BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The photolysis of the antimicrobial triclocarban (TCC) in aqueous systems under simulated sunlight irradiation was studied. The effects of several abiotic parameters, including solution pH, initial TCC concentration, presence of natural organic matter, and most common inorganic anions in surface waters, were investigated. The results show that the photolysis of TCC followed pseudo-first-order kinetics. The TCC photolysis rate constant increased with increasing solution pH and decreasing the initial TCC concentration. Compared with the TCC photolysis in pure water, the presence of aqueous bicarbonate, nitrate, humic acids, and its sodium salt decreased the TCC photolysis rate, but fulvic acid increased the TCC photolysis rate. The electron spin resonance and reactive oxygen species scavenging experiments indicated that TCC may undergo two different types of phototransformation reactions: direct photolysis and energy transfer to generate (1)O2. The main degradation products were tentatively identified by gas chromatography interfaced with mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and a possible degradation pathway was also proposed.

背景与目标： : 研究了在模拟阳光照射下水性体系中抗菌三氯卡班 (TCC) 的光解。研究了一些非生物参数的影响，包括溶液pH，初始TCC浓度，天然有机物的存在以及地表水中最常见的无机阴离子。结果表明，TCC的光解遵循伪一级动力学。TCC光解速率常数随溶液ph值的增加和初始TCC浓度的降低而增加。与纯水中的TCC光解相比，碳酸氢盐，硝酸盐，腐殖酸及其钠盐的存在降低了TCC光解速率，但黄腐酸增加了TCC光解速率。电子自旋共振和活性氧清除实验表明，TCC可能经历两种不同类型的光转化反应: 直接光解和能量转移以生成 (1) o2。通过气相色谱与质谱联用 (gc-ms) 初步鉴定了主要的降解产物，并提出了可能的降解途径。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This study investigated removal of triclocarban (TCC) from contaminated wastewater by Pseudomonas fluorescens strain MC46 entrapped in barium alginate. Appropriate entrapped cell preparation conditions (cell-to-entrapment material ratio and cell loading) for removing TCC were examined. The highest TCC removal by the entrapped and free cell systems at the initial TCC concentration of 10 mg/L was 72 and 45%, respectively. TCC was degraded to less toxic compounds. Self-substrate inhibition was found at TCC concentration of 30 mg/L. The kinetics of TCC removal by entrapped and free cells fitted well with Edwards model. Scanning and transmission electron microscopic observations revealed that entrapment matrices reduced TCC-microbe contact, which lessened TCC inhibition. A live/dead cell assay also confirmed reduced microbial cell damage in the entrapped cell system compared to the free cell system. This study reveals the potential of entrapment technology to improve antibiotic removal from the environment.

背景与目标： : 这项研究调查了捕获在藻酸钡中的荧光假单胞菌MC46菌株从受污染的废水中去除三氯卡班 (TCC)。检查了用于去除TCC的适当的包埋细胞制备条件 (细胞与包埋材料的比率和细胞负载量)。在初始TCC浓度为10 mg/L时，截留的和游离的细胞系统对TCC的最高去除分别为72和45%。TCC降解为毒性较低的化合物。在TCC浓度为30  mg/L时发现了自底物抑制作用。截留和游离细胞去除TCC的动力学与Edwards模型非常吻合。扫描和透射电子显微镜观察表明，包封基质减少了TCC-微生物的接触，从而减轻了TCC的抑制作用。与游离细胞系统相比，活/死细胞分析还证实了被捕获的细胞系统中微生物细胞损伤的减少。这项研究揭示了包封技术在改善从环境中去除抗生素方面的潜力。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Algae comprise the greatest abundance of plant biomass in aquatic environments and are a logical choice for aquatic toxicological studies, yet have been underutilized in this capacity. The lipid content of many algal species provides a point of entry for trophic transfer of lipophilic organic contaminants. Triclosan (TCS) and triclocarban (TCC), widely used antimicrobial agents found in numerous consumer products, are incompletely removed by wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) processing. Methyl-triclosan (M-TCS) is a metabolite of TCS more lipophilic than the parent compound. The focus of this study was to quantify algal bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) for TCS, M-TCS, and TCC in Pecan Creek, the receiving stream for the City of Denton, Texas WWTP. The complex algal compartment was field identified for collection and verified by laboratory microscopic description as being comprised of mostly filamentous algae (Cladophora spp.) and varying inconsequential levels of epiphytic diatoms and biofilm. Algae and water column samples were collected from the WWTP outfall, an upstream site, and two downstream sites and analysed by isotope dilution gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) for TCS and M-TCS and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) for TCC. TCS, M-TCS, and TCC in Pecan Creek water samples taken at and downstream from the WWTP were at low ppt concentrations of 50-200 ng l(-1) and were elevated to low ppb concentrations of 50-400 ng g(-1) fresh weight in algae collected from these stations. The resulting BAFs were approximately three orders of magnitude. TCS, M-TCS and TCC appear to be good candidate marker compounds for evaluation of environmental distribution of trace WWTP contaminants. Residue analysis of filamentous algal species typically occurring in receiving streams below WWTP discharges is a readily obtained indicator of the relative bioaccumulative potential of these trace contaminants.

背景与目标： 藻类是水生环境中植物生物量最丰富的物种，是水生毒理学研究的合理选择，但在这种能力下并未得到充分利用。许多藻类的脂质含量为亲脂性有机污染物的营养转移提供了切入点。三氯生 (TCS) 和三氯卡班 (TCC) 是在许多消费品中发现的广泛使用的抗菌剂，被废水处理厂 (WWTP) 处理不完全去除。甲基三氯生 (m-tcs) 是TCS的代谢物，比母体化合物更亲脂。这项研究的重点是量化Pecan Creek中TCS，m-tcs和TCC的藻类生物累积因子 (baf)，Pecan Creek是德克萨斯州登顿市WWTP的接收流。现场确定了复杂的藻类隔室以进行收集，并通过实验室显微镜描述验证为主要由丝状藻类 (Cladophora spp。) 和不同程度的附生硅藻和生物膜组成。从WWTP出水口，上游站点和两个下游站点收集藻类和水柱样品，并通过同位素稀释气相色谱/质谱法 (GC/MS) 分析TCS和m-tcs以及液相色谱/质谱法 (LC/MS) 进行TCC。TCS，m-tcs，在WWTP处和下游采集的山核桃溪水样品中的TCC处于50-200 ng l(-1) 的低ppt浓度，并在从这些站收集的藻类中升至50-400 ng g(-1) 鲜重的低ppb浓度。产生的BAFs约为三个数量级。TCS，m-tcs和TCC似乎是评估痕量WWTP污染物环境分布的良好候选标记化合物。通常在WWTP排放以下的接收流中发生的丝状藻类物种的残留分析是这些痕量污染物的相对生物累积潜力的容易获得的指标。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Effects of chemical mixtures at environmentally relevant concentrations on endocrine systems of aquatic organisms are of concern. Triclocarban (TCC) and inorganic mercury (Hg2+) are ubiquitous in aquatic environments, and are known to interfere with endocrine pathways via different mechanisms of toxic action. However, effects of mixtures of the two pollutants on aquatic organisms and associated molecular mechanisms were unknown. This study examined effects of binary mixtures of TCC and Hg2+ on histopathological and biochemical alteration of reproductive organs in zebrafish (Danio rerio) after 21 d exposure. The results showed that: 1) At concentrations studied, TCC alone caused little effect on hepatic tissues, but it aggravated lesions in liver caused by Hg2+ via indirect mechanisms of disturbing homeostasis and altering concentrations of hormones; 2) Histological lesions were more severe in gonads of individuals, especially males, exposed to the binary mixture. Exposure to TCC alone (2.5 or 5μg/L) (measured concentration 140 or 310ng/L) or Hg2+ alone (5μg/L or 10μg/L (measured concentration 367 or 557ng/L) slightly retarded development of oocytes, whereas co-exposure to nominal concentrations of 5μg/L TCC and 10μg /L Hg2+ promoted maturation of oocytes. In males, maturation of sperm was slightly delayed by exposure to either TCC or Hg2+, while their combinations caused testes to be smaller and sperm to be fewer compared with fish exposed to either of the contaminants individually; 3) Lesions observed in fish exposed to binary mixtures might be due to altered transcription of genes involved in steroidogenesis, such as cyp19a, 3beta-HSD, cyp17, 17beta-HSD and modulated concentrations of testosterone and estradiol in blood plasma. The observed results further support the complexity of toxic responses of fish exposed to lesser concentrations of binary chemical mixtures. Since it is impossible to collect empirical information in controlled studies of all possible combinations of toxicants, the application of omics methods might improve the predictive capabilities of results of single classes of chemicals.

背景与目标： : 环境相关浓度的化学混合物对水生生物内分泌系统的影响值得关注。三氯卡班 (TCC) 和无机汞 (Hg2) 在水生环境中普遍存在，并且已知通过不同的毒性作用机制干扰内分泌途径。然而，两种污染物的混合物对水生生物的影响及其相关的分子机制尚不清楚。这项研究检查了TCC和Hg2二元混合物对斑马鱼 (Danio rerio) 暴露21 d后生殖器官组织病理学和生化改变的影响。结果表明: 1) 在研究浓度下，TCC单独对肝组织影响不大，但通过干扰稳态和改变激素浓度的间接机制加剧了Hg2引起的肝脏病变; 2) 个体性腺的组织学病变更为严重，尤其是男性，暴露在二元混合物中。单独暴露于TCC (2.5或5 μ g/L) (测量浓度140或310ng/L) 或单独暴露于Hg2 (5 μ g/L或10 μ g/L (测量浓度367或557ng/L)) 会稍微延迟卵母细胞的发育，而共同暴露于5 μ g/L TCC和10 μ g/L Hg2 + 的名义浓度促进了卵母细胞的成熟。在男性中，由于暴露于TCC或Hg2 +，精子的成熟略有延迟，虽然它们的组合导致与单独暴露于任何一种污染物的鱼相比，睾丸更小，精子更少; 3) 在暴露于二元混合物的鱼中观察到的损伤可能是由于涉及类固醇生成的基因转录改变，如cyp19a，3beta-HSD，cyp17，17β-hsd和血浆中睾丸激素和雌二醇的调节浓度。观察到的结果进一步支持了暴露于较低浓度的二元化学混合物的鱼类毒性反应的复杂性。由于不可能在所有可能的毒物组合的对照研究中收集经验信息，因此组学方法的应用可能会提高单类化学品结果的预测能力。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Triclocarban [N-(4-chlorophenyl)-N-(3,4-dichlorophenyl) urea] (TCC) is an antimicrobial agent utilized in a variety of consumer products. It is commonly released into domestic wastewaters and upon treatment, it is known to accumulate in biosolids. This study examines the occurrence of TCC in biosolids and its long-term fate in biosolid-treated soils. TCC levels in the biosolids from a large waste water treatment plant (WWTP) over 2 years showed little variability at 18,800 ± 700 ng g-1 dry wt. (mean ± SEM). Surface soil samples (top 10 cm) were collected from 26 commercial farms located in northern VA, US that had received biosolid applications from the WWTP. Samples were grouped as farms receiving no biosolids, farms with a single biosolid application, and those receiving multiple biosolid applications from 1992 to 2006. Our results illustrate that TCC soil residues remained years after biosolid application. The two most important parameters controlling TCC topsoil concentrations were the biosolid application rate and the period since the last application. No TCC removal was observed in farms where the time since biosolid application was between 7 and 9 months. TCC concentration analyzed 7 and 8 years after biosolid applications were 45.8 ± 6.1 and 72.4 ± 15.3 ng g-1 dry wt., respectively, showing its persistence in soils and build-up upon multiple biosolid applications. A soil TCC half-life of 287.5 ± 45.5 days was estimated.

背景与目标： : 三氯卡班 [N-(4-氯苯基)-N-(3,4-二氯苯基) 脲] (TCC) 是用于各种消费品的抗菌剂。它通常被释放到生活废水中，并且经过处理后，已知会在生物固体中积累。这项研究研究了生物固体中TCC的发生及其在生物固体处理过的土壤中的长期命运。在过去的2年中，来自大型废水处理厂 (WWTP) 的生物固体中的TCC水平在18,800 ± 700 ng g-1干重时几乎没有变化。(平均值 ± SEM)。从位于美国弗吉尼亚州北部的26个商业农场收集了地表土壤样品 (前10厘米名)，这些农场已经从WWTP获得了生物固体应用。将样品分为不接受生物固体的农场，具有单个生物固体应用的农场以及1992年2006年接受多个生物固体应用的农场。我们的结果表明，TCC土壤残留物在生物固体施用后仍然存在数年。控制TCC表土浓度的两个最重要参数是生物固体施用率和自上次施用以来的时间。自生物固体施用以来的时间在7到9个月之间的农场中未观察到TCC去除。生物固体施用后7年和8年分析的TCC浓度分别为45.8 ± 6.1和72.4 ± 15.3 ng g-1干重量，显示其在土壤中的持久性和在多种生物固体施用后的积累。估计土壤TCC半衰期为287.5 ± 45.5天。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Triclosan (TCS) and triclocarban (TCC) are two active ingredients widely used in many home and personal care products. Multimedia fate of TCS and TCC in the Dongjiang River basin, South China were addressed by the developed level III fugacity model based on their usage. Under the assumption of steady state, the concentrations in air, water, soil, sediment, suspended particulate matter (SPM) and fish as well as transfer flux across the interface between the compartments were simulated. The measured concentrations for the two compounds in water, SPM, and sediment from field monitoring campaigns were then compared to validate the model. The results showed that the model predicted reasonably accurate concentrations and the differences between the measured and modeled concentrations were all less than 0.7 log units. TCS and TCC had a tendency to distribute into the sediment phase, which accounted for more than 66.3% and 90.3% of the total masses, respectively. Wastewater discharge was the main source for the occurrence of the two compounds in the aquatic environment, while degradation was the primary process for the loss in the study area, followed by the advection export. Sensitivity analysis showed that the most influential parameters for the fate of the target chemicals were source term, degradation rates and adsorption coefficients. Monte Carlo simulation could well describe the modeling uncertainty and variability.

背景与目标： : 三氯生 (TCS) 和三氯卡班 (TCC) 是广泛用于许多家庭和个人护理产品的两种活性成分。根据开发的III级逸度模型，解决了华南东江流域TCS和TCC的多媒体命运。在稳态假设下，模拟了空气，水，土壤，沉积物，悬浮颗粒物 (SPM) 和鱼类中的浓度以及跨隔室之间界面的转移通量。然后比较了现场监测活动中水，SPM和沉积物中两种化合物的测得浓度，以验证模型。结果表明，该模型预测的合理准确的浓度以及测量和建模浓度之间的差异均小于0.7对数单位。TCS和TCC有分布到沉积物阶段的趋势，分别占总质量的66.3% 和90.3% 以上。废水排放是水生环境中两种化合物发生的主要来源，而降解是研究区域损失的主要过程，其次是平流出口。敏感性分析表明，对目标化学品命运影响最大的参数是来源项，降解速率和吸附系数。蒙特卡罗模拟可以很好地描述建模的不确定性和可变性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This work aims to investigate whether and how TCC affects hydrogen production using both experimental and model approaches. Experimental results showed that the exposure of TCC not only enhanced the hydrogen production yield but also promoted the hydrogen yield potential and hydrogen production rate. The maximum hydrogen production yield and hydrogen production rate increased from 10.1 ± 0.2 to 14.2 ± 0.2 mL/g VSS and 0.09 to 0.13 mL/g VSS·h, respectively, when TCC level increased from 0 to 1403 ± 150 mg/kg TSS. Mechanism exploration showed that the presence of TCC significantly promoted the release of substances and observably facilitated the acidification process but seriously inhibited the methonogenesis and homoacetogenesis processes. Further investigations with enzyme analysis revealed that TCC importantly increased the activities of acetate kinase and [FeFe] hydrogenase but seriously inhibited the activities of carbon monoxide dehydrogenase and Coenzyme F420.

背景与目标： : 这项工作旨在使用实验和模型方法研究TCC是否以及如何影响氢的生产。实验结果表明，TCC的暴露不仅提高了产氢率，而且提高了产氢潜力和产氢速率。当TCC水平从0增加到1403   ±   150 mg mg/kg TSS时，最大产氢率和产氢率分别从10.1   ±   0.2增加到14.2   ±   0.2  mL/g VSS和0.09增加到0.13  mL/g VSS·h。机理探索表明，TCC的存在显着促进了物质的释放，并明显促进了酸化过程，但严重抑制了甲烷生成和同乙酰化过程。通过酶分析进行的进一步研究表明，TCC重要地提高了乙酸激酶和 [FeFe] 氢化酶的活性，但严重抑制了一氧化碳脱氢酶和辅酶f420的活性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Triclosan, triclocarban, 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47), and bisphenol A (BPA) have been reported to disturb thyroid hormone (TH) homeostasis. We have examined the effects of these chemicals on sodium/iodide symporter (NIS)-mediated iodide uptake and the expression of genes involved in TH synthesis in rat thyroid follicular FRTL-5 cells, and on the activity of thyroid peroxidase (TPO) using rat thyroid microsomes. All four chemicals inhibited NIS-mediated iodide uptake in a concentration-dependent manner. A decrease in the iodide uptake was also observed in the absence of sodium iodide. Kinetic studies showed that all four chemicals were non-competitive inhibitors of NIS, with the order of Ki values being triclosan300 μM, respectively. Neither BDE-47 nor BPA affected TPO activity. In conclusion, triclosan, triclocarban, BDE-47, and BPA inhibited iodide uptake, but had differential effects on the expression of TH synthesis-related genes and the activity of TPO.

背景与目标： : 据报道，三氯生，三氯卡班，2,2 '，4,4'-四溴二苯醚 (BDE-47) 和双酚a (BPA) 会干扰甲状腺激素 (TH) 的稳态。我们已经使用大鼠甲状腺微粒体研究了这些化学物质对钠/碘同向转运体 (NIS) 介导的碘化物摄取和参与TH合成的基因表达的影响，以及对甲状腺过氧化物酶 (TPO) 活性的影响。所有四种化学物质均以浓度依赖性方式抑制NIS介导的碘化物吸收。在没有碘化钠的情况下，还观察到碘化物的吸收减少。动力学研究表明，所有四种化学物质都是NIS的非竞争性抑制剂，Ki值的顺序为三氯生 <三氯卡班 300 μ m时抑制TPO的活性。BDE-47和BPA均不影响TPO活性。总之，三氯生，三氯卡班，BDE-47和BPA抑制碘化物的吸收，但对TH合成相关基因的表达和TPO的活性有不同的影响。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :More than 85% of breast cancers are sporadic and attributable to long-term exposure to environmental carcinogens and co-carcinogens. To identify co-carcinogens with abilities to induce cellular pre-malignancy, we studied the activity of triclocarban (TCC), an antimicrobial agent commonly used in household and personal care products. Here, we demonstrated, for the first time, that chronic exposure to TCC at physiologically-achievable nanomolar concentrations resulted in progressive carcinogenesis of human breast cells from non-cancerous to pre-malignant. Pre-malignant carcinogenesis was measured by increasingly-acquired cancer-associated properties of reduced dependence on growth factors, anchorage-independent growth and increased cell proliferation, without acquisition of cellular tumorigenicity. Long-term TCC exposure also induced constitutive activation of the Erk-Nox pathway and increases of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cells. A single TCC exposure induced transient induction of the Erk-Nox pathway, ROS elevation, increased cell proliferation, and DNA damage in not only non-cancerous breast cells but also breast cancer cells. Using these constitutively- and transiently-induced changes as endpoints, we revealed that non-cytotoxic curcumin was effective in intervention of TCC-induced cellular pre-malignancy. Our results lead us to suggest that the co-carcinogenic potential of TCC should be seriously considered in epidemiological studies to reveal the significance of TCC in the development of sporadic breast cancer. Using TCC-induced transient and constitutive endpoints as targets will likely help identify non-cytotoxic preventive agents, such as curcumin, effective in suppressing TCC-induced cellular pre-malignancy.

背景与目标： : 超过85% 的乳腺癌是零星的，可归因于长期暴露于环境致癌物和共致癌物。为了鉴定具有诱导细胞前恶性肿瘤能力的共致癌物，我们研究了三氯卡班 (TCC) 的活性，三氯卡班是一种常用于家庭和个人护理产品的抗菌剂。在这里，我们首次证明了以生理上可达到的纳摩尔浓度长期暴露于TCC会导致人类乳腺细胞从非癌性到恶变前的进行性癌变。通过日益获得的与癌症相关的特性来衡量恶性癌前的发生，这些特性减少了对生长因子的依赖性，不依赖锚定的生长和细胞增殖的增加，而没有获得细胞致瘤性。长期TCC暴露还会诱导Erk-Nox途径的组成型激活和细胞中活性氧 (ROS) 的增加。单次TCC暴露不仅在非癌性乳腺细胞中而且在乳腺癌细胞中诱导了Erk-Nox途径的瞬时诱导，ROS升高，细胞增殖增加和DNA损伤。使用这些组成性和瞬时诱导的变化作为终点，我们揭示了非细胞毒性姜黄素可有效干预TCC诱导的细胞前恶性肿瘤。我们的结果使我们建议在流行病学研究中应认真考虑TCC的共同致癌潜力，以揭示TCC在散发性乳腺癌发展中的重要性。使用TCC诱导的瞬时终点和组成型终点作为靶标可能有助于识别非细胞毒性的预防剂，例如姜黄素，可有效抑制TCC诱导的细胞前恶性肿瘤。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :It was recently reported that nanomolar concentrations of triclocarban, an antimicrobial agent, were detected in human blood after the use of soap containing triclocarban. Due to the widespread use of triclocarban in adult and infant personal care products, the report prompted us to study its cytotoxicity. The cytotoxicity of triclocarban was examined in rat thymocytes by using a cytometric technique with propidium iodide for examining cell lethality, FluoZin-3-AM for monitoring the intracellular Zn(2+) level, and 5-chloromethylfluorescencein diacetate for estimating the cellular content of non-protein thiol. The incubation with triclocarban at nanomolar concentrations (50-500nM) for 1h did not affect cell lethality but significantly elevated the intracellular Zn(2+) level. The elevation of the intracellular Zn(2+) level by triclocarban was not significantly dependent on external Zn(2+) level. There was a negative correlation (r=-0.9225) between the effect on the intracellular Zn(2+) level and that on the cellular content of non-protein thiol. These results suggest that nanomolar concentrations of triclocarban decrease the cellular content of non-protein thiol, leading to intracellular Zn(2+) release. Since zinc plays physiological roles in mammalian cells, the percutaneous absorption of triclocarban from soap may, therefore, affect some cellular functions.

背景与目标： : 最近有报道称，使用含有三氯卡班的肥皂后，在人体血液中检测到纳摩尔浓度的三氯卡班 (一种抗菌剂)。由于三氯卡班在成人和婴儿个人护理产品中的广泛使用，该报告促使我们研究其细胞毒性。使用碘化丙啶的细胞计数技术检查大鼠胸腺细胞中的三氯卡班的细胞毒性，以检查细胞致死率，FluoZin-3-AM监测细胞内Zn(2) 水平，并使用5-氯甲基荧光素二乙酸酯估算非蛋白质硫醇的细胞含量。与三氯卡班以纳摩尔浓度 (50-500nM) 孵育1小时不会影响细胞致死率，但会显着提高细胞内Zn(2) 水平。三氯卡班升高的细胞内Zn(2) 水平与外部Zn(2) 水平无关。对细胞内Zn(2) 水平的影响与非蛋白质硫醇的细胞含量之间存在负相关 (r =-0.9225)。这些结果表明，纳摩尔浓度的三氯卡班降低了非蛋白质硫醇的细胞含量，导致细胞内Zn(2) 释放。由于锌在哺乳动物细胞中发挥生理作用，因此从肥皂中经皮吸收三氯卡班可能会影响某些细胞功能。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Alteration of gut microbial colonization process may influence susceptibility of the newborn/infant to infectious and chronic disease. Infectious disease risk leads to widespread use of non-prescription antimicrobials in household products such as Triclocarban (TCC), an antimicrobial compound in personal care products. TCC concentrates in and is transferred through the milk to suckling offspring. TCC exposure during gestation and lactation significantly reduced phylogenetic diversity (PD) among exposed dams and neonates. Among dams using weighted UniFrac distances, TCC induced significant dysbiosis of gut microbiota by gestational day (GD) 18, a trend that continued after delivery. Similarly, an overall restructuring of gut microbiota occurred in neonates. By postnatal day (PND) 12, communities separated based on exposure status and became significantly different at PND 16. The ability of TCC to drive microbial dysbiosis warrants future investigation to evaluate the safety of non-prescription antimicrobial use, including TCC, during critical exposure windows.

背景与目标： 肠道微生物定植过程的改变可能会影响新生儿/婴儿对传染病和慢性疾病的易感性。传染病风险导致非处方抗菌剂在家用产品中广泛使用，例如个人护理产品中的抗菌化合物三氯卡班 (TCC)。TCC浓缩并通过牛奶转移到哺乳后代。妊娠和哺乳期TCC暴露显着降低了暴露的水坝和新生儿的系统发育多样性 (PD)。在使用加权UniFrac距离的水坝中，TCC在妊娠第18天 (GD) 引起了肠道菌群的严重生态失调，这种趋势在分娩后仍在继续。同样，新生儿发生了肠道菌群的整体重组。到出生后第12天 (PND)，社区根据暴露状态而分离，并在PND 16时变得显着不同。TCC驱动微生物生态失调的能力需要进行未来的研究，以评估在关键暴露窗口期间非处方抗菌药物使用 (包括TCC) 的安全性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Triclocarban (TCC), which is used as an antimicrobial agent in personal care products, has been widely detected in aquatic ecosystems. However, the consequence of TCC exposure on embryo development is still elusive. Here, by using zebrafish embryos, we aimed to understand the developmental defects caused by TCC exposure. After exposure to 0.3, 30, and 300 μg/L TCC from 4-hour postfertilization (hpf) to 120 hpf, we observed that TCC exposure significantly increased the mortality and malformation, delayed hatching, and reduced body length. Exposure to TCC also affected the heart rate and expressions of cardiac development-related genes in zebrafish embryos. In addition, TCC exposure altered the expressions of the genes involved in hormonal pathways, indicating its endocrine disrupting effects. In sum, our data highlight the impact of TCC on embryo development and its interference with the hormone system of zebrafish.

背景与目标： : 三氯卡班 (TCC) 在个人护理产品中用作抗菌剂，已在水生生态系统中广泛检测到。然而，TCC暴露对胚胎发育的影响仍然难以捉摸。在这里，通过使用斑马鱼胚胎，我们旨在了解TCC暴露引起的发育缺陷。从受精后4小时 (hpf) 到120 hpf暴露于0.3、30和300  μ g/L的TCC后，我们观察到TCC暴露显着增加了死亡率和畸形，延迟孵化并缩短了体长。TCC暴露还会影响斑马鱼胚胎的心率和心脏发育相关基因的表达。此外，TCC暴露改变了激素途径中涉及的基因的表达，表明其内分泌干扰作用。总之，我们的数据强调了TCC对胚胎发育的影响及其对斑马鱼激素系统的干扰。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Triclocarban (TCC) toxicity and bioaccumulation data are primarily limited to direct human and animal dermal exposures, animal ingestion exposures to neat and feed-spiked TCC, and/or aquatic organism exposures. Three non-human, terrestrial organism groups anticipated to be the most highly exposed to land-applied, biosolids-borne TCC are soil microbes, earthworms, and plants. The three ecological receptors are expected to be at particular risk due to unique modes of exposure (e.g. constant, direct contact with soil; uptake of amended soil and pore water), inherently greater sensitivity to environmental contaminants (e.g. increased body burdens, permeable membranes), and susceptibility to minute changes in the soil environment. The toxicities of biosolids-borne TCC to Eisenia fetida earthworms and soil microbial communities were characterized using adaptations of the USEPA Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances (OPPTS) Guidelines 850.6200 (Earthworm Subchronic Toxicity Test) and 850.5100 (Soil Microbial Community Toxicity Test), respectively. The resultant calculated TCC LC50 value for E. fetida was 40 mg TCC kg amended fine sand(-1). Biosolids-borne TCC in an amended fine sand had no significant effect on soil microbial community respiration, ammonification, or nitrification. Bioaccumulation of biosolids-borne TCC by E. fetida and Paspulum notatum was measured to characterize potential biosolids-borne TCC movement through the food chain. Dry-weight TCC bioaccumulation factor (BAF) values in E. fetida and P. notatum ranged from 5.2-18 and 0.00041-0.007 (gsoil gtissue(-1)), respectively.

背景与目标： : 三氯卡班 (TCC) 毒性和生物蓄积数据主要限于直接的人类和动物皮肤暴露，动物摄入的纯净和加饲料的TCC暴露，和/或水生生物暴露。土壤微生物，earth和植物预计最容易暴露于土地上的生物固体传播的TCC的三个非人类陆地生物群体是土壤微生物，earth和植物。由于独特的暴露模式 (例如，与土壤的持续直接接触; 吸收改良的土壤和孔隙水)，对环境污染物的固有敏感性更高 (例如，身体负担增加，渗透膜)，以及对土壤环境微小变化的敏感性。利用美国环保局预防、农药和有毒物质办公室 (OPPTS) 指南850.6200 (蚯蚓亚慢性毒性试验) 和850.5100 (土壤微生物群落毒性试验)，分别对生物固体传播的TCC对Eisenia fetida蚯蚓和土壤微生物群落的毒性进行了表征。所得的fetida的TCC LC50值为40 mg TCC kg修正细砂 (-1)。改良细沙中生物固体传播的TCC对土壤微生物群落的呼吸，氨化或硝化作用没有显着影响。测量了E. fetida和Paspulum notatum对生物固体传播的TCC的生物累积，以表征生物固体传播的TCC在食物链中的潜在运动。E. fetida和P. notatum的干重TCC生物累积因子 (BAF) 值分别为5.2-18和0.00041-0.007 (gsoil gsit组织 (-1))。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The antibacterial triclocarban (TCC) concentrates in the cellular fraction of blood. Consequently, plasma levels are at least two-fold lower than the TCC amount present in blood. Utilizing whole blood sampling, a low but significant absorption of TCC from soap during showering is demonstrated for a small group of human subjects.

背景与目标： : 抗菌三氯卡班 (TCC) 集中在血液的细胞部分。因此，血浆水平至少比血液中存在的TCC量低两倍。利用全血采样，对于一小部分人类受试者，在淋浴过程中TCC的吸收很低，但明显。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In many jurisdictions land application of municipal biosolids is a valued source of nutrients for crop production. The practice must be managed to ensure that crops and adjacent water are not subject to contamination by pharmaceuticals or other organic contaminants. The broad spectrum antimicrobial agents triclosan (TCS) and triclocarban (TCC), the anti-epileptic drug carbamazepine (CBZ), and the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug naproxen (NAP) are widely used and are carried in biosolids. In the present study, the effect of biosolids and depth of placement in the soil profile on the rates of TCS, TCC, CBZ, and NAP dissipation were evaluated under semi-field conditions. Aggregates of dewatered municipal biosolids (DMBs) supplemented with (14)C-labeled residues were applied either on the soil surface or in the subsurface of the soil profile, and incubated over several months under ambient outdoor conditions. The dissipation of TCS, TCC and NAP was significantly faster in sub-surface than surface applied biosolid aggregates. In contrast the dissipation rate for CBZ was the same in surface applied and incorporated aggregates. Overall, the present study has determined a significant effect of depth of placement on the dissipation rate of biodegradable molecules.

背景与目标： : 在许多司法管辖区，市政生物固体的土地施用是作物生产的重要营养来源。必须对这种做法进行管理，以确保农作物和邻近的水不会受到药物或其他有机污染物的污染。广谱抗菌剂三氯生 (TCS) 和三氯卡班 (TCC)，抗癫痫药卡马西平 (CBZ) 和非甾体抗炎药萘普生 (NAP) 被广泛使用，并在生物固体中携带。在本研究中，在半田间条件下评估了生物固体和土壤剖面中的放置深度对TCS，TCC，CBZ和NAP耗散速率的影响。将补充有 (14)C标记残留物的脱水市政生物固体 (dmb) 的聚集体施用在土壤表面或土壤剖面的地下，并在室外环境条件下孵育数月。在亚表面，TCS，TCC和NAP的耗散明显快于表面施加的生物固体聚集体。相反，CBZ的耗散率在表面施加和掺入的聚集体中是相同的。总体而言，本研究确定了放置深度对可生物降解分子耗散率的显着影响。