BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A mouse perfusion model using fluorescently labeled dextran has been developed to investigate the functionality of blood vessels during cutaneous wound healing. By immunostaining cryostat sections of perfused wounds with antibodies that identify vessels, we were able to assess their functionality. There was an increase in the proportion of CD31(+)-perfused vessels in all wound regions with time, although the vessels of the wound margins and superficial granulation tissue (GT) took the longest to become perfused. More than 50% of the latter vessels were not perfused at 10 days postwounding. This is consistent with the growth of functional vessels from the wound base proceeding to the more superficial GT. The CD34 marker was expressed by a subpopulation of CD31(+) vessels. However, in contrast to CD31(+) vessels, the functionality of CD34(+) vessels did not change significantly with time and 50-75% of CD34(+) vessels in the GT and wound margins were nonfunctional. This might be explained either by apoptosis of the CD34(+) vessels or the loss of the marker with time. This study has important implications for assays of wound-healing angiogenesis based on histology and immunohistochemical markers for vessels, because vessel functionality differs both spatially and temporally during wound healing.

背景与目标： : 已经开发了使用荧光标记的葡聚糖的小鼠灌注模型，以研究皮肤伤口愈合过程中血管的功能。通过用识别血管的抗体对灌注伤口的低温恒温器切片进行免疫染色，我们能够评估其功能。尽管伤口边缘和浅表肉芽组织 (GT) 的血管灌注时间最长，但所有伤口区域中CD31 () 灌注血管的比例随时间增加。超过50% 的后一种血管在伤后10天没有灌注。这与从伤口基部到更浅表的GT的功能性血管的生长是一致的。CD34标记由CD31 () 血管的亚群表达。然而，与CD31(+) 血管相反，CD34(+) 血管的功能没有随时间显着变化，并且GT和伤口边缘中的50-75% CD34(+) 血管无功能。这可以通过CD34 () 血管的凋亡或标记物随时间的丢失来解释。这项研究对基于血管的组织学和免疫组织化学标记的伤口愈合血管生成测定具有重要意义，因为在伤口愈合过程中，血管功能在空间和时间上均不同。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: UNLABELLED:In this study, we assessed the accuracy and reliability of MRI-guided SPECT measurements of medial temporal lobe blood flow in Alzheimer's disease (AD).

METHODS:Interactively aligned three-dimensional MP-RAGE MRI and 99mTc-HMPAO SPECT images were used for MRI-guided measurement of medial temporal lobe CBF in eight control subjects and eight patients with probable AD. Intraoperator reliability was assessed by repeated alignment and measurement by one experienced operator. Accuracy was assessed by examining two subjects with fiducial markers.

RESULTS:The alignment error was less than 1 SPECT pixel size (3.5 mm) and the coefficient of variation in repeated measures of medial temporal-to-cerebellar CBF ratios was 3.2%. The difference in mean medial temporal-to-cerebellar CBF ratios between eight control subjects and eight AD patients was 12%. Also by using three-dimensional seed-grow defined healthy brain reference regions, there were significant differences between control subjects and AD patients in medial temporal blood flow. Furthermore, the volumes of the MRI-defined medial temporal ROIs were smaller in the AD patients. The best separation between AD patients and control subjects was achieved by combining MRI measurements of atrophy and SPECT measurements of CBF.

CONCLUSION:These data show that the accuracy and reliability of MRI-guided SPECT measurements of medial temporal CBF clearly allow the detection of changes in AD. Also, a direct comparison of structural and functional changes is possible by this methodology, which might improve the early diagnosis of AD.

背景与目标： 未标记 : 在这项研究中，我们评估了MRI引导的SPECT测量阿尔茨海默氏病 (AD) 内侧颞叶血流的准确性和可靠性。
方法 : 交互式对齐的三维MP-RAGE MRI和99mTc-HMPAO SPECT图像用于MRI引导的8名对照受试者和8名可能患有AD的患者的内侧颞叶CBF测量。一位经验丰富的操作员通过重复对准和测量来评估操作员内部的可靠性。通过检查两个具有基准标记的受试者来评估准确性。
结果 : 对齐误差小于1 SPECT像素大小 (3.5毫米)，并且重复测量的变异系数内侧颞-小脑CBF比3.2%。12% 了八名对照受试者和八名AD患者之间平均内侧颞与小脑CBF比率的差异。同样，通过使用三维种子生长定义的健康大脑参考区域，对照组和AD患者在内侧颞血流方面存在显着差异。此外，在AD患者中，MRI定义的内侧颞roi的体积较小。通过结合萎缩的MRI测量和CBF的SPECT测量，可以实现AD患者与对照组之间的最佳分离。
结论 : 这些数据表明，MRI引导的内侧颞CBF SPECT测量的准确性和可靠性显然可以检测AD的变化。此外，通过这种方法可以直接比较结构和功能变化，这可能会改善AD的早期诊断。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The nature of the temporal relationship between antibacterial consumption and Streptococcus pneumoniae penicillin resistance is investigated using population level data across time. IMS Health Global Services provided national outpatient antibiotic prescription data for the years 1996-2003 from France, Spain, Italy, Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Surveillance data consist of S. pneumoniae isolates obtained from a surveillance database in the same geographic regions from 1996 to 2003. A linear mixed model for repeated measures was used to analyze the association between resistance and several antibacterial classes through time. Changes in penicillin resistance through time in any country are better explained by the weighted cumulative antibacterial consumption with a 2-year lag. Narrow-spectrum penicillins are associated with lower resistance rates. Large reductions in consumption at the population level are needed to affect resistance. There is a peak level of penicillin resistance associated with cumulative exposure to a combination of antibiotic classes that is unique for every country.

背景与目标： : 使用跨时间的人群水平数据研究了抗菌药物消耗与肺炎链球菌青霉素耐药性之间的时间关系的性质。IMS Health Global Services提供了来自法国，西班牙，意大利，德国，英国和美国的1996-2003年全国门诊抗生素处方数据。监视数据由从2003年1996年相同地理区域的监视数据库中获得的肺炎链球菌分离株组成。使用用于重复测量的线性混合模型来分析耐药性与几种抗菌剂之间的关系。在任何国家，青霉素耐药性随时间的变化都可以通过滞后2年的加权累积抗菌药物消耗量来更好地解释。窄谱青霉素与较低的耐药率相关。为了影响抵抗力，需要大量减少人口消费。青霉素耐药性的峰值水平与累积暴露于抗生素类别的组合有关，这在每个国家都是独一无二的。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Event-related potentials (ERP) were recorded during auditory oddball tasks for a patient prior to and soon after left anterior temporal lobectomy. The N100 amplitude decreased bilaterally although the latency did not change after the lobectomy. The P300 amplitude decreased in the left hemisphere at 1 and 2 weeks after surgery, then recovered to the pre-operative level at 4 weeks. These findings suggest that the medial temporal structure participates in the generating system of P300.

背景与目标： : 在左前颞叶切除术之前和之后，在患者的听觉怪异任务中记录了事件相关电位 (ERP)。尽管肺叶切除术后潜伏期没有改变，但N100振幅双侧降低。术后1周和2周，左半球P300振幅降低，4周后恢复至术前水平。这些发现表明，内侧颞结构参与了p300的生成系统。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This pilot study investigated adolescents with well-documented childhood lead burdens to determine the relationship between lead and unintentional injury. Adolescents completed a self-administered injury questionnaire. Results demonstrated that elevated childhood blood lead concentrations were significantly related to injury variables. Further study is necessary to understand adolescent health and safety implications.

背景与目标： : 这项初步研究调查了有充分记录的儿童铅负担的青少年，以确定铅与意外伤害之间的关系。青少年完成了一份自我管理的伤害问卷。结果表明，儿童血铅浓度升高与损伤变量显着相关。为了了解青少年健康和安全的影响，有必要进行进一步的研究。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :cAMP signaling pathways play crucial roles in photoreceptor cells and other retinal cell types. Previous studies demonstrated a circadian rhythm of cAMP level in chick photoreceptor cell cultures that drives the rhythm of activity of the melatonin synthesizing enzyme arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase and the rhythm of affinity of the cyclic nucleotide-gated channel for cGMP. Here, we report that the photoreceptor circadian clock generates a rhythm in Ca(2+)/calmodulin-stimulated adenylyl cyclase activity, which accounts for the temporal changes in the cAMP levels in the photoreceptors. The circadian rhythm of cAMP in photoreceptor cell cultures is abolished by treatment with the l-type Ca(2+) channel antagonist nitrendipine, while the Ca(2+) channel agonist, Bay K 8644, increased cAMP levels with continued circadian rhythmicity in constant darkness. These results indicate that the circadian rhythm of cAMP is dependent, in part, on Ca(2+) influx. Photoreceptor cell cultures exhibit a circadian rhythm in Ca(2+)/calmodulin-stimulated adenylyl cyclase enzyme activity with high levels at night and low levels during the day, correlating with the temporal changes of cAMP in these cells. Transcripts encoding two of the Ca(2+)/calmodulin-stimulated adenylyl cyclases, type 1 and type 8 (Adcy1 and Adcy8), displayed significant daily rhythms of mRNA expression under a light-dark cycle, but only the Adcy1 transcript rhythm persisted in constant darkness. Similar rhythms of Adcy1 mRNA level and Ca(2+)/calmodulin-stimulated adenylyl cyclase activity were observed in retinas of 2-week-old chickens. These results indicate that a circadian clock controls the expression of Adcy1 mRNA and Ca(2+)/calmodulin-stimulated adenylyl cyclase activity; and calcium influx into these cells gates the circadian rhythm of cAMP, a key component in the regulation of photoreceptor function.

背景与目标： : cAMP信号通路在感光细胞和其他视网膜细胞类型中起着至关重要的作用。先前的研究表明，雏鸡感光细胞培养物中cAMP水平的昼夜节律驱动褪黑激素合成酶芳基烷基胺N-乙酰基转移酶的活性节律和环状核苷酸门控通道对cGMP的亲和力节律。在这里，我们报告了感光体昼夜节律时钟在Ca(2)/钙调蛋白刺激的腺苷酸环化酶活性中产生节律，这说明了感光体中cAMP水平的时间变化。通过用l型Ca(2) 通道拮抗剂尼群地平处理，消除了感光细胞培养物中cAMP的昼夜节律，而Ca(2) 通道激动剂Bay K 8644在持续的黑暗中增加了cAMP水平，并持续了昼夜节律。这些结果表明，cAMP的昼夜节律部分取决于Ca(2) 的流入。感光细胞培养物在Ca(2)/钙调蛋白刺激的腺苷酸环化酶活性中表现出昼夜节律，夜间水平高，白天水平低，与这些细胞中cAMP的时间变化相关。编码两个Ca(2)/钙调蛋白刺激的腺苷酸环化酶 (1型和8型) (Adcy1和Adcy8) 的转录本在明暗循环下显示出明显的每日mRNA表达节律，但只有Adcy1转录本节律持续持续黑暗。在2周龄鸡的视网膜中观察到Adcy1 mRNA水平和Ca(2)/钙调蛋白刺激的腺苷酸环化酶活性的相似节律。这些结果表明，生物钟控制Adcy1 mRNA的表达和Ca(2)/钙调蛋白刺激的腺苷酸环化酶活性; 钙流入这些细胞中，激活了cAMP的昼夜节律，cAMP是调节感光细胞功能的关键组成部分。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Importance:Opioid use disorder (OUD) frequently begins in adolescence and young adulthood. Intervening early with pharmacotherapy is recommended by major professional organizations. No prior national studies have examined the extent to which adolescents and young adults (collectively termed youth) with OUD receive pharmacotherapy. Objective:To identify time trends and disparities in receipt of buprenorphine and naltrexone among youth with OUD in the United States. Design, Setting, and Participants:A retrospective cohort study was conducted using deidentified data from a national commercial insurance database. Enrollment and complete health insurance claims of 9.7 million youth, aged 13 to 25 years were analyzed, identifying individuals who received a diagnosis of OUD between January 1, 2001, and June 30, 2014, with final follow-up date December 31, 2014. Analysis was conducted from April 25 to December 31, 2016. Time trends were identified and multivariable logistic regression was used to determine sociodemographic factors associated with medication receipt. Exposures:Sex, age, race/ethnicity, neighborhood education and poverty levels, geographic region, census region, and year of diagnosis. Main Outcomes and Measures:Dispensing of a medication (buprenorphine or naltrexone) within 6 months of first receiving an OUD diagnosis. Results:Among 20 822 youth diagnosed with OUD (0.2% of the 9.7 million sample), 13 698 (65.8%) were male and 17 119 (82.2%) were non-Hispanic white. Mean (SD) age was 21.0 (2.5) years at the first observed diagnosis. The diagnosis rate of OUD increased nearly 6-fold from 2001 to 2014 (from 0.26 per 100 000 person-years to 1.51 per 100 000 person-years). Overall, 5580 (26.8%) youth were dispensed a medication within 6 months of diagnosis, with 4976 (89.2%) of medication-treated youth receiving buprenorphine and 604 (10.8%) receiving naltrexone. Medication receipt increased more than 10-fold, from 3.0% in 2002 (when buprenorphine was introduced) to 31.8% in 2009, but declined in subsequent years (27.5% in 2014). In multivariable analyses, younger individuals were less likely to receive medications, with adjusted probability for age 13 to 15 years, 1.4% (95% CI, 0.4%-2.3%); 16 to 17 years, 9.7% (95% CI, 8.4%-11.1%); 18 to 20 years, 22.0% (95% CI, 21.0%-23.0%); and 21 to 25 years, 30.5% (95% CI, 30.0%-31.5%) (P < .001 for difference). Females (7124 [20.3%]) were less likely than males (13 698 [24.4%]) to receive medications (P < .001), as were non-Hispanic black (105 [14.8%]) and Hispanic (1165 [20.0%]) youth compared with non-Hispanic white (17 119 [23.1%]) youth (P < .001). Conclusions and Relevance:In this first national study of buprenorphine and naltrexone receipt among youth, dispensing increased over time. Nonetheless, only 1 in 4 commercially insured youth with OUD received pharmacotherapy, and disparities based on sex, age, and race/ethnicity were observed.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Evidence-based guidelines recommend limited perioperative diagnostic imaging for new breast cancer diagnoses. For patients aged >65 years, conventional imaging use (mammography, plain radiographs, and ultrasound) has remained stable, whereas advanced imaging (computed tomography [CT], nuclear medicine scans [positron emission tomography/bone scans], and magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]) use has increased. In this study, the authors evaluated traditional and advanced imaging use among younger patients (aged ≤ 65 years) undergoing breast cancer surgery. METHODS:The MarketScan Commercial Claims and Encounters Research Database from 2005 through 2008 was analyzed to evaluate the use of conventional and advanced diagnostic imaging associated with surgery for ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) or stage I through III invasive breast cancer. RESULTS:The study cohort included 52,202 women (13% with DCIS and 87% with stage I-III breast cancer). The proportion of patients undergoing conventional imaging remained stable, whereas the average number of conventional imaging tests per patient increased from 4.21 tests in 2005 to 4.79 tests per patient in 2008 (P < .0001). For advanced imaging, the proportion of women who underwent imaging increased from 48.8% in 2005 to 68.8% in 2008 (P < .0001), as did the number of tests per patient (from 1.53 tests in 2005 to 1.98 tests in 2008; P < .0001). MRI examinations accounted for nearly all of the increase in advanced imaging. Patients who underwent MRI examinations received significantly more traditional imaging tests compared with to those who did not, indicating that these tests are additive and are not replacing traditional imaging. CONCLUSIONS:The current results demonstrate that the use of perioperative breast MRI has increased among women aged <65 years. Further study is indicated to determine whether the benefits of this procedure justify increased use.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:Echocardiography is used for the detection of cardiac sarcoid involvement in patients with non-cardiac sarcoidosis. Little information is available regarding temporal changes in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and left ventricular end-diastolic dimension (LVDd) in non-cardiac sarcoidosis patients. METHODS AND RESULTS:Fifty-four sarcoidosis patients who received periodic follow-up with echocardiography at our institute were enrolled in this study. At the time of initial ultrasonography, 13 patients were diagnosed with cardiac sarcoid involvement. All of the remaining 41 patients with extra-cardiac sarcoidosis only had a LVEF of >50%. During the median follow-up period of 39 months, two (4.9%) of the non-cardiac sarcoidosis patients were diagnosed with cardiac sarcoid involvement; one patient showed a progressive decline in the LVEF over a short period of time. It was also found that two of 41 non-cardiac sarcoidosis patients showed declines in the LVEF of >10% per year; however, they were not diagnosed with cardiac sarcoidosis during the follow-up period. CONCLUSION:Rapid deterioration of left ventricular function may increase the suspicion of sarcoid involvement of the heart in non-cardiac sarcoidosis patients; however, we must be aware that a certain subfraction of patients may not demonstrate significant abnormalities in LVEF or LVDd on periodic echocardiographic follow-up.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (mTLE) is a neurological condition characterized by the occurrence of spontaneous recurrent seizures originating from mesial structures involving the hippocampus within the temporal lobe. This condition is often associated with pathological features in the hippocampus such as neuronal cell loss, widening of the granule cell layer, astrogliosis and mossy fibre spouting. At present, the mechanisms underlying these pathological features are unclear. However, recent advances in adult neurogenesis studies in mTLE animals and patients suggest that newly generated neurons may contribute to the pathogenesis of ongoing epileptogenesis. This article will review the recent animal and human studies on adult neurogenesis in mTLE and discuss how these results suggests that adult endogenous neurogenesis may not always be reparative in the mTLE and may be targeted in new therapeutic strategies for mTLE.

背景与目标： : 颞叶内侧癫痫 (mTLE) 是一种神经系统疾病，其特征是发生自发性复发性癫痫发作，起源于颞叶内海马的内侧结构。这种情况通常与海马的病理特征有关，例如神经元细胞丢失，颗粒细胞层变宽，星形胶质细胞增生和苔藓状纤维喷出。目前，这些病理特征的机制尚不清楚。然而，在mTLE动物和患者中进行的成人神经发生研究的最新进展表明，新生的神经元可能有助于正在进行的癫痫发生的发病机理。本文将回顾最近有关mTLE中成人神经发生的动物和人类研究，并讨论这些结果如何表明成人内源性神经发生可能并不总是在mTLE中修复，并且可能在mTLE的新治疗策略中靶向。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :All cutaneous nevomelanocytic specimens accessioned for histopathologic examination at Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, in 1950, 1960, 1970, and 1987 were reviewed. The specimens were categorized as malignant melanoma, acquired or congenital benign nevi, blue nevi, spindle and epithelioid cell nevi, and dysplastic nevi. Other processes such as lentigines were excluded. There was a threefold increase in percentage of patients having nevomelanocytic lesions removed (1.5% in 1950 to 4.6% in 1987) compared with total surgical cases over the 37-year period. A progressive increase in numbers and percentages of dysplastic nevi (among nevomelanocytic surgical cases) was noted over a 37-year interval--2 cases (1% of nevomelanocytic cases) in 1950, 4 cases (2%) in 1960, 23 cases (5%) in 1970, and 189 cases (12%) in 1987. These findings confirm the existence of dysplastic nevi by histopathologic criteria as early as 1950 and illustrate the frequencies of various nevomelanocytic surgical specimens among all surgical specimens at four points in time over a 37-year period at a major referral center for pigmented lesions.

背景与目标： : 回顾了在波士顿，1950年，1960、1970和1987的马萨诸塞州总医院接受组织病理学检查的所有皮肤新生细胞标本。标本分为恶性黑色素瘤，后天性或先天性良性痣，蓝痣，梭形和上皮样细胞痣以及发育不良的痣。排除了其他过程，例如扁豆。与37年的总手术病例相比，切除无红细胞病变的患者百分比增加了三倍 (1.5% 1950年至4.6% 1987年)。在37年的间隔内，异常增生的痣的数量和百分比 (在nevoelancytic手术病例中) 逐渐增加-1950年2例 (1% 例nevoelancytic病例)，1960年4例 (2% 例)，1970年23例 (5% 例) 和189例 (12%) 1987年。这些发现早在1950年就通过组织病理学标准证实了发育不良的痣的存在，并说明了在一个主要的色素性病变转诊中心，在37年的时间内，所有手术标本中的四个时间点，各种nevoelanocytic手术标本的频率。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Opioid receptor binding was evaluated in parahippocampal cortex (PHC) obtained from patients with intractable mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) with and without subacute high frequency electrical stimulation (HFS) in this brain area. Mu, delta and nociceptin receptor binding was determined by autoradiography in PHC of five patients (ESAE group) with MTLE history of 14.8 +/- 2.5 years and seizure frequency of 11 +/- 2.9 per month, two of them (40%) with mesial sclerosis. This group demonstrated antiepileptic effects following subacute HFS (130 Hz, 450 micros, 200-400 microA), applied continuously during 16-20 days in PHC. Values were compared with those obtained from patients with severe MTLE (history of 21.7 +/- 2.8 years and seizure frequency of 28.2 +/- 14 per month) in whom electrical stimulation did not induce antiepileptic effects (ESWAE group, n = 4), patients with MTLE in whom no electrical stimulation was applied (MTLE group, n = 4) and autopsy material acquired from subjects without epilepsy (n = 4 obtained from three subjects). Enhanced 3H-DAMGO (MTLE, 755%; ESAE, 375%; ESWAE, 693%), 3H-DPDPE (MTLE, 242%; ESAE, 80%; ESWAE, 346%) and 3H-nociceptin (MTLE, 424%; ESAE, 217%; ESWAE, 451%) binding was detected in the PHC of all epileptic groups. However, tissue obtained from ESAE group demonstrated lower opioid receptor binding (3H-DAMGO, 44.5%, p < 0.05; 3H-DPDPE, 47%, p < 0.05; 3H-nociceptin, 39.3%, p < 0.5) when compared with MTLE group. The present results indicate that a high effectiveness to the antiepileptic effects induced by HFS is associated with reduced opioid peptide binding.

背景与目标： : 在患有或没有亚急性高频电刺激 (HFS) 的难治性颞叶内侧颞叶癫痫 (MTLE) 患者的海马旁皮层 (PHC) 中评估了阿片样物质受体的结合。通过放射自显影法测定了5例 (ESAE组) MTLE病史为14.8/- 2.5年，每月发作频率为11//- 2.9的PHC患者的Mu，delta和伤害肽受体的结合，其中2例 (40%) 患有内侧硬化。该组在亚急性HFS (130Hz，450微子，200-400微子) 在PHC中连续施加16-20天后表现出抗癫痫作用。将电刺激未引起抗癫痫作用的重度MTLE患者 (21.7 +/- 2.8年病史，每月发作频率为28.2 +/- 14次) 的值进行比较 (ESWAE组，n = 4)，未施加电刺激的MTLE患者 (MTLE组，n = 4) 和从无癫痫的受试者获得的尸检材料 (n = 4)。在所有癫痫组的PHC中检测到增强的3H-DAMGO (MTLE，755%; ESAE，375%; ESWAE，693%) 、3H-DPDPE (MTLE，242%; ESAE，80%; ESWAE，346%) 和3H-nociceptin (MTLE，424%; ESAE，217%; ESWAE，451%) 结合。然而，与MTLE组相比，从ESAE组获得的组织显示出较低的阿片样物质受体结合 (3H-DAMGO，44.5%，p <0.05; 3H-DPDPE，47%，p <0.05; 3H-nociceptin，39.3%，p <0.5)。目前的结果表明，HFS诱导的抗癫痫作用的高有效性与阿片肽结合减少有关。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:The reasons for low adherence to cereal dietary guidelines are not well understood but may be related to knowledge, attitudes, beliefs and perceived barriers. This study aims to assess trends in cereal foods consumption, intention to change and factors associated with intake among Western Australian (WA) adults 18 to 64 years. METHOD:Cross-sectional data from the 1995, 1998, 2001, 2004, 2009, and 2012 Nutrition Monitoring Survey Series involving 7044 adults were pooled. OUTCOME VARIABLES:types and amount of cereals (bread, rice, pasta, and breakfast cereal) eaten the day prior. Attitudes, knowledge, intentions, weight status and sociodemographic characteristics were measured. Descriptive statistics, multiple binary logistic and multinomial logistic regressions assess factors associated with consumption. RESULTS:Bread (78%) was the most commonly consumed cereal food. The proportion eating bread decreased across survey years (Odds Ratio OR = 0.31; 95% Confidence Interval; 0.24-0.40 in 2012 versus 1995), as did the amount (4.1 slices of bread in 1995 to 2.4 in 2012). The odds of consuming whole-grain cereal foods increased since 2009 (OR = 1.27; 1.02-1.58 versus 1995 p < 0.05). The likelihood of trying to eat less cereal food in the past year was greater in 2012 compared to 1995 (Relative Risk Ratio RRR 10.88; 6.81-17.4). Knowledge of cereal recommendations decreased over time (OR = 0.20; 0.15-0.27 in 2012 versus 1995 p < 0.001). Overweight and obese respondents were more likely than healthy weight respondents to have tried to eat less cereals (RRR 1.65; 1.22-2.24 and 1.88; 1.35-2.63 respectively). 'I already eat enough' was the main barrier (75% in 1995 to 84% in 2012 (p < 0.001)). CONCLUSIONS:WA adults are actively reducing the amount of cereal foods they eat and intake is associated with a misperception of adequacy of intake. Nutrition intervention is needed to increase awareness of the health benefits of cereal foods, particularly whole-grains, and to address barriers to incorporating them daily. TRIAL REGISTRATION:Not applicable.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The functions of human brains highly depend on the precise temporal regulation of gene expression, and the temporal brain transcriptome profile across lifespan has been observed. The substantial transcriptome alteration in neural disorders like autism has also been observed and is thought to be important for the pathology. While the cell type composition is known to be variable in brains, it remains unclear how it contributes to the temporal and pathological transcriptome changes in brains. Here, we applied a transcriptome deconvolution procedure to an age series RNA-seq dataset of healthy and autism samples, to quantify the contribution of cell type composition in shaping the temporal and autism pathological transcriptome in human brains. We estimated that composition change was the primary factor of both types of transcriptome changes. On the other hand, genes with substantial composition-independent expression changes were also observed in both cases. Those temporal and autism pathological composition-independent changes, many of which are related to synaptic functions, indicate the important intracellular regulatory changes in human brains in both processes.

背景与目标： : 人脑的功能高度依赖于基因表达的精确时间调控，并且已经观察到跨寿命的颞脑转录组谱。还观察到自闭症等神经疾病的大量转录组改变，并被认为对病理学很重要。尽管已知细胞类型组成在大脑中是可变的，但尚不清楚它如何导致大脑中的时间和病理转录组变化。在这里，我们将转录组反卷积程序应用于健康和自闭症样本的年龄系列RNA-seq数据集，以量化细胞类型组成在塑造人脑中颞部和自闭症病理转录组中的贡献。我们估计成分变化是两种转录组变化的主要因素。另一方面，在这两种情况下，也观察到具有大量与组成无关的表达变化的基因。这些与时间和自闭症病理组成无关的变化，其中许多与突触功能有关，表明了人类大脑在这两个过程中的重要细胞内调节变化。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:Clinicians commonly use verbal and nonverbal measures to test fluency in patients with epilepsy, either during routine cognitive assessment or as part of pre- and postsurgical evaluation. We hypothesized that patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) with hippocampal sclerosis would perform worse than patients with lateral TLE in both verbal and design fluency. METHODS:We assessed semantic, phonemic, and nonverbal fluency in 49 patients with TLE: 31 with lateral TLE and 18 with mesial TLE plus hippocampal sclerosis. We also gave non-fluency cognitive measures: psychomotor speed, attentional set shifting, selective attention, abstract reasoning, verbal and visual episodic memory, and incidental memory. RESULTS:Patients with mesial TLE performed significantly worse on figural fluency than patients with lateral TLE. Even though group differences on verbal fluency measures were not significant, the patients with mesial TLE had a pattern of poorer performance. The patients with mesial TLE scored significantly worse on measures of selective attention, verbal episodic memory, and incidental memory. CONCLUSIONS:Our study underlines differences in cognitive function between patients with mesial and lateral TLE, particularly in figural fluency. Although we cannot directly assess the role of the hippocampus in cognitive aspects of creative and divergent thinking related to figural fluency, the cognitive discrepancies between these two TLE groups could be ascribed to the mesial TLE hippocampal pathology shown in our study and addressed in the literature on hippocampal involvement in divergent thinking. Our findings could benefit cognitive rehabilitation programs tailored to the needs of patients with TLE.

背景与目标：