BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The transverse decay of the arterial spin labeling (ASL) signal was measured at four inflow times in the rat brain cortex at 9.4 T. Biexponential T2 decay was observed that appears to derive from different T2 values associated with labeled water in the intravasculature (IV) and extravascular (EV) compartments. A two compartment biexponential model was used to assess the relative contribution of the IV and EV compartments to the ASL signal, without assuming a value for T2 of labeled blood water in the vessels. This novel methodology was applied to estimate the exchange time of blood water into EV tissue space and the oxygen saturation of blood on the arterial side of the vasculature. The mean exchange time of labeled blood water was estimated to be 370±40 ms. The oxygen saturation of the arterial side of the vasculature was significantly less than 100% (∼85%), which may have implications for quantitative functional magnetic resonance imaging studies where the arterial oxygen saturation is frequently assumed to be 100%.

背景与目标： : 在9.4  T大鼠大脑皮层的四个流入时间测量动脉自旋标记 (ASL) 信号的横向衰减。观察到双指数T2衰减似乎源于与血管内 (IV) 和血管外 (EV) 隔室中标记水相关的不同T2值。使用两室双指数模型来评估IV和EV室对ASL信号的相对贡献，而无需假设血管中标记的血液水的T2值。这种新颖的方法用于估计血液水进入EV组织空间的交换时间以及脉管系统动脉侧血液的氧饱和度。标记血水的平均交换时间估计为370 ± 40  ms。脉管系统动脉侧的氧饱和度明显低于100% (~ 85%)，这可能对定量功能磁共振成像研究有影响，其中动脉氧饱和度经常被认为是100% 的。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A core area of speciation research concerns the coevolution of species-specific signals and the selective sensitivity to such signals. Signals and responses to them should be tuned to each other, to be effective in intraspecific communication. Hybrid zones are ideal to study the presence of such 'behavioural coupling' and the mechanisms governing it, and this has rarely been done. Our study examines acoustic signals of males and their response to them in the context of territorial interactions in a natural hybrid zone between two dove species, Streptopelia vinacea and Streptopelia capicola. Male signals are important in hybrid zone dynamics as they are essential for territory establishment, which is crucial for successful reproduction. We tested whether the response of individual male hybrids is linked to how similar their own signal is to the playback signal. We did not find evidence for behavioural coupling. The combined evidence from the low level of response to hybrid and heterospecific signals outside the hybrid zone and a lack of coupling within the hybrid zone suggests that perceptual learning may explain our results. Learning to respond to locally abundant signals may be the best individual strategy and is likely to contribute to the maintenance of a hybrid zone.

背景与目标： : 物种形成研究的核心领域涉及物种特异性信号的共同进化以及对此类信号的选择性敏感性。信号和对它们的响应应相互调整，以有效地进行种内通信。混合区是研究这种 “行为耦合” 的存在及其控制机制的理想选择，而且很少这样做。我们的研究在两种鸽子物种 (Streptopelia vinacea和Streptopelia capicola) 之间的自然杂交区域中，在领土相互作用的背景下，研究了雄性的声学信号及其对它们的反应。雄性信号在混合区动力学中很重要，因为它们对于建立领土至关重要，这对于成功繁殖至关重要。我们测试了单个雄性杂种的响应是否与他们自己的信号与回放信号的相似程度有关。我们没有找到行为耦合的证据。混合区外对混合和异种信号的反应水平低以及混合区内缺乏耦合的综合证据表明，知觉学习可以解释我们的结果。学会对本地丰富的信号做出反应可能是最好的个人策略，并且可能有助于维持混合区。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:Diabetes mellitus is a complex, progressive disease that can lead to complications if it is not strictly controlled. The literature suggests that only 50 % of Italian patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) achieve guideline-recommended levels of glycaemic control, suggesting that treatment regimens need to be improved. The present study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors in terms of glycaemic control, body weight and lipid profile in a series of patients with T2DM attending a diabetes outpatient facility. METHODS:This was an observational retrospective study performed on a series of patients with T2DM attending our three outpatient clinics. The study included 360 patients with T2DM of both sexes, aged between 30 and 85 years, with a body mass index (BMI) of 22-45 kg/m(2) who were uncontrolled [glycated haemoglobin (HbA(1c)) 7.1-10 %] despite dietary restrictions or treatment with pharmacological therapy. Patients included in the analysis received therapy with a DPP-4 inhibitor (sitagliptin, n = 244; vildagliptin, n = 97; saxagliptin, n = 19). RESULTS:Vildagliptin reduced HbA(1c) by 1.2 % compared with sitagliptin and saxagliptin (-0.9 %) from a baseline of 8 % (similar in all groups). The greatest decrease in fasting plasma glucose was seen with vildagliptin (-37 mg/dL) compared with sitagliptin and saxagliptin (-20 and -29 mg/dL, respectively). A greater reduction in total cholesterol was achieved with vildagliptin (-24 mg/dL) than with sitagliptin (-11 mg/dL) and saxagliptin (-3.6 mg/dL). Effectiveness was maintained in all age groups, provided disease duration was short (~5 to 6 years). Adverse effects were mild and transient and did not require treatment discontinuation. CONCLUSIONS:DPP-4 inhibitors are a viable option in patients with T2DM not adequately controlled by existing therapy. They demonstrate comparable efficacy to other antidiabetic medicines with regard to HbA(1c) reduction. The positive changes in the lipid profile make DPP-4 inhibitors a particularly interesting class of drugs; however, further studies are needed to confirm their true impact on cardiovascular risk in a real-world setting.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :For ASL perfusion imaging in clinical settings the current guidelines recommends pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling with segmented 3D readout. This combination achieves the best signal to noise ratio with reasonable resolution but is prone to motion artifacts due to the segmented readout. Motion robust single-shot 3D acquisitions suffer from image blurring due to the T2 decay of the sampled signals during the long readout. To tackle this problem, we propose an accelerated 3D-GRASE sequence with a time-dependent 2D-CAIPIRINHA sampling pattern. This has several advantages: First, the single-shot echo trains are shortened by the acceleration factor; Second, the temporal incoherence between measurements is increased; And third, the coil sensitivity maps can be estimated directly from the averaged k-space data. To obtain improved perfusion images from the undersampled time series, we developed a variational image reconstruction approach employing spatio-temporal total-generalized-variation (TGV) regularization. The proposed ASL-TGV method reduced the total acquisition time, improved the motion robustness of 3D ASL data, and the image quality of the cerebral blood flow (CBF) maps compared to those by a standard segmented approach. An evaluation was performed on 5 healthy subjects including intentional movement for 2 subjects. Single-shot whole brain CBF-maps with high resolution 3.1 × 3.1 × 3 mm and image quality can be acquired in 1min 46sec. Additionally high quality CBF- and arterial transit time (ATT) -maps from single-shot multi-post-labeling delay (PLD) data can be gained with the proposed method. This method may improve the robustness of 3D ASL in clinical settings, and may be applied for perfusion fMRI.

背景与目标： : 对于临床环境中的ASL灌注成像，当前指南建议使用分段3D读数进行伪连续动脉自旋标记。这种组合以合理的分辨率实现了最佳的信噪比，但由于分段读出而容易产生运动伪影。运动健壮的单次3D采集由于长时间读出期间采样信号的T2衰减而导致图像模糊。为了解决这个问题，我们提出了一种具有时间依赖性2D-CAIPIRINHA采样模式的加速3d grase序列。这具有几个优点: 首先，通过加速因子缩短了单发回波序列; 第二，增加了测量之间的时间不相干性; 第三，可以直接从平均k空间数据中估算线圈灵敏度图。为了从欠采样的时间序列中获得改进的灌注图像，我们开发了一种采用时空全广义变异 (TGV) 正则化的变分图像重建方法。与标准分段方法相比，所提出的asl-tgv方法减少了总采集时间，提高了3D ASL数据的运动鲁棒性以及脑血流 (CBF) 图的图像质量。对5名健康受试者进行了评估，包括2名受试者的有意运动。具有高分辨率3.1  ×   3毫米和图像质量的单次全脑CBF-map可以在1分46秒内获得。另外，可以使用所提出的方法从单发多后标记延迟 (PLD) 数据中获得高质量的CBF和动脉传输时间 (ATT) 图。该方法可提高3D ASL在临床环境中的鲁棒性，并可用于灌注功能磁共振成像。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Current echocardiographic assessments of coronary vascular territories use the 17-segment model and are based on general assumptions of coronary vascular distribution. Fusion of 3D echocardiography (3DE) with multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) derived coronary anatomy may provide a more accurate assessment of left ventricular (LV) territorial function. We aimed to test the feasibility of MDCT and 3DE fusion and to compare territorial longitudinal strain (LS) using the 17-segment model and a MDCT-guided vascular model. 28 patients underwent 320-slice MDCT and transthoracic 3DE on the same day followed by invasive coronary angiography. MDCT (Aquilion ONE, ViSION Edition, Toshiba Medical Systems) and 3DE apical full-volume images (Artida, Toshiba Medical Systems) were fused offline using a dedicated workstation (prototype fusion software, Toshiba Medical Systems). 3DE/MDCT image alignment was assessed by 3 readers using a 4-point scale. Territorial LS was assessed using the 17-segment model and the MDCT-guided vascular model in territories supplied by significantly stenotic and non-significantly stenotic vessels. Successful 3DE/MDCT image alignment was obtained in 86 and 93 % of cases for reader one, and reader two and three, respectively. Fair agreement on the quality of automatic image alignment (intra-class correlation = 0.40) and the success of manual image alignment (Fleiss' Kappa = 0.40) among the readers was found. In territories supplied by non-significantly stenotic left circumflex arteries, LS was significantly higher in the MDCT-guided vascular model compared to the 17-segment model: -15.00 ± 7.17 (mean ± standard deviation) versus -11.87 ± 4.09 (p < 0.05). Fusion of MDCT and 3DE is feasible and provides physiologically meaningful displays of myocardial function.

背景与目标： : 当前对冠状动脉血管区域的超声心动图评估使用17段模型，并基于冠状动脉血管分布的一般假设。3D超声心动图 (3DE) 与多探测器计算机断层扫描 (MDCT) 衍生的冠状动脉解剖结构的融合可以提供更准确的左心室 (LV) 区域功能评估。我们旨在测试MDCT和3DE融合的可行性，并使用17段模型和MDCT引导的血管模型比较领土纵向应变 (LS)。28例患者在同一天接受了320层MDCT和经胸3DE，随后进行了侵入性冠状动脉造影。使用专用工作站 (原型融合软件，东芝医疗系统) 离线融合了MDCT (Aquilion ONE，ViSION Edition，东芝医疗系统) 和3DE apial全体积图像 (Artida，东芝医疗系统)。3DE/MDCT图像对齐由3个阅读器使用4点刻度进行评估。在由明显狭窄和非明显狭窄血管提供的区域中，使用17段模型和MDCT引导的血管模型评估了区域LS。在86和93% 的情况下，阅读器1和2和3分别获得了成功的3DE/MDCT图像对准。在读者中发现自动图像对齐的质量 (类内correlation   =   0.40) 和手动图像对齐的成功 (fleiss'kappa   =   0.40) 方面有很大的一致性。在由非显著狭窄的左回旋支动脉提供的区域中，与17段模型相比，MDCT引导的血管模型中的LS明显更高: -15.00   ±   7.17 (平均   ±  标准差) 与-11.87   ±   4.09 (p  <  0.05)。MDCT和3DE的融合是可行的，并提供了具有生理意义的心肌功能显示。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:The purpose of this study was to clarify the difference between cerebral blood flow (CBF) by perfusion computed tomography (CT) and that by xenon-enhanced CT (Xe-CT) through simultaneous measurement. METHODS:Xenon-enhanced CT and perfusion CT were continually performed on 7 normal subjects. Ratios of CBF by perfusion CT (P-CBF) to CBF by Xe-CT (Xe-CBF) were measured for 5 arterial territories; 3 were territories of 3 major arteries (the anterior [ACA], middle [MCA], and posterior [PCA] cerebral arteries), and the other 2 were areas of the thalamus and putamen. RESULTS:The ratios were 1.30 +/- 0.10, 1.26 +/- 0.15, 1.61 +/- 0.15, 0.801 +/- 0.087, and 0.798 +/- 0.080 for the ACA, MCA, PCA, thalamus, and putamen, respectively. Although a good correlation was observed between P-CBF and Xe-CBF for each territory, the ratios were significantly different (P < 0.0001) between 3 territory groups (group 1: ACA and MCA, group 2: PCA, and group 3: thalamus and putamen). CONCLUSIONS:The difference in the ratio of P-CBF to Xe-CBF between the 3 territory groups was considered to result principally from the features of P-CBF. To evaluate P-CBF properly, its territorial characteristics should be taken into account.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Testosterone mediates reproductive behaviours in male vertebrates. For example, breeding season territoriality depends on testosterone in many species of birds and in some, territorial interactions feed back on testosterone concentrations. However, the degree to which territorial behaviour and testosterone are associated differs even between species with seemingly similar life histories, especially between species that also defend territories outside the breeding season. Here, we investigate the link between territorial behaviour and testosterone in European stonechats. Previous studies found that territorial aggression in stonechats depends on testosterone in a breeding, but not in a non-breeding context. We investigated whether stonechats show a rise in testosterone during simulated territorial intrusions (STI) during the breeding season. Post-capture testosterone concentrations of males caught after an STI were not higher than those of males caught in a control situation regardless of breeding stage. However, most of the males would have been able to mount a testosterone response because the same individuals that did not increase testosterone during the STI showed a substantial increase in testosterone after injections of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). GnRH-induced and post-capture testosterone concentrations were positively correlated and both decreased with successive breeding stages. Further, territory owners with a short latency to attack the decoy expressed higher post-capture testosterone concentrations than males with a longer latency to attack the decoy. Thus, there is no evidence for behavioural feedback on testosterone concentrations during male-male interactions in stonechats. In combination with previous studies our data suggest that testosterone functions as an on/off switch of high intensity territorial aggression during the breeding season in stonechats. The among-species variation in the androgen control of territorial behaviour may be only partly a result of environmental differences. Instead, potential differences in how territoriality evolved in different species may have influenced whether and how a reproductive hormone such as testosterone was co-opted into the mechanistic control of territorial behaviour.

背景与目标： : 睾酮介导雄性脊椎动物的生殖行为。例如，繁殖季节的地域性取决于许多鸟类的睾丸激素，在某些情况下，地域性相互作用会反馈睾丸激素的浓度。但是，即使在生活史看似相似的物种之间，尤其是在也捍卫繁殖季节以外领土的物种之间，领土行为和睾丸激素的关联程度也不同。在这里，我们调查了欧洲stonechats中领土行为与睾丸激素之间的联系。先前的研究发现，在繁殖过程中，stonechats的领土攻击取决于睾丸激素，但在非繁殖环境中并不取决于睾丸激素。我们调查了在繁殖季节的模拟领土入侵 (STI) 期间，stonechats是否显示睾丸激素升高。无论繁殖阶段如何，在STI后捕获的雄性的捕获后睾丸激素浓度均不高于在对照情况下捕获的雄性。然而，大多数男性将能够发起睾丸激素反应，因为在STI期间未增加睾丸激素的同一个人在注射促性腺激素释放激素 (GnRH) 后显示睾丸激素的显着增加。GnRH诱导的睾丸激素浓度和捕获后的睾丸激素浓度呈正相关，并且随着连续的繁殖阶段而降低。此外，攻击诱饵的潜伏期短的领土所有者比攻击诱饵的潜伏期长的男性表现出更高的捕获后睾丸激素浓度。因此，没有证据表明在stonechats中男性与男性相互作用期间对睾丸激素浓度进行行为反馈。结合先前的研究，我们的数据表明，在stonechats的繁殖季节，睾丸激素充当高强度领土攻击的开/关开关。雄激素控制领土行为的物种间差异可能仅部分是环境差异的结果。相反，在不同物种中领土演变方式的潜在差异可能会影响是否以及如何将生殖激素 (例如睾丸激素) 纳入对领土行为的机械控制。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Competition elevates plasma testosterone in a wide variety of vertebrates, including humans. The 'challenge hypothesis' proposes that seasonal peaks in testosterone during breeding are caused by social challenges from other males. However, during experimentally induced male-male conflicts, testosterone increases only in a minority of songbird species tested so far. Why is this so? Comparative evidence suggests that species with a short breeding season may not elevate testosterone levels during territory defence. These species may even be limited in their physiological capability to increase testosterone levels, which can be tested by injecting birds with gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). We studied two populations of black redstarts that differ in breeding altitude, morphology and the length of their breeding season. Unexpectedly, males of neither population increased testosterone in response to a simulated territorial intrusion, but injections with GnRH resulted in a major elevation of testosterone. Thus, black redstarts would have been capable of mounting a testosterone response during the male-male challenge. Our data show, for the first time, that the absence of an androgen response to male-male challenges is not owing to physiological limitations to increase testosterone. Furthermore, in contrast to comparative evidence between species, populations of black redstarts with a long breeding season do not show the expected elevation in testosterone during male-male challenges.

背景与目标： : 竞争提高了包括人类在内的各种脊椎动物的血浆睾丸激素。“挑战假说” 提出，繁殖过程中睾丸激素的季节性高峰是由其他男性的社会挑战引起的。然而，在实验诱导的雄性-雄性冲突中，睾丸激素仅在迄今为止测试的少数鸣禽物种中增加。为什么会这样？比较证据表明，繁殖季节短的物种在领土防御期间可能不会提高睾丸激素水平。这些物种甚至可能在增加睾丸激素水平的生理能力方面受到限制，可以通过向鸟类注射促性腺激素释放激素 (GnRH) 来进行测试。我们研究了两个黑红脚种群，它们的繁殖高度，形态和繁殖季节长度不同。出乎意料的是，这两个种群的男性都没有响应模拟的领土入侵而增加睾丸激素，但是注射GnRH导致睾丸激素的显着升高。因此，在男性-男性挑战期间，黑色红色起点将能够增强睾丸激素反应。我们的数据首次表明，对男性-男性挑战缺乏雄激素反应并不是由于增加睾丸激素的生理限制。此外，与物种之间的比较证据相反，繁殖季节长的黑色红色起点种群在雄性-雄性挑战期间未显示出预期的睾丸激素升高。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :There is a growing body of evidence that the rapid but transient increase in male androgens, particularly testosterone (T), following a single social encounter such as a territorial intrusion occurs in a wide array of vertebrate taxa. Yet, this phenomenon, often called the Challenge Hypothesis, has rarely been investigated in females. Moreover, when studying male challenge effects, researchers have rarely investigated other hormones that can be important to the expression of aggression, such as progesterone (P4) and estradiol (E2). We conducted 10-min aggression trials using the resident-intruder paradigm in cycling female California mice, Peromyscus californicus, a species in which both sexes show territorial behavior. By comparing the hormone levels of test females to control females, we found a decrease in P(4) and the P4/T ratio, but no change in T, E2, corticosterone, E2/P4, or E2/T. Interestingly, these hormone changes were observed even when the resident was not aggressive toward the intruder, suggesting that the stimulus cueing the hormone changes was the mere presence of the intruder and not the amount of aggression displayed by the resident. Generally, T has a positive relationship with aggression, whereas P4 inhibits male and nonmaternal female aggression. Thus, decreasing the P4/T ratio following an encounter may serve to increase future aggression in females. These results suggest that females may use different hormonal mechanisms than do males to mediate aggression in a challenge situation.

背景与目标： : 越来越多的证据表明，在一次社交遭遇 (例如领土入侵) 之后，雄性雄激素 (尤其是睾丸激素 (T)) 的快速但短暂的增加发生在各种各样的脊椎动物分类单元中。然而，这种现象 (通常称为挑战假说) 很少在女性中得到研究。此外，在研究男性挑战效应时，研究人员很少研究对攻击表达很重要的其他激素，例如孕酮 (P4) 和雌二醇 (E2)。我们使用居民入侵者范例对骑自行车的雌性加利福尼亚小鼠Peromyscus californicus进行了10分钟攻击试验，该物种男女都表现出领土行为。通过比较测试雌性与对照雌性的激素水平，我们发现P(4) 和P4/T比降低，但T，E2，皮质酮，E2/P4或E2/T没有变化。有趣的是，即使居民对入侵者没有攻击性，也观察到这些激素变化，这表明提示激素变化的刺激仅仅是入侵者的存在，而不是居民表现出攻击。通常，T与攻击呈正相关，而P4抑制男性和非母亲女性攻击。因此，在相遇后降低P4/T比率可能会增加女性的未来攻击。这些结果表明，在挑战情况下，女性可能使用与男性不同的激素机制来介导攻击。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Environmental conditions and individual strategies in early life may have a profound effect on fitness. A critical moment in the life of an organism occurs when an individual reaches independence and stops receiving benefits from its relatives. Understanding the consequences of individual strategies at the time of independence requires quantification of their fitness effects. We explored this period in the Red Grouse (Lagopus lagopus scoticus). In this system, testosterone and parasite (Trichostrongylus tenuis) levels are known to influence survival and reproduction, the two key components of individual fitness. We experimentally and simultaneously manipulated testosterone and parasites at three levels (high, intermediate, and control levels for both factors) in 195 young males in five populations using a factorial experimental design. We explored the effects of our treatments on fitness by monitoring reproduction and survival throughout the life of all males and estimating lambda(ind), a rate-sensitive index of fitness. Parasite challenges increased the number of worms with a time lag, as previously found. However, we did not find significant effects of parasite manipulations on fitness, possibly because parasite abundance did not increase to harmful levels. Our hormone manipulation was successful at increasing testosterone at three different levels. Such increases in hormone levels decreased overall fitness. This was caused by reduced offspring production in the first breeding attempt rather than by any effect of the treatment on bird survival. Our results highlight that investing in high testosterone levels at independence, a strategy that might enhance short-term recruitment probability in territorial species such as Red Grouse, has a fitness cost, and can influence the resolution of the trade-off between reproduction and survival later in life.

背景与目标： : 早期生活中的环境条件和个人策略可能会对健身产生深远影响。当一个人达到独立并停止从其亲属那里获得利益时，就会发生生物体生命中的关键时刻。了解独立时个人策略的后果需要量化其适应效果。我们在红色松鸡 (Lagopus lagopus scoticus) 中探索了这一时期。在这个系统中，已知睾丸激素和寄生虫 (Trichostrongylus tenuis) 的水平会影响生存和繁殖，这是个体健康的两个关键组成部分。我们使用析因实验设计，对五个种群中的195名年轻男性进行了三个水平 (两个因素的高，中和对照水平) 的实验和同时操纵睾丸激素和寄生虫。我们通过监测所有男性的整个生命中的繁殖和存活并估算lambda(ind) (一种对健康的速率敏感指数)，探索了我们的治疗方法对健康的影响。如前所述，寄生虫的挑战会随着时间的滞后而增加蠕虫的数量。但是，我们没有发现寄生虫操纵对健身的显着影响，可能是因为寄生虫的丰度并未增加到有害水平。我们的激素操作成功地提高了三种不同水平的睾丸激素。激素水平的增加降低了总体适应性。这是由于第一次繁殖尝试中后代产量减少所致，而不是由于治疗对鸟类存活的任何影响。我们的结果强调，在独立时投资于高睾丸激素水平，这一策略可能会提高红色松鸡等领土物种的短期招募概率，具有健身成本，并且可能会影响生殖与生存之间权衡的解决方案在以后的生活中。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: We addressed the questions (i) whether a social defeat triggers similar autonomic and behavioral responses in birds as is known from mammals and (ii) whether individuals that differ in coping style differ in their reaction to a social defeat. Adult captive male great tits (Parus major) from either of two different selection lines for coping style were used to test the effect of social defeat by an aggressive resident male conspecific on subsequent social and nonsocial behaviour, body temperature, breath rate and body mass. These parameters were measured 1 day before (baseline), immediately after and at Days 1 to 3 and 6 after the social interaction took place (Day 0). Social defeat decreased social exploration and increased body temperature substantially for at least 1 day in all birds. Breath rate and body mass were not affected. Birds belonging to the more aggressive and bolder line showed impairment in activity immediately after the social defeat. This is to our knowledge the first report showing that psychosocial stress in birds can have a similar impact as in rodents, but with a shorter recovery time. This might be due to species-specific differences in sensitivity to social stress, or to differences in the way social stress was induced.

背景与目标： 我们解决了以下问题 :( i) 社交失败是否会触发哺乳动物已知的鸟类类似的自主和行为反应，以及 (ii) 应对方式不同的个体对社交失败的反应是否有所不同。使用来自两个不同应对方式选择线中的任何一个的成年圈养男性大山雀 (Parus major) 来测试侵略性常驻男性同种异体的社交失败对随后的社交和非社交行为，体温，呼吸频率和身体的影响质量。这些参数是在社交互动发生 (第0天) 之前 (基线)，之后和之后的第1天至第3天和第6天 (第0天) 测量的。在所有鸟类中，社交失败至少减少了社交探索，并显着增加了体温至少1天。呼吸频率和体重未受到影响。属于更具侵略性和更大胆的路线的鸟类在社交失败后立即表现出活动障碍。据我们所知，这是第一份报告，表明鸟类的心理社会压力可能与啮齿动物产生类似的影响，但恢复时间较短。这可能是由于对社会压力的敏感性存在物种特异性差异，或者是引起社会压力的方式差异。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:The brain plays a critical role in upstream regulation of processes central to mating effort, parental effort, and self-maintenance. For seasonally breeding animals, the brain is likely mediating trade-offs among these processes within a short breeding season, yet research thus far has only explored neurogenomic changes from non-breeding to breeding states or select pathways (e.g., steroids) in male and/or lab-reared animals. Here, we use RNA-seq to explore neural plasticity in three behaviorally relevant neural tissues (ventromedial telencephalon [VmT], hypothalamus [HYPO], and hindbrain [HB]), comparing free-living female tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) as they shift from territory establishment to incubation. We additionally highlight changes in aggression-related genes to explore the potential for a neurogenomic shift in the mechanisms regulating aggression, a critical behavior both in establishing and maintaining a territory and in defense of offspring. RESULTS:HB had few differentially expressed genes, but VmT and HYPO had hundreds. In particular, VmT had higher expression of genes related to neuroplasticity and processes beneficial for competition during territory establishment, but down-regulated immune processes. HYPO showed signs of high neuroplasticity during incubation, and a decreased potential for glucocorticoid signaling. Expression of aggression-related genes also shifted from steroidal to non-steroidal pathways across the breeding season. CONCLUSIONS:These patterns suggest trade-offs between enhanced activity and immunity in the VmT and between stress responsiveness and parental care in the HYPO, along with a potential shift in the mechanisms regulating aggression. Collectively, these data highlight important gene regulatory pathways that may underlie behavioral plasticity in females.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The rapid changes that societies have gone through in the last few decades have led to the increase in the prevalence of malnutrition in all its forms and to the degradation of natural resources and the environment. The change in the dietary habits and production systems are responsible for much of this change. Some territorial diets have been shown as potentially capable of reversing these trends by positively contributing to the health of people and the environment such as the Mediterranean Diet and the New Nordic Diet. In this paper, we review the contribution of these 2 diets to health and nutrition and to environmental, sociocultural, and economic sustainability proposing pertinent indicators. Learning from a culturally established diet and a constructed one, tradeoff could be reached to ensure better health and sustainability outcomes. Strong factors for achieving this goal lie in building on the sociocultural appropriation of diets, having the proper tools and indicators, investing in cross-sector collaboration and policy coherence, and having the necessary political support to push the agenda of sustainability forward.

背景与目标： : 社会在过去几十年中经历的迅速变化导致各种形式的营养不良患病率增加，自然资源和环境退化。饮食习惯和生产系统的变化是造成这种变化的主要原因。一些领土饮食已被证明有可能通过积极促进人类和环境的健康来扭转这些趋势，例如地中海饮食和新的北欧饮食。在本文中，我们回顾了这两种饮食对健康和营养以及环境，社会文化和经济可持续性的贡献，并提出了相关指标。从文化上建立的饮食和构建的饮食中学习，可以权衡取舍，以确保更好的健康和可持续性成果。实现这一目标的有力因素在于建立在饮食的社会文化分配基础上，拥有适当的工具和指标，投资于跨部门合作和政策一致性，并获得必要的政治支持以推动可持续发展议程。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Non-injurious, collective ritualized displays may have evolved in some species of ants as a means of resolving contests for key resources, without causing a drain in worker numbers through injury. Colonies of the Australian meat ant, Iridomyrmex purpureus, deploy numerous workers to engage in collective displays, which are widely understood to be involved in maintaining exclusive territories. A combination of field surveys and behavioral assays revealed that display grounds do not delimit borders that define exclusive territories. Rather, the proportion of workers from a focal colony found in a quadrat declines monotonically with distance from the nest. In addition, we documented collective displays around food trees, where workers congregated in greater densities and engaged in more aggressive behavior. These results refute the assumption that colonies of I. purpureus establish territorial boundaries by collective displays. Rather these collective displays may be related to the defense of specific resources, including food trees and nest sites. The difference in the level of aggression among displaying workers at different locations may reflect a balance between the benefits of defending a particular resource and an unappreciated cost of escalation.

背景与目标： : 非伤害性的，集体仪式化的展示可能已经在某些种类的蚂蚁中发展起来，作为解决关键资源竞赛的一种手段，而不会因伤害而导致工人人数流失。澳大利亚肉蚁Iridomyrmex purpureus的殖民地部署了许多工人进行集体展示，人们普遍认为这参与了维护专属领土的活动。实地调查和行为分析的结合表明，显示场地不会划定定义专属领土的边界。相反，在四方中发现的焦点殖民地的工人比例随着与巢穴的距离而单调下降。此外，我们记录了食物树周围的集体展示，那里的工人以更高的密度聚集在一起，并从事更具侵略性的行为。这些结果驳斥了I. purpureus殖民地通过集体展示建立领土边界的假设。相反，这些集体展示可能与特定资源的防御有关，包括食物树和巢穴。在不同位置显示工人攻击水平差异可能反映了捍卫特定资源的好处与未得到重视的升级成本之间的平衡。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To assess the clinical impact of a regional network for the treatment of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). METHODS:All patients with STEMI (n = 1823) admitted to any of the hospitals of an area with one million inhabitants during the year 2002 (n = 858)-that is, before the network was implemented, and in 2004 (n = 965), the year of full implementation of the network, were enrolled in this study. The primary evaluation was in-hospital mortality. Secondary outcomes included the incidence of major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE), defined as death, myocardial infarction, stroke and coronary revascularisation procedures over 1-year follow-up. RESULTS:Between 2002 and 2004, there was a major change in reperfusion strategy: primary angioplasty increased from 20.2% to 65.6% (p<0.001), fibrinolytic therapy decreased from 38.2% to 10.7% (p<0.001) and the rate of patients not undergoing reperfusion was reduced from 41.6% to 23.7% (p<0.001). In-hospital mortality decreased from 17.0% to 12.3% (p = 0.005), and this reduction was sustained at 1-year follow-up (23.9% in 2002 and 18.8% in 2004, p = 0.009). Similarly, the 1-year incidence of all MACCE was reduced from 39.5% in 2002 to 34.3% in 2004 (p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS:Organisation of a territorial network for STEMI is associated with increased rates of reperfusion therapy and reduction of in-hospital and 1-year mortality.

背景与目标：