BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Adolescents who are changing residence, as well as their social and economic circumstances may experience lifestyle changes that have an effect on body composition outcomes such as undernutrition, overweight or obesity. This paper uses data from Birth to Twenty, a birth cohort of South African urban children, to determine the relationship between residential mobility and body mass index (BMI) amongst Black adolescents aged 15 (n=1613), and to examine the role of changes in household socioeconomic status (SES). The prevalence of overweight and obesity in the sample was 25% in females and 8% in males. Amongst the females, a strong positive association between residential mobility and BMI was observed for those who also experienced an increase in household SES between birth and 15 years (β=0.42, SE=0.13), while no effect was identified for males. The study shows the potential for environmental change and increased resources to influence the risk for obesity. It also highlights the value in considering the range of social environmental factors and changes across the early life course that might play a part in evolving nutritional patterns in urban transitioning environments.

背景与目标： ：正在改变居住地的青少年，以及他们的社会和经济状况，可能会经历生活方式的改变，这些改变会影响身体组成的结果，例如营养不良，超重或肥胖。本文使用南非城市儿童的出生队列出生至二十岁的数据来确定15岁黑人青少年（n = 1613）的居住流动性与体重指数（BMI）之间的关系，并研究变化的作用家庭社会经济地位（SES）。样本中超重和肥胖的患病率在女性中为25％，在男性中为8％。在女性中，对于那些出生至15岁之间家庭SES也有所增加的人，其居住活动性与BMI之间存在很强的正相关性（β= 0.42，SE = 0.13），而对男性没有影响。研究显示环境变化和增加资源影响肥胖风险的潜力。它还强调了考虑社会环境因素的范围和整个生命过程中的变化的价值，这些因素可能在城市过渡环境中不断演变的营养模式中发挥作用。

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BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Residents of socioeconomically disadvantaged neighbourhoods are more likely to walk for transport than their counterparts in advantaged neighbourhoods; however, the reasons for higher rates of transport walking in poorer neighbourhoods remain unclear. We investigated this issue using data from the HABITAT study of physical activity among 11,037 mid-aged residents of 200 neighbourhoods in Brisbane, Australia. Using a five-step mediation analysis and multilevel regression, we found that higher levels of walking for transport in disadvantaged neighbourhoods was associated with living in a built environment more conducive to walking (i.e. greater street connectivity and land use mix) and residents of these neighbourhoods having more limited access to a motor vehicle. The health benefits that accrue to residents of disadvantaged neighbourhoods as a result of their higher levels of walking for transport might help offset the negative effects of less healthy behaviours (e.g. smoking, poor diet), thus serving to contain or reduce neighbourhood inequalities in chronic disease.

背景与目标： ：与处于有利地位的社区的居民相比，处于社会经济劣势的社区的居民更有可能步行运输；但是，在较贫困的社区中提高交通运输速度的原因仍不清楚。我们使用了HABITAT对澳大利亚布里斯班200个社区的11,037名中年居民进行的体育活动研究的数据，对这一问题进行了调查。通过五步中介分析和多级回归，我们发现弱势社区中较高水平的步行交通与居住在更有利于步行的建筑环境中（即更大的街道连通性和土地使用结构）以及这些社区的居民有关对汽车的访问受到更多限制。较高的步行运输水平为弱势社区居民带来的健康益处可能有助于抵消不良健康行为（例如吸烟，饮食不良）的负面影响，从而遏制或减少慢性病中的社区不平等现象。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Optimal burn care is provided at specialized burn centers. Given the geographic location of these centers, many burn patients receive initial treatment at local emergency departments prior to transfer. The purpose of this study was to determine whether patients transferred from other facilities have worse outcomes than those admitted directly from the field. STUDY DESIGN:A retrospective cohort study was performed comparing the outcomes of patients admitted to our burn center directly from the field with patients requiring transfer from a preliminary care facility. The outcomes of interest were mortality, length of stay, length of stay/TBSA burned, number of operations and hospital charges. Poisson regression or Cox proportional hazards model was used to evaluate differences in outcomes after adjusting for potential confounders. RESULTS:From 2000 to 2003 a total of 1877 patients were admitted to our burn center and 953 (51%) were transferred from a preliminary care facility. No difference (p<0.05) was found in length of stay, number of operations, hospital charges and mortality between the two cohorts. CONCLUSIONS:This study demonstrates that patients transferred to a regional burn center from local hospitals have equivalent mortality, length of stay and hospital charges as those admitted directly from the field.

背景与目标： 背景：在专门的烧伤中心提供最佳的烧伤护理。考虑到这些中心的地理位置，许多烧伤患者在转移之前会先在当地急诊科接受初步治疗。这项研究的目的是确定从其他机构转移来的患者是否比直接从现场接受的患者具有更差的结局。
研究设计：进行了一项回顾性队列研究，比较了直接从现场进入我们烧伤中心的患者与需要从初级保健机构转诊的患者的结局。感兴趣的结果是死亡率，住院时间，住院时间/ TBSA烧伤，手术次数和医院费用。泊松回归或Cox比例风险模型用于评估潜在混杂因素后评估结局的差异。
结果：从2000年到2003年，共有1877名患者被收录到我们的烧伤中心，其中953名（51％）从初级护理机构转入了治疗。两组的住院时间，手术次数，住院费用和死亡率均无差异（p <0.05）。
结论：这项研究表明，从当地医院转移到区域烧伤中心的患者的死亡率，住院时间和住院费用与直接从现场住院的患者相同。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Male breast cancer (MBC) is an uncommon neoplasm that shares several biologic characteristics with its female counterpart. In the latter, abnormalities in the expression and/or copy number of the ERBB2 gene are present in 10% to 30% of invasive carcinoma and behave as poor prognostic markers. ERBB2 abnormalities have also been reported in MBC, yet at lower frequency, but their prognostic significance remains controversial. Furthermore, no study has addressed the impact of chromosome 17 abnormalities in MBC survival. In this study, the ERBB2-gene status (overexpression and amplification) and chromosome 17 numerical abnormalities were investigated in a series of 50 archival cases of MBC. The results, together with patient's age, histologic grade, pathologic stage, and estrogen receptor status were correlated with overall survival. ERBB2-protein overexpression was present in 7 cases (14%), ERBB2-gene amplification in 4 (8%), and aneuploidy of chromosome 17 in 12 cases (33.3%). The pathologic stage, ERBB2 overexpression and ERBB2 amplification were significantly correlated with overall survival (P=0.002, 0.016, and 0.009, respectively). No correlation was observed between chromosome 17 aneuploidy and overall survival. Therefore, despite their low incidence in MBC, expression abnormalities of ERBB2 behave, together with the pathologic stage of the tumor, as predictors of overall survival, akin to what has been reported for its female counterpart.

背景与目标： ：男性乳腺癌（MBC）是一种罕见的肿瘤，与女性乳腺癌具有某些生物学特性。在后者中，ERBB2基因表达和/或拷贝数异常存在于10％至30％的浸润性癌中，并表现为不良的预后指标。在MBC中也有ERBB2异常的报道，但频率较低，但其预后意义仍存在争议。此外，还没有研究解决17号染色​​体异常对MBC存活的影响。在这项研究中，对一系列50例MBC存档病例中的ERBB2基因状态（过表达和扩增）和17号染色​​体数字异常进行了研究。结果，以及患者的年龄，组织学等级，病理分期和雌激素受体状态与总体生存率相关。 ERBB2蛋白过表达7例（14％），ERBB2基因扩增4例（8％），染色体17的非整倍性12例（33.3％）。病理阶段，ERBB2过表达和ERBB2扩增与总生存率显着相关（分别为P = 0.002、0.016和0.009）。在第17号染色​​体非整倍性与总体存活率之间未发现相关性。因此，尽管其在MBC中的发病率较低，但ERBB2的表达异常以及肿瘤的病理阶段仍可作为总体存活率的预测指标，类似于其女性对应物的报道。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Polychromatic flow-cytometric assays were used to analyze paired intrahepatic and peripheral lymphocyte samples from 37 patients with chronic hepatitis C. Compared with peripheral cells, intrahepatic T cells were selectively enriched with CD45RO+ memory T cells but had a lower percentage of CD4+ T cells expressing the differentiation markers CD27 and CD28. The percentage of intrahepatic CD45RO+ and CD28+ T cells correlated with the degree of liver inflammation, which suggests that memory T cells at relatively early stages of differentiation are directly involved in liver inflammation. Despite their memory phenotype, intrahepatic T cells were defective in proliferation capability, produced less interferon- gamma in response to stimulation by T cell receptor, and contained less perforin but expressed higher levels of Fas and Fas ligand, compared with their counterparts in peripheral blood. The distinct characteristics of intrahepatic T cells suggest that they play an important role in the immunopathogenesis of chronic hepatitis C.

背景与目标： ：采用多色流式细胞术分析了37例慢性丙型肝炎患者的肝内和外周血淋巴细胞配对样本。与外周血细胞相比，肝内T细胞选择性富集了CD45RO记忆T细胞，但表达CD4 T细胞的百分比较低分化标记CD27和CD28。肝内CD45RO和CD28 T细胞的百分比与肝脏炎症程度相关，这表明处于分化早期的记忆T细胞直接参与肝脏炎症。尽管具有记忆表型，但与外周血中的肝细胞相比，肝内T细胞在T细胞受体的刺激下应答能力较弱，产生的干扰素γ较少，穿孔素含量较低，但表达的Fas和Fas配体水平较高。肝内T细胞的独特特征表明它们在慢性丙型肝炎的免疫发病机制中起着重要作用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The hepatitis C virus (HCV) infects 3% of the world's population, or approximately 170 million people. Most of those acutely infected progress to chronic infection and are unresponsive to existing antiviral treatment. Over a 20-year period, chronic HCV infection leads to cirrhosis and the sequelae of end-stage liver disease, including hepatic encephalopathy, ascites, variceal haemorrhage and hepatocellular carcinoma. Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) is the optimal treatment for decompensated HCV cirrhosis, but is limited by organ availability and universal graft reinfection. This review discusses the results with OLT for HCV from the Dumont-UCLA Liver Transplant Center and discusses future directions in the management of HCV.

背景与目标： ：丙型肝炎病毒（HCV）感染了全球3％的人口，约有1.7亿人。大多数急性感染者会发展为慢性感染，并且对现有的抗病毒治疗无反应。在20年的时间里，慢性HCV感染会导致肝硬化和终末期肝病的后遗症，包括肝性脑病，腹水，静脉曲张出血和肝细胞癌。原位肝移植（OLT）是失代偿性HCV肝硬化的最佳治疗方法，但受到器官可用性和通用移植物再感染的限制。这篇综述讨论了来自杜蒙特－UCLA肝移植中心的OLT HCV检测结果，并讨论了HCV管理的未来方向。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:The relationship between bone health and adiposity and how it may be affected in people with chronic metabolic conditions is complex. METHODS:Seventeen women with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and nine age-matched healthy women with a median age of 22.6 years (range, 17.4, 23.8) were studied by 3T MRI and MR spectroscopy to assess abdominal adiposity, tibial bone microarchitecture and vertebral bone marrow adiposity (BMA). Additional measures included DXA-based assessments of total body (TB), femoral neck (FN) and lumbar spine (LS) bone mineral density (BMD) and fat mass (FM). RESULTS:Although women with T1DM had similar BMI and BMA to the controls, they had higher visceral and subcutaneous adiposity on MRI (P<.05) and total body FM by DXA (P=.03). Overall, in the whole cohort, a clear inverse association was evident between BMA and BMD at all sites (P<.05). These associations remained significant after adjusting for age, BMI, FM and abdominal adiposity. In addition, visceral adiposity, but not subcutaneous adiposity, showed a positive association with BMA (r, .4, P=.03), and a negative association with total body BMD (r, .5, P=.02). Apparent trabecular separation as assessed by MRI showed an inverse association to total body BMD by DXA (r, -.4, P=.04). CONCLUSION:Irrespective of the presence of an underlying metabolic condition, young women display a negative relationship between MRI-measured BMA and DXA-based assessment of BMD. Furthermore, an association between BMA and visceral adiposity supports the notion of a common origin of these two fat depots.

背景与目标： 背景：在慢性代谢疾病患者中，骨骼健康与肥胖之间的关系及其可能受到的影响是复杂的。
方法：通过3T MRI和MR光谱法研究了17位1型糖尿病（T1DM）妇女和9位年龄相匹配的健康女性（中位年龄为22.6岁，范围分别为17.4、23.8），以评估腹部肥胖，胫骨微结构和椎骨肥胖症（BMA）。其他测量包括基于DXA的全身（TB），股骨颈（FN）和腰椎（LS）骨矿物质密度（BMD）和脂肪量（FM）评估。
结果：尽管患有T1DM的女性的BMI和BMA与对照组相似，但其MRI的内脏和皮下脂肪率较高（P <.05），而DXA显示的全身FM较高（P = .03）。总体而言，在整个队列中，BMA和BMD在所有位点之间均存在明显的逆相关性（P <.05）。在调整了年龄，BMI，FM和腹部肥胖后，这些关联仍然很显着。此外，内脏脂肪而不是皮下脂肪与BMA呈正相关（r，.4，P = .03），与全身BMD呈负相关（r，.5，P = .02）。 MRI评估的表观小梁分离显示，DXA与全身BMD呈负相关（r，-。4，P = .04）。
结论：无论是否存在潜在的代谢状况，年轻女性在MRI测量的BMA与基于DXA的BMD评估之间均显示负相关。此外，BMA和内脏肥胖之间的联系支持了这两个脂肪库的共同起源这一概念。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Infused CD34 cell count has a significant impact on transplant outcome. In this retrospective study, we aimed to analyze the impact of donor iron parameters on peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) collection. A total of 303 related donors were included in the study. The mobilization regimen, recombinant G-CSF, was given for four consecutive days. A CD34+ cell count below 2×106/kg was defined as mobilization failure which was demonstrated in 23 donors (7.6%). Mobilization failure was more frequent in female donors than male donors (13.7% vs 3.4%). Body mass index, mean corpuscular volume, hemoglobin and ferritin levels were found to be lower in donors with mobilization failure. Body mass index was significantly correlated with PBSC count on the 4th day of G-CSF. Body mass index, male gender, mean corpuscular volume and ferritin levels had significant impact on PBSC count. Although PBSC count was found to be similar between female and male donors, female gender was shown to have an adverse impact on PBSC collection, which may be attributed to lower body weight and concurrent iron deficiency.

背景与目标： ：注入的CD34细胞数量对移植结果有重要影响。在这项回顾性研究中，我们旨在分析供体铁参数对外周血干细胞（PBSC）收集的影响。总共303名相关捐助者被纳入研究。连续四天给予了动员方案，即重组G-CSF。低于2×106 / kg的CD34细胞计数被定义为动员失败，这在23个捐献者（7.6％）中得到证实。女性捐赠者的动员失败率比男性捐赠者更高（13.7％vs 3.4％）。发现动员失败的献血者的体重指数，平均红细胞体积，血红蛋白和铁蛋白水平较低。体重指数与G-CSF第4天的PBSC计数显着相关。体重指数，男性，平均红细胞体积和铁蛋白水平对PBSC计数有显着影响。尽管发现雌性和雄性供体之间的PBSC计数相似，但显示出性别对PBSC收集有不利影响，这可能归因于体重减轻和同时发生的铁缺乏症。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: INTRODUCTION:Two global, double-blind, placebo- and active-controlled, phase-3 studies (2-year prevention (n = 1583) and 3-year treatment (n = 7492)) have shown that bazedoxifene (BZA) is safe and effective for prevention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the efficacy/safety of BZA according to baseline kidney function. METHODS:Data for the BZA 20- and 40-mg and placebo groups from both studies were integrated for assessment of bone turnover markers (BTMs), bone mineral density (BMD), and fracture incidence (treatment study only). Safety was assessed using integrated data for the BZA, placebo, and raloxifene 60-mg groups from both studies. Baseline glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was estimated by the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study equation; among subjects with baseline GFR, renal function categories were defined by GFR (ml/min per 1.73 m(2)): normal (GFR ≥ 90; n = 1982), mild impairment (60 ≤ GFR < 90; n = 6032), or moderate/severe impairment (GFR < 60; n = 723). RESULTS:Demographics were similar across treatment groups and within GFR subgroups. Across GFR subgroups, BZA 20 and 40 mg reduced BTM levels and improved lumbar spine and total hip BMD versus placebo. At month 24, there were significant treatment-by-GFR (p = 0.003) and treatment-by-serum creatinine (p = 0.034) interactions for the increase in lumbar spine BMD versus placebo. Fracture incidence was lower with BZA than placebo across all GFR categories, with no treatment-by-GFR interaction. There were no significant differences among treatment groups in incidences of overall, serious, or renal-related adverse events across GFR subgroups. CONCLUSIONS:Mild to moderate kidney impairment did not affect the efficacy and safety of BZA in postmenopausal women.

背景与目标： 简介：两项全球，双盲，安慰剂和活性药物对照的3期研究（2年预防（n = 1583）和3年治疗（n = 7492））表明，巴多昔芬（BZA）是安全的对防治绝经后骨质疏松症有效。
目的：根据基线肾脏功能评估BZA的疗效/安全性。
方法：将两项研究中BZA 20 mg和40 mg以及安慰剂组的数据进行整合，以评估骨转换标志（BTM），骨矿物质密度（BMD）和骨折发生率（仅治疗研究）。使用来自两项研究的BZA，安慰剂和雷洛昔芬60 mg组的综合数据评估安全性。基线肾小球滤过率（GFR）通过“饮食中肾脏疾病研究方程的修正”来估算。在具有基线GFR的受试者中，肾功能类别由GFR（每分钟1.73 m（2 / ml / min））定义：正常（GFR≥90； n = 1982），轻度损伤（60≤GFR <90； n = 6032），或中度/重度损伤（GFR <60； n = 723）。
结果：治疗组之间和GFR亚组内的人口统计学相似。在所有GFR亚组中，与安慰剂相比，BZA 20和40 mg降低了BTM水平，改善了腰椎和全髋BMD。在第24个月时，与安慰剂相比，腰椎BMD的升高，分别有明显的GFR治疗（p = 0.003）和血清肌酐治疗（p = 0.034）相互作用。在所有GFR类别中，BZA的骨折发生率均低于安慰剂，并且没有按GFR进行治疗的相互作用。在治疗组之间，GFR亚组的总体，严重或与肾脏相关的不良事件的发生率无显着差异。
结论：轻度至中度肾功能损害并未影响绝经后妇女BZA的疗效和安全性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :With the increasing participation of women in the physician workforce, it is important to understand the sources of differences between male and female physicians' market labour supply for developing effective human resource policies in the health care sector. Gendered associations between family status and physician labour supply are explored in the Canadian labour market, where physicians are paid according to a common fee schedule and have substantial discretion in setting their hours of work. Canadian 1991, 1996, 2001 and 2006 twenty percent census files with 22,407 physician observations are used for the analysis. Although both male and female physicians have statistically indistinguishable hours of market work when never married and without children, married male physicians have higher market hours, and their hours are unchanged or increased with parenthood. In contrast, female physicians have lower market hours when married, and much lower hours when a parent. Little change over time in these patterns is observed for males, but for females two offsetting trends are observed: the magnitude of the marriage-hours effect declined, whereas that for motherhood increased. Preferences and/or social norms induce substantially different labour market outcomes. In terms of work at home, the presence of children is associated with higher hours for male physicians, but for females the hours increase is at least twice as large. A male physician's spouse is much less likely to be employed, and if employed, has lower market hours in the presence of children. In contrast, a female physician's spouse is more likely to be employed if there are three or more children. Both male and female physicians have lower hours of work when married to another physician. Overall, there is no gender difference in physician market labour supply after controlling for family status and demographics.

背景与目标： 随着女性越来越多地参与医师队伍，了解男性和女性医师市场劳动力供应之间差异的根源对于在医疗保健部门制定有效的人力资源政策非常重要。在加拿大的劳动力市场中，探索了家庭状况和医师劳动力供应之间的性别关联，在该市场中，医师根据共同的费用表获得报酬，并在确定工作时间方面拥有充分的酌处权。加拿大1991年，1996年，2001年和2006年的20％人口普查文件以及22407位医生的观察结果被用于分析。尽管在没有结婚和没有孩子的情况下，男性医生和女性医生的市场工作时间在统计上是无法区分的，但已婚男性医生的市场工作时间更长，并且随着父母的养育时间不变或增加。相比之下，女性医师结婚时的市场营业时间较短，而父母一方的市场营业时间较低。在男性中，随着时间的推移，这些模式几乎没有变化，但是对于女性，观察到了两个相互抵消的趋势：结婚时间影响的幅度减小，而孕产影响的幅度增大。偏好和/或社会规范导致劳动力市场的结果大不相同。在家庭工作方面，男医生的工作时间较长，而女性的工作时间至少增加了两倍。男性医师的配偶受雇的可能性要小得多，如果受雇，则在有孩子的情况下其营业时间较短。相反，如果有三个或三个以上的孩子，则更有可能雇用女性医师的配偶。与另一位医生结婚时，男性和女性医生的工作时间都较短。总体而言，控制家庭状况和人口统计后，医师市场劳动力供应没有性别差异。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Vitamin D deficiency is associated with osteoporosis and is thought to increase the risk of cancer and CVD. Despite these numerous potential health effects, data on vitamin D status at the population level and within key subgroups are limited. The aims of the present study were to examine patterns of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels worldwide and to assess differences by age, sex and region. In a systematic literature review using the Medline and EMBASE databases, we identified 195 studies conducted in forty-four countries involving more than 168 000 participants. Mean population-level 25(OH)D values varied considerably across the studies (range 4·9-136·2 nmol/l), with 37·3 % of the studies reporting mean values below 50 nmol/l. The highest 25(OH)D values were observed in North America. Although age-related differences were observed in the Asia/Pacific and Middle East/Africa regions, they were not observed elsewhere and sex-related differences were not observed in any region. Substantial heterogeneity between the studies precluded drawing conclusions on overall vitamin D status at the population level. Exploratory analyses, however, suggested that newborns and institutionalised elderly from several regions worldwide appeared to be at a generally higher risk of exhibiting lower 25(OH)D values. Substantial details on worldwide patterns of vitamin D status at the population level and within key subgroups are needed to inform public health policy development to reduce risk for potential health consequences of an inadequate vitamin D status.

背景与目标： 维生素D缺乏症与骨质疏松症相关，被认为会增加罹患癌症和CVD的风险。尽管有许多潜在的健康影响，但在人群水平和关键亚组内维生素D状况的数据仍然有限。本研究的目的是检查世界范围内25-羟基维生素D（25（OH）D）水平的模式，并评估年龄，性别和地区的差异。在使用Medline和EMBASE数据库进行的系统文献综述中，我们确定了在44个国家进行的195项研究，涉及168 000多名参与者。在整个研究中，平均人群水平25（OH）D值相差很大（范围4·9-136·2 nmol / l），其中37·3％的研究报告平均值低于50 nmol / l。在北美观察到最高的25（OH）D值。尽管在亚太地区和中东/非洲地区发现了与年龄有关的差异，但在其他地区未发现与年龄有关的差异，在任何地区都未发现与性别有关的差异。研究之间的实质性异质性无法在人群水平上得出总体维生素D状况的结论。然而，探索性分析表明，来自全球多个地区的新生儿和机构化老年人似乎普遍具有较低的25（OH）D值风险。需要在人群水平和关键亚组内提供有关世界范围内维生素D状况的大量细节，以告知公共卫生政策制定工作，以减少维生素D状况不足对潜在健康后果的风险。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVES:Obesity prevalence is increasing worldwide and associated with a high health risk. Unfavourable psychological factors, lower self-ratings of health and worse health-related behaviour can be found in individuals with a low socioeconomic status (SES). Therefore, the aim of our study was to investigate whether normal weight vs. obese subjects with a high vs. low socioeconomic status (SES) differ with regard to self-perceived health, quality of life and health-related behaviour. METHODS:Data of the Austrian Health Interview Survey (ATHIS) 2006/07, precisely of 8015 subjects were analysed stratified by sex and adjusted by age concerning these outcomes. RESULTS:The results have shown that men and women with a low SES differ significantly from those with a high SES in terms of self-perceived health, quality of life, intensity of physical activities, alcohol consumption, and eating behaviour (men: p <0.001; women: p<0.001). A significant interaction between the body mass index (BMI) and SES occurred in men concerning quality of life in the domains physical (p<0.05) and psychological health (p<0.01), in women as to self-perceived health (p<0.01), quality of life in the domains physical health (p<0.01) and environment (p<0.05), as well as physical activities (p<0.01). CONCLUSION:The SES has a strong negative impact on health-related variables, especially in obese subjects, and therefore risk assessment in the primary health-care setting should include socioeconomic factors. Furthermore, a continued strong public health programme is required with an absolute priority placed on obese subjects of low SES.

背景与目标： 目的：肥胖症的患病率在全球范围内呈上升趋势，并具有很高的健康风险。社会经济地位低下（SES）的人会发现不利的心理因素，健康的自我评价较低以及与健康相关的行为较差。因此，我们研究的目的是调查在社会自我状态，生活质量和健康相关行为方面，正常体重与肥胖者之间社会经济地位高低的关系是否存在差异。
方法：根据2006/07年奥地利健康访问调查（ATHIS）的数据，精确地对8015名受试者进行了分层分析，并根据年龄对这些结果进行了调整。
结果：结果表明，SES较低的男女与SES较高的男女在自我感知的健康，生活质量，体育活动强度，饮酒和饮食行为方面存在显着差异（男性：p < 0.001；女性：p <0.001）。男性的身体质量指数（BMI）与SES之间存在显着的相互作用，涉及身体（p <0.05）和心理健康（p <0.01）领域的生活质量，女性在自我感觉健康方面（p <0.01） ），身体健康（p <0.01）和环境（p <0.05）以及身体活动（p <0.01）等领域的生活质量。
结论：SES对与健康相关的变量具有强烈的负面影响，尤其是在肥胖受试者中，因此，初级保健环境中的风险评估应包括社会经济因素。此外，需要持续不断的强有力的公共卫生计划，绝对优先考虑低SES的肥胖受试者。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:Aim of this in vitro study was to compare self-etch adhesives regarding microtensile bond strength (μ-TBS) to dentin of primary teeth. METHODS:Fifty freshly extracted primary molars were ground to expose caries-free dentin. Specimens were bonded with ten self-etch adhesives (iBond self-etch/Heraeus, Xeno V+/Dentsply, G-Bond, Gaenial Bond/GC, BeautiBond/Shofu, AdheSE One F/Ivoclar Vivadent, Adper Easy Bond/3M ESPE, Clearfil SE Bond/Kuraray, OptiBond XTR/KerrHawe, Prime&Bond NT/Dentsply). After 24-h storage (distilled water, 37°C), resin-dentin beams were cut and 848 resin-dentin sticks were subjected to μ-TBS tests. Fracture analysis was carried out at 40× magnification under a fluorescence microscope and under a SEM. RESULTS:Three adhesives (iBond SE, Clearfil SE Bond, Prime&Bond NT) did not suffer pre-test failures (PTF). AdheSE One F revealed the largest portion of PTF (28%; P < 0.05). Clearfil SE Bond and OptiBond XTR exhibited more cohesive fractures than the other adhesives (77.3% vs 64.8%; P < 0.05). iBond SE, Gaenial Bond, Clearfil SE, and OptiBond XTR achieved μ-TBS of >60 MPa, whereas Xeno V+ and AdheSE One F ranged only at ~20 MPa (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION:Within the limits of this study, the self-etch adhesives under investigation proved different extents of initial μ-TBS to primary dentin with iBond SE, Gaenial Bond, Clearfil SE, and OptiBond XTR having been most successful.

背景与目标： 目的：本次体外研究的目的是比较自蚀性胶粘剂与乳齿牙本质的微拉伸粘合强度（μ-TBS）之间的关系。
方法：将50颗新鲜提取的第一磨牙磨碎以暴露无龋的牙本质。样品用十种自蚀刻粘合剂粘合（iBond自蚀刻/ Heraeus，Xeno V / Dentsply，G-Bond，Gaenial Bond / GC，BeautiBond / Shofu，AdheSE One F / Ivoclar Vivadent，Adper Easy Bond / 3M ESPE，Clearfil SE Bond /可乐丽，OptiBond XTR / KerrHawe，Prime＆Bond NT / Dentsply）。储存24小时（蒸馏水，37°C）后，切割树脂-牙本质梁，并对848个树脂-牙本质棒进行μ-TBS测试。在荧光显微镜和SEM下以40倍放大率进行断裂分析。
结果：三种胶粘剂（iBond SE，Clearfil SE Bond，Prime＆Bond NT）没有发生预测试失败（PTF）。 AdheSE One F揭示了PTF的最大部分（28％; P <0.05）。 Clearfil SE Bond和OptiBond XTR表现出比其他胶粘剂更多的内聚破裂（77.3％vs 64.8％; P <0.05）。 iBond SE，Gaenial Bond，Clearfil SE和OptiBond XTR的μ-TBS大于60 MPa，而Xeno V和AdheSE One F的范围仅为〜20 MPa（P <0.05）。
结论：在本研究的范围内，所研究的自蚀刻胶粘剂证明了初始μ-TBS与初级牙本质的程度不同，其中iBond SE，Gaenial Bond，Clearfil SE和OptiBond XTR最为成功。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: STUDY QUESTION:What was the impact on access to assisted reproductive technology (ART) treatment by different socioeconomic status (SES) groups after the introduction of a policy that increased patient out-of-pocket costs? SUMMARY ANSWER:After the introduction of a policy that increased out-of-pocket costs in Australia, all SES groups experienced a similar percentage reduction in fresh ART cycles per 1000 women of reproductive age. Higher SES groups experienced a progressively greater reduction in absolute numbers of fresh ART cycles due to existing higher levels of utilization. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY:Australia has supportive public funding arrangements for ARTs. Policies that substantially increase out-of-pocket costs for ART treatment create financial barriers to access and an overall reduction in utilization. Data from the USA suggests that disparities exist in access to ART treatment based on ethnicity, education level and income. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION:Time series analysis of utilization of ART, intrauterine insemination (IUI) and clomiphene citrate by women from varying SES groups before and after the introduction of a change in the level of public funding for ART. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS:Women undertaking fertility treatment in Australia between 2007 and 2010. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE:Women from higher SES quintiles use more ART treatment than those in lower SES quintiles, which likely reflects a greater ability to pay for treatment and a greater need for ART treatment as indicated by the trend to later childbearing. In 2009, 10.13 and 5.17 fresh ART cycles per 1000 women of reproductive age were performed in women in the highest and lowest SES quintiles respectively. In the 12 months after the introduction of a policy that increased out-of-pocket costs from ∼$1500 Australian dollars (€1000) to ∼$2500 (€1670) for a fresh IVF cycle, there was a 21-25% reduction in fresh ART cycles across all SES quintiles. The absolute reduction in fresh ART cycles in the highest SES quintile was double that in the lowest SES quintile. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION:In this study, SES was based on the average relative socioeconomic advantage and disadvantage of small geographic areas, and therefore may not reflect the SES of an individual. Additionally, the policy impact was limited to the 12 months following its introduction, and may not reflect longer term trends in ART treatment. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS:While financial barriers are an important obstacle to equitable access to ARTs, socioeconomic differences in utilization are likely to persist in countries with supportive public funding, due in part to differences in childbearing patterns and treatment seeking behaviour. Policy makers should be informed of the impact that changes in the level of cost subsidization have on access to ART treatment by different socioeconomic groups. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S):G.M.C. receives grant support to her institution from the Australian Government, Australian Research Council (ARC) Linkage Grant No LP1002165; ARC Linkage Grant Partner Organisations are IVFAustralia, Melbourne IVF and Queensland Fertility Group. V.P.H. is employed as an Economics Research Associate on the same grant. P.J.I. is Medical Director of the IVF Clinic, IVFAustralia and has a financial interest in the parent group, Virtus. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER:N/A.

背景与目标： 研究问题：引入增加患者自付费用的政策后，不同的社会经济地位（SES）组对获得辅助生殖技术（ART）的治疗有什么影响？
总结：在澳大利亚实施了一项增加自付费用的政策之后，所有SES组每1000名育龄妇女的新鲜抗逆转录病毒治疗周期均经历了类似的减少。较高的SES组由于现有较高的利用水平而使新鲜ART周期的绝对数量逐渐减少。
已经知道的内容：澳大利亚为ARTs提供了支持性的公共资助安排。大幅增加抗逆转录病毒治疗自付费用的政策为获取药物和建立整体降低利用率带来了财务障碍。来自美国的数据表明，根据种族，教育水平和收入的不同，获得抗逆转录病毒治疗的机会也存在差异。
研究设计，大小，时间：在引入公共ART资金水平变化之前和之后，来自不同SES组的妇女对ART，子宫内授精（IUI）和柠檬酸克罗米芬的利用的时间序列分析。
参与者/材料，环境，方法：2007年至2010年间，澳大利亚接受生育治疗的妇女。
主要结果和机会的作用：SES五分位数较高的妇女比SES五分位数较低的妇女更多地接受ART治疗，这可能反映出更高的支付能力和对ART治疗的需求，这一趋势表明了以后生育的趋势。 2009年，SES五分位数最高和最低的女性每1000名育龄妇女分别进行了10.13和5.17个新鲜的ART周期。在新政策实施后的12个月中，新的IVF周期的自付费用从约1500澳元（1000欧元）增加到2500美元（1670欧元），新鲜的试管婴儿减少了21-25％。 ART遍及所有SES五分位数。 SES最高的五分位数中新鲜ART循环的绝对减少量是SES最低的五分位数中绝对减少的两倍。
限制，警告原因：在本研究中，SES是基于较小地理区域的平均相对社会经济优势和劣势，因此可能无法反映个人的SES。此外，该政策的影响仅限于实施后的12个月，可能无法反映出抗逆转录病毒治疗的长期趋势。
结果的更广泛含义：虽然财政壁垒是公平获取抗逆转录病毒疗法的重要障碍，但在公共资金支持的国家，利用方面的社会经济差异可能会继续存在，部分原因是生育方式和寻求治疗方式的差异。应告知政策制定者费用补贴水平的变化对不同社会经济群体获得抗逆转录病毒治疗的影响。
研究经费/竞争兴趣：G.M.C.获得澳大利亚政府澳大利亚研究委员会（ARC）链接资助号LP1002165对其机构的资助； ARC Linkage Grant合作伙伴组织包括IVFAustralia，墨尔本IVF和昆士兰生育力集团。 V.P.H.在同一笔赠款中被聘为经济研究助理。 J是IVFAustralia IVF诊所的医学总监，在母公司Virtus中拥有财务利益。
试用注册号：N / A。