BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In his commentary on Varni et al.'s (Qual Life Res. doi: 10.1007/s11136-013-0370-4 , 2013) article, McIntosh (Qual Life Res. doi: 10.1007/s11136-013-0465-y , 2013) has two main arguments. First, we should have paid more attention to statistical tests (i.e., χ 2 values) instead of approximate fit indexes for our analysis, especially with the baseline model. Second, Bayesian methods are better than the frequentist methods we used in determining the model's invariance across age and gender groups. We believe that statistical tests do have a place in assessing model fit, but overemphasis on them, especially with larger sample sizes, can lead to errant decisions. Second, while we agree that Bayesian methods have the potential to contribute much to the field of assessing invariance, more development needs to be conducted before they can be widely utilized in assessing factorial invariance across groups.

背景与目标： : 在他对Varni等人 (Qual Life res.doi: 10.1007/s11136-013-0370-4，2013) 文章的评论中，McIntosh (Qual Life res.doi: 10.1007/s11136-013-0465-y，2013) 有两个主要论点。首先，我们应该更多地关注统计检验 (即 χ 2值)，而不是我们的分析的近似拟合指标，尤其是基线模型。其次，贝叶斯方法比我们在确定模型在年龄和性别组之间的不变性时使用的频率方法更好。我们认为，统计检验在评估模型拟合度方面确实有一席之地，但过分强调它们，尤其是在样本量较大的情况下，可能会导致错误的决策。其次，尽管我们同意贝叶斯方法有可能为评估不变性领域做出很大贡献，但在广泛用于评估跨组的阶乘不变性之前，还需要进行更多的开发。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :To the best of our knowledge, the general approach of designing alloys with specified mechanical properties does not exist. This is due to the unresolved problem of analysing the set of heterogeneous variables that affect the mechanical properties along its production line from the smelting of the alloy to the manufacture of the final product. Here, we show that in principle this problem can be solved by analysing all the strengthening mechanisms in a common reference frame with reference to the single factor namely, the generalized degree of metallicity and covalence, which characterizes the entire interatomic bonds in all phases of the alloy. Such factors are able to reflect the results of hardening by various mechanisms because of the correlation with the mechanical properties. From the energy view point, these factors correspond to the proportion of the metallic and covalent bonds energy in the total energy of all chemical bonds in the alloy. Based on the approach being developed, we considered a method for predicting new doping systems for dispersively strengthening aluminum alloys according to the criterion of a given strength and have considered the methodology of optimizing chemical composition in steel smelting which is used for mass production of parts according to the criterion of the desired mechanical properties obtained due to solid solution hardening.

背景与目标： : 据我们所知，不存在设计具有特定机械性能的合金的一般方法。这是由于尚未解决的问题，即分析影响从合金熔炼到最终产品制造的生产线上的机械性能的一组异质变量。在这里，我们表明，原则上可以通过参考单个因素 (即金属性和共价的广义度) 分析共同参考框架中的所有强化机制来解决此问题，该因素表征了合金所有相中的整个原子间键。由于与机械性能的相关性，这些因素能够反映各种机制的硬化结果。从能量的角度来看，这些因素对应于金属键和共价键能量在合金中所有化学键的总能量中的比例。根据正在开发的方法，我们考虑了一种根据给定强度的标准预测用于分散强化铝合金的新掺杂体系的方法，并考虑了根据要求的标准优化炼钢中的化学成分的方法。由于固溶硬化而获得的机械性能。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Substandard and counterfeit pharmaceutical products, including antimalarial drugs, appear to be widespread internationally and affect both the developing and developed countries. The aim of the study was to investigate the quality of antimalarial drugs, ie, artesunate (ART), chloroquine (CHL), mefloquine (MEF), quinine (QUI), sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine (S/P) and tetracycline (TT) obtained from the government sector and private pharmacies in 4 Thai provinces: Mae Hong Son, Kanchanaburi, Ranong, and Chanthaburi. Three hundred sixty-nine samples of 6 antimalarial drugs from 27 government hospitals, 27 malaria clinics, and 53 drugstores, were collected. Drug quality was assessed by simple disintegration test and semi-quantitative thin-layer chromatography in each province; 10% passed, 100% failed and doubtful samples were sent to be verified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) at the Thai National Drug Analysis Laboratory, (NL). Fifteen point four percent of ART, 11.1% of CHL and 29.4% of QUI were substandard. Based on the finding, drug regulatory authorities in the country took appropriate action against violators to ensure that antimalarial drugs consumed by malaria patients are of good quality.

背景与目标： : 不合格和假冒药品，包括抗疟药，在国际上似乎很普遍，对发展中国家和发达国家都有影响。该研究的目的是调查抗疟药的质量，即青蒿琥酯 (ART)，氯喹 (CHL)，甲氟喹 (MEF)，奎宁 (QUI)，从泰国4个省的政府部门和私人药房获得的磺胺多辛/乙胺嘧啶 (S/P) 和四环素 (TT): 湄宏顺，北碧府，拉农和Chanthaburi。收集了来自27家政府医院，27家疟疾诊所和53家药店的6种抗疟药物的369个样本。通过每个省的简单崩解试验和半定量薄层色谱法评估药物质量; 10% 通过，100% 个失败和可疑的样品被发送给泰国国家药物分析实验室 (NL) 的高效液相色谱法 (HPLC) 验证。ART的15个点4%，CHL的11.1% 和QUI的29.4% 不合格。根据这一发现，该国药品监管当局对违法者采取了适当的行动，以确保疟疾患者食用的抗疟药物质量良好。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The purpose of the current investigation was to examine the cross-sectional associations of participation in muscle-strengthening activities (MSAs) with carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) among older adults. The data are from 2,557 older adult participants enrolled in an observational cohort who reported no history of cardiovascular disease. MSA was determined using a questionnaire. Carotid ultrasound was performed to measure the CIMT of the common carotid artery bilaterally. Logistic regression models were constructed to estimate the association of MSA with CIMT after adjustment for potential confounders. The participants were aged 68.6 ± 7.0 years, and the majority were male (71.7%) and White (96.5%); 18% had abnormal CIMT. Meeting the physical activity guidelines for MSA was inversely associated with abnormal CIMT after adjustment for age and sex. However, this observed inverse relation became statistically null after further adjustment for cardiovascular disease risk factors, including aerobic physical activity.

背景与目标： : 当前研究的目的是检查老年人参与肌肉增强活动 (MSAs) 与颈动脉内膜中层厚度 (CIMT) 的横断面关系。这些数据来自纳入观察性队列的2,557名老年参与者，他们报告没有心血管疾病病史。使用问卷确定MSA。进行颈动脉超声检查以测量双侧颈总动脉的CIMT。构建Logistic回归模型，以估计MSA与CIMT在校正潜在混杂因素后的关联。参与者年龄为68.6 ± 7.0岁，大多数为男性 (71.7%) 和白人 (96.5%); 18% CIMT异常。在调整年龄和性别后，满足MSA的体育锻炼指南与CIMT异常呈负相关。然而，在进一步调整心血管疾病危险因素 (包括有氧运动) 后，这种观察到的反比关系在统计上变为无效。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: STUDY DESIGN:This was a cross-sectional study. OBJECTIVE:The primary aim of the study was to examine the association between low back pain (LBP) and muscle-strengthening activity (MSA) among U.S. adults using gender-stratified analyses. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA:LBP is a common medical condition that impacts quality of life and professional productivity and increases the financial burden on the health care system by augmenting medical treatment costs. Previous studies analyzing gender-dependent relationships between MSA and LBP have produced mixed results. METHODS:Our sample included 12,721 participants from the 1999 to 2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Participants were categorized into one of three levels of self-reported MSA: no MSA, insufficient MSA (1 day/wk), or meeting the 2008 Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) recommendation for MSA (≥2 days/wk). RESULTS:Gender-stratified analyses revealed significantly lower odds of reporting LBP among women [odds ratio (OR) 0.82, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.70-0.96, P = 0.03] and men (OR 0.86; 95% CI 0.70-0.96, P = 0.01) who reported amounts of MSA that met the DHHS recommendation compared with those reporting no MSA. Following adjustment for smoking status, the odds remained significant among women (P = 0.03) but not among men (P = 0.21). CONCLUSION:These findings indicate that engaging in MSA at least 2 days/wk is associated with lower odds of LBP and that smoking may be an important mediating factor that should be considered in future LBP research. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:4.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Intercellular adhesion in some parenchyma becomes strengthened in response to stress. The present study provides an approach to investigate this phenomenon (usually attributed to pectin methyl esterase and binding of Ca(2+) and/or rhamnogalacturonan-II-borate) through reliable stress simulation by probing organic acid molecules in potato tuber parenchyma. Short-chain monocarboxylic acids induce consistent intercellular adhesion strengthening (3.8-5.3 newton) at pH >or= 3 < pK(a), where pectin methyl esterase activity and Ca(2+) or borate binding are limited, and vice versa at pH > pK(a) with a strength of 1.4-2.0 newton as compared to 0.3-0.4 newton for the nonincubated control. Strengthening of intercellular adhesion is characterized by prominent staining of pectin and protein and immunogold labeling of pectin in the cell wall and the middle lamellar complex, particularly after boiling. Pectin confers strengthening to the primary cell wall, as reflected by: (i) prominent immunogold labeling following boiling; and (ii) puncturing macerated cells by starch gelatinization pressure after enzymatic pectin removal.

背景与目标： : 一些薄壁组织的细胞间粘附在应激反应中得到加强。本研究提供了一种方法，通过探测马铃薯块茎薄壁组织中的有机酸分子，通过可靠的应力模拟来研究这种现象 (通常归因于果胶甲基酯酶和Ca(2) 和/或鼠李糖半乳糖醛酸-II-硼酸酯的结合)。短链单羧酸在pH> 或 = 3 < pK(a) 时诱导一致的细胞间粘附增强 (3.8-5.3牛顿)，其中果胶甲基酯酶活性和Ca(2) 或硼酸盐结合受到限制，与未孵育对照的0.3-0.4牛顿相比，pH> pK(a) 的强度为1.4-2.0牛顿，反之亦然。增强细胞间粘附的特征是果胶和蛋白质的显着染色以及果胶在细胞壁和中层状复合物中的免疫金标记，尤其是在煮沸后。果胶赋予增强原代细胞壁的力量，这反映在 :( i) 沸腾后显着的免疫金标记; (ii) 在酶促果胶去除后，通过淀粉糊化压力刺穿浸软细胞。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Game-based training has been shown to improve behavioural motor learning in various medical fields including rehabilitation. OBJECTIVES:This study aimed to investigate the effects of a tablet PC (personal computer) game-based tongue training on tongue strength, thickness and compliance in healthy adults. METHODS:This study recruited 30 healthy volunteers. Subjects were randomly assigned to two groups (n = 15/group). Group 1 performed game-based tongue training, and group 2 performed tongue resistance training using the Iowa Oral Performance Instrument. Both groups performed the same tongue exercises as follows: frequency (isotonic = 30 times × 3, isometric = 20 seconds × 3), intensity (70% of 1-repeated maximum contraction) and intervention period (5 days for 6 weeks). The primary outcomes were tongue muscle strength and thickness. Secondary outcomes were assessed using a 0-to-10 numerical rating self-report scale that included motivation, interest/fun, physical effort and muscle fatigue/pain. RESULTS:Both groups showed significant improvement in tongue strength and thickness, but there were no significant differences between the groups after the intervention. The self-report scale numerical rating revealed that group 1 had significantly higher motivation and interest/fun after the exercise than group 2. Group 1 had expended a significantly lower physical effort than group 2. No significant differences were noted between the 2 groups for muscle fatigue/pain. CONCLUSION:This study showed that both exercises had similar effects on tongue strength and thickness increase in healthy adults, but game-based tongue training was more fun and physically less demanding.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: PRIMARY OBJECTIVE:To investigate if an isokinetic strength training programme for leg muscles lead to personally meaningful changes in adults with an acquired brain injury (ABI). RESEARCH DESIGN:A qualitative exploratory design. METHODS:Twelve people with ABI participated in pre- and post-intervention face-to-face interviews with open ended questions. Data were initially analysed using a case study research approach exploring individuals experiences and then cross case analysis to determine common themes for the group. INTERVENTION:Twelve-week isokinetic strength training programme for ankle and knee muscles. OUTCOMES:Participants perceived changes. RESULTS:Thematic analysis determined four main themes arising from the interviews; occupation, vitality, sense of self and personal interactions. Participants reported reductions in impairments as a response to the exercise programme and these changes led to increased function and participation in activities they valued. Also marked improvements in vitality were reported as well as increases in self-esteem and general well-being for many participants. CONCLUSIONS:An isokinetic strength training programme resulted in improvements in motor skills and functional abilities that were meaningful for the participants.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The Hall-Petch relationship, according to which the strength of a metal increases as the grain size decreases, has been reported to break down at a critical grain size of around 10 to 15 nanometres1,2. As the grain size decreases beyond this point, the dominant mechanism of deformation switches from a dislocation-mediated process to grain boundary sliding, leading to material softening. In one previous approach, stabilization of grain boundaries through relaxation and molybdenum segregation was used to prevent this softening effect in nickel-molybdenum alloys with grain sizes below 10 nanometres3. Here we track in situ the yield stress and deformation texturing of pure nickel samples of various average grain sizes using a diamond anvil cell coupled with radial X-ray diffraction. Our high-pressure experiments reveal continuous strengthening in samples with grain sizes from 200 nanometres down to 3 nanometres, with the strengthening enhanced (rather than reduced) at grain sizes smaller than 20 nanometres. We achieve a yield strength of approximately 4.2 gigapascals in our 3-nanometre-grain-size samples, ten times stronger than that of a commercial nickel material. A maximum flow stress of 10.2 gigapascals is obtained in nickel of grain size 3 nanometres for the pressure range studied here. We see similar patterns of compression strengthening in gold and palladium samples down to the smallest grain sizes. Simulations and transmission electron microscopy reveal that the high strength observed in nickel of grain size 3 nanometres is caused by the superposition of strengthening mechanisms: both partial and full dislocation hardening plus suppression of grain boundary plasticity. These insights contribute to the ongoing search for ultrastrong metals via materials engineering.

背景与目标： : 据报道，霍尔-佩奇关系 (根据该关系，金属的强度随着晶粒尺寸的减小而增加) 在临界晶粒尺寸约为10至15纳米1、2时分解。随着晶粒尺寸的减小超过这一点，变形的主要机制从位错介导的过程转换为晶界滑动，从而导致材料软化。在以前的一种方法中，通过松弛和钼偏析来稳定晶界，以防止晶粒尺寸低于10纳米的镍钼合金中的这种软化作用3。在这里，我们使用金刚石砧座电池和径向x射线衍射原位跟踪各种平均晶粒尺寸的纯镍样品的屈服应力和变形纹理。我们的高压实验表明，晶粒尺寸从200纳米降至3纳米的样品持续强化，晶粒尺寸小于20纳米时强化 (而不是减少)。我们在我们的3纳米粒度样品中获得约4.2千兆帕的屈服强度，比商业镍材料强十倍。在此处研究的压力范围内，在晶粒尺寸为3纳米的镍中获得了10.2千兆帕斯卡的最大流动应力。我们在金和钯样品中看到类似的压缩强化模式，直至最小的晶粒尺寸。模拟和透射电子显微镜表明，在晶粒尺寸为3纳米的镍中观察到的高强度是由强化机制的叠加引起的: 部分和全位错硬化以及晶界塑性的抑制。这些见解有助于通过材料工程不断寻找超强金属。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Mental health disorders in the child and adolescent population are a pressing public health concern. Despite the high prevalence of psychopathology in this vulnerable population, the transition from Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS) to Adult Mental Health Services (AMHS) has many obstacles such as deficiencies in planning, organisational readiness and policy gaps. All these factors contribute to an inadequate and suboptimal transition process. A suite of measures is required that would allow young people to be assessed in a structured and standardised way to determine the on-going need for care and to improve communication across clinicians at CAMHS and AMHS. This will have the potential to reduce the overall health economic burden and could also improve the quality of life for patients travelling across the transition boundary. The MILESTONE (Managing the Link and Strengthening Transition from Child to Adult Mental Health Care) project aims to address the significant socioeconomic and societal challenge related to the transition process. This protocol paper describes the development of two MILESTONE transition-related measures: The Transition Readiness and Appropriateness Measure (TRAM), designed to be a decision-making aide for clinicians, and the Transition Related Outcome Measure (TROM), for examining the outcome of transition. METHODS:The TRAM and TROM have been developed and were validated following the US FDA Guidance for Patient-reported Outcome Measures which follows an incremental stepwise framework. The study gathers information from service users, parents, families and mental health care professionals who have experience working with young people undergoing the transition process from eight European countries. DISCUSSION:There is an urgent need for comprehensive measures that can assess transition across the CAMHS/AMHS boundary. This study protocol describes the process of development of two new transition measures: the TRAM and TROM. The TRAM has the potential to nurture better transitions as the findings can be summarised and provided to clinicians as a clinician-decision making support tool for identifying cases who need to transition and the TROM can be used to examine the outcomes of the transition process. TRIAL REGISTRATION:MILESTONE study registration: ISRCTN83240263 Registered 23-July-2015 - ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03013595 Registered 6 January 2017.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The coronavirus-disease 2019 (COVID-19) was announced as a global pandemic by the World Health Organization. Challenges arise concerning how to optimally support the immune system in the general population, especially under self-confinement. An optimal immune response depends on an adequate diet and nutrition in order to keep infection at bay. For example, sufficient protein intake is crucial for optimal antibody production. Low micronutrient status, such as of vitamin A or zinc, has been associated with increased infection risk. Frequently, poor nutrient status is associated with inflammation and oxidative stress, which in turn can impact the immune system. Dietary constituents with especially high anti-inflammatory and antioxidant capacity include vitamin C, vitamin E, and phytochemicals such as carotenoids and polyphenols. Several of these can interact with transcription factors such as NF-kB and Nrf-2, related to anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, respectively. Vitamin D in particular may perturb viral cellular infection via interacting with cell entry receptors (angiotensin converting enzyme 2), ACE2. Dietary fiber, fermented by the gut microbiota into short-chain fatty acids, has also been shown to produce anti-inflammatory effects. In this review, we highlight the importance of an optimal status of relevant nutrients to effectively reduce inflammation and oxidative stress, thereby strengthening the immune system during the COVID-19 crisis.

背景与目标： : 冠状病毒疾病2019 (新型冠状病毒肺炎) 被世界卫生组织宣布为全球大流行。关于如何在一般人群中最佳支持免疫系统，尤其是在自我约束下，出现了挑战。最佳的免疫反应取决于充足的饮食和营养，以防止感染。例如，足够的蛋白质摄入量对于最佳抗体生产至关重要。微量营养素状态低，如维生素a或锌，与感染风险增加有关。通常，营养不良的营养状况与炎症和氧化应激有关，这反过来又会影响免疫系统。具有特别高的抗炎和抗氧化能力的饮食成分包括维生素c，维生素e和植物化学物质，例如类胡萝卜素和多酚。这些中的一些可以与转录因子如NF-kB和Nrf-2相互作用，分别与抗炎和抗氧化作用有关。维生素d尤其可能通过与细胞进入受体 (血管紧张素转化酶2) ace2相互作用而干扰病毒感染。由肠道菌群发酵成短链脂肪酸的膳食纤维也被证明具有抗炎作用。在这篇综述中，我们强调了相关营养素的最佳状态对于有效减少炎症和氧化应激的重要性，从而在新型冠状病毒肺炎危机期间增强免疫系统。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Vaccines are one of the most successful health interventions in history. Yet, vaccine-preventable diseases still claim the lives of 2.5 million individuals globally every year. Approximately 60% of the 19.4 million infants that did not have access to routine immunization services in 2018 live in 10 countries, one of which is Indonesia. In order to reach global targets, it is critical for countries such as Indonesia to prioritize, tailor, and operationalize vaccination strategies to address immunization gaps. Pediatricians and national pediatric societies (NPS) are trusted stakeholders in their countries and are uniquely qualified to promote vaccination programs. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) partnered with the Indonesian Pediatric Society (IPS), with support from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), to initiate a multiyear project to build the capacity of IPS, individual members, and other child health clinicians to strategically advocate for improved immunization services across both public and private sectors.

背景与目标： : 疫苗是历史上最成功的健康干预措施之一。然而，疫苗可预防的疾病仍然每年夺走全球250万个人的生命。1940万名无法获得常规预防接种服务的婴儿中，约有60% 名2018年生活在10个国家，其中一个国家是印度尼西亚。为了达到全球目标，印度尼西亚等国家必须优先考虑、调整和实施疫苗接种战略，以解决预防接种差距。儿科医生和国家儿科学会 (NPS) 是其国家值得信赖的利益相关者，并且具有促进疫苗接种计划的独特资格。美国儿科学会 (AAP) 与印度尼西亚儿科学会 (IPS) 合作，在美国疾病控制和预防中心 (CDC) 的支持下，发起了一个多年项目，以建设IPS的能力，个人成员，和其他儿童保健临床医生在战略上倡导改善公共和私营部门预防接种服务。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Since its founding in 1950, the Society for Public Health Education (SOPHE) has evolved in response to the changing needs of both the public and the profession. This SOPHE Presidential Address provides a brief review of SOPHE's history and the legacy of its achievements over some 60 years. It also describes how new challenges being created by the pending organizational realignment between SOPHE and the American Association for Health Education, which promises to further unify the profession, along with changing American community demographics, can provide an opportunity for SOPHE to strengthen the health education profession by becoming more inclusive and further redefining Dorothy Nyswander's concept of the "Open Society" and the role health educators play as agents of change.

背景与目标： : 自成立1950年以来，公共卫生教育协会 (SOPHE) 不断发展，以适应公众和专业人士不断变化的需求。这次索菲总统演讲简要回顾了索菲的历史及其60年来成就的遗产。它还描述了SOPHE和美国健康教育协会之间即将进行的组织重组如何带来新的挑战，该协会有望进一步统一该行业，以及不断变化的美国社区人口结构，可以为SOPHE提供一个机会，通过变得更具包容性，并进一步重新定义Dorothy Nyswander的 “开放社会” 概念以及健康教育者作为变革推动者的角色，来加强健康教育专业。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :For over three decades, environmental assessment (EA) has gained increasing international recognition as a means of ensuring sustainable development. In light of environmental challenges, Benin has endorsed the principle that a healthy environment is a human right. This concern is manifested by the creation of many institutions for managing environmental issues. But until today, environmental problems are still on the rise and getting worse day by day because of Benin's limited experience in the field of EA. If EA is to be perceived as an instrument of sustainable development, it is important to take into account the achievements and the needs of the country in this field; because we cannot respond properly and adequately in the field of capacity strengthening in EA without first be familiar with what exists, what is fact, and what is needed. In this study, we address and analyze the status of existing resources in the field of EA in Benin with the purpose of identifying the needs for capacity strengthening to enhance environmental assessment effectiveness in the country. The detailed presentation of the results shows that the legislative and institutional resources are available and represent a strong element in the system of environmental management in Benin. However, there is still a room for improvements towards environmental governance before it becomes a solid system of decision supporting all sectors of intervention because the effective application of those laws and texts still constitute big challenges. Below are the main reasons that explain the particular situation: majority of the laws are put in force very late or taken without implementing decree at all; the organizational capabilities have large gaps; the absence of a mechanism for evaluating the needs for strengthening capacity for EA. Recommendations pinpointed three types of needs which must be filled to enhance the effectiveness of EA in Benin: upstream needs of the structure of EA; implementation and enforcement needs; and, maintenance and efficiency needs.

背景与目标： : 三十多年来，环境评估 (EA) 作为确保可持续发展的一种手段，已获得越来越多的国际认可。鉴于环境挑战，贝宁赞同健康环境是一项人权的原则。这种关切体现在建立了许多管理环境问题的机构。但是直到今天，由于贝宁在EA领域的经验有限，环境问题仍在上升，并且日益恶化。如果要将环境评估视为可持续发展的工具，重要的是要考虑到该国在这一领域的成就和需求; 因为如果不首先熟悉现有的情况，事实，我们就无法在环境评估能力增强领域做出适当和充分的反应，以及需要什么。在这项研究中，我们处理和分析贝宁环境评估领域现有资源的状况，目的是确定加强能力以提高该国环境评估效力的需求。结果的详细介绍表明，立法和体制资源是可用的，是贝宁环境管理系统中的重要组成部分。然而，在环境治理成为支持所有干预部门的坚实决策系统之前，仍有改进的空间，因为这些法律和文本的有效适用仍然构成巨大挑战。以下是解释这种特殊情况的主要原因: 大多数法律实施得很晚，或者根本没有执行法令; 组织能力有很大差距; 缺乏评估加强环境评估能力需求的机制。建议指出了必须满足的三种需求，以提高贝宁EA的有效性: EA结构的上游需求; 实施和执行需求; 以及维护和效率需求。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Following publication of the original article [1], the authors reported they wanted to reinstate a co-author, who previously declined his authorship due to a misinterpretation of authorship limitations per research center.

背景与目标： : 在发表原始文章 [1] 之后，作者报告说他们想恢复一位合著者，该合著者先前因对每个研究中心的作者限制的误解而拒绝了他的作者身份。