BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The standard operation of a batch freeze-dryer is protocol driven. All freeze-drying phases (i.e., freezing, primary and secondary drying) are programmed sequentially at fixed time points and within each phase critical process parameters (CPPs) are typically kept constant or linearly interpolated between two setpoints. This way of operating batch freeze-dryers is shown to be time consuming and inefficient. A model-based optimisation and real-time control strategy that includes model output uncertainty could help in accelerating the primary drying phase while controlling the risk of failure of the critical quality attributes (CQAs). In each iteration of the real-time control strategy, a design space is computed to select an optimal set of CPPs. The aim of the control strategy is to avoid product structure loss, which occurs when the sublimation interface temperature ( T i ) exceeds the the collapse temperature ( T c ) common during unexpected disturbances, while preventing the choked flow conditions leading to a loss of pressure control. The proposed methodology was experimentally verified when the chamber pressure and shelf fluid system were intentionally subjected to moderate process disturbances. Moreover, the end of the primary drying phase was predicted using both uncertainty analysis and a comparative pressure measurement technique. Both the prediction of T i and end of primary drying were in agreement with the experimental data. Hence, it was confirmed that the proposed real-time control strategy is capable of mitigating the effect of moderate disturbances during batch freeze-drying.

背景与目标： : 批量冷冻干燥机的标准操作是协议驱动的。所有冷冻干燥阶段 (即冷冻、初级和次级干燥) 在固定的时间点被顺序地编程，并且在每个阶段内关键过程参数 (cpp) 通常保持恒定或在两个设定点之间线性内插。这种分批冷冻干燥机的操作方式显示出耗时且效率低下。包含模型输出不确定性的基于模型的优化和实时控制策略可以帮助加速主要干燥阶段，同时控制关键质量属性 (CQAs) 失效的风险。在实时控制策略的每次迭代中，都会计算一个设计空间以选择一组最佳的cpp。控制策略的目的是避免产品结构损失，当升华界面温度 (T i) 超过意外干扰期间常见的塌陷温度 (T c) 时发生损失，同时防止阻塞的流动条件导致压力损失控制。当有意使腔室压力和架子流体系统受到中等过程干扰时，对所提出的方法进行了实验验证。此外，使用不确定性分析和比较压力测量技术预测了主要干燥阶段的结束。T i和初级干燥结束的预测均与实验数据一致。因此，已经证实，所提出的实时控制策略能够减轻批量冷冻干燥过程中中等干扰的影响。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The effects of blanching with hot water at 90°C for 2 min and hot-air drying temperatures (50°C, 60°C and 70°C) on the physicochemical properties, dietary fiber compositions, antioxidant activity and hydration properties of ripe, soft persimmon peels were investigated. Blanching and drying significantly reduced the retention of antioxidant-related parameters. Although there were no significant differences in total phenolics and ß-carotene content at different drying temperatures for both dried unblanched and blanched peels, dried blanched peels had higher dietary fiber compositions and swelling capacity than those of dried unblanched peels at all drying conditions. In addition, blanched peels dried at 50°C had the highest dietary fiber compositions, swelling capacity and antioxidant activity compared with those at high drying temperatures (60°C and 70°C). Therefore, blanched peels dried at 50°C is suggested to obtain better quality dietary fiber powder from persimmon peel for use in food applications or in fiber-fortified foods for health promotion.

背景与目标： : 用90 °C的热水热烫2分钟和热风干燥温度 (50 °C，60 °C和70 °C) 对理化性质，膳食纤维组成，抗氧化活性和水合性能的影响研究了成熟的软柿子皮。热烫和干燥显着降低了抗氧化剂相关参数的保留。尽管在不同干燥温度下，干燥的未烫皮和烫皮的总酚类物质和 β-胡萝卜素含量没有显着差异，但在所有干燥条件下，干燥的烫皮的膳食纤维组成和膨胀能力均高于干燥的未烫皮。此外，与在高干燥温度 (60 °C和70 °C) 下相比，在50 °C下干燥的漂白果皮具有最高的膳食纤维组成，膨胀能力和抗氧化活性。因此，建议在50 °C下干燥的漂白果皮从柿子皮中获得质量更好的膳食纤维粉，用于食品应用或用于促进健康的纤维强化食品。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The analgesic effect of topical application of local anaesthetics on the gingival mucosa and the absorption of the local anaesthetics into the blood were investigated in healthy volunteers by using a 5% eutectic mixture of the local anaesthetics lignocaine (100 mg) and prilocaine (100 mg) plus emulsifier (EMLA) or 10% lignocaine (200 mg) spray (Xylocain). The pain threshold on labial gingiva was measured by using the stimulator of an EMG-apparatus and a pair of stimulating electrodes, specially constructed for this purpose. There were no differences between the two methods in producing analgesia which was at its maximum in 13 to 14 minutes, on average. Sensation of the gingiva (pain thresholds), had usually returned to normal within 30 minutes. In the dosages used, the absorption of the local anaesthetics was more rapid after the mixture application than after spray application. No toxic reactions occurred.

背景与目标： : 在健康志愿者中，通过使用局部麻醉剂利多卡因 (100 mg) 和丙胺卡因 (100 mg) 加乳化剂 (EMLA) 的5% 共晶混合物，研究了局部麻醉剂对牙龈粘膜的镇痛作用以及局部麻醉剂对血液的吸收或10% 利多卡因 (200 mg) 喷雾 (Xylocain)。通过使用EMG设备的刺激器和一对为此目的专门构造的刺激电极来测量唇牙龈的疼痛阈值。两种方法在产生镇痛作用方面没有差异，平均在13至14分钟内达到最大。牙龈的感觉 (疼痛阈值) 通常在30分钟内恢复正常。在所用剂量中，混合物施用后局部麻醉剂的吸收比喷雾施用后更快。没有发生毒性反应。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The use of a fluorescent dye to visualize cellular material on surfaces offers a targeted sampling approach for locating touch DNA on casework items. However, the current application of such dye is not feasible for examination of relatively large items. As a result, development of an efficient dye application system is required to translate this approach into practice. Here, the spray pattern (area covered, intensity, and evenness) of 15 different commercial spray devices was examined visually using food coloring. From this, five devices were selected to apply Diamond Nucleic Acid Dye (DD) to three substrates (glass slide, plastic sheet, and brown packing tape) seeded with saliva and touch DNA. The cellular material was visualized using the Dino-lite Microscope and Polilight. The inhibitory effects of DD afforded by each spray device were examined using Identifiler Plus® DNA profiling kit and a DNA input of 800 pg. The two most promising devices were further tested on a range of mock casework items seeded with touch DNA. The results presented demonstrate the feasibility of a spray system to apply DD to large surfaces and subsequently detect cellular material at both micro and macroscale. Specifically, the data suggest that a pressurized continuous-spray system is favorable and that droplet size influences the intensity of fluorescence and surface coverage. Furthermore, this study indicates that full STR profiles can be obtained following spraying with DD solution, even with excessive application, which is essential for the widespread use of these devices in casework.

背景与目标： : 使用荧光染料可视化表面上的细胞材料提供了一种有针对性的采样方法，用于在案例项目上定位触摸DNA。然而，目前这种染料的应用对于检查相对较大的物品是不可行的。因此，需要开发有效的染料应用系统以将这种方法转化为实践。在这里，使用食用色素目视检查了15种不同商业喷雾设备的喷雾模式 (覆盖面积，强度和均匀度)。从中，选择了五种设备将金刚石核酸染料 (DD) 施加到三种接种有唾液和触摸DNA的基材 (载玻片，塑料片和棕色包装带) 上。使用Dino-lite显微镜和Polilight可视化细胞材料。使用Identifiler Plus检查了每个喷雾装置提供的DD的抑制作用。®DNA分析试剂盒和800 pg的DNA输入。这两种最有前途的设备在一系列带有触摸DNA的模拟案例项目上进行了进一步测试。给出的结果证明了喷涂系统将DD应用于大表面并随后在微观和宏观尺度上检测细胞材料的可行性。具体而言，数据表明加压连续喷雾系统是有利的，并且液滴尺寸会影响荧光强度和表面覆盖率。此外，这项研究表明，即使过量使用DD溶液，也可以在喷洒DD溶液后获得完整的STR轮廓，这对于在案例工作中广泛使用这些设备至关重要。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The preparation of submicron-sized particles is relevant in chemical, food and pharmaceutical applications. In pharmaceutics, spray dried submicron-sized particles (0.1-1 µm) can increase the dissolution rate as well as the solubility of poorly water-soluble drugs. Since the particle size during spray drying is mainly influenced by the droplet size, the preparation of uniform droplets smaller than 3 µm is of particular interest. In this work, a two-fluid nozzle was combined with a cyclone droplet separator. Droplets larger than the cut-off size were separated with a cyclone droplet separator and returned to the liquid feed. The aerosol at the outlet of the droplet separator was subsequently dried. The drop size of the conditioned aerosol was small, d50,3=2 µm, and independent of the liquid-to-gas mass flow ratio and the viscosity of the liquid feed. Thus it only depended on the characteristics of the separator. Finally, the dried particles were spherical in shape and in the submicron-sized range.

背景与目标： : 亚微米级颗粒的制备与化学，食品和制药应用有关。在药剂学中，喷雾干燥的亚微米级颗粒 (0.1-1 µm µ m) 可以增加溶解速率以及水溶性差的药物的溶解度。由于喷雾干燥过程中的粒径主要受液滴尺寸的影响，因此制备小于3 µ m的均匀液滴特别令人感兴趣。在这项工作中，将双流体喷嘴与旋风液滴分离器组合在一起。用旋风液滴分离器分离大于截止尺寸的液滴，然后返回液体进料。随后干燥液滴分离器出口处的气溶胶。经过调节的气溶胶的液滴尺寸较小，d50，3 = 2  µ m，并且与液气质量比和液体进料的粘度无关。因此，它仅取决于分离器的特性。最后，干燥的颗粒呈球形，并且在亚微米级范围内。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Dissolvable microneedles offer an attractive delivery system for transdermal drug and vaccine delivery. They are most commonly formed by filling a microneedle mold with liquid formulation using vacuum or centrifugation to overcome the constraints of surface tension and solution viscosity. Here, we demonstrate a novel microneedle fabrication method employing an atomised spray technique that minimises the effects of the liquid surface tension and viscosity when filling molds. This spray method was successfully used to fabricate dissolvable microneedles (DMN) from a wide range of sugars (trehalose, fructose and raffinose) and polymeric materials (polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinylpyrrolidone, carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose and sodium alginate). Fabrication by spraying produced microneedles with amorphous content using single sugar compositions. These microneedles displayed sharp tips and had complete fidelity to the master silicon template. Using a method to quantify the consistency of DMN penetration into different skin layers, we demonstrate that the material of construction significantly influenced the extent of skin penetration. We demonstrate that this spraying method can be adapted to produce novel laminate-layered as well as horizontally-layered DMN arrays. To our knowledge, this is the first report documenting the use of an atomising spray, at ambient, mild processing conditions, to create dissolvable microneedle arrays that can possess novel, laminate layering.

背景与目标： : 可溶性微针为经皮药物和疫苗输送提供了有吸引力的输送系统。它们最常见的形成方法是使用真空或离心方法用液体制剂填充微针模具，以克服表面张力和溶液粘度的限制。在这里，我们展示了一种新颖的微针制造方法，该方法采用雾化喷涂技术，可最大程度地减少填充模具时液体表面张力和粘度的影响。这种喷雾方法已成功地用于从多种糖 (海藻糖，果糖和棉子糖) 和聚合物材料 (聚乙烯醇，聚乙烯吡咯烷酮，羧甲基纤维素，羟丙基甲基纤维素和海藻酸钠) 中制备可溶性微针 (DMN)。使用单糖成分通过喷涂生产的具有无定形含量的微针来制造。这些微针显示出锋利的尖端，并且对主硅模板具有完全的保真度。使用一种方法来量化DMN渗透到不同皮肤层中的一致性，我们证明了建筑材料显着影响皮肤渗透的程度。我们证明了这种喷涂方法可以适用于生产新型的层状和水平层状DMN阵列。据我们所知，这是第一份报告，记录了在环境温和的处理条件下使用雾化喷雾来创建可溶解的微针阵列，该阵列可以具有新颖的层压层。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The network of the Maillard reaction can be influenced by the presence of polyphenols. In this paper, we evaluated the ability of secoiridoids to interact with asparagine and lysine tuning the formation of dietary advanced glycation end-products (d-AGEs), dicarbonyls and acrylamide. Olive oil mill wastewater polyphenol powders (OMWP) were added to glucose and lysine or asparagine in silica model systems to mimic water activity present in cookies. Results revealed that acrylamide, Amadori compounds and N-ε-carboxyethyllysine (CEL) were reduced to 50%, after 13 min at 180 °C; for the reduction of N-ε-carboxymethyllysine (CML), secoiridoids were effective only in model systems with the addition of acacia fiber and maltodextrin as coating agents. In cookies, OMWP at three different concentrations decreased the concentration of protein bound Amadori compounds, CML, CEL and dicarbonyls. Acrylamide and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural were reduced to 60% and 76% respectively, highlighting the ability of secoiridoids-based functional ingredients in controlling d-AGEs formation.

背景与目标： : 多酚的存在会影响美拉德反应的网络。在本文中，我们评估了secoiridoids与天冬酰胺和赖氨酸相互作用的能力，以调节饮食中高级糖基化终产物 (d-AGEs)，二羰基和丙烯酰胺的形成。将橄榄油厂废水多酚粉 (OMWP) 添加到二氧化硅模型系统中的葡萄糖和赖氨酸或天冬酰胺中，以模拟饼干中存在的水活性。结果表明，在180 °C下13分钟后，丙烯酰胺，Amadori化合物和N-ε-羧基乙基赖氨酸 (CEL) 被还原为50%; 对于N-ε-羧基甲基赖氨酸 (CML) 的还原，secoiridoids仅在添加了相思纤维和麦芽糊精作为涂布剂的模型系统中有效。在饼干中，三种不同浓度的OMWP降低了与蛋白质结合的Amadori化合物，CML，CEL和二羰基的浓度。丙烯酰胺和5-羟甲基糠醛分别还原为60% 和76%，突出了基于环烯醚萜的功能成分控制d-AGEs形成的能力。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: AIMS:This study compared the potential for cross contamination of the surrounding environment resulting from two different hand-drying methods: paper towels and the use of an air blade dryer. METHODS AND RESULTS:One hundred volunteers for each method washed their hands and dried them using one of the two methods. Bacterial contamination of the surrounding environment was measured using settle plates placed on the floor in a grid pattern, air sampling and surface swabs. Both drying methods produced ballistic droplets in the immediate vicinity of the hand-drying process. The air blade dryer produced a larger number of droplets which were dispersed over a larger area. Settle plates showed increased microbial contamination in the grid squares which were affected by ballistic droplets. Using the settle plates counts, it was estimated that approx. 1.7 × 10(5) cfu more micro-organisms were left on the laboratory floor (total area approx. 17.15 m(2)) after 100 volunteers used an air blade dryer compared to when paper towels were used. CONCLUSIONS:The two drying methods led to different patterns of ballistic droplets and levels of microbial contamination under heavy use conditions. Whilst the increase in microbial levels in the environment is not significant if only nonpathogenic micro-organisms are spread, it may increase the risk of pathogen contamination of the environment when pathogens are occasionally present on people's hands. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY:The study suggests that the risk of cross contamination from the washroom users to the environment and subsequent users should be considered when choosing a hand-drying method. The data could potentially give guidance following the selection of drying methods on implementing measures to minimise the risk of cross contamination.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To assess the efficacy and tolerability of dihydroergotamine (DHE) nasal spray for headache treatment in patients refractory to triptans. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS:In this single-center, retrospective study, charts were reviewed to identify patients who received their first prescription for 2.0 mg DHE nasal spray between 2000 and 2004. Patients who failed previous treatments with one or more triptan formulations were considered refractory to triptan treatment and were included in the study. Headache severity was assessed by the patient at the center using a visual analog scale (VAS) of 1 to 10 (10 being most severe) at baseline and 4 weeks after initiating DHE. The responses to DHE were evaluated and categorized as complete response (headache symptoms resolved), partial response (> or = 50% reduction in VAS), or unresponsive (< 50% reduction in VAS). Four weeks after DHE use, any adverse event (AE) that occurred during DHE use was reported by the patient at the center. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:The efficacy of DHE was determined by headache severity reductions. Tolerability was assessed in terms of AE frequency. RESULTS:A total of 97 patients met the study criteria; 13 patients were lost to follow-up. Thirty-three patients (34.0%) reported a complete response to DHE treatment, 13 (13.4%) experienced a partial response, and 38 (39.2%) were unresponsive. Seven of 97 patients (7.2%) reported AEs (e.g., nasal congestion, dysphoria) while using DHE. CONCLUSIONS:This retrospective chart review included patients who failed triptan therapy for treatment of headaches. We found that 47% of patients experienced partial to complete response to DHE treatment. Study limitations included the retrospective design, the small sample size, and the use of patient recollection to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of DHE. Randomized, double-blind, controlled trials are warranted.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Intranasal Fentanyl Spray (INFS) was developed for the treatment of breakthrough pain (BTP) in cancer patients using a new route of administration. Dose strengths of 50, 100, and 200 μg INFS (Instanyl®) are currently on the market, however, some adult cancer patients with BTP may require higher doses up to 400 μg INFS. OBJECTIVE:As pharmacokinetic (PK) samples from cancer patients with BTP are hard to obtain, PK of 400 μg INFS was investigated in healthy volunteers. Using prior knowledge from an available population PK (PopPK) model, a PK trial design was derived which aimed for short study duration and reduced trial costs without jeopardizing trial readout. METHODS:Different trial designs to investigate the systemic exposure of 400 μg INFS were simulated using the available PopPK model. Parameters with strong influence on Cmax and AUC, i.e., clearance (CL), absorption rate constant (KA), central volume (V2) and bioavailability (F1), were estimated, while other parameters were fixed to previous model estimates. The concentration-time data obtained from the applied trial design was subjected to a PopPK analysis. From the final individual parameter estimates, single-dose concentration-time profiles with wash-out were simulated, and AUC and Cmax values were calculated as for a classical trial design. RESULTS:The final trial design was a two-sequence, three period, and three-treatment cross-over design with no wash-out intervals between treatments. 20 subjects received three doses of INFS. Four hours after a single dose of 200 μg INFS (Treatment A), subjects received either a single dose of 400 μg INFS (Treatment B) or two single doses (10 minutes apart) of 400 μg INFS (Treatment C). At t = 24 hours subjects received either Treatment B or Treatment C as cross-over. Plasma samples were taken up to 72 hours. The study duration per subject was less than 4 days. PopPK analysis and validation were performed successfully. The estimated primary PK parameters were F1 = 59%, CL=33.5 l/h, V2 = 68.8 l and KA = 12.8 1/h. The ratio analysis of the least square geometric means of dose normalized AUC∞ values resulted in point estimates of 97 - 104%, indicating dose proportionality in the investigated dose range of 200 μg - 2 × 400 μg. CONCLUSION:The implementation of a PopPK approach in the planning and analysis of this trial yielded an innovative, cost- and time-saving trial design that successfully delivered the required information about the PK of the 400 μg dose strength within this small clinical study.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The aim of this study was to compare aqueous dispersion and organic solution of Eudragit RS in preparation of sustained release theophylline microparticles using spray drying technique. Spray dried samples (SD) with drug:polymer (D:P) ratios of 1:1, 1:2, 1:3 were prepared using aqueous dispersion (SDaq) or organic solutions of Eudragit RS in ethanol (SDor). Properties of spray dried samples including yield, particle morphology, size distribution and drug dissolution were examined. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and FTIR studies were performed to track any polymorphic changes in drug and/or drug- polymer interaction respectively. The SD samples were compacted and the crushing strengths and release profiles of tablets were determined. The yields of samples were in the range of 33-74%. The yield was higher for SDaq samples, being higher at higher D:P ratios. The SDor samples were smaller in size. SEM images confirmed the formation of spherical particles with somehow different structures for SDaq or SDor samples. Tablets prepared from SDor samples exhibited the highest crushing strengths. In study on release profiles for uncompacted samples, SDor samples exhibited superior sustained release properties. The same results were observed for compacted SD samples. DSC studies showed no polymorphism in SD samples and FTIR analysis showed that there was not any interaction between drug and polymer. In conclusion spray dried samples prepared from organic solution of Eudragit RS had superior sustained release properties and have more potential for application in sustained release formulation of theophylline than aqueous dispersion of the polymer.

背景与目标： : 这项研究的目的是比较Eudragit RS的水分散体和有机溶液在使用喷雾干燥技术制备缓释茶碱微粒中的应用。使用水分散液 (SDaq) 或eudragitrs在乙醇中的有机溶液 (SDor) 制备具有药物: 聚合物 (D:P) 比率的1:1，1:2，1:3的喷雾干燥样品 (SD)。研究了喷雾干燥样品的性能，包括产率，颗粒形态，尺寸分布和药物溶出度。进行差示扫描量热法 (DSC) 和FTIR研究以分别跟踪药物和/或药物-聚合物相互作用的任何多态性变化。压实SD样品，并确定片剂的压碎强度和释放曲线。样品的产率在33-74% 的范围内。SDaq样品的产率较高，在较高的D:P比下产率较高。SDor样品的尺寸较小。SEM图像证实了SDaq或SDor样品具有不同结构的球形颗粒的形成。由SDor样品制备的片剂具有最高的压碎强度。在研究未压实样品的释放曲线时，SDor样品表现出优异的缓释性能。对于压实的SD样品，观察到相同的结果。DSC研究显示SD样品中没有多态性，FTIR分析表明药物与聚合物之间没有任何相互作用。总之，由Eudragit RS有机溶液制备的喷雾干燥样品具有优异的缓释性能，并且比聚合物的水分散体在茶碱的缓释制剂中具有更大的应用潜力。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This study investigates the effect of flat sweep frequency and pulsed ultrasound (FSFPU) pretreatment prior to vacuum pulsation (VP) drying on water migration and quality attributes of okra pods. The results showed that the moisture diffusion was the fastest in VP drying process when FSFPU pretreatment parameters were set as 40 kHz, 25.0 W/L, sweep period 18-180 ms and amplitude ± 1 kHz. In addition, FSFPU pretreatment caused the change of microstructure (villi and xylem), resulting in significant decrease of drying time required. The VP dried okra pods with FSFPU pretreatment had features: i) increased total phenolic contents and antioxidant capacity; ii) no significant changes of total flavonoids contents; iii) a lower chlorophyll degradation (13.5% less), higher hardness and frangibility, and a lower total color change (reduced browning index); iv) reduced negative effects on the flavor. Therefore, the use of FSFPU pretreatment prior to VP drying is suggested.

背景与目标： : 本研究研究了真空脉动 (VP) 干燥之前的平面扫描频率和脉冲超声 (FSFPU) 预处理对秋葵荚的水分迁移和质量属性的影响。结果表明，当FSFPU预处理参数为40 kHz，25.0 W/L，扫描周期18-180 ms和振幅 ± 1 kHz时，VP干燥过程中水分扩散最快。此外，FSFPU预处理导致微观结构 (绒毛和木质部) 的变化，导致所需的干燥时间大大减少。FSFPU预处理的VP干秋葵荚具有以下特点: i) 增加总酚含量和抗氧化能力; ii) 总黄酮含量无明显变化; iii) 叶绿素降解较低 (13.5% 较少)，硬度和易碎性较高，总颜色变化较低 (褐变指数降低); iv) 减少对风味的负面影响。因此，建议在VP干燥之前使用FSFPU预处理。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Drying protocols might alter the isotopic signatures of plant samples given that high temperatures can volatilize various organic compounds or delay the halting of physiological processes at lower drying temperatures. We thus evaluated the effect of four drying protocols on the carbon and nitrogen isotopic signatures for 23 species of plants. In particular, leaves were either freeze-dried, placed in a herbarium drying stove (ca. 50°C), in a gravity convection oven (80°C), or microwaved (900 W) in 2-minute pulses, until constant weight. For each species, neither treatment led to significantly different δ13C values, which ranged from -31.7 to -12.4‰. The δ15N values of 21 of the species considered were not affected by the drying protocols, ranging from -11.6 to -8.8‰. For Tillandsia makoyana, significant differences were observed between the freeze dried and the microwaved samples and between the freeze dried samples and those dried at 50°C for Macroptilium gibbosifolium.

背景与目标： : 干燥方案可能会改变植物样品的同位素特征，因为高温会挥发各种有机化合物或在较低的干燥温度下延迟生理过程的停止。因此，我们评估了四种干燥方案对23种植物的碳和氮同位素特征的影响。特别地，将叶子冷冻干燥，放置在植物标本室干燥炉 (约50 °C) 中，在重力对流烘箱 (80 °C) 中，或在2分钟的脉冲中微波 (900  W)，直到恒定重量。对于每个物种，两种处理都不会导致明显不同的 δ13C值，其范围为-31.7至-12.4 ‰。所考虑的21种物种的 δ15N值不受干燥方案的影响，范围为-11.6至-8.8 ‰。对于Tillandsia makoyana，在冷冻干燥的样品和微波样品之间以及在冷冻干燥的样品与在50 °C下干燥的大白花的样品之间观察到显着差异。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Desiccation and freeze-drying methods were used for the estimation of water content of various rat tissues. In the desiccation method, the tissue samples were cut into small pieces and subsequently dried at 40 degrees C to constant weight. In the freeze-drying method, the prefrozen tissue samples were freeze-dried (-50 degrees C) for 24 h. Tissue water contents obtained by the desiccation and freeze-drying methods were very similar, with no significant difference between them. Regardless of the method, the highest tissue water content was found in testes (0.841 +/- 0.010 ml/g for freeze-drying and 0.865 +/- 0.002 ml/g for desiccation); the lowest values were obtained in bone (0.254 +/- 0.007 ml/g for freeze-drying and 0.267 +/- 0.003 ml/g for desiccation). Upon correction for the water content of residual tissue blood, regardless of the drying method, significant differences were found between corrected and uncorrected tissue water values of all tissues. However, for a given method, the difference between the tissue water contents was not significant after correcting for residual blood. The water content values for all tissues (except bone) agree well with those published previously and obtained by desiccation. All these clearly suggest that the freeze-drying method can be used as an alternative to desiccation for estimation of tissue water content.

背景与目标： : 干燥和冷冻干燥方法用于估算各种大鼠组织的水含量。在干燥方法中，将组织样品切成小块，然后在40 ℃ 下干燥至恒定重量。在冷冻干燥法中，将预冷冻的组织样品冷冻干燥 (-50 ℃) 24 h。通过干燥和冷冻干燥方法获得的组织含水量非常相似，两者之间没有显着差异。无论采用哪种方法，睾丸组织含水量最高 (冷冻干燥为0.841 +/-0.010毫升/g，干燥为0.865 +/-0.002毫升/g); 在骨中获得最低值 (冷冻干燥为0.254 +/-0.007毫升/g，干燥为0.267 +/-0.003毫升/g)。在校正残余组织血液的水含量后，无论采用哪种干燥方法，都发现所有组织的校正后和未校正后的组织水值之间存在显着差异。但是，对于给定的方法，在校正残留血液后，组织含水量之间的差异并不显着。所有组织 (骨骼除外) 的含水量值与先前发布并通过干燥获得的含水量值非常吻合。所有这些都清楚地表明，冷冻干燥方法可以用作干燥的替代方法，以估算组织含水量。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The objective of this study was to investigate the use of organic solvents in the spray freezing into liquid (SFL) particle engineering process to make rapid dissolving high potency danazol powders and to examine their particle size, surface area and dissolution rate. The maximum drug potency produced was 91% for SFL micronized danazol/PVP K-15. XRD indicated that danazol in the high potency SFL powders was amorphous. SEM micrographs revealed that the SFL danazol/PVP K-15 nanostructured aggregates had a porous morphology and were composed of many smooth primary nanoparticles with a diameter of about 100 nm. Surface areas of SFL danazol/PVP K-15 high potency powders were in the range of 28-115 m2/g. The SFL powders exhibited significantly enhanced dissolution rates. The rate of dissolution of micronized bulk danazol was slow; only 30% of the danazol was dissolved in 2 min. However, 95% of danazol was dissolved in only 2 min for the SFL high potency powders. The SFL process offers a highly effective approach to produce high potency danazol nanoparticles contained in larger structured aggregates with rapid dissolution rates, and is especially applicable to delivery systems containing poorly water soluble drugs.

背景与目标： : 这项研究的目的是研究在喷雾冷冻成液体 (SFL) 颗粒工程过程中使用有机溶剂制造快速溶解的高效达那唑粉，并检查其粒径，表面积和溶解速率。SFL微粉化达那唑/PVP K-15产生的最大药效为91%。XRD表明，高效SFL粉末中的达那唑是无定形的。SEM显微照片显示，SFL达那唑/PVP K-15纳米结构聚集体具有多孔形态，并且由许多直径约100纳米的光滑初级纳米颗粒组成。K-15高效粉末的SFL达那唑/PVP的表面积在28-115平方米/g的范围内。SFL粉末表现出显着提高的溶解速率。微粉化块体达那唑的溶解速度较慢; 仅30% 的达那唑在2分钟内溶解。然而，对于SFL高效粉末，达那唑的95% 仅在2分钟内溶解。SFL工艺提供了一种高效的方法来生产包含在具有快速溶解速率的较大结构化聚集体中的高效达那唑纳米颗粒，并且特别适用于包含水溶性差的药物的递送系统。