BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Sermatozoa from two brothers who are not twins were found to be straight and immotile. Examinations of the sperm showed that oxygen consumption and lactic acid production were normal; viability tests showed that the percentage of dead sperm was not increased. The ultrastructural appearance of the sperm tail was normal except for a complete lack of dynein arms and some irregularities in the arrangement of the accessory fibers and the longitudinal columns of the fibrous sheath. The mitochondrial apparatus and the sperm head conform to the conventional model. According to the sliding-filament hypothesis first proposed by Afzelius (1959. J. Biophys. Biochem. Cytol. 5:269.), the arms are responsible for the bending movements of the tail. The simplest explanation for the simultaneous lack of arms and sperm motility appears to be that the two brothers have a genetic disorder involving production, assembly, or attachment of the dynein arms.

背景与目标： ：来自不是孪生兄弟的两个兄弟的Sermatozoa被发现是直挺的，没有动静。精子检查显示耗氧量和乳酸生成是正常的。生存力测试表明，死亡的精子百分比没有增加。精子尾巴的超微结构是正常的，除了完全缺乏动力蛋白的臂和附属纤维和纤维鞘纵列的排列有些不规则。线粒体设备和精子头符合常规模型。根据Afzelius最初提出的滑动丝假说（1959. J. Biophys。Biochem。Cytol。5：269。），手臂负责尾巴的弯曲运动。同时缺乏手臂和精子活动力的最简单的解释似乎是两兄弟患有涉及动力蛋白的生产，组装或附着的遗传性疾病。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Variation in localization and distribution of saccharides on the sperm surface of a marsupial, the brushtail possum, Trichosurus vulpecula, was compared between spermatozoa from the caput and cauda epididymides. Spermatozoa were subjected to the following treatments: (i) unfixed and fixed spermatozoa were stained with fluorescein-labelled lectins; (ii) unfixed spermatozoa were incubated with lectins for determination of agglutination; and (iii) spermatozoa were incubated with detergent to remove the plasmalemma, the glycoproteins were separated on SDS-PAGE and western blots were stained with biotinylated lectins. Many of the fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labelled lectins bound selectively to the sperm surface, and marked differences were found in lectin staining affinity between caput and cauda epididymal spermatozoa. Incubation of spermatozoa from the cauda epididymidis with neuraminidase reversed many of the differences in staining of the cauda epididymal spermatozoa, indicating masking of some terminal saccharides by sialic acid. Agglutination of spermatozoa from the caput epididymidis occurred after incubation with Concanavalin A (ConA) and soybean agglutinin (SBA), but agglutination was less extensive for spermatozoa from the cauda epididymidis. Western blot analysis indicated several ConA-positive bands in caput sperm extracts, but fewer positive bands in the cauda sperm extracts, whereas SBA stained four bands from caput but none from the cauda epididymal spermatozoa. These results demonstrate extensive glycosylation of the surface proteins of spermatozoa from the caput epididymidis and significant differences in spermatozoa from the cauda epididymidis. In general, the findings indicate similar glycosylation of the surface of marsupial spermatozoa to those from eutherian mammals despite marked differences in their morphology and early divergence of marsupials from eutherian mammals. It would appear that this situation differs markedly from that in sub-mammalian vertebrates.

背景与目标： ：比较了有帽动物的精子和附睾马尾精子中，有袋动物的小头负鼠Trichosurus vulpecula的精子表面上的糖的定位和分布的变化。对精子进行以下处理：（i）用荧光素标记的凝集素对未固定和固定的精子进行染色； （ii）将未固定的精子与凝集素一起温育以测定凝集； （iii）将精子与去污剂一起温育以去除质膜，在SDS-PAGE上分离糖蛋白，并用生物素化的凝集素对蛋白质印迹进行染色。许多荧光素异硫氰酸酯（FITC）标记的凝集素选择性地结合到精子表面，并且在凝块和附睾附睾精子之间的凝集素染色亲和力方面发现了显着差异。用神经氨酸酶从附睾马尾培养精子逆转了附睾马尾染色的许多差异，表明唾液酸掩盖了某些末端糖。与伴刀豆球蛋白A（ConA）和大豆凝集素（SBA）孵育后，来自附睾附睾的精子凝集发生，但来自附睾马尾的精子的凝集作用较弱。 Western印迹分析表明，在子cap精子提取物中有多个ConA阳性条带，但在马尾精子提取物中的阳性条带较少，而SBA染色了来自子ut的四个条带，但没有染上马尾附睾精子的条带。这些结果证明了来自附子附睾的精子表面蛋白的广泛糖基化和来自附睾的精子的显着差异。总的来说，这些发现表明有袋类动物精子表面的糖基化程度与来自真人哺乳动物的相似，尽管有形动物和有色动物的早期差异明显。看来这种情况与亚哺乳动物脊椎动物的情况明显不同。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Spermatozoa produced in the testis undergo maturation in the epididymis which secretes an osmolyte-rich fluid that bathes the sperm cells. These cells need to maintain their volume after ejaculation when they first encounter hypo-osmolal environments of accessory gland fluids and later within the female tract. If they do not, they experience swelling that is manifested in flagellar angulation that prevents their passage through cervical mucus or the uterotubal junction and they never reach the oocytes. This is a cause of male infertility in domestic species and certain infertile transgenic mice in which flagellar angulation has been shown to indicate cell swelling as a consequence of reduced epididymal provision of osmolytes. The reduced volume regulating ability of spermatozoa from subfertile boars and bulls has prompted study of volume regulation of spermatozoa as a possible cause of human male infertility. Understanding this process may make its manipulation possible and could suggest better sperm handling and storage techniques and thus provide therapy for infertile patients. On the other hand, volume regulation is a potential target for contraception if mimicking the conditions expressed by the "sterile studs" were possible. The evidence for the presence of ion channels probably responsible for regulatory volume decreases in spermatozoa is reviewed here that implicate voltage-gated potassium channels (especially Kv1.5 (KCNA5), minK (KCNE1) and TASK2 (KCNK5)) and the chloride channels CLCN3 and CLNS1A. The involvement of ion co-transporters in volume regulation of spermatozoa is also discussed.

背景与目标： ：睾丸中产生的精子在附睾中成熟，分泌出富含渗透压的液体，使精子细胞沐浴。这些细胞在射精后首先遇到辅助腺体液体的低渗环境时，随后在雌性道中时，需要保持其体积。如果没有，它们会经历鞭毛成角的肿胀，从而阻止它们通过宫颈粘液或子宫输卵管交界处，而且它们永远不会到达卵母细胞。这是导致家庭物种和某些不育转基因小鼠中男性不育的原因，其中鞭毛成角表明已表明由于溶菌附睾提供减少而导致细胞肿胀。来自不育公猪和公牛精子的体积调节能力降低，促使人们对精子体积调节作为人类男性不育症的可能原因进行了研究。了解此过程可能使其操作成为可能，并可能建议使用更好的精子处理和储存技术，从而为不育患者提供治疗。另一方面，如果有可能模仿“不育螺柱”所表示的状况，则进行量调节是避孕的潜在目标。本文回顾了可能导致精子调节体积减少的离子通道的证据，这些证据暗示电压门控性钾通道（尤其是Kv1.5（KCNA5），minK（KCNE1）和TASK2（KCNK5））和氯离子通道CLCN3和CLNS1A。还讨论了离子共转运蛋白在精子体积调节中的作用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Expression of olfactory receptors (ORs) in non-olfactory tissues has been widely reported over the last 20 years. Olfactory marker protein (OMP) is highly expressed in mature olfactory sensory neurons (mOSNs) of the olfactory epithelium. It is involved in the olfactory signal transduction pathway, which is mediated by well-conserved components, including ORs, olfactory G protein (Golf), and adenylyl cyclase 3 (AC3). OMP is widely expressed in non-olfactory tissues with an apparent preference for motile cells. We hypothesized that OMP is expressed in compartment-specific locations and co-localize with an OR, Golf, and AC3 in rat epididymal and human-ejaculated spermatozoa. We used immunocytochemistry to examine the expression patterns of OMP and OR6B2 (human OR, served as positive olfactory control) in experimentally induced modes of activation and determine whether there are any observable differences in proteins expression during the post-ejaculatory stages of spermatozoal functional maturation. We found that OMP was expressed in compartment-specific locations in human and rat spermatozoa. OMP was co-expressed with Golf and AC3 in rat spermatozoa and with OR6B2 in all three modes of activation (control, activated, and hyperactivated), and the mode of activation changed the co-expression pattern in acrosomal-reacted human spermatozoa. These observations suggest that OMP expression is a reliable indicator of OR-mediated chemoreception, may be used to identify ectopically expressed ORs, and could participate in second messenger signaling cascades that mediate fertility.

背景与目标： 在过去的20年中，已经广泛报道了嗅觉受体（ORs）在非嗅觉组织中的表达。嗅觉标记蛋白（OMP）在嗅觉上皮的成熟嗅觉感觉神经元（mOSNs）中高表达。它参与嗅觉信号转导途径，该途径由保守性良好的成分介导，包括OR，嗅觉G蛋白（Golf）和腺苷酸环化酶3（AC3）。 OMP在非嗅觉组织中广泛表达，对运动细胞具有明显的偏爱。我们假设OMP在大鼠附睾和人类射精的精子中在特定的区室表达并与OR，Golf和AC3共同定位。我们使用免疫细胞化学检查了在实验诱导的激活模式下OMP和OR6B2（人类OR，用作阳性嗅觉对照）的表达模式，并确定了在精子功能成熟的射精后阶段蛋白表达是否存在可观察的差异。我们发现OMP在人类和大鼠的精子中特定于区室的位置表达。 OMP在大鼠精子中与Golf和AC3共表达，并在所有三种激活模式（对照，激活和超激活）中与OR6B2共表达，并且激活模式改变了在顶体反应的人精子中的共表达模式。这些观察结果表明，OMP表达是OR介导的化学感受的可靠指标，可用于鉴定异位表达的OR，并可参与介导生育力的第二信使信号级联反应。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This article has been withdrawn at the request of the author(s) and/or editor. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy.

背景与目标： ：本文已应作者和/或编辑的要求撤回。对于由此给您带来的任何不便，出版商深表歉意。完整的Elsevier物品提取政策可在http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy上找到。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Studies on the flagellar movement of carp spermatozoa induced by dilution in distilled water allowed us to describe a sequence of early, rapid morphological and kinetic changes which begin at the very tip of the flagellum. They cause the progressive folding of the axoneme which ends stuck to the head within 90-120 seconds after the initiation of motility. However, the axonemal machinery remains functional as the folding can be reversed after transfer back into a high osmolality medium and partially folded flagella were able to propagate efficient waves along the non-folded proximal portion of the axoneme. The data also revealed that the membrane area of the terminal piece exhibits strong sensitivity to hypotonicity. These results suggest that in the normal freshwater medium, the brief swimming period allowing fertilization of oocytes is limited by the osmotic stress induced coiling of the carp sperm tail and not by ATP stores.

背景与目标： ：关于在蒸馏水中稀释引起的鲤鱼精子鞭毛运动的研究，我们可以描述一系列从鞭毛尖端开始的早期，快速的形态学和动力学变化。它们导致轴突逐渐折叠，在运动开始后的90-120秒内，轴突最终粘在头上。然而，由于在折叠回到高渗透压介质后，折叠可以逆转，因此轴突的机械装置仍然起作用，并且部分折叠的鞭毛能够沿着轴突的未折叠的近端部分传播有效的波。数据还显示，端子片的膜面积对低渗性表现出很强的敏感性。这些结果表明，在正常的淡水培养基中，允许卵母细胞受精的短暂游泳时期受到渗透压诱导的鲤鱼精子尾巴卷曲的限制，而不是受ATP贮藏的限制。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Serum amyloid P component (SAP) belongs to the pentraxin family of proteins, members of which are characterized by radial pentameric structure and calcium-dependent ligand binding. SAP is present in all types of amyloidosis and has been shown to bind to several ligands, but the physiological function of this protein has not been fully elucidated. The present study identified and characterized SAP in human semen and immunolocalized it to the male reproductive tract. SAP was also detected in seminal plasma by immunoblotting and purification by affinity chromatography followed by mass spectrometry. According to electroimmunoassay, the concentration of SAP in semen is approximately 2 mg/L, and flow cytometry revealed SAP attached to the surface of spermatozoa. Moreover, immunohistochemistry showed positive staining of spermatozoa, subsets of epithelial cells, and the stroma of accessory male genital glands and testis. Presence of mRNA supports local production of SAP, as shown with reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. We identified SAP in a new setting - the human male reproductive system. SAP was detected on ejaculated spermatozoa, in seminal plasma and in tissue sections from the male reproductive tract. Further functional studies are needed to explain the role of SAP in human reproduction.

背景与目标： ：血清淀粉样蛋白P组分（SAP）属于pentraxin家族蛋白，其成员以放射状五聚体结构和钙依赖性配体结合为特征。 SAP存在于所有类型的淀粉样变性病中，并已显示与几种配体结合，但尚未完全阐明该蛋白的生理功能。本研究鉴定并表征了人类精液中的SAP，并将其免疫定位于男性生殖道。还可以通过免疫印迹法在精浆中检测到SAP，然后通过亲和色谱法和质谱法进行纯化。根据电免疫测定，精液中SAP的浓度约为2 mg / L，流式细胞仪显示SAP附着在精子表面。此外，免疫组化显示精子，上皮细胞亚群以及雄性生殖器官和睾丸间质的阳性染色。 mRNA的存在支持SAP的局部生产，如逆转录聚合酶链反应所示。我们在新的环境-人类雄性生殖系统中确定了SAP。在射精的精子，精浆和雄性生殖道的组织切片中检测到SAP。需要进一步的功能研究来解释SAP在人类生殖中的作用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Prostasomes are membranous vesicles present in ejaculated human semen. They are very rich in cholesterol and can interact with spermatozoa. Their physiological roles are still under study. Prostasomes were mixed with liposomes prepared from various lipids, such as N-[1-(2,3-dioleoyloxy)propyl]-N,N,N-trimethylammonium (DOTAP), DOTAP/1,2-dipalmytoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine (DPPC, 4:1 molar ratio) and DOTAP/cholesterol (4:1, molar ratio) at different pH values (5-8). The mixing of the lipid phases (fusion) was determined by the relief of octadecyl rhodamine B chloride (R(18)) self-quenching and the radii of the vesicles, by light scattering measurements. The mixing of lipids and the radii of prostasomes were both influenced by the addition of liposome, although in a different manner. The ability of prostasomes (modified by previous treatment with liposomes) to transfer lipid to spermatozoa was also measured. Pretreatment with DOTAP decreased the phenomenon and addition of DPPC abolished it. On the other hand, pretreatment of prostasomes with DOTAP/cholesterol liposomes did not affect the transfer of lipid between prostasome and spermatozoa. Therefore, the ability of vesicles to fuse (or, at least, to exchange the lipid component) was affected by the enrichment in either natural or artificial lipid. This may open new possibilities for the modulation of spermatozoa capacitation and acrosome reaction.

背景与目标： ：prosomesomes是射精的人精液中存在的膜状囊泡。它们富含胆固醇，可以与精子相互作用。它们的生理作用仍在研究中。将前体与由各种脂质（例如N- [1-（2,3-二油酰氧基）丙基] -N，N，N-三甲基铵（DOTAP），DOTAP / 1,2-二巴甲酰基-sn-甘油-在不同的pH值（5-8）下，3-磷酸胆碱（DPPC，摩尔比为4：1）和DOTAP /胆固醇（摩尔比为4：1）。脂质相的混合（融合）是通过减轻十八烷基若丹明B氯化物（R（18））自猝灭和囊泡半径（通过光散射测量）来确定的。脂质的混合和前体半径均受脂质体添加的影响，尽管方式不同。还测量了前体（通过先前用脂质体处理修饰的）将脂质转移至精子的能力。用DOTAP预处理可以减少这种现象，并且添加DPPC可以消除这种现象。另一方面，用DOTAP /胆固醇脂质体对前列腺体进行预处理不会影响脂质在前列腺体与精子之间的转移。因此，天然或人工脂质的富集影响了囊泡融合（或至少交换脂质组分）的能力。这可能为调节精子获能和顶体反应开辟新的可能性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To assess fertilization, implantation, and pregnancy rates in patients undergoing ICSI using fresh and cryopreserved sperm from ejaculated semen samples. DESIGN:Retrospective study. SETTING:Academic and private medical centers. PATIENT(S):One hundred fifty-eight patients. INTERVENTION(S):Intracytoplasmic sperm injection. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S):Fertilization, implantation, and pregnancy rates were evaluated; 61 cycles of ICSI were performed with cryopreserved and 79 cycles of ICSI were performed with fresh spermatozoa. Also, we divided the outcomes according to the semen characteristics, normozoospermia, oligozoospermia, asthenozoospermia, and oligoasthenozoospermia. RESULT(S):Overall, normal-fertilization rates were higher using fresh sperm (73.8%) compared with cryopreserved sperm (68.7%). Cycles performed in patients with normozoospermia or oligozoospermia had similar fertilization, implantation, and pregnancy rates using fresh or cryopreserved sperm. When asthenozoospermic and oligoasthenozoospermic semen samples were used, the normal-fertilization rate was higher with fresh sperm compared with cryopreserved sperm. However, implantation and pregnancy rates were similar in fresh and cryopreserved sperm samples from patients with asthenozoospermia or oligoasthenozoospermia. CONCLUSION(S):Semen with abnormalities in the motility may be more susceptible to sperm cryopreservation damage, resulting in lower fertilization rates. However, once the oocyte is fertilized, implantation and pregnancy rates are similar to those in patients with oligozoospermia and normozoospermia.

背景与目标： 目的：使用新鲜精子和冷冻保存的精子样本评估ICSI患者的受精率，着床率和妊娠率。
设计：回顾性研究。
地点：学术和私人医疗中心。
患者：158名患者。
干预：胞浆内精子注射。
主要观察指标：评估受精，着床和妊娠率。冷冻保存ICSI周期为61个周期，新鲜精子进行ICSI周期为79个周期。此外，我们根据精液特征，正常精子症，少精子症，弱精子症和少精子症精子来划分结局。
结果：与冷冻保存的精子（68.7％）相比，新鲜精子（73.8％）的总体正常受精率更高。使用新鲜或冷冻保存的精子，正常精子症或少精子症患者的周期具有相似的受精，着床和妊娠率。当使用精子少精子和精子少精子精子时，新鲜精子的正常受精率要高于冷冻精子。然而，来自弱精子症或少精子症精子症患者的新鲜和冷冻保存的精子样本中的着床率和妊娠率相似。
结论：运动能力较弱的精液更易受精子冷冻保存的损害，导致受精率降低。但是，一旦卵母细胞受精，其植入率和妊娠率与少精症和正常精子症的患者相似。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We analyzed the testicular spermatozoa of 23 infertile men after cryopreservation to evaluate their cryosurvival and to scrutinize the effectiveness of freezing protocol used in our institution. An excellent postthaw motility was observed indicating an effective cryosurvival protocol.

背景与目标： ：我们分析了冷冻保存后的23名不育男性的睾丸精子，以评估他们的冷冻存活率，并研究我们机构采用的冷冻方案的有效性。观察到极好的解冻后运动性，表明有效的冷冻生存方案。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: -2

背景与目标： -2

BACKGROUND & AIMS: STUDY QUESTION:Do cell penetrating peptides (CPPs) translocate into spermatozoa and, if so, could they be utilized to deliver a much larger protein cargo? SUMMARY ANSWER:Chemically diverse polycationic CPPs rapidly and efficiently translocate into spermatozoa. They exhibit differential accumulation within intracellular compartments without detrimental influences upon cellular viability or motility but they are relatively ineffective in transporting larger proteins. WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN:Endocytosis, the prevalent route of protein internalization into eukaryotic cells, is severely compromised in mature spermatozoa. Thus, the translocation of many bioactive agents into sperm is relatively inefficient. However, the delivery of bioactive moieties into mature spermatozoa could be significantly improved by the identification and utility of an efficient and inert vectorial delivery technology. STUDY DESIGN:CPP translocation efficacies, their subsequent differential intracellular distribution and the influence of peptides upon viability were determined in bovine spermatozoa. Temporal analyses of sperm motility in the presence of exogenously CPPs utilized normozoospermic human donor samples. MATERIALS AND METHODS:CPPs were prepared by manual, automated and microwave-enhanced solid phase synthesis. Confocal fluorescence microscopy determined the intracellular distribution of rhodamine-conjugated CPPs in spermatozoa. Quantitative uptake and kinetic analyses compared the translocation efficacies of chemically diverse CPPs and conjugates of biotinylated CPPs and avidin. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium, inner salt (MTS) conversion assays were employed to analyse the influence of CPPs upon sperm cell viability and sperm class assays determined the impact of CPPs on motility in capacitated and non-capacitated human samples. MAIN RESULTS:Chemically heterogeneous CPPs readily translocated into sperm to accumulate within discrete intracellular compartments. Mitoparan (INLKKLAKL(Aib)KKIL), for example, specifically accumulated within the mitochondria located in the sperm midpiece. The unique plasma membrane composition of sperm is a critical factor that directly influences the uptake efficacy of structurally diverse CPPs. No correlations in efficacies were observed when comparing CPP uptake into sperm with either uptake into fibroblasts or direct translocation across a phosphatidylcholine membrane. These comparative investigations identified C105Y (CSIPPEVKFNKPFVYLI) as a most efficient pharmacokinetic modifier for general applications in sperm biology. Significantly, CPP uptake induced no detrimental influence upon either bovine sperm viability or the motility of human sperm. As a consequence of the lack of endocytotic machinery, the CPP-mediated delivery of much larger protein complexes into sperm is relatively inefficient when compared with the similar process in fibroblasts. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION:It is possible that some CPPs could directly influence aspects of sperm biology and physiology that were not analysed in this study. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS:CPP technologies have significant potential to deliver selected bioactive moieties and so could modulate the biology and physiology of human sperm biology both prior- and post-fertilization.

背景与目标： 研究问题：细胞穿透肽（CPP）是否易位进入精子，如果可以，它们是否可以用于运送更大的蛋白质？
总结：化学上多样化的聚阳离子CPP可以快速有效地转移到精子中。它们在细胞内区室中显示出不同的积累，而对细胞生存力或运动性没有不利影响，但是它们在运输较大蛋白方面相对无效。
已经知道：内吞作用，即蛋白质内在化进入真核细胞的普遍途径，在成熟的精子中被严重破坏。因此，许多生物活性剂向精子的转运是相对低效的。然而，通过鉴定和使用有效且惰性的载体递送技术可以显着改善将生物活性部分递送至成熟的精子中。
研究设计：测定牛精子中CPP的转运效率，其随后的差异细胞内分布以及肽对生存力的影响。在外源性CPPs存在下，精子活力的时间分析利用了正常精子人类供体样品。
材料与方法：CPPs是通过手动，自动和微波增强固相合成制备的。共聚焦荧光显微镜确定了若丹明结合的CPP在精子中的细胞内分布。定量吸收和动力学分析比较了化学上多样化的CPP以及生物素化CPP和抗生物素蛋白结合物的转运效率。 3-（4,5-二甲基噻唑-2-基）-5-（3-羧基甲氧基苯基）-2-（4-磺基苯基）-2H-四唑鎓，内盐（MTS）转化分析用于分析CPPs对精子细胞活力和精子类别测定确定了CPPs对有能力和无能力的人类样品中运动性的影响。
主要结果：化学上异质的CPP易于转移到精子中，从而在离散的细胞内区室中积累。例如，线粒体（INLKKLAKL（Aib）KKIL）专门积聚在精子中期的线粒体内。精子独特的质膜组成是直接影响结构多样的CPP吸收功效的关键因素。比较CPP摄入精子与成纤维细胞摄入或直接转运通过磷脂酰胆碱膜时，没有观察到疗效相关性。这些比较研究确定C105Y（CSIPPEVKFNKPFVYLI）是精子生物学中一般应用的最有效的药代动力学修饰剂。值得注意的是，摄取CPP不会对牛精子的生存力或人类精子的运动性产生不利影响。由于缺乏内吞作用机制，与成纤维细胞中的类似过程相比，CPP介导的将更大的蛋白质复合物送入精子的效率相对较低。
局限性，警告原因：某些CPP可能会直接影响本研究中未分析的精子生物学和生理学方面。
结果的进一步含义：CPP技术具有提供选定的生物活性部分的巨大潜力，因此可以在受精前和受精后调节人类精子生物学的生物学和生理学。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In oocytes from all mammalian species studied to date, fertilization by a spermatozoon induces intracellular calcium ([Ca(2+)](i)) oscillations that are crucial for appropriate oocyte activation and embryonic development. Such patterns are species-specific and have not yet been elucidated in horses; it is also not known whether equine oocytes respond with transient [Ca(2+)](i) oscillations when fertilized or treated with parthenogenetic agents. Therefore, the aims of this study were: (i) to characterize the activity of equine sperm extracts microinjected into mouse oocytes; (ii) to ascertain in horse oocytes the [Ca(2+)](i)-releasing activity and activating capacity of equine sperm extracts corresponding to the activity present in a single stallion spermatozoon; and (iii) to determine whether equine oocytes respond with [Ca(2+)](i) transients and activation when fertilized using the intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) procedure. The results of this study indicate that equine sperm extracts are able to induce [Ca(2+)](i) oscillations, activation and embryo development in mouse oocytes. Furthermore, in horse oocytes, injection of sperm extracts induced persistent [Ca(2+)](i) oscillations that lasted for >60 min and initiated oocyte activation. Nevertheless, injection of a single stallion spermatozoon did not consistently initiate [Ca(2+)](i) oscillations in horse oocytes. It is concluded that stallion sperm extracts can efficiently induce [Ca(2+)](i) responses and parthenogenesis in horse oocytes, and can be used to elucidate the signalling mechanism of fertilization in horses. Conversely, the inconsistent [Ca(2+)](i) responses obtained with sperm injection in horse oocytes may explain, at least in part, the low developmental success obtained using ICSI in large animal species.

背景与目标： ：在迄今为止研究的所有哺乳动物物种的卵母细胞中，精子受精会诱导细胞内钙（[Ca（2）]（i））振荡，这对于适当的卵母细胞激活和胚胎发育至关重要。这种模式是特定于物种的，尚未在马中阐明。还不知道受精或用孤雌生殖药物治疗时，马卵母细胞是否会产生短暂的[Ca（2）]（i）振荡。因此，本研究的目的是：（i）表征显微注射到小鼠卵母细胞中的马精子提取物的活性； （ii）确定马卵母细胞中[Ca（2）]（i）的释放活性和马精子提取物的激活能力，其与单个种马精子中存在的活性相对应； （iii）确定使用细胞质内精子注射（ICSI）受精时马卵母细胞是否响应[Ca（2）]（i）瞬变和激活。这项研究的结果表明，马精子提取物能够诱导[Ca（2）]（i）振荡，激活和小鼠卵母细胞的胚胎发育。此外，在马卵母细胞中，注射精子提取物诱导持续的[Ca（2）]（i）振荡，持续时间> 60分钟，并启动了卵母细胞活化。然而，注射单一种马精子并不能始终启动马卵母细胞中的[Ca（2）]（i）振荡。结论是，种马精子提取物可有效诱导马卵母细胞中的[Ca（2）]（i）反应和孤雌生殖，并可用于阐明马受精的信号传导机制。相反，在马卵母细胞中用精子注射获得的不一致的[Ca（2）]（i）反应可能至少部分解释了在大型动物物种中使用ICSI获得的低发育成功。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The spermatozoa of Gymnophiona show the following autapomorphies: 1) penetration of the distal centriole by the axial fiber; 2) presence of an acrosomal baseplate; 3) presence of an acrosome seat (flattened apical end of nucleus); and 4) absence of juxta-axonemal fibers. The wide separation of the plasma membrane bounding the undulating membrane is here also considered to be apomorphic. Three plesiomorphic spermatozoal characters are recognized that are not seen in other Amphibia but occur in basal amniotes: 1) presence of mitochondria with a delicate array of concentric cristae (concentric cristae of salamander spermatozoa differ in lacking the delicate array); 2) presence of peripheral dense fibers associated with the triplets of the distal centriole; and 3) presence of a simple annulus (a highly modified, elongate annulus is present in salamander sperm). The presence of an endonuclear canal containing a perforatorium is a plesiomorphic feature of caecilian spermatozoa that is shared with urodeles, some basal anurans, sarcopterygian fish, and some amniotes. Spermatozoal synapomorphies are identified for 1) the Uraeotyphlidae and Ichthyophiidae, and 2) the Caeciliidae and Typhlonectidae, suggesting that the members of each pair of families are more closely related to each other than to other caecilians. Although caecilian spermatozoa exhibit the clear amphibian synapomorphy of the unilateral location of the undulating membrane and its axial fiber, they have no apomorphic characters that suggest a closer relationship to either the Urodela or Anura.

背景与目标： ：裸子藻的精子表现出以下自发性：1）轴向纤维穿透远端中心细胞； 2）顶体底板的存在； 3）存在顶体位（核顶端扁平）；和4）没有近轴纤维。结合起伏膜的质膜的宽分离在这里也被认为是无定形的。识别出三个两栖类的精子动物特征，这些特征在其他两栖动物中均未见，但在基底羊膜动物中出现：1）线粒体的存在与同心的ista细小排列（sal精子的同心cr不同，缺少细细的排列）； 2）存在与远端中心三胞胎相关的周围致密纤维； 3）存在简单的环（sal精子中存在高度修饰的细长环）。含有小孔的核内管的存在是凯撒精子的多形性特征，与乌德勒犬，一些基底无尾类动物，翼翅目鱼类和一些羊膜动物共有。精子的同形亚型被鉴定为1）伞形科和鱼鳞科，以及2）ec科和鼓虫科，这表明每对家庭的成员彼此之间的亲缘关系比其他盲目者更为紧密。尽管凯撒精子在起伏的膜及其轴向纤维的单侧位置上表现出明显的两栖类突触，但它们却没有与阿罗德拉或阿努拉的亲密关系。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To evaluate whether human spermatozoa preserved in electrolyte-free (EF) solution at 4 degrees C possess normal penetrating capacity.

STUDY DESIGN:The acrosomal status of human spermatozoa cool preserved in EF solution was evaluated before preservation and before and after reinitiation by using chlortetracycline staining. The zona-free hamster egg sperm penetration test was performed using spermatozoa cool preserved in EF solution.

RESULTS:The percentages of capacitated and acrosome-reacted spermatozoa cool preserved in EF solution before reinitiation were similar to those of fresh spermatozoa, but they significantly increased after reinitiation. The penetration rate and fertility index of spermatozoa cool preserved in EF solution were comparable to those of fresh spermatozoa (48.3% vs. 50.8% and 1.37 +/- 0.15 vs. 1.29 +/- 0.10, respectively).

CONCLUSION:Human spermatozoa cool preserved in EF solution for one week can possess as much penetrating capacity as fresh spermatozoa.

背景与目标： 目的：评估保存在4摄氏度的无电解质（EF）溶液中的人类精子是否具有正常的穿透能力。

研究设计：顶体在保存之前和重新初始化之前和之后，通过金霉素染色评估在EF溶液中保存的人类精子的冷却状态。使用保存在EF溶液中的精子进行了无透明带的仓鼠卵精子渗透试验。

结果：重新初始化前，保存在EF溶液中的经电容和顶体反应的精子的百分比与新鲜精子相似，但重新启动后显着增加。在EF溶液中保存的精子的渗透率和受精指数与新鲜精子相当（分别为48.3％对50.8％和1.37 /-0.15对1.29 /-0.10）。

结论：在EF溶液中保存一周的人类精子可以具有与新鲜精子一样大的穿透能力。