BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:The prevalence of asthma and bronchial hyper-responsiveness is greater in elite athletes than in the general population, and its association with mild airway inflammation has recently been reported. OBJECTIVE:To study the relationship between the type of sport practised at the highest levels of competition (on land or in water) and sputum induction cell counts in a group of healthy people and people with asthma. MATERIAL AND METHODS:In total, 50 athletes were enrolled. Medical history, results of methacholine challenge tests and sputum induced by hypertonic saline were analysed RESULTS:Full results were available for 43 athletes, who were classified by asthma diagnosis and type of sport (land or water sports). Nineteen were healthy (10 land and 9 water athletes) and 24 had asthma (13 land and 11 water athletes). Although the eosinophil counts of healthy people and people with asthma were significantly different (mean difference 3.1%, 95% CI 0.4 to 6.2, p = 0.008), analysis of variance showed no effect on eosinophil count for either diagnosis of asthma or type of sport. However, an effect was found for neutrophil counts (analysis of variance: F = 2.87, p = 0.04). There was also a significant correlation between neutrophil counts and both duration of training and bronchial hyper-responsiveness among athletes exposed to water (Spearman's rank correlations, 0.36 and 0.47, p = 0.04 and 0.04, respectively). CONCLUSIONS:Elite athletes who practice water sports have mild neutrophilic inflammation, whether or not asthma is present, related to the degree of bronchial hyper-reactivity and the duration of training in pool water.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Social desirability has long been viewed as a potential source of error variance in self-report measures. We suggest that social desirability (whether in the form of impression management or self-deception) has the capacity to mask relations between psychosocial variables and sport-related outcome or criterion measures that are not measured by selfreport. To illustrate what can occur, we present data from a longitudinal study in which life stress and psychological coping skills were studied as predictors of behaviorally-defined athletic injuries. When data from the entire sample of 352 athletes were analyzed, virtually no injury variance was accounted for by life stress, psychological coping skills, or their interaction. In contrast, deletion from the sample of athletes with high social desirability response set scores resulted in significant predictive relations involving both life stress and coping skills, as well as a significant moderator effect for coping skills. We propose that social desirability masking effects can significantly increase the likelihood of Type II errors in sports medicine research that involves self-report measures, and that social desirability responding needs to be controlled or minimized.

背景与目标： : 社会可取性长期以来一直被视为自我报告措施中误差差异的潜在来源。我们建议，社会可取性 (无论是印象管理还是自我欺骗的形式) 都有能力掩盖社会心理变量与运动相关的结果或标准措施之间的关系，而这些关系无法通过自我报告来衡量。为了说明可能发生的情况，我们提供了一项纵向研究的数据，其中研究了生活压力和心理应对技能作为行为定义的运动伤害的预测指标。当分析来自352名运动员的整个样本的数据时，几乎没有因生活压力，心理应对技能或他们的相互作用而造成的伤害差异。相反，从具有较高社会期望响应集得分的运动员样本中删除会导致涉及生活压力和应对技能的显着预测关系，以及应对技能的显着调节作用。我们建议，社会期望掩盖效应可以显着增加运动医学研究中涉及自我报告措施的II型错误的可能性，并且需要控制或最小化社会期望响应。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:Very little research has been conducted that examines men, sport, masculinities, and disability in the context of health. Readdressing this absence, this article examines the health narratives told by spinal injured men and the work narratives do on, in, and for them. METHODS:In-depth life history interviews and fieldwork observations with men (n = 17) who sustained a spinal injury through playing sport and are now disabled were conducted. Qualitative data were analyzed using a dialogical narrative analysis. RESULTS:Stories told about health characterized a style of embodied actions choices that anticipated a certain type of narrative, that is, an emergent narrative. The men's narrative habitus, fashioned through the process rehabilitation, predisposed them to be interpellated to care about health. To uphold hegemonic masculinities the men also did not care too much about health. The analysis also reveals the work narratives do on, in, and for health behavior, masculine identities, resilience, leisure time physical activity, and body-self relationships. Implications for health promotion work are highlighted. CONCLUSIONS:The article advances knowledge by revealing the emergent narrative of health. It reveals too for the first time the way certain contexts and masculine identities create a new subject of health that cares about doing health work, but not too much. Building on the theoretical knowledge advanced here, this article contributes to practical understandings of men's health and disability by highlighting the potential of narrative for changing human lives and behavior.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To explore the role of psychological, social and contextual factors across the recovery stages (ie, acute, rehabilitation or return to sport (RTS)) following a traumatic time-loss sport-related knee injury. MATERIAL AND METHODS:This review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews and Arksey and O'Malley framework. Six databases were searched using predetermined search terms. Included studies consisted of original data written in English that identified or described a psychological, social or contextual factor related to recovery after a traumatic time-loss sport-related knee injury. Two authors independently conducted title-abstract and full-text reviews. Study quality was assessed using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. Thematic analysis was undertaken. RESULTS:Of 7289 records, 77 studies representing 5540 participants (37% women, 84% anterior cruciate ligament tears, aged 14-60 years) were included. Psychological factors were investigated across all studies, while social and contextual factors were assessed in 39% and 21% of included studies, respectively. A cross-cutting concept of individualisation was present across four psychological (barriers to progress, active coping, independence and recovery expectations), two social (social support and engagement in care) and two contextual (environmental influences and sport culture) themes. Athletes report multiple barriers to recovery and valued their autonomy, having an active role in their recovery and diverse social support. CONCLUSION:Diverse psychological, social and contextual factors are present and influence all stages of recovery following a traumatic sport-related knee injury. A better understanding of these factors at the time of injury and throughout rehabilitation could assist with optimising injury management, promoting RTS, and long-term health-related quality-of-life.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Pre-ascent climbing route visual inspection (route preview) has been suggested as a key climbing performance parameter although its role has never been verified experimentally. We examined the efficacy of this perceptual-cognitive skill on indoor sport climbing performance. Twenty-nine male climbers, divided into intermediate, advanced and expert climbing level groups, climbed two indoor sport routes matching their climbing level and, where applicable, routes below their climbing level. At each level, one route was climbed with a preview, where participants benefited from a 3-min pre-ascent climbing route visual inspection. Performance was assessed in terms of output (route completion) and form (number and duration of moves and stops). Route preview did not influence the output performance. Climbers using visual inspection were no more likely to finish the ascent than those without the option of using visual inspection. Conversely, route preview did influence form performance; climbers made fewer, and shorter stops during their ascent following a preview of the route. Form performances differences remained when baseline ability levels were taken into account, although for shorter duration of stops only with expert climbers benefiting most from route preview. The ability to visually inspect a climb before its ascent may represent an essential component of performance optimization.

背景与目标： : 攀登前的攀登路线视觉检查 (路线预览) 已被建议作为关键的攀登性能参数，尽管其作用从未经过实验验证。我们研究了这种感知认知技能对室内运动攀爬性能的影响。29名男性登山者，分为中级，高级和专家攀爬水平组，攀登了两条与他们的攀爬水平相匹配的室内运动路线，并在适用的情况下，攀登水平以下的路线。在每个级别上，都进行了一次预览，其中参与者受益于3分钟的攀登前攀登路线目视检查。根据输出 (路线完成) 和形式 (移动和停止的数量和持续时间) 评估性能。路由预览不影响输出性能。使用目视检查的登山者比没有使用目视检查的登山者完成攀登的可能性更大。相反，路线预览确实会影响形式的表现; 在预览路线后，登山者在上升过程中停留的次数更少，停留的时间更短。考虑到基线能力水平，形式性能差异仍然存在，尽管只有在较短的停留时间内，专家登山者才能从路线预览中受益最多。在爬升之前目视检查爬升的能力可能是性能优化的重要组成部分。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The importance of optimal well-being and mental health in elite athletes has received increasing attention and debate in both the academic and public discourse. Despite the number of challenges and risk factors for mental health and well-being recognised within the performance lifestyle of elite athletes, the evidence base for intervention is limited by a number of methodological and conceptual issues. Notably, there exists an increasing emphasis on the development of appropriate sport-specific measures of athlete well-being, which are required to underpin strategies targeted at the protection and enhancement of psychosocial functioning. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to review psychometric issues in well-being research and discuss the implications for the measurement of well-being in sport psychology research. Drawing on the broader literature in related disciplines of psychology, the narrative discusses four key areas in the scale development process: conceptual and theoretical issues, item development issues, measurement and scoring issues, and analytical and statistical issues. To conclude, a summary of the key implications for sport psychology researchers seeking to develop a measure of well-being is presented.

背景与目标： : 精英运动员最佳福祉和精神卫生的重要性在学术和公众讨论中都受到越来越多的关注和争论。尽管在精英运动员的表现生活方式中，精神卫生和福祉面临着许多挑战和风险因素，但干预的证据基础仍受到许多方法和概念问题的限制。值得注意的是，人们越来越重视制定针对运动员福祉的适当运动措施，这是为旨在保护和增强社会心理功能的战略提供基础的。因此，本文的目的是回顾幸福感研究中的心理计量学问题，并讨论对运动心理学研究中幸福感测量的意义。叙事借鉴心理学相关学科的更广泛的文献，讨论了量表发展过程中的四个关键领域: 概念和理论问题、项目发展问题、测量和评分问题以及分析和统计问题。最后，总结了运动心理学研究人员寻求发展幸福感的主要意义。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: CONTEXT:For patients with lumbar disk herniation, the Spine Patient Outcomes Research Trial (SPORT) randomized trial intent-to-treat analysis showed small but not statistically significant differences in favor of diskectomy compared with usual care. However, the large numbers of patients who crossed over between assigned groups precluded any conclusions about the comparative effectiveness of operative therapy vs usual care. OBJECTIVE:To compare the treatment effects of diskectomy and usual care. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS:Prospective observational cohort of surgical candidates with imaging-confirmed lumbar intervertebral disk herniation who were treated at 13 spine clinics in 11 US states and who met the SPORT eligibility criteria but declined randomization between March 2000 and March 2003. INTERVENTIONS:Standard open diskectomy vs usual nonoperative care. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:Changes from baseline in the Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) bodily pain and physical function scales and the modified Oswestry Disability Index (American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons/MODEMS version). RESULTS:Of the 743 patients enrolled in the observational cohort, 528 patients received surgery and 191 received usual nonoperative care. At 3 months, patients who chose surgery had greater improvement in the primary outcome measures of bodily pain (mean change: surgery, 40.9 vs nonoperative care, 26.0; treatment effect, 14.8; 95% confidence interval, 10.8-18.9), physical function (mean change: surgery, 40.7 vs nonoperative care, 25.3; treatment effect, 15.4; 95% CI, 11.6-19.2), and Oswestry Disability Index (mean change: surgery, -36.1 vs nonoperative care, -20.9; treatment effect, -15.2; 95% CI, -18.5. to -11.8). These differences narrowed somewhat at 2 years: bodily pain (mean change: surgery, 42.6 vs nonoperative care, 32.4; treatment effect, 10.2; 95% CI, 5.9-14.5), physical function (mean change: surgery, 43.9 vs nonoperavtive care 31.9; treatment effect, 12.0; 95% CI; 7.9-16.1), and Oswestry Disability Index (mean change: surgery -37.6 vs nonoperative care -24.2; treatment effect, -13.4; 95% CI, -17.0 to -9.7). CONCLUSIONS:Patients with persistent sciatica from lumbar disk herniation improved in both operated and usual care groups. Those who chose operative intervention reported greater improvements than patients who elected nonoperative care. However, nonrandomized comparisons of self-reported outcomes are subject to potential confounding and must be interpreted cautiously. TRIAL REGISTRATION:clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00000410.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: CONTEXT:  Despite a high incidence of injury in their sport, rodeo athletes have been underrepresented in the concussion literature. No standard postconcussion protocols are available across rodeo organizations for evaluating fitness to return to competition. OBJECTIVE:  To review the literature on concussion in rodeo, examine published guidelines, and offer an active return-to-play (RTP) protocol specific to rodeo athletes. BACKGROUND:  Unique barriers complicate the management and treatment of rodeo athletes with concussion, such as the solo nature of the sport, lack of consistent access to health care professionals, and athletic conditioning that often occurs outside of a traditional gym-based exercise regimen. In addition, the rodeo culture encourages a swift return to competition after injury. DESCRIPTION:  Best practices for managing concussion are removal from activity, proper diagnostic evaluation, and gradual return to sport, with medical clearance when an athlete is symptom free and able to tolerate cognitive and physical exertion. An RTP protocol for rodeo events needs to capture the distinctive features and challenges of the sport and its athletes. CLINICAL ADVANTAGES:  Rodeo athletes would benefit from an RTP protocol that can be initiated by an athletic trainer or medical professional in the acute stage of injury, integrates exercise into activities of daily living, and is appropriate for athletes who travel frequently. At the organizational sport level, a formal RTP protocol could enhance consistency in medical-clearance techniques among providers responsible for the return to sport of rodeo athletes. CONCLUSIONS:  Rodeo athletes represent a sport population that has received little formal guidance on the diagnosis, management, and RTP after concussion. A sport-specific RTP protocol sensitive to the particular culture of these athletes is an important first step in protecting the health and safety of rodeo athletes after a concussive injury.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:A recent systematic review found that 87% of athletes return to sport after hip surgery for femoroacetabular impingement syndrome. However, the proportion of athletes returning to preinjury sport at their preinjury level of sport is less clear. PURPOSE:The main purpose of this study was to determine the rate of athletes returning to preinjury sport at preinjury level including their associated sports performance after hip arthroscopy for femoroacetabular impingement syndrome. Furthermore, self-reported hip and groin function was investigated. STUDY DESIGN:Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. METHODS:Eligible subjects were identified in the Danish Hip Arthroscopy Registry. A self-reported return to sport questionnaire was used to collect data after hip arthroscopy. If athletes reported they were engaged in preinjury sport at their preinjury level, the associated sports performance and participation were assessed as either (1) optimal sports performance including full sports participation; (2) impaired sports performance, but full sports participation; or (3) impaired sports performance including restricted sports participation. Self-reported hip and groin function was assessed for all athletes by use of the Copenhagen Hip and Groin Outcome Score. RESULTS:The study included 189 athletes (mean ± SD age at follow-up, 26.9 ± 3.4 years) at a mean ± SD follow-up of 33.1 ± 16.3 months after surgery. At follow-up, 108 athletes (57.1%) were playing preinjury sport at preinjury level, whereas the remaining 81 athletes (42.9%) failed to return to preinjury sport at preinjury level. Of the 108 athletes engaged in their preinjury sport at preinjury level at follow-up, 32 athletes (29.6%) reported optimal sports performance including full sports participation, corresponding to 16.9% of the study sample. Better self-reported hip and groin function was observed in athletes who were engaged in preinjury sport at preinjury level compared with athletes who were not. CONCLUSION:Fifty-seven percent of athletes returned to preinjury sport at their preinjury level. This is considerably lower than a previously reported return to sport rate of 87% and may reflect that the present study used a clear and strict definition of return to sport. Of note, only one-third of athletes who returned to preinjury sport at preinjury level reported their sports performance to be optimal, corresponding to 16.9% of the study sample. Better self-reported hip and groin function was observed in athletes who were playing preinjury sport at preinjury level compared with athletes who were not.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This paper reviews a series of sport biomechanics research projects with long-term support of the Japan Association of Athletic Federations (JAAF) on the feedback loop of sport biomechanics. The JAAF supported these studies focusing on providing feedback to athletes and coaches based on biomechanical data. The primary topics of discussion are the standard motion model for teaching and coaching, inter-individual motion variation and deviation, and classification of athletes' motions. Additionally, a comment is presented on motion-decision criterion, or objective function for body segment recruitment with examples of running and jumping. This paper concludes with remarks on how to expand the research in sport biomechanics and how to bridge the gap between researchers and practitioners. It is advisable for sport biomechanists to further explore biomechanical principles of human movement from the viewpoint of sports, to mutually understand features of research and practice sides and to be more involved in performance analysis and improvement in sports techniques.

背景与目标： : 本文回顾了一系列运动生物力学研究项目，并得到了日本运动联合会协会 (JAAF) 对运动生物力学反馈回路的长期支持。JAAF支持这些研究，重点是根据生物力学数据向运动员和教练提供反馈。讨论的主要主题是用于教学和教练的标准运动模型，个体间运动的变化和偏差以及运动员运动的分类。此外，还对运动决策标准或身体段招募的目标函数进行了评论，并提供了跑步和跳跃的示例。本文最后就如何扩大运动生物力学的研究以及如何弥合研究人员与从业人员之间的差距进行了评论。运动生物力学家应该从运动的角度进一步探索人体运动的生物力学原理，相互理解研究和实践方面的特点，并更多地参与运动技术的性能分析和改进。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This paper introduces a new sport and athlete development framework that has been generated by multidisciplinary sport practitioners. By combining current theoretical research perspectives with extensive empirical observations from one of the world's leading sport agencies, the proposed FTEM (Foundations, Talent, Elite, Mastery) framework offers broad utility to researchers and sporting stakeholders alike. FTEM is unique in comparison with alternative models and frameworks, because it: integrates general and specialised phases of development for participants within the active lifestyle, sport participation and sport excellence pathways; typically doubles the number of developmental phases (n = 10) in order to better understand athlete transition; avoids chronological and training prescriptions; more optimally establishes a continuum between participation and elite; and allows full inclusion of many developmental support drivers at the sport and system levels. The FTEM framework offers a viable and more flexible alternative for those sporting stakeholders interested in managing, optimising, and researching sport and athlete development pathways.

背景与目标： : 本文介绍了由多学科体育从业者产生的新的体育和运动员发展框架。通过将当前的理论研究观点与来自世界领先体育机构之一的广泛经验观察相结合，拟议的FTEM (基础，人才，精英，精通) 框架为研究人员和体育利益相关者提供了广泛的效用。与替代模型和框架相比，FTEM是独特的，因为它: 在积极的生活方式，运动参与和卓越运动途径中整合了参与者的一般和专业发展阶段; 通常将发展阶段的数量增加一倍 (n = 10)，以便更好地了解运动员的过渡; 避免按时间顺序和训练处方; 更优化地在参与和精英之间建立连续体; 并允许在运动和系统级别充分纳入许多发展支持驾驶员。FTEM框架为那些对管理，优化和研究体育和运动员发展途径感兴趣的体育利益相关者提供了一种可行且更灵活的替代方案。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Patients with bilateral anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries tend to report worse results in terms of knee function and quality of life as compared with those with unilateral injury. There are limited data regarding return to preinjury sport in this group. PURPOSE:To report return-to-sport rates for patients who had bilateral ACL reconstruction and to compare outcomes according to age and sex. STUDY DESIGN:Case series; Level of evidence, 4. METHODS:A total of 107 patients (62 male, 45 female) who underwent primary ACL reconstruction surgery to both knees completed a detailed sports activity survey at a mean 5-year follow-up (range, 2.5-10 years). Follow-up also included the International Knee Documentation Committee subjective form, Marx Activity Scale, and Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score-Quality of Life subscale. Rates of return to preinjury levels of sport were calculated for the whole cohort, and for further analysis, the group was divided according to age (<25 vs ≥25 years), sex, and time between the reconstruction procedures (<3 vs ≥3 years). RESULTS:The rate of return to preinjury sport after bilateral ACL reconstruction was 40% (95% CI, 31%-50%), as compared with an 83% (95% CI, 74%-88%) return rate after the first reconstruction procedure. Although not statistically significant, return rates were higher for male versus female patients (47% vs 31%) and older versus younger patients (45% vs 31%). Of those who returned to their preinjury levels of sport after the second reconstruction, 72% thought that they could perform as well as before their ACL injuries. In contrast, only 20% thought that they could perform as well if they returned to a lower level. Fear of reinjury was the most common reason cited for failure to return to sport after the second reconstruction. Patient-reported outcome scores were higher for those who returned to their preinjury levels of sport but did not differ for sex and age. CONCLUSION:Return-to-sport rates drop markedly after a second (contralateral) ACL reconstruction, with less than half of the investigated cohort returning to its preinjury level of sport. Return-to-sport outcomes are less than ideal for patients who have ACL reconstruction surgery to both knees.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Impression motivation is an important individual difference variable that has been under-researched in sport psychology, partly due to having no appropriate measure. This study was conducted to design a measure of impression motivation in team-sport athletes. Construct validity checks decreased the initial pool of items, factor analysis (n = 310) revealed the structure of the newly developed scale, and exploratory structural equation modeling procedures (n = 406) resulted in a modified scale that retained theoretical integrity and psychometric parsimony. This process produced a 15-item, 4-factor model; the Impression Motivation in Sport Questionnaire-Team (IMSQ-T) is forwarded as a valid measure of the respondent's dispositional strength of motivation to use self-presentation in striving for four distinct interpersonal objectives: self-development, social identity development, avoidance of negative outcomes, and avoidance of damaging impressions. The availability of this measure has contributed to theoretical development, will facilitate research, and offers a tool for use in applied settings.

背景与目标： : 印象动机是运动心理学中研究不足的一个重要的个体差异变量，部分原因是没有适当的衡量标准。进行这项研究是为了设计一种衡量团队运动运动员印象动机的方法。结构有效性检查减少了初始项目库，因子分析 (n = 310) 揭示了新开发的量表的结构，探索性结构方程建模程序 (n = 406) 导致了保留理论完整性和心理计量学的修正量表。此过程产生了一个由15个项目，4个因素组成的模型; 运动问卷小组中的印象动机 (IMSQ-T) 被转发为受访者在争取四个不同的人际目标时使用自我表达的动机的性格强度的有效衡量标准: 自我发展，社会认同发展，避免负面结果，避免破坏性印象。该措施的可用性有助于理论发展，将促进研究，并提供了在应用环境中使用的工具。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE:Vertical jump tests are used to assess lower-limb power of athletes in sport sciences. Flight time measurement with jump-mat systems is the most common procedure for this purpose. The aim of this study was to analyze the concurrent validity and reliability of two proprietary systems (Globus and Axon) and an open-source system (Chronojump). METHODS:A conditioning electric circuit governed by a controlled wave generator is designed to substitute athletes jumping on a physical mat. In order to look for possible differences associated to timekeeping by each microcontroller device, all three systems are fed by the circuit simultaneously. RESULTS:Concurrent validity was high for the three systems. Standarized typical error of estimate (TEE) was trivial, according to MBI interpretation as well as perfect Pearson correlation coefficient. Reliability was assessed based on the coefficient of variation of flight time measure, resulting in 0.17-0.63% (0.05-0.12 cm) for Globus, 0.01% (0.09 cm) for Chronojump and 5.65-9.38% (2.15-3.53 cm) for Axon. These results show that all jump-mat system produced nearly identical measures of flight time so they can be considered valid and reliable for practical purposes. In comparison, Chronojump showed the best performance whereas Axon showed enough variability and disagreement to pose a problem in testing elite athletes. CONCLUSIONS:These experiments show that open-source jump mats are as valid and reliable as their proprietary counterparts at a lower cost. Therefore, practitioners can be confident in using Globus or Chronojump systems to test athletes' jump height because of their negligible errors and Axon system to monitor general population.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVES:Symptoms after sport-related concussions (SRC) are common. Because post-concussion symptoms are often not clearly visible, speech-accompanying gestures may help clinicians to gain additional information about the patient's history and symptoms during medical consultation. We hypothesized that athletes with SRC and who suffered from persisting symptoms would display more gestures during concussion assessment protocols when compared to non-concussed athletes because of the athletes' previous motor-sensory experiences made during the concussive event. DESIGN:A retrospective cross-sectional study. METHODS:Three matched groups of 40 (active) athletes were investigated in the context of concussion assessment (/and baseline) protocols: 14 symptomatic and 14 asymptomatic athletes with a SRC, and 12 non-concussed athletes. Certified raters using a standard analysis system for nonverbal behaviour analysed videotaped hand movements and gestures during a standardized concussion assessment protocol. RESULTS:Symptomatic athletes spent significantly more time with in space hand movements, i.e., movements that act in the body-external free space without touching anything and specifically, motion quality presentation gestures than non-concussed athletes. CONCLUSIONS:Increased in space movements, which are functionally gestures, and specifically, motion quality presentation gestures in symptomatic athletes indicate that the more vivid sensory motor experience of the head trauma is reflected in more gestural expressions. Thus, hand movements and gestures differentiate athletes who suffer from post-concussion symptoms from non-concussed athletes indicating the athletes' motor-sensory experiences of the event and its aftereffects. The present study highlights the fact that gestures can be employed as behavioural markers of symptoms after sport-related concussions.

背景与目标：