BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Between February and April 2003, a total of 80 single-dwelling households close (< 70 m) to high-tension (161 or 345 kV) power lines in a northern community of Taiwan received measurements of indoor extremely low-frequency (ELF) magnetic field for 72 h. Measurements were performed with EMDEX II meter at a sampling rate of every 300 s, yielding some 860 readings of ELF magnetic field for each household. In addition to the 72-h mean ELF magnetic field, we also calculated arithmetic means of the first 2, 6, 12, and 288 readings taken in each household to represent the information on spot, 30-min, 60-min, and 24-h exposures, respectively. The mean 72-h exposure to ELF magnetic field for the 80 study households was estimated at 0.80 micro-Tesla (microT) with a standard deviation (SD) of 1.13 microT. The mean for pot, 30-min, 60-min, and 24-h exposure was 0.88 (SD 1.38), 0.90 (SD 1.40), 0.9 (SD 1.17), and 0.83 (SD 1.17) microT, respectively. There were high agreements, indicated by a nearly perfect intra-class correlation coefficient, between 72-h mean exposure and those short-term exposure measures. Additionally, the sensitivity and specificity of various short-term exposures in the prediction of 72-h exposure greater than 0.4 microT were similar at values of 0.82-0.87 and 0.93-0.95, respectively. This study indicates that short-term measurements of indoor ELF magnetic field seem adequate to represent the mean 72-h exposure, but tended to overpredict 72-h exposure greater than 0.4 microT. Further investigation is needed to assess whether these findings can be replicated in households far away from high-tension power lines.

背景与目标： : 在2月和2003年4月之间，台湾北部社区共有80个靠近 (< 70 m) 高压 (161或345 kV) 电力线的单户家庭接受了室内极低频 (ELF) 的测量磁场72小时。使用EMDEX II仪表以每300 s的采样率进行测量，得出每个家庭的ELF磁场的一些860读数。除了72小时的平均ELF磁场外，我们还计算了每个家庭中获取的前2、6、12和288个读数的算术平均值，以分别表示现场，30分钟，60分钟和24小时的信息。估计80个研究家庭的ELF磁场平均暴露时间为0.80微特斯拉 (microT)，标准偏差 (SD) 为1.13微t。pot，30分钟，60分钟和24小时暴露的平均值分别为0.88 (SD 1.38)，0.90 (SD 1.40)，0.9 (SD 1.17) 和0.83 (SD 1.17) microT。在72小时平均暴露与那些短期暴露措施之间存在很高的一致性，这表明类内相关系数几乎是完美的。此外，各种短期暴露在预测大于0.4微特的72小时暴露中的敏感性和特异性分别在0.82-0.87和0.93-0.95的值处相似。这项研究表明，室内ELF磁场的短期测量似乎足以代表平均72小时暴露，但往往会高估大于0.4微特的72小时暴露。需要进一步调查，以评估这些发现是否可以在远离高压电线的家庭中复制。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In the last few years fetal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been proposed as a second level technique in the evaluation of fetal brain anomalies. It has been demonstrated that MRI is highly accurate in illustrating the morphologic changes of developing brain and fetal brain abnormalities being a useful procedure when ultrasonography is inconclusive or doubtful. Starting from the 19-20 weeks gestational age (GA), MRI can reliably depict fetal brain anatomy and locating pathology, offering a robust and reliable tool in the assessment of fetal CNS diseases. In this review both in vivo MRI quantitative and qualitative data about fetal cerebellar development are presented and compared with ultrasonography data. Fetal cerebellar development is gradual, steady, and largely comparable to the development of the supratentorial brain. Archicerebellar (flocculo-nodular lobe) and paleocerebellar (vermis) structures develop first, whereas neocerebellum (cerebellar hemispheres) develop slowly and largely after birth.

背景与目标： : 在过去的几年中，胎儿磁共振成像 (MRI) 已被提议作为评估胎儿大脑异常的第二级技术。已经证明，当超声检查不确定或可疑时，MRI在说明发育中的大脑和胎儿大脑异常的形态变化方面非常准确，这是一种有用的方法。从19-20周的胎龄 (GA) 开始，MRI可以可靠地描述胎儿的大脑解剖结构和定位病理，为评估胎儿中枢神经系统疾病提供了可靠可靠的工具。在这篇综述中，介绍了有关胎儿小脑发育的体内MRI定量和定性数据，并将其与超声检查数据进行了比较。胎儿小脑的发育是渐进的，稳定的，并且在很大程度上与幕上大脑的发育相当。小脑 (小脑结节叶) 和古小脑 (ver) 结构首先发育，而新脑 (小脑半球) 在出生后缓慢且大部分发育。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS) using paramagnetic annexin V-conjugated microbeads eliminates spermatozoa with externalized phosphatidylserine, which is considered one of the features of apoptosis. The objective of this study was to evaluate sperm recovery following the use of MACS as a sperm preparation technique. Mature spermatozoa were separated and divided into two fractions: the first was prepared by density gradient centrifugation (DGC) and MACS, while the second was prepared by DGC only. Following MACS, the percentage of cells collected in the annexin-negative fraction was significantly higher than the annexin-positive fraction and the sperm recovery rate was 73.8 +/- 12.1%. In conclusion, the integration of MACS with DGC can be considered as an effective sperm preparation technique that does not lead to significant cell loss. Separating a distinctive population of non-apoptotic spermatozoa with intact membranes may optimize the outcome of assisted reproduction.

背景与目标： : 使用顺磁性膜联蛋白V偶联微珠的磁激活细胞分选 (MACS) 消除了具有外化磷脂酰丝氨酸的精子，这被认为是凋亡的特征之一。这项研究的目的是评估使用MACS作为精子制备技术后的精子恢复情况。将成熟的精子分离并分为两个部分: 第一个部分通过密度梯度离心 (DGC) 和MACS制备，而第二个部分仅通过DGC制备。在MACS之后，在膜联蛋白阴性部分中收集的细胞百分比显著高于膜联蛋白阳性部分，并且精子治愈率为73.8 +/- 12.1%。总之，MACS与DGC的整合可以被认为是一种有效的精子制备技术，不会导致细胞大量丢失。分离具有完整膜的独特的非凋亡精子群体可能会优化辅助生殖的结果。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: STUDY DESIGN:A cross-sectional study of the spine in 40 young adults after solid organ transplantation in childhood. OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the impact of organ transplantation and long-term immunosuppressive treatment on growing spine using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA:A review of the current literature reveals no systematic evaluation of the spine after transplantation in childhood. METHODS:A total of 40 adult patients (mean age 22.1 years, range, 16.0-27.0), who received either kidney, liver, or heart transplant as children, were evaluated. Mean follow-up after transplantation was 11.2 years (range 3.0-18.0). All patients filled in a questionnaire, underwent an interview and physical examination, as well as had MRI of the spine. Standing spinal radiographs were taken from patients with a rib hump > or = 6 degrees. RESULTS:There were 8 (20%) patients who had a history of vertebral fracture. Eleven (28%) patients reported frequent back pain at rest. There were 15 (38%) patients who had scoliosis > 10 degrees (range 10 degrees -69 degrees ). On MRI, narrowed disc spaces were noted in 32 (80%) patients, and irregular endplates were noted in 24 (60%). There were 14 (35%) patients who had at least 1 compressed or wedged vertebra (> 20%). Patients treated for acute rejection had wedged vertebrae, speckled or black disc spaces, and irregular endplates more often than patients without rejections. Males had wedged vertebrae more often than females (P = 0.0067). CONCLUSIONS:Back pain, scoliosis, wedged vertebrae, and narrowed, degenerated disc spaces are common after solid organ transplantation in childhood.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Magnetic resonance has assumed a preeminent role in the imaging evaluation of the spine. Owing to its multiplanar capability and superior soft tissue contrast, magnetic resonance imaging is the procedure of choice for a host of spinal disorders including degenerative disc disease, tumor evaluation, trauma, and spinal deformities. It represents the most accurate means of distinguishing between recurrent disc herniation and epidural fibrosis, and it excels at the assessment of many postoperative abnormalities such as infection, adjacent segment disc degeneration, and arachnoiditis. Magnetic resonance imaging is also helpful in the evaluation of numerous diagnostic challenges that are less well resolved by other means. This includes the distinction between disc herniation and epidural hematoma, synovial cyst from nonspecific fibrous thickening of a facet capsule, and the evaluation of numerous other soft tissue abnormalities. Computed tomography, computed tomography myelography, and scintigraphy continue to be useful for numerous specific disorders and in those patients with metal hardware or contraindications to magnetic resonance scanning. Overall, however, magnetic resonance is the imaging procedure preferred for many spinal disorders. This article is the first installment of a 3-part series discussing the role of magnetic resonance imaging of spinal disorders. Section 1 will describe the varying imaging modalities available and their relative advantages and disadvantages. A consideration of magnetic resonance imaging techniques will follow, followed by a discussion of the imaging manifestations of early degenerative disc disease. Section 2 will be devoted to an in depth discussion of specific pathologic processes encountered in patients with degenerative disc disease. Section 3 will end the series with a consideration of postoperative imaging followed by a discussion of spinal deformities, trauma, and neoplasms.

背景与目标： 磁共振在脊柱的成像评估中发挥了重要作用。由于其多平面能力和出色的软组织对比度，磁共振成像是许多脊柱疾病 (包括退行性椎间盘疾病，肿瘤评估，创伤和脊柱畸形) 的首选方法。它代表了区分复发性椎间盘突出症和硬膜外纤维化的最准确方法，并且擅长评估许多术后异常，例如感染，相邻节段椎间盘退变和蛛网膜炎。磁共振成像也有助于评估许多诊断难题，而其他方法无法很好地解决这些难题。这包括椎间盘突出症和硬膜外血肿之间的区别，关节突囊的非特异性纤维增厚引起的滑膜囊肿，以及对许多其他软组织异常的评估。计算机断层扫描，计算机断层扫描脊髓造影和闪烁显像对于许多特定疾病以及那些具有金属硬件或磁共振扫描禁忌症的患者仍然有用。然而，总的来说，磁共振是许多脊柱疾病首选的成像程序。本文是由3部分组成的系列文章的第一部分，讨论了脊柱疾病的磁共振成像的作用。第1节将描述可用的各种成像方式及其相对的优缺点。随后将考虑磁共振成像技术，然后讨论早期退行性椎间盘疾病的成像表现。第2节将致力于深入讨论退行性椎间盘疾病患者遇到的特定病理过程。第3节将在系列结束时考虑术后影像学，然后讨论脊柱畸形，创伤和肿瘤。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Cyclic AMP levels in rabbit carotid bodies incubated under control conditions, 100% O2- or 95% O2/5% CO2- equilibrated medium, are close to 1 pmol/mg wet tissue (range 0.4-2.43 pmol/mg). Isobutylmethylxanthine (0.5 mM) increases cyclic AMP levels by a factor of 14 and 8 in HEPES- and CO2/CH3O(-)-buffered medium, respectively. Forskolin (0.5-10 microM) applied during 30 min increases cyclic AMP levels in a dose-dependent manner. Incubation of carotid bodies at low O2 tensions resulted in an elevation of cyclic AMP levels both in the absence and in the presence of isobutymethylxanthine. In the latter conditions cyclic AMP increase was maximum at an O2 tension of 46 mm Hg and tended to decrease at extremely low PO2. In isobutylmethylxanthine-containing Ca2(+)-free medium, cyclic AMP increased linearly with decreasing PO2 from 66 to 13 mm Hg; the absolute cyclic AMP levels attained in Ca2(+)-free medium were smaller than those observed in Ca2(+)-containing medium at any PO2. The differences between Ca2(+)-free and Ca2(+)-containing media appear to be due to the action of released neurotransmitters in the latter conditions, because dopamine and norepinephrine, which are known to be released by hypoxia in a Ca2(+)-dependent manner, increase cyclic AMP in the carotid body. Low pH/high PCO2 and high [K+]e increase cyclic AMP levels only in Ca2(+)-containing medium. Forskolin potentiates the release of catecholamines induced by low PO2. These results suggest that cyclic AMP plays an important role in the modulation of the chemoreception process.

背景与目标： : 在100% O2-或95% O2/5% CO2平衡的培养基的对照条件下孵育的兔颈动脉体中的循环AMP水平接近1 pmol/mg湿组织 (范围0.4-2.43 pmol/mg)。在HEPES-和CO2/CH3O(-) 缓冲介质中，异丁基甲基黄嘌呤 (0.5 mM) 使环状AMP水平分别增加14和8倍。在30分钟期间施加的福司可林 (0.5-10微米) 以剂量依赖性方式增加循环AMP水平。在低O2张力下孵育颈动脉体会在不存在和存在异丁甲基黄嘌呤的情况下导致环状AMP水平升高。在后一种条件下，循环AMP的增加在46毫米Hg的O2张力下最大，并在极低的po2下趋于降低。在含异丁基甲基黄嘌呤的无Ca2 () 的培养基中，环状AMP随着PO2从66 Hg降低到13毫米Hg而线性增加; 在无Ca2 () 的培养基中获得的绝对环状AMP水平小于在任何PO2下在含Ca2 () 的培养基中观察到的绝对环状AMP水平。不含Ca2(+) 和含Ca2(+) 的培养基之间的差异似乎是由于在后一种情况下释放的神经递质的作用，因为多巴胺和去甲肾上腺素，已知它们是由缺氧以Ca2(+) 依赖性方式释放的，增加颈动脉体中的循环AMP。低pH/高PCO2和高 [K] e仅在含Ca2 () 的培养基中增加循环AMP水平。Forskolin可增强低po2诱导的儿茶酚胺的释放。这些结果表明，循环AMP在化学感受过程的调制中起着重要作用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Isolated cleft mitral valve (ICMV) is a rare entity not known to be related to pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect (PA-VSD). This report describes the use of cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging to diagnose ICMV in a patient with repaired PA-VSD who presented with incidental severe mitral regurgitation (MR) on follow-up echocardiography. An associated pulmonary varix secondary to the severe MR also was shown by CMR.

背景与目标： : 孤立的二尖瓣裂 (ICMV) 是一种罕见的实体，与肺动脉闭锁伴室间隔缺损 (pa-vsd) 无关。本报告描述了使用心血管磁共振 (CMR) 成像诊断经修复的PA-VSD患者的ICMV，该患者在后续超声心动图检查中出现了严重的二尖瓣反流 (MR)。CMR还显示了继发于严重MR的相关肺静脉曲张。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We examined seizure-susceptibility in a Drosophila model of human epilepsy using optogenetic stimulation of ReaChR (red-activatable channelrhodopsin). Photostimulation of the seizure-sensitive mutant parabss1 causes behavioral paralysis that resembles paralysis caused by mechanical stimulation, in many aspects. Electrophysiology shows that photostimulation evokes abnormal seizure-like neuronal firing in parabss1 followed by a quiescent period resembling synaptic failure and apparently responsible for paralysis. The pattern of neuronal activity concludes with seizure-like activity just prior to recovery. We tentatively identify the mushroom body as one apparent locus of optogenetic seizure initiation. The α/β lobes may be primarily responsible for mushroom body seizure induction.

背景与目标： : 我们使用ReaChR (红色激活的通道视紫红质) 的光遗传学刺激检查了果蝇癫痫模型中的癫痫发作敏感性。在许多方面，对癫痫敏感的突变体parabss1的光刺激会导致行为麻痹，类似于机械刺激引起的麻痹。电生理学表明，光刺激会在parabss1中引起异常的癫痫样神经元放电，随后是类似于突触衰竭的静止期，显然是造成瘫痪的原因。神经元活动的模式在恢复之前以癫痫样活动结束。我们初步确定蘑菇体是光遗传发作开始的一个明显基因座。Α/β 裂片可能是引起蘑菇体癫痫发作的主要原因。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In a prospective magnetic resonance imaging and cognitive study of 38 demented patients and 15 control subjects, 11 of 27 patients with Alzheimer's disease and 8 of 11 patients with vascular dementia had significant periventricular hyperintensities. Memory and language testing in the early investigation of dementia is useful to distinguish patients with or without periventricular hyperintensities on magnetic resonance imaging. Patients without periventricular hyperintensities are worse on memory and conceptualization tests than patients with periventricular hyperintensities, who tend to be worse on comprehension and attention tests. These differences in cognitive pattern are present between patients with different pathogenesis who are otherwise matched for dementia severity. Language and some nonverbal cognitive deficits correlate with the extent of cortical and ventricular atrophy in Alzheimer's disease.

背景与目标： : 在对38名痴呆患者和15名对照受试者的前瞻性磁共振成像和认知研究中，27例阿尔茨海默氏病患者中的11例和11例血管性痴呆患者中的8例具有明显的脑室周围高信号。在痴呆症的早期研究中进行记忆和语言测试可用于在磁共振成像上区分有无脑室周围高信号的患者。没有脑室周围高强度的患者在记忆和概念化测试上比脑室周围高强度的患者更差，后者在理解和注意力测试上往往更差。这些认知模式的差异存在于具有不同发病机理的患者之间，这些患者在痴呆严重程度上是匹配的。语言和某些非语言认知缺陷与阿尔茨海默氏病的皮质和心室萎缩程度相关。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We investigated the effect of homogeneous and inhomogeneous static magnetic field (SMF) exposure on the thermal nociceptive threshold of snail in the hot plate test (43 °C). Both homogeneous (hSMF) and inhomogeneous (iSMF) SMF increased the thermo-nociceptive threshold: 40.2%, 29.2%, or 41.7% after an exposure of 20, 30, or 40 min hSMF by p < 0.001, p < 0.0001, or p < 0.001, and 32.7% or 46.2% after an exposure of 20 or 40 min iSMF by p < 0.05 or p < 0.0001. These results suggest that SMF has an antinociceptive effect in snail. On the other hand, naloxone as an atypical opioid antagonist in an amount of 1 μg/g was found to significantly decrease the thermo-nociceptive threshold (41.9% by p < 0.002), which could be antagonized by hSMF exposure implying that hSMF exerts its antinociceptive effect partly via opioid receptors.

背景与目标： : 我们在热板测试 (43 °C) 中研究了均匀和不均匀的静磁场 (SMF) 暴露对蜗牛的热伤害性阈值的影响。均质 (hSMF) 和不均质 (iSMF) SMF均增加了热伤害感受阈值: 暴露20、30或40分钟hSMF后40.2% 、29.2% 或41.7%，p <0.001，p <0.0001或p <0.001，和32.7% 或46.2% 暴露20或40分钟后的iSMF被p <0.05或p <0.0001。这些结果表明SMF对蜗牛具有抗伤害作用。另一方面，发现纳洛酮作为1 μ g/g量的非典型阿片类拮抗剂显着降低了热伤害性阈值 (41.9% p <0.002)，这可以通过hSMF暴露来拮抗，这意味着hSMF部分地通过阿片受体发挥其抗伤害感受作用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Recently, growing interest in vitamin D has emerged from findings that demonstrate a low vitamin D status in populations. Similarly, much interest has been shown in the role that anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) plays in reproductive physiology. Considerable confusion as to whether vitamin D status is related to ovarian function can be found in the literature. Our retrospective study was performed from June 2014 to April 2015. Oocyte donors were recruited and stimulated under the antagonist protocol with gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist to trigger ovulation. In 851 stimulation cycles, we determined the association among serum total and bioavailable vitamin D levels, ovarian reserve and response to ovarian stimulation and the reproductive outcome in their recipients. We showed that vitamin D levels were unrelated to ovarian reserve or ovarian response after ovarian stimulation; in oocyte recipients, gestational outcome did not differ according to a donor's vitamin D serum status. No correlation was observed between serum AMH and vitamin D. Bioavailable vitamin D was not related to recipients' ongoing pregnancy rate. Highly prevalent vitamin D insufficiency neither impaired ovarian reserve nor response or oocyte quality in egg donors. No evidence was found for recommending the analysis of vitamin D status in oocyte donors.

背景与目标： : 最近，人们对维生素d的兴趣日益浓厚，这些发现表明人群中维生素d水平较低。同样，人们对抗苗勒激素 (AMH) 在生殖生理学中的作用也表现出了极大的兴趣。在文献中可以发现关于维生素d状态是否与卵巢功能有关的相当困惑。我们的回顾性研究是从2014年6月到2015年4月进行的。招募卵母细胞供体，并在拮抗剂方案下用促性腺激素释放激素 (GnRH) 激动剂刺激排卵。在851刺激周期中，我们确定了血清总维生素d和生物利用维生素d水平，卵巢储备和对卵巢刺激的反应以及接受者的生殖结果之间的关联。我们发现维生素d水平与卵巢储备或卵巢刺激后的卵巢反应无关; 在卵母细胞接受者中，根据供体的维生素d血清状态，妊娠结局没有差异。血清AMH与维生素d之间没有相关性。生物利用维生素d与接受者的持续怀孕率无关。非常普遍的维生素d不足不会损害卵子供体的卵巢储备，反应或卵母细胞质量。没有发现建议分析卵母细胞供体中维生素d状态的证据。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Electrical fields are known to interact with human cells. This principle has been explored to regulate cellular activities for bone tissue regeneration. In this work, Saos-2 cells were cultured on conductive scaffolds made of biodegradable poly(L-lactide) and the heparin-containing, electrically conducting polypyrrole (PPy/HE) to study their reaction to electrical stimulation (ES) mediated through such scaffolds. Both the duration and intensity of ES enhanced cell proliferation, generating a unique electrical intensity and temporal "window" within which osteoblast proliferation was upmodulated in contrast to the downmodulation or ineffectiveness in other ES regions. The favourable ES intensity (200 mV/mm) was further investigated in terms of the gene activation and protein production of two important osteoblast markers characterised by extracellular matrix maturation and mineralisation, that is alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and osteocalcin (OC). Both genes were found activated and the relevant protein production increased significantly following ES. In contrast, ES in the down-modulation region (400 mV/mm) suppressed the production of both ALP and OC. This work demonstrated that important osteoblast markers can be modulated with specific ES parameters mediated through conductive polymer substrates, providing a unique strategy for bone tissue engineering.

背景与目标： 已知电场与人类细胞相互作用。已探索此原理来调节骨组织再生的细胞活性。在这项工作中，将Saos-2细胞培养在由可生物降解的聚 (L-丙交酯) 和含肝素的导电聚吡咯 (PPy/HE) 制成的导电支架上，以研究它们对通过此类支架介导的电刺激 (ES) 的反应。ES的持续时间和强度都增强了细胞增殖，产生了独特的电强度和时间 “窗口”，与其他ES区域的下调或无效相反，在该窗口内对成骨细胞增殖进行了上调。进一步研究了有利的ES强度 (200  mV/mm)，即两种重要的成骨细胞标志物的基因活化和蛋白质生产，其特征是细胞外基质成熟和矿化，即碱性磷酸酶 (ALP) 和骨钙素 (OC)。发现两个基因都被激活，并且在ES之后相关的蛋白质产量显着增加。相反，下调制区域 (400  mV/mm) 中的ES抑制了ALP和OC的产生。这项工作表明，重要的成骨细胞标志物可以通过导电聚合物底物介导的特定ES参数进行调节，为骨组织工程提供了独特的策略。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Apoptosis can be described as programmed cell death. Apoptosis regulates cell turnover and is involved in various pathological conditions. The characteristic features of apoptosis are shrinkage of the cell body, chromatin condensation, and nucleic acid fragmentation. During apoptosis, double-stranded DNA is broken down into single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) by proteases. Acoustic trauma is commonly encountered in otorhinolaryngology clinics. Intense noise can cause inner ear damage, such as hearing disturbance, tinnitus, ear fullness, and decreased speech discrimination. In this study, we used immunohistochemical and electrophysiological methods to examine the fragmentation of DNA in the cochleas of guinea pigs that had been exposed to intense noise. Twenty-four guinea pigs weighing 250 to 350 g were used. The animals were divided into 4 groups: (I) a control group (n=6), (II) a group that was exposed to noise for 2 hours (n=6), (III) a group that was exposed to noise for 5 hours (n=6), and (IV) a group that was exposed to noise for 20 hours. The stimulus was a pure tone delivered at a frequency of 2 kHz. The sound pressure level was 120 dBSPL. No threshold shifts were apparent in group I. Group II showed a significant elevation of the hearing threshold (ANOVA, p<0.05(*)). The ABR threshold level was also significantly elevated immediately after the acoustic stimulation in groups III and IV (ANOVA, p<0.01(**)). In groups I, II, and IV, the lateral wall of the ear did not show immunoreactivity to ssDNA but did in group III. No immunoreactivity was apparent in the organ of Corti in group I or II. However, the supporting cells and outer hair cells in groups III and IV showed reactions for ssDNA. The fine structure of the organ of Corti had been destroyed in group IV. The lateral wall showed immunoreactivity for ssDNA only in group III, whereas the organ of Corti showed reactions for ssDNA in groups III and IV. Our study suggests that apoptotic changes occur in patients that suffer acoustic trauma. Once the apoptotic pathway has started, it is irreversible. Thus, early diagnosis and treatment are necessary. Earplugs should also be worn at rock concerts.

背景与目标： : 细胞凋亡可以描述为程序性细胞死亡。凋亡调节细胞更新，并参与各种病理状况。细胞凋亡的特征是细胞体收缩，染色质浓缩和核酸片段化。在细胞凋亡过程中，双链DNA被蛋白酶分解为单链DNA (ssDNA)。耳鼻喉科诊所通常会遇到声学创伤。强烈的噪声会引起内耳的损伤，如听力障碍、耳鸣、耳饱满、言语辨别能力下降等。在这项研究中，我们使用免疫组织化学和电生理学方法来检查暴露于强烈噪音的豚鼠耳蜗中DNA的片段化。使用了24只体重250至350g的豚鼠。将动物分为4组 :( I) 对照组 (n = 6)，(II) 暴露于噪声2小时的组 (n = 6)，(III) 暴露于噪声5小时的组 (n = 6)，(IV) 暴露于噪音20小时的人群。刺激是以2 kHz的频率传递的纯音。声压级为120 dBSPL。组I中没有明显的阈值变化。组II显示听力阈值显着升高 (ANOVA，p<0.05(*))。在第III组和第IV组的声刺激后，ABR阈值水平也显着升高 (ANOVA，p<0.01(**))。在I，II和IV组中，耳朵的侧壁未显示对ssDNA的免疫反应性，但在III组中显示。在第一组或第二组的Corti器官中没有明显的免疫反应性。然而，III和IV组中的支持细胞和外部毛细胞显示出对ssDNA的反应。第四组破坏了Corti器官的精细结构。侧壁仅在III组中显示出对ssDNA的免疫反应性，而Corti器官在III和IV组中显示出对ssDNA的反应。我们的研究表明，遭受声学创伤的患者会发生凋亡变化。一旦凋亡途径开始，它是不可逆的。因此，早期诊断和治疗是必要的。摇滚音乐会上也应该戴耳塞。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Age-related changes in brain function are complex. Although ageing is associated with a reduction in cerebral blood flow and neuronal activity, task-related processing is often correlated with an enlargement of the corresponding and additionally recruited brain areas. This supplemental employment is considered an attempt to compensate for deficits in the ageing brain. Although there are contradictory reports regarding the role of the primary somatosensory cortex (SI), currently, there is little knowledge about age-related functional changes in other brain areas in the somatosensory network (secondary somatosensory cortex (SII), and insular, anterior (ACC) and posterior cingulate cortices (PCC)). We investigated 16 elderly (age range, 62-71 years) and 18 young subjects (age range, 21-28 years) by determining the current perception threshold (CPT) and applying functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) using a 3.0 Tesla scanner under tactile stimulation of the right hand. CPT was positively correlated with age. fMRI analysis revealed significantly increased activation in the contralateral SI and ipsilateral motor cortex in elderly subjects. Furthermore, we demonstrated age-related reductions in the activity in the SII, ACC, PCC, and dorsal parts of the corpus callosum. Our study revealed dramatic age-related differences in the processing of a simple tactile stimulus in the somatosensory network. Specifically, we detected enhanced activation in the contralateral SI and ipsilateral motor cortex assumingly caused by deficient inhibition and decreased activation in later stages of somatosensory processing (SII, cingulate cortex) in elderly subjects. These results indicate that, in addition to over-activation to compensate for impaired brain functions, there are complex mechanisms of modified inhibition and excitability involved in somatosensory processing in the ageing brain.

背景与目标： : 与年龄相关的脑功能变化是复杂的。尽管衰老与脑血流量和神经元活动减少有关，但与任务相关的处理通常与相应和额外招募的大脑区域的扩大有关。这种补充就业被认为是弥补大脑老化缺陷的一种尝试。尽管关于初级体感皮层 (SI) 的作用有相互矛盾的报道，但目前，关于体感网络中其他大脑区域 (次级体感皮层 (SII) 和岛状，前部 (ACC) 和后部扣带回 (PCC))。我们通过确定当前感知阈值 (CPT) 并使用3.0特斯拉扫描仪在右手的触觉刺激下应用功能磁共振成像 (fMRI)，调查了16位老年人 (年龄范围，62-71岁) 和18位年轻受试者 (年龄范围，21-28岁)。CPT与年龄呈正相关。fMRI分析显示，老年受试者对侧SI和同侧运动皮层的激活显着增加。此外，我们证明了与年龄相关的SII，ACC，PCC和call体背侧活动的减少。我们的研究揭示了体感网络中简单触觉刺激处理过程中与年龄相关的显着差异。具体来说，我们检测到对侧SI和同侧运动皮层的激活增强，假定是由于老年受试者的体感加工 (SII，扣带回皮层) 后期的抑制不足和激活减少所致。这些结果表明，除了过度激活以补偿大脑功能受损外，衰老大脑的体感过程还涉及改良的抑制和兴奋性的复杂机制。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Prostatic magnetic resonance images of 22 male volunteers less than 30 years old and with no known genito-urinary tract disease were obtained at 1.5 T. Normal anatomical features of the prostate were studied with spin-echo techniques. Different zones of the normal gland are shown by T2-weighted images: the anterior fibromuscular fascia, the central prostate, the peripheral prostate and the periurethral zone can be differentiated. The normal prostate gland is shown on T1-weighted images as a homogeneous appearance. It is important to recognize the normal zonal anatomy of the prostate since prostatic disorders arise in different anatomical zones.

背景与目标： : 在1.5 T时获得了22名30岁以下且没有已知生殖泌尿道疾病的男性志愿者的前列腺磁共振图像。使用自旋回波技术研究了前列腺的正常解剖特征。T2-weighted图像显示了正常腺体的不同区域: 可以区分前纤维肌筋膜，中央前列腺，外周前列腺和尿道周围区域。正常前列腺在T1-weighted图像上显示为均匀外观。重要的是要认识到前列腺的正常区域解剖结构，因为前列腺疾病发生在不同的解剖区域。