely used as an antimicrobial agent in a variety of consumer and personal care products. TCC is considered a potential endocrine disruptor, but its potential toxic effects in humans are still largely unknown. Because of its widespread uses, the potential for human exposure to TCC is high. In order to identify adequate exposure biomarkers of TCC, we investigated the metabolic profile of TCC in adult female Sprague Dawley rats after administering TCC once (500 mg/kg body weight) by oral gavage. Urine was collected 0-24 h before dosing, and 0-24 h and 24-48 h after dosing. Serum was collected at necropsy 48 h after dosing. We identified several metabolites of TCC in urine and serum by on-line solid phase extraction-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. We unambiguously identified two major oxidative metabolites of TCC, 3'-hydroxy-TCC and 2'-hydroxy-TCC, by comparing their chromatographic behavior and mass spectral fragmentation patterns with those of authentic standards. By contrast, compared to these oxidative metabolites, we detected very low levels of TCC in the urine or serum. Taken together these data suggest that in rats, oxidation of TCC is a major metabolic pathway. We also measured TCC and its oxidative metabolites in 50 urine and 16 serum samples collected from adults in the United States. The results suggest differences in the metabolic profile of TCC in rats and in humans; oxidation appears to be a minor metabolic pathway in humans. Total (free plus conjugated) TCC could serve as a potential biomarker for human exposure to TCC.

背景与目标： : 3,4，4 '-三氯碳苯胺 (trilocarban，TCC) 被广泛用作各种消费和个人护理产品中的抗菌剂。TCC被认为是一种潜在的内分泌干扰物，但其对人类的潜在毒性作用仍在很大程度上未知。由于其广泛的用途，人类暴露于TCC的可能性很高。为了鉴定TCC的足够暴露生物标志物，我们研究了通过口服灌胃施用TCC一次 (500 mg/kg体重) 后成年雌性Sprague Dawley大鼠中TCC的代谢特征。给药前0-24小时收集尿液，给药后0-24小时和24-48小时收集尿液。给药后48小时尸检时收集血清。我们通过在线固相萃取-高效液相色谱-质谱法鉴定了尿液和血清中TCC的几种代谢产物。通过将TCC的色谱行为和质谱裂解模式与真实标准品进行比较，我们明确地确定了TCC的两种主要氧化代谢产物，即3 '-羟基-TCC和2'-羟基-TCC。相比之下，与这些氧化代谢物相比，我们在尿液或血清中检测到非常低的TCC水平。综合这些数据表明，在大鼠中，TCC的氧化是主要的代谢途径。我们还测量了从美国成年人收集的50个尿液和16个血清样本中的TCC及其氧化代谢产物。结果表明，大鼠和人类中TCC的代谢谱存在差异; 氧化似乎是人类次要的代谢途径。总 (游离加共轭) TCC可以作为人类暴露于TCC的潜在生物标志物。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Triclosan (TCS) and triclocarban (TCC) are widely used as antimicrobial compounds in consumer products. TCS and TCC are frequently found in waste water and sewage. In this study, we investigate the potential impact of exposure to triclosan (TCS) and triclocarban (TCC) on fetal abnormalities. We measured TCS and TCC levels in maternal and umbilical cord blood samples from 39 pregnant women diagnosed with fetal or post-birth abnormalities at Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital. 52 pregnant women who gave birth to healthy neonates during the same period of time were included as controls. Applying ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, TCS and TCC concentrations were measured in maternal and fetal sera. Significantly increased levels of TCS were detected in maternal sera from mothers with abnormal births. Similar levels of TCS or TCC were found in maternal and cord sera in control group. The concentrations of TCS or TCC in maternal sera correlated with those in umbilical cord sera (r=0.649, P<0.01). These observations suggest that maternal blood test could be a useful assay for detecting fetal exposure to TCS and TCC, and high exposure to TCS may be potentially associated with increased risk for fetal malformations.

背景与目标： : 三氯生 (TCS) 和三氯卡班 (TCC) 被广泛用作消费品中的抗菌化合物。废水和污水中经常发现TCS和TCC。在这项研究中，我们研究了暴露于三氯生 (TCS) 和三氯卡班 (TCC) 对胎儿异常的潜在影响。我们测量了北京妇产医院诊断为胎儿或产后异常的39例孕妇的产妇和脐带血样本中的TCS和TCC水平。52例同期生育健康新生儿的孕妇作为对照。应用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法，测量了孕妇和胎儿血清中的TCS和TCC浓度。在分娩异常的母亲的母体血清中检测到TCS水平显着升高。在对照组的母体和脐带血清中发现类似的TCS或TCC水平。母体血清中TCS或TCC的浓度与脐带血清中TCS或TCC的浓度相关 (r = 0.649，P<0.01)。这些观察结果表明，母体血液测试可能是检测胎儿暴露于TCS和TCC的有用方法，并且高暴露于TCS可能与胎儿畸形风险增加有关。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:This study assessed the clinical and radiologic outcomes of Ideberg type IA glenoid fractures treated using conventional open surgery compared with those treated with arthroscopic surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS:This was a retrospective, multicenter study of anterior glenoid rim fractures (Ideberg IA) treated with conventional open surgery (group O) or arthroscopic surgery (group A). Included were 56 patients: 10 in group O and 46 in group A. The patients were reviewed after a minimum of 12 months of follow-up. The Constant score was used as an objective clinical outcome. Radiographs were reviewed to assess the quality of the postoperative reduction, fracture healing, complications, and whether osteoarthritis was present at the last follow-up. RESULTS:At a mean follow-up of 30 months (range, 12-115 months), there was no significant difference between the groups based on the Constant Score (group O: 74 points; group A: 84 points, P = .07). None of the shoulders showed signs of instability. Conversely, the rate of postoperative complications was higher in group O than in group A (30% vs. 4%; P = .03). Glenohumeral osteoarthritis was found in 10% of group O patients and 18% of group A patients (P = .65). CONCLUSIONS:This study shows that anterior glenoid rim fractures have similar functional outcomes, whether treated using conventional open surgery or arthroscopic surgery. Arthroscopic surgery appears to reduce the complication and reoperation rate.

背景与目标：