BACKGROUND & AIMS: :With the impending surge in the number of older adults, primary care clinicians will increasingly need to manage the care of vulnerable elders. Caring for vulnerable elders is complex because of their wide range of health goals and the interdependence of medical care and community supports needed to achieve those goals. In this article, we identify ways a primary care practice can reorganize to improve the care of vulnerable elders. We begin by identifying important outcomes for vulnerable elders and three key processes of care (communication, developing a personal care plan for each patient, and care coordination) needed to achieve these outcomes. We then describe two delivery models of primary care for vulnerable elders--co-management, and augmented primary care. Finally, we discuss how the physical plant, people, workflow management, and community linkages in a primary care practice can be restructured to better serve these patients.

背景与目标： : 随着老年人数量的激增，初级保健临床医生将越来越需要管理弱势老年人的护理。照顾弱势老年人是复杂的，因为他们的健康目标广泛，医疗保健和实现这些目标所需的社区支持相互依存。在本文中，我们确定了初级保健实践可以重组以改善弱势老年人的护理的方法。我们首先确定弱势老年人的重要结果以及实现这些结果所需的三个关键护理过程 (沟通，为每个患者制定个人护理计划以及护理协调)。然后，我们描述了针对弱势老年人的两种初级保健模式-共同管理和增强初级保健。最后，我们讨论了如何重组初级保健实践中的物理工厂，人员，工作流程管理和社区联系，以更好地为这些患者服务。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Horizontal transfer (HT) is the transmission of genetic material between non-mating species, a phenomenon thought to occur rarely in multicellular eukaryotes. However, many transposable elements (TEs) are not only capable of HT, but have frequently jumped between widely divergent species. Here we review and integrate reported cases of HT in retrotransposons of the BovB family, and DNA transposons, over a broad range of animals spanning all continents. Our conclusions challenge the paradigm that HT in vertebrates is restricted to infective long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons or retroviruses. This raises the possibility that other non-LTR retrotransposons, such as L1 or CR1 elements, believed to be only vertically transmitted, can horizontally transfer between species. Growing evidence indicates that the process of HT is much more general across different TEs and species than previously believed, and that it likely shapes eukaryotic genomes and catalyses genome evolution.

背景与目标： : 水平转移 (HT) 是遗传物质在非交配物种之间的传递，这种现象被认为在多细胞真核生物中很少发生。然而，许多转座元素 (TEs) 不仅具有HT的能力，而且经常在广泛差异的物种之间跳跃。在这里，我们回顾并整合了BovB家族的逆转录转座子和DNA转座子中报告的HT病例，这些病例遍及所有大洲。我们的结论挑战了脊椎动物中HT仅限于感染性长末端重复序列 (LTR) 逆转录转座子或逆转录病毒的范例。这增加了其他非LTR反转录转座子 (例如L1或CR1元件) 被认为仅垂直传播的可能性，可以在物种之间水平转移。越来越多的证据表明，HT的过程在不同的TEs和物种之间比以前认为的更为普遍，并且它可能会塑造真核基因组并催化基因组进化。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We studied some of the morphological and immunohistochemical parameters of lichen sclerosus (LS) and carcinomas of the vulva in order to verify some characteristics in LS related to neoplasm transformation. Parameters such as proliferating index, rate of proliferation of lymphoid elements into a tumor and types of such elements were studied. In parallel, the number of cells positive to apoptosis-related proteins such as Fas, Fas ligand, p53 and bcl-2 were evaluated. Biopsy material from patients with different vulvar disorders--22 samples with LS and 23 samples with vulvar squamous cell carcinoma (VSCC)--was studied by the methods of morphometry and immunohistochemistry. In LS, the number of T cells is a few times higher than those of B cells. Among the T cells, the number of killers is significantly higher than the number of helpers. Carcinomas, especially those with lymphoid depletion, are characterized by a further significant increase in some parameters such as the rate of lymphoid proliferation and the number of T helpers and killers. The progression in to tumorigenesis was accompanied with a significant increase in the number of Fas+ and FasL+ lymphocytes. In tumor epithelial cells the proliferative index increased in carcinomas with lymphoid depletion. The number of p53+ epithelial cells increased whereas the number of bcl-2+ cells showed a distinct tendency to decrease with progression in to tumorigenesis. Development of a tumor is manifested in deep changes in relationships between different lymphoid components. Only two lymphoid markers are significantly different in VSCC compared to LS: the number of T killers and macrophages. The other parameters studied (rate of proliferative activity, the total number of T cells and T helpers, B cells, IL-2-connective cells) already showed high expression in LS as the first signs of transformation of this inflammation into neoplasia.

背景与目标： : 我们研究了硬化性苔藓 (LS) 和外阴癌的一些形态和免疫组织化学参数，以验证与肿瘤转化有关的LS的某些特征。研究了诸如增殖指数，淋巴素向肿瘤的增殖速率以及此类元素的类型等参数。同时，评估对凋亡相关蛋白 (例如Fas、Fas配体、p53和bcl-2) 呈阳性的细胞数量。通过形态计量学和免疫组织化学方法研究了来自不同外阴疾病患者的活检材料-22例LS样本和23例外阴鳞状细胞癌 (VSCC) 样本。在LS中，T细胞的数量比b细胞的数量高几倍。在T细胞中，杀手的数量明显高于助手的数量。癌，尤其是那些淋巴样耗竭的癌，其特征是某些参数进一步显着增加，例如淋巴样增殖率以及T助手和杀手的数量。肿瘤发生的进展伴随着Fas和FasL淋巴细胞数量的显着增加。在具有淋巴样耗竭的癌中，肿瘤上皮细胞的增殖指数增加。p53上皮细胞的数量增加，而bcl-2细胞的数量显示出明显的趋势，随着肿瘤发生的进展而减少。肿瘤的发展表现为不同淋巴成分之间关系的深刻变化。与LS相比，VSCC中只有两种淋巴标记物显着不同: T杀手和巨噬细胞的数量。研究的其他参数 (增殖活性速率，T细胞和T助手的总数，b细胞，IL-2-connective细胞) 已经在LS中显示出高表达，这是这种炎症转化为肿瘤的第一个迹象。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The coding repeat region of opa genes from Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Neisseria meningitidis determines the expression state of their respective genes through high-frequency addition of deletion of pentanucleotide coding repeat units (CRs; CTTCT). In vitro analyses of cloned opa gene CR regions using single-strand specific nucleases, oligonucleotide protection experiments, and modifications of non-B-DNA residues indicate that the regions form structures resembling H-DNA under acidic conditions in the presence of negative supercoiling. The purine/pyrimidine strand bias and H-palindromic nature of the repeat region are consistent with sequence requirements for H-DNA formation. Sequences flanking the repeat elements are required to form the H-DNA structure in vitro as judged by the pattern of exposed non-B-DNA residues in CR sequences synthesized as oligonucleotides to form beta-galactosidase::CR translational fusions. The fusions phase vary by addition and deletion of CR elements and the rate of phase variation increases upon induction of the fusion genes. The opa gene CR region is the first reported bacterial H-DNA structure and is unique in that it lies within the coding sequence for the gene.

背景与目标： : 来自淋病奈瑟菌和脑膜炎奈瑟菌的opa基因的编码重复区通过高频添加五核苷酸编码重复单元 (CRs; CTTCT) 的缺失来决定其各自基因的表达状态。使用单链特异性核酸酶对克隆的opa基因CR区域进行体外分析，寡核苷酸保护实验和非b-dna残基的修饰表明，在酸性条件下，负超螺旋存在下，这些区域形成类似于h-dna的结构。重复区的嘌呤/嘧啶链偏倚和H-回文性质与H-DNA形成的序列要求一致。根据寡核苷酸合成形成 β-半乳糖苷酶的CR序列中暴露的非B-DNA残基的模式判断，需要在体外形成H-DNA结构。: CR翻译融合。融合相通过添加和删除CR元素而变化，并且随着融合基因的诱导，相变化率增加。opa基因CR区域是最早报道的细菌h-dna结构，其独特之处在于它位于该基因的编码序列内。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Inverted duplicates are a type of repetitive DNA motifs consist of two copies of reverse complementary sequences separated by a spacer sequence. They can lead to genome instability and many may have no function, but some functional small RNAs are processed from hairpins transcribed from these elements. It is not clear whether the pervasive numbers of such elements in genomes, especially those of mammals, is the result of high generation rates of neutral or slightly deleterious duplication events or positive selection for functionality. To test the functionality of intergenic inverted duplicates without known functions, we used mirror duplicates, a type of repetitive DNA motifs with few reported functions and little potential to form hairpins when transcribed, as a nonfunctional control. We identified large numbers of inverted duplicates within intergenic regions of human and mouse genomes, as well as 19 other vertebrate genomes. Structure characterization of these inverted duplicates revealed higher proportion to form stable hairpins compared with converted mirror duplicates, suggesting that inverted duplicates may produce hairpin RNAs. Expression profiling across tissues demonstrated that 7.8% of human and 5.7% of mouse inverted duplicates were expressed even under strict criteria. We found that expressed inverted duplicates were more likely to be structurally stable than both unexpressed inverted duplicates and expressed converted mirror duplicates. By dating inverted duplicates in the vertebrate phylogenetic tree, we observed higher conservation of inverted duplicates than mirror duplicates. These observations support the notion that expressed inverted duplicates may be functional through forming hairpin RNAs.

背景与目标： : 反向重复序列是一种重复的DNA基序，由两个由间隔区序列分隔的反向互补序列的拷贝组成。它们可能导致基因组不稳定，许多可能没有功能，但是一些功能性小rna是从这些元件转录的发夹中加工出来的。尚不清楚基因组中此类元素的普遍数量，尤其是哺乳动物的基因组中，是否是中性或轻微有害复制事件的高产生率或功能的积极选择的结果。为了测试没有已知功能的基因间倒置重复项的功能，我们使用了镜像重复项 (一种重复DNA基序，其报道功能很少，转录时形成发夹的潜力很小) 作为非功能对照。我们在人和小鼠基因组的基因间区域以及其他19个脊椎动物基因组中鉴定出大量的反向重复。与转换的镜像副本相比，这些倒置副本的结构表征显示出形成稳定发夹的比例更高，这表明倒置副本可能产生发夹rna。跨组织的表达谱表明，即使在严格的标准下，也表达了人类的7.8% 和小鼠倒置副本的5.7%。我们发现，表达的倒置重复项比未表达的倒置重复项和表达的转换镜像重复项更可能在结构上稳定。通过对脊椎动物系统发育树中的倒置重复物进行定年，我们观察到倒置重复物的保守性高于镜像重复物。这些观察结果支持以下观点: 表达的反向重复可能通过形成发夹rna而起作用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Two strains of Aeromonas salmonicida, YK and BG, were isolated from largemouth bronze gudgeon and northern whitefish in China, and identified as A. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida based on phylogenetic analysis of vapA and 16S rRNA gene sequences. YK and BG originated from freshwater fish, one of which belonged to the cyprinid family, and the strains showed a difference in virulence. Subsequently, we performed whole genome sequencing of the strains, and comparison of their genomic sequences to the genome of the A449 reference strain revealed various genomic rearrangements, including a new variant of the genomic island AsaGEI in BG, designated as AsaGEI2c This is the first report on a GEI of A. salmonicida strain from China. Furthermore, both YK and BG strains contained a Tn7 transposon inserted at the same position in the chromosome. Finally, IS-dependent rearrangements on pAsa5 are deemed likely to have occurred, with omission of the resD gene in both strains as well as omission of genes related to the IncF conjugal transfer system in the YK isolate. This study demonstrates that A. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida can infect non-salmonids (cyprinids) in addition to salmonids, and that AsaGEI2c might be useful as a geographical indicator of Chinese A. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida isolates.

背景与目标： : 从中国大嘴青铜鱼和北白鲑中分离出两株沙门氏菌气单胞菌YK和BG，并鉴定为沙门氏菌亚种。基于vapA和16S rRNA基因序列的系统发育分析的沙门氏菌。YK和BG起源于淡水鱼，其中一种属于鲤科，菌株表现出毒力差异。随后，我们对菌株进行了全基因组测序，并将其基因组序列与A449参考菌株的基因组进行比较，揭示了各种基因组重排，包括BG中的基因组岛AsaGEI的新变体，被指定为AsaGEI2c这是来自中国的沙门氏菌菌株GEI的第一份报告。此外，YK和BG菌株均包含插入染色体相同位置的Tn7转座子。最后，认为pAsa5上的IS依赖性重排可能已经发生，两个菌株中resD基因均被省略，并且YK分离株中与IncF结合转移系统相关的基因也被省略。这项研究表明，沙门氏菌亚种。除鲑鱼外，鲑鱼还可以感染非鲑鱼 (鲤科鱼)，而AsaGEI2c可能用作中国鲑鱼亚种的地理指标。鲑鱼分离株。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE:Common data elements (CDEs) are increasingly being used by researchers to promote data sharing across studies. The purposes of this article are to (a) describe the theoretical, conceptual, and definition issues in the development of a set of CDEs for research addressing self-management of chronic conditions; (b) propose an initial set of CDEs and their measures to advance the science of self-management; and (c) recommend implications for future research and dissemination. DESIGN AND METHODS:Between July 2014 and December 2015 the directors of the National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR)-funded P20 and P30 centers of excellence and NINR staff met in a series of telephone calls and a face-to-face NINR-sponsored meeting to select a set of recommended CDEs to be used in self-management research. A list of potential CDEs was developed from examination of common constructs in current self-management frameworks, as well as identification of variables frequently used in studies conducted in the centers of excellence. FINDINGS:The recommended CDEs include measures of three self-management processes: activation, self-regulation, and self-efficacy for managing chronic conditions, and one measure of a self-management outcome, global health. CONCLUSIONS:The self-management of chronic conditions, which encompasses a considerable number of processes, behaviors, and outcomes across a broad range of chronic conditions, presents several challenges in the identification of a parsimonious set of CDEs. This initial list of recommended CDEs for use in self-management research is provisional in that it is expected that over time it will be refined. Comment and recommended revisions are sought from the research and practice communities. CLINICAL RELEVANCE:The use of CDEs can facilitate generalizability of research findings across diverse population and interventions.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :To investigate the effects of air pollution related with the gasoline/petrochemical industry the expression of metallothionein I (MT-I) mRNA and tissue metals were analyzed in organs of mice, exposed to gasoline (G) vapor in laboratory conditions. Control groups consisted of intact mice and of those exposed in the metabolic chamber to fresh air. The data obtained by RT-PCR and inductively coupled plasma spectrometry have shown that exposure to G vapor leads to upregulation of MT-I mRNA in organs that receive a strong respiratory and olfactory input or participate in gasoline degradation and elimination (lungs, brain, kidney and liver). Besides, in the brain and in the lungs, kidney and liver a decreased tissue content of Zn²⁺ or Cu²⁺ and Mg²⁺ was found (p<0.001). Some of these changes were obtained also in mice closed in the metabolic chamber, pointing to the involvement of stress-induced mechanisms in the transcriptional regulation of MTs.

背景与目标： : 为了研究与汽油/石化工业有关的空气污染的影响，在实验室条件下，对暴露于汽油 (G) 蒸气的小鼠器官中金属硫蛋白I (mt-i) mRNA和组织金属的表达进行了分析。对照组由完整的小鼠和在代谢室中暴露于新鲜空气的小鼠组成。通过rt-pcr和电感耦合等离子体光谱法获得的数据表明，暴露于G蒸气会导致接受强烈呼吸和嗅觉输入或参与汽油降解和消除 (肺，脑，肾和肝) 的器官中mt-i mRNA上调。此外，在大脑和肺部，肾脏和肝脏中，发现zn ² 或cu ² 和mg ² 的组织含量降低 (p<0.001)。这些变化中的一些也在关闭在代谢室中的小鼠中获得，这表明应激诱导的机制参与了MTs的转录调控。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Osteocalcin and osteopontin are noncollagenous proteins secreted by osteoblasts and regulated by a complex interplay of systemic and locally produced factors, including growth factors and steroid hormones. We investigated the mechanism by which transforming growth factor-beta (TGF beta) inhibits 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25-(OH)2D3)-enhanced expression of the osteocalcin (OC) and osteopontin (OP) genes. ROS 17/2.8 cells, in which both genes are expressed, were transfected with reporter constructs driven by native (i.e. wild-type) rat OC and mouse OP promoters. TGF beta abrogated the 1,25-(OH)2D3 enhanced transcription of both the OC and OP genes. The inhibitory TGF beta response for each requires vitamin D response element (VDRE) sequences, although there are additional contributions from proximal basal regulatory elements. These transcriptional effects were further investigated for contribution of the trans-activating factors, which interact with OC and OP VDREs, involving the vitamin D receptor (VDR) and retinoid X receptor (RXR). Gel mobility shift assays show that TGF beta significantly reduces induction of the heterodimers VDR/RXR complexes in 1,25-(OH)2D3-treated ROS 17/2.8 cells. However, Western blot and ligand binding analysis reveal that TGF beta does not affect nuclear availability of the VDR. We also show that activator protein-1 activity is up-regulated by TGF beta; thus, activator protein-1 binding sites in the OC promoter may potentially contribute to inhibitory effects of TGF beta on basal transcription. Our studies demonstrate that the inhibitory action of TGF beta on the 1,25-(OH)2D3 enhancement of OC and OP transcription in osteoblastic cells results from modulations of protein-DNA interactions at the OC and OP VDRE, which cannot be accounted for by changes in VDR protein levels. As OC and OP participate in bone turnover, our results provide insight into the contributions of TGF beta and 1,25-(OH)2D3 to VDR-mediated gene regulatory mechanism operative in bone formation and/or resorption events.

背景与目标： 骨钙素和骨桥蛋白是由成骨细胞分泌的非胶原蛋白，受全身和局部产生的因子 (包括生长因子和类固醇激素) 的复杂相互作用调节。我们研究了转化生长因子 β (TGF β) 抑制1,25-二羟基维生素D3 (1,25-(OH)2D3) 增强的骨钙素 (OC) 和骨桥蛋白 (OP) 基因表达的机制。用由天然 (即野生型) 大鼠OC和小鼠OP启动子驱动的报告构建体转染两个基因均表达的ROS 17/2.8细胞。TGF β 废除了1,25-(OH)2D3增强了OC和OP基因的转录。尽管近端基础调节元件还有其他贡献，但每种药物的抑制性TGF β 反应都需要维生素d反应元件 (VDRE) 序列。进一步研究了这些转录作用的反式激活因子的作用，这些反式激活因子与OC和OP VDREs相互作用，涉及维生素d受体 (VDR) 和类维生素a X受体 (RXR)。凝胶迁移率变化测定显示TGF β 显著降低在1,25-(OH) 2d3处理的ROS 17/2.8细胞中对异二聚体VDR/RXR复合物的诱导。然而，蛋白质印迹和配体结合分析表明，TGF β 不会影响VDR的核可用性。我们还显示TGF β 上调了激活蛋白1的活性; 因此，OC启动子中的激活蛋白1结合位点可能潜在地有助于TGF β 对基础转录的抑制作用。我们的研究表明，TGF β 对成骨细胞中OC和OP转录的1,25-(OH)2D3增强的抑制作用是由OC和OP VDRE处蛋白质-DNA相互作用的调节引起的，这不能解释VDR蛋白水平的变化。当OC和OP参与骨转换时，我们的结果提供了对TGF β 和1,25-(OH)2D3对VDR介导的在骨形成和/或吸收事件中起作用的基因调节机制的贡献的见解。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :High throughput screening systems are the preferred solution to meet the urgent requirement of increasing number of genetically modified organisms (GMOs). In this study, we have successfully developed a multiplex GMO element screening system with dual priming oligonucleotide (DPO) primers. This system can detect the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S (CaMV 35S), terminator of nopaline synthase gene (NOS), figwort mosaic virus 35S (FMV 35S) promoter, neomycin phosphotransferaseII (NPTII), Bt Cry 1Ab, phosphinothricin acetyltransferase genes (bar) and Streptomyces viridochromogenes (pat) simultaneously, which covers more than 90% of all authorized GMO species worldwide. This system exhibits a high tolerance to annealing temperatures, high specificity and a limit of detection equal to conventional PCR. A total of 214 samples from markets, national entry-exit agencies, the Institute for Reference Materials and Measurement (IRMM) and the American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS) were also tested for applicability. This screening system is therefore suitable for GMO screening.

背景与目标： : 高通量筛选系统是满足越来越多的转基因生物 (gmo) 的迫切需求的首选解决方案。在这项研究中，我们成功地开发了具有双引发寡核苷酸 (DPO) 引物的多重GMO元件筛选系统。该系统可检测花椰菜花叶病毒35S (CaMV 35S) 、胭脂树碱合酶基因终止子 (NOS) 、无花叶病毒35S (FMV 35S) 启动子、新霉素磷酸转移酶 (NPTII) 、Bt Cry 1Ab、膦丝菌素乙酰转移酶基因 (bar) 和链霉菌 (pat) 同时覆盖全球所有授权转基因物种的90% 以上。该系统表现出对退火温度的高耐受性，高特异性和与常规PCR相同的检测极限。还测试了来自市场，国家出入境机构，参考材料与测量研究所 (IRMM) 和美国石油化学家协会 (AOCS) 的总共214个样品的适用性。因此，该筛选系统适用于GMO筛选。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The metal accumulation potential and its physiological effects in Indian mustard plants (Brassica nigra L.) grown in soil irrigated with post methanated distillery effluent (25%, 50%, 75%, 100%, v/v) were studied after 30, 60 and 90 days after sowing. An increase in the chlorophyll and protein contents was recorded at the lower concentrations of post methanated distillery effluent (PMDE) at initial exposure periods followed by a decrease at higher concentrations of PMDE compared to their respective controls. An enhanced lipid peroxidation in tested plants was observed, which was evidenced by the increased malondialdehyde content in shoot, leaves and seeds at all the concentrations of PMDE and exposure periods compared to their respective controls. This study revealed that Indian mustard plants (B. nigra L.) are well adopted to tolerate and accumulate high quantities of trace elements due to increased level of antioxidants (cysteine and ascorbic acid) in root, shoot and leaves of the treated plants at all the concentrations and exposure periods except at 90 days, whereas a decrease was observed at 100% PMDE as compared to their respective controls.

背景与目标： : 在30、60和90天后，研究了在甲烷化蒸馏废水 (25% 、50% 、75% 、100% 、v/v) 灌溉的土壤中生长的印度芥菜植物 (Brassica nigra L.) 中的金属积累潜力及其生理效应播种后。在初始暴露期间，甲烷化蒸馏后流出物 (PMDE) 的浓度较低时，叶绿素和蛋白质含量增加，随后与各自的对照相比，在较高浓度的PMDE下降低。在测试的植物中观察到脂质过氧化作用增强，这可以通过在所有PMDE浓度和暴露时间下与各自的对照相比，芽，叶和种子中的丙二醛含量增加来证明。这项研究表明，印度芥菜植物 (B. nigra L.) 被很好地用来耐受和积累大量的微量元素，因为在处理过的植物的根，芽和叶片中抗氧化剂 (半胱氨酸和抗坏血酸) 的含量增加了，除了90天的浓度和暴露时间，而与它们各自的对照相比，在100% PMDE处观察到降低。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Human T lymphocyte clones with specific proliferative response to influenza A virus were derived by limiting dilution from peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) after in vitro stimulation with autologous irradiated, virus-infected PBL. Four OKT3+4+8- T lymphocyte clones (TLC) that showed HLA-restricted antigen-specific proliferative responses were used for a detailed analysis of the restriction elements for antigen presentation. None of the clones showed alloreactivity and all required the presence on the antigen-presenting cell of HLA class II antigens of one or other haplotype of the donor. Restriction elements for two clones were correlated with Dw1 rather than DR1, and for two others with Dw6 rather than DRw6. These latter clones showed differential recognition of HLA-Dw6 subtypes as defined tentatively by homozygous typing cells, without relationship to putative serological "splits" of DRw6. One of the Dw6-restricted clones was specific for a Dw6.1 (now Dw18) "subtype," confirmed by family segregation analysis, the other for a broad Dw6 (Dw18 and Dw19) specificity. Studies with a panel of monoclonal antibodies against monomorphic determinants of HLA class II antigens revealed heterogeneous patterns of blocking activity, distinguishing between clones of different restriction specificity. Inhibition patterns were partly as predictable from the known activity of the monoclonal antibody in alloantigeneic PLT systems. These results provide evidence that certain structures that function as restriction elements for antigen presentation also carry alloantigeneic determinants.

背景与目标： : 对甲型流感病毒具有特异性增殖反应的人T淋巴细胞克隆是通过在体外用自体辐照病毒病毒感染的PBL刺激后限制外周血淋巴细胞 (PBL) 的稀释而获得的。四个OKT3 4 8- T淋巴细胞克隆 (TLC) 显示出HLA限制性抗原特异性增殖反应，用于详细分析抗原呈递的限制性元件。所有克隆均未显示同种反应性，并且都需要在供体的一种或其他单倍型的HLA II类抗原的抗原呈递细胞上存在。两个克隆的限制元素与Dw1而不是DR1相关，另外两个克隆的限制元素与Dw6而不是drw6相关。这些后者克隆显示了由纯合型细胞初步定义的HLA-Dw6亚型的差异识别，与drw6的推定血清学 “分裂” 没有关系。Dw6-restricted克隆之一对Dw6.1 (现为Dw18) “亚型” 具有特异性，通过家庭隔离分析证实，另一个克隆具有广泛的Dw6 (Dw18和Dw19) 特异性。用一组针对HLA II类抗原单形决定簇的单克隆抗体进行的研究揭示了阻断活性的异质模式，区分了具有不同限制性特异性的克隆。抑制模式部分可根据同种异体PLT系统中单克隆抗体的已知活性预测。这些结果提供了证据，表明某些充当抗原呈递限制元件的结构也带有同种异体决定簇。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The Drosophila s15 chorion gene is expressed only in the follicular epithelium surrounding the developing oocyte, with tight quantitative control and a very narrow temporal specificity. We have used germ-line transformation analysis to conduct an extensive mutational dissection of its promoter between -189 and -39 bp relative to the transcriptional start site. Quantitative control and temporal specificity are disrupted by several of these mutations. The results suggest that this 150-bp DNA region encompasses many positive and negative, at least partially degenerate, cis-regulatory elements, which are involved in specifying the highly precise expression pattern of the s15 gene during development.

背景与目标： 果蝇s15绒毛膜基因仅在发育中的卵母细胞周围的卵泡上皮中表达，具有严格的定量控制和非常狭窄的时间特异性。我们已经使用种系转化分析对其启动子相对于转录起始位点在-189和-39 bp之间进行了广泛的突变解剖。定量控制和时间特异性被其中几个突变破坏。结果表明，该150 bp DNA区域包含许多阳性和阴性，至少部分退化的顺式调节元件，这些元件参与确定s15基因在发育过程中的高度精确表达模式。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Foodborne bacterial diseases cause considerable morbidity and mortality throughout the world. Preventive measures such as good manufacturing practices (GMP), supplemented by the hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP) system, have been introduced as a means of ensuring the production of safe food. However, their use does not necessarily provide quantitative information on the risks associated with the consumption of a particular food product. To obtain such information, elements of quantitative risk analysis (QRA) need to be used. QRA is defined as a stepwise analysis of the health risks associated with a specific type of food product, resulting in an estimation of the probability of occurrence of adverse effects on health following consumption of the food in question. It also includes an analysis of the nature of the risks. Taking this definition, five successive steps can be recognizedhazard identification, exposure assessment, dose response assessment, risk characterization and risk management. Food production is a dynamic activity, involving changes in, e.g. the composition and microbial quality of raw materials due to seasonal variation. Also, there may be continuing changes in processing conditions and in product composition due to consumer demands. Therefore, it will be desirable to incorporate QRA in existing safety assurance systems, such as HACCP, when sufficient information is available to permit this approach.

背景与目标： 食源性细菌性疾病在全世界引起相当大的发病率和死亡率。已引入诸如良好生产规范 (GMP) 之类的预防措施，并辅以危害分析关键控制点 (HACCP) 系统，以确保生产安全食品。但是，它们的使用不一定提供与特定食品消费相关的风险的定量信息。为了获得此类信息，需要使用定量风险分析 (QRA) 的要素。QRA被定义为对与特定类型的食品相关的健康风险的逐步分析，从而估计在食用相关食品后对健康产生不利影响的可能性。它还包括对风险性质的分析。采用此定义，可以识别危害识别，暴露评估，剂量反应评估，风险特征和风险管理五个连续步骤。食品生产是一种动态活动，涉及季节性变化，例如原材料的组成和微生物质量的变化。此外，由于消费者的需求，加工条件和产品组成可能会持续变化。因此，当有足够的信息允许这种方法时，将QRA纳入现有的安全保证系统 (例如HACCP) 中是可取的。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A novel murine stromal cell line, HESS-M28, was established, which supports the expansion of human CD34+CD38- cells more than 300-fold in vitro in the presence of human IL-3 and SCF. These cells were used in an attempt to evaluate cis-acting elements of retroviral vectors in human primitive hematopoietic cells. Cord blood cells were cultured on top of the mixed cell layers of the stromal cell line, HESS-M28, and retroviral vector-producing cells. The FMEV-type vector SF/Lyt contained the spleen focus-forming virus U3 and the MESV primer-binding site (PBS), while MO3/Lyt contained the U3 region and PBS from Mo-MuLV. After transduction by the FMEV-type and Mo-MuLV-based vectors, expression of the marker gene murine CD8 (mCD8) was examined in CD34-, CD34+, and CD34+CD38- cells. In CD34+ and CD34+CD38- cells, expression of mCD8 was higher with the FMEV-type vector, SF/Lyt, compared with the cells transduced by the Mo-MuLV-based vector MO3/Lyt, although the expression was comparable in CD34- cells. Expression of marker genes was also confirmed in long-term culture-initiating cells (LTC-ICs) and SCID-repopulating cells (SRCs).

背景与目标： : 建立了一种新型的鼠基质细胞系HESS-M28，该细胞系在存在人IL-3和SCF的情况下，在体外支持人CD34 CD38细胞扩增300倍以上。这些细胞用于评估人类原始造血细胞中逆转录病毒载体的顺式作用元件。在基质细胞系、HESS-M28和逆转录病毒载体产生细胞的混合细胞层的顶部培养脐带血细胞。FMEV型载体SF/Lyt包含脾脏焦点形成病毒U3和MESV引物结合位点 (PBS)，而MO3/Lyt包含来自Mo-MuLV的U3区域和PBS。通过FMEV型和基于Mo-MuLV的载体转导后，在CD34-，CD34和CD34 CD38-细胞中检查了标记基因鼠CD8 (mCD8) 的表达。在CD34和CD34 CD38-细胞中，与基于Mo-MuLV的载体MO3/Lyt转导的细胞相比，FMEV型载体SF/Lyt的mCD8表达更高，尽管其表达在CD34-细胞中相当。标记基因的表达也在长期培养起始细胞 (LTC-ICs) 和SCID再填充细胞 (src) 中得到证实。