BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Despite established international guidelines on preferred teaching components for ophthalmology in undergraduate curricula, with increasingly less specialty-based undergraduate teaching within curricula, teaching of core ophthalmology knowledge and skills may become marginalized. This survey aims to evaluate the current state of undergraduate ophthalmology teaching in Australasia and proximate Asian medical schools. METHODS:A questionnaire was developed to determine the content and extent of ophthalmology teaching in the undergraduate medical curriculum. The questionnaire was sent to 25 medical schools throughout Australasia and Asia. RESULTS:Nineteen of the 25 questionnaires were returned (76% response rate). Ophthalmology teaching programmes ranged from 2 to 20 days: five (26%) medical schools having one ophthalmology attachment; six schools (32%) two attachments; and the remainder three or more. Only seven of the schools taught all 13 ophthalmology topics recommended in current curriculum guidelines. Ocular examination (100%), lens and cataract (95%) and ocular manifestations of systemic disease (95%) were the most commonly taught topics, with intraocular tumours only covered by 10 schools (53%). Students in 14 schools (74%) attended ophthalmology operating theatre, but only two schools (11%) offered attendance at optometry clinics. Ten schools (53%) required a pass in ophthalmology to complete the academic year. CONCLUSION:Ophthalmology may increasingly be a small, or even absent, component of undergraduate medical curricula. Despite established international ophthalmology curriculum guidelines, this survey highlights significant lack of uniformity in their implementation.

背景与目标： 背景：尽管就本科课程中眼科的首选教学组成部分制定了国际准则，但随着课程中基于专业的本科教学越来越少，核心眼科知识和技能的教学可能会被边缘化。这项调查旨在评估在澳大拉西亚及邻近亚洲医学院的眼科本科教学的现状。
方法：编制了一份调查问卷，以确定本科医学课程中眼科教学的内容和程度。该问卷已发送到整个澳大利亚和亚洲的25所医学院。
结果：在25份问卷中，有19份被退回（76％的答复率）。眼科教学计划从2天到20天不等：五所（26％）医学院拥有一门眼科附件；六所学校（占32％）有两个依恋；其余三个或更多。只有七所学校教授了当前课程指南中推荐的所有13个眼科主题。眼科检查（100％），晶状体和白内障（95％）以及系统疾病的眼部表现（95％）是最常教授的主题，眼内肿瘤仅覆盖10所学校（53％）。 14所学校（74％）的学生参加了眼科手术室，但只有两所学校（11％）提供了验光诊所的服务。十所学校（53％）要求通过眼科考试才能完成学年。
结论：眼科可能逐渐成为本科医学课程中很小的一部分，甚至根本没有。尽管制定了国际眼科课程指南，但该调查仍强调了其实施过程中仍然严重缺乏统一性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:Suicide rates among Indigenous peoples in Canada are at least twice that of their non-Indigenous counterparts. Although contemporary stressors contribute to this increased risk, historical experiences such as the Indian Residential School (IRS) system may also have continuing links with the risk for suicidal thoughts and behaviors. The current investigation examined the intergenerational and cumulative links between familial IRS attendance in relation to lifetime suicide ideation and attempts among First Nations adults living on-reserve. METHOD:Data from the 2008-2010 First Nations Regional Health Survey were analyzed, and participants comprised a representative sample of First Nations adults older than 18 years (weighted N = 127,338; IRS attendees were excluded). Of those who knew their familial IRS history, 38.0% had no history of attendance, 19.3% had a grandparent who attended, 16.2% had a parent who attended, and 26.5% had a parent and grandparent who attended. RESULTS:Exposure of one previous familial generation to the IRS experience was associated with increased risk for lifetime suicide ideation (odds ratio [OR], 1.46; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.16 to 1.84; P = 0.001) and attempts (OR, 1.44; 95% CI, 1.07 to 1.94; P < 0.016) compared with those with no IRS history. Having 2 generations of IRS familial history was associated with greater odds of reporting a suicide attempt compared with having one generation (OR, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.05 to 1.75; P = 0.022), which was reduced when current levels of distress and ideation were accounted for. CONCLUSION:Findings support the existence of linkages between intergenerational exposure to IRS and risk for suicidal ideation and attempts and for a potential cumulative risk in relation to suicide attempts across generations.

背景与目标： 目的：加拿大原住民的自杀率至少是非原住民的自杀率的两倍。尽管当代压力源加剧了这种增加的风险，但诸如印度寄宿学校（IRS）系统之类的历史经验也可能与自杀念头和行为的风险有着持续的联系。当前的调查研究了与终身自杀念头有关的家族性IRS出勤率与居住在保留地上的原住民成年人之间的尝试之间的代际和累积联系。
方法：分析了2008-2010年原住民地区健康调查的数据，参与者包括18岁以上原住民成年人的代表性样本（加权N = 127,338； IRS参与者不包括在内）。在知道其家庭IRS历史的那些人中，有38.0％的人没有就读史，有19.3％的祖父母曾参加过，16.2％的父母曾参加过，有26.5％的父母和祖父母曾参加过。
结果：将前一个家族的孩子暴露于IRS经验与终身自杀意念的风险增加（几率[OR]为1.46； 95％置信区间[CI]为1.16至1.84； P = 0.001）和尝试（OR ，1.44； 95％CI，1.07至1.94； P <0.016）。与只有一代人（OR，1.35； 95％CI，1.05至1.75； P = 0.022）相比，拥有2代IRS家族史的人报告自杀未遂的可能性更高。被占。
结论：研究结果表明，世代相传的IRS与自杀意念和企图的风险之间存在关联，而跨代自杀企图的潜在累积风险之间也存在关联。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:There is growing concern about the respiratory health aspects of the indoor air quality in schools. METHODS:A standardized investigation, including nasal lavage (NAL), measurement of the nasal cavity by acoustic rhinometry, and hygienic measurements of airborne pollutants, was performed in classrooms, outside the pollen season. All 279 school personnel working in the main buildings of 12 randomly selected primary schools in an urban community in central Sweden (Uppsala) were invited to enroll in the study; 234 (84%) participated. Eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), myeloperoxidase (MPO), lysozyme, and albumin were analyzed in NAL fluid. Crude statistical analysis, as well as multiple regression analysis, was performed, controlling for room temperature, age, sex, current smoking, and a history of atopy. RESULTS:Most classrooms (83%) did not meet the Swedish ventilation standards. A lower degree of nasal patency was found at higher concentrations of respirable dust, nitrogen dioxide (NO2), formaldehyde, and total molds, and in the presence of Aspergillus spp. in the classroom air. The most consistent findings were observed for formaldehyde, NO2, and Aspergillus spp., related to both decreased nasal patency and increase of ECP and lysozyme in NAL. The presence of yeast was associated with an increase of ECP and lysozyme in NAL, but was not related to nasal patency. CONCLUSIONS:Ventilation flow was below current hygienic standards in the classrooms. Air pollutants in the classroom air may influence nasal patency and inflammatory response in the nasal mucosa.

背景与目标： 背景：学校对室内空气质量的呼吸健康问题越来越关注。
方法：在花粉季节以外的教室中进行了一项标准化调查，包括洗鼻（NAL），通过鼻声鼻法测量鼻腔以及对空气中的污染物进行卫生测量。邀请了在瑞典中部（乌普萨拉）一个城市社区中随机选择的12所小学的主楼工作的279名学校工作人员参加研究； 234（84％）人参加了。在NAL液中分析了嗜酸性粒细胞阳离子蛋白（ECP），髓过氧化物酶（MPO），溶菌酶和白蛋白。进行了粗略的统计分析以及多元回归分析，以控制室温，年龄，性别，当前吸烟状况和特应性史。
结果：大多数教室（83％）不符合瑞典的通风标准。在较高浓度的可吸入粉尘，二氧化氮（NO2），甲醛和霉菌总数下，以及在曲霉属下，发现鼻腔通畅程度较低。在教室里。对于甲醛，NO2和曲霉属，观察到最一致的发现，与鼻腔通畅性降低以及NAL中ECP和溶菌酶的升高有关。酵母的存在与NAL中ECP和溶菌酶的增加有关，但与鼻腔通畅无关。
结论：教室的通风量低于当前的卫生标准。教室空气中的空气污染物可能影响鼻粘膜的通畅性和炎症反应。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:When deciding whether to close schools during an influenza pandemic, authorities must weigh the likely benefits against the expected social disruption. Although schools have been closed to slow the spread of influenza, there is limited evidence as to the impact on transmission of disease. METHODS:To assess the benefits of closing schools for various pandemic scenarios, we used a stochastic mathematical model of disease transmission fitted to attack rates from past influenza pandemics. We compared these benefits with those achieved by other interventions targeted at children. RESULTS:Closing schools can reduce transmission among children considerably, but has only a moderate impact on average transmission rates among all individuals (both adults and children) under most scenarios. Much of the benefit of closing schools can be achieved if schools are closed by the time that 2% of children are infected; if the intervention is delayed until 20% of children are infected, there is little benefit. Immunization of all school children provides only a slight improvement over closing schools, indicating that schools are an important venue for transmission between children. Relative attack rates in adults and children provide a good indication of the likely benefit of closing schools, with the greatest impact seen for infections with high attack rates in children. CONCLUSIONS:Closing schools is effective at reducing transmission between children but has only a moderate effect on average transmission rates in the wider population unless children are disproportionately affected.

背景与目标： 背景：当局在决定是否在流感大流行期间关闭学校时，必须权衡可能的收益与预期的社会破坏。尽管学校已关闭以减缓流感的传播，但对疾病传播的影响的证据有限。
方法：为了评估关闭流行学校的各种流行病的益处，我们使用了一种随机数学疾病传播模型，以适应过去流感大流行的发病率。我们将这些收益与其他针对儿童的干预措施所获得的收益进行了比较。
结果：关闭的学校可以大大减少儿童之间的传播，但在大多数情况下，对所有个人（成人和儿童）的平均传播率仅产生中等程度的影响。如果在2％的儿童被感染之前关闭学校，则可以从关闭学校中获得很多好处；如果将干预推迟到20％的儿童被感染，则几乎没有好处。与关闭学校相比，对所有学童进行免疫接种仅略有改善，这表明学校是在儿童之间传播的重要场所。成人和儿童的相对发作率很好地表明了关闭学校的可能好处，对于儿童发作率高的感染，影响最大。
结论：关闭学校可以有效减少儿童之间的传播，但对较广泛人群的平均传播率仅产生中等影响，除非对儿童的影响不成比例。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Online learning is growing rapidly worldwide, especially in the health related sectors such as medicine and nursing. Our trial wished to measure the objective (i.e. final exam results, courseware usage patterns) and subjective (satisfaction) efficiency of online vs. face-to-face learning in a prospective, controlled trial, a first of its kind in Israel. MATERIALS AND METHODS:The trial tested a blended online course, teaching introduction to clinical nephrology. The course was filmed and edited into a learning platform to fit computer based learning. 90 nursing students, from 4 bachelor's nursing programs in Israel participated in the study. The intervention group included 32 students who studied using the online course, accompanied by 3 frontal meetings dealing with technical and content issues. The reference group included 58 students from 3 nursing programs, studying in a traditional face-to-face course. RESULTS:The final exam results were significantly higher in the intervention group compared with the reference group (9.6 ± 2.57 vs. 8.4 ± 2.72; p<0.05). Student satisfaction was very high in the intervention group: 97% thought the course was well organized, 100% thought the teacher taught clearly and consistently, 90% thought the teacher encouraged self-thinking,100% thought the teacher used clarifying examples, 91% thought the teaching aids helped the learning process and 97% thought the teaching method contributed to the learning process. The average usage of the online course was 4:10h vs. 14 academic hours (10:30 h) in the traditional course. The daily usage habits of the courseware were also followed, indicating that most learning took place between 12 PM and 1 AM, peaking between 5 PM and 7 PM, and dipping between 3 AM and 10 AM. CONCLUSIONS:The online course had higher efficiency compared to the traditional face-to-face course. The subjective feedback of the intervention group proves high satisfaction with online learning.

背景与目标： 背景：在线学习在全球范围内发展迅速，尤其是在与医学和护理等健康相关的领域。我们的试验希望通过前瞻性对照试验来衡量在线与面对面学习的目标（即期末考试结果，课件使用模式）和主观（满意度）效率，这在以色列尚属首次。
材料与方法：该试验测试了一个混合的在线课程，教授临床肾病学入门。该课程被拍摄并编辑成一个学习平台，以适应基于计算机的学习。来自以色列4个学士护理课程的90名护理学生参加了该研究。干预小组包括32位使用在线课程学习的学生，并举行了3次有关技术和内容问题的前沿会议。该参考小组包括来自3个护理课程的58名学生，他们在传统的面对面课程中学习。
结果：干预组的期末考试结果明显高于参考组（9.6±2.57 vs. 8.4±2.72； p <0.05）。干预组的学生满意度很高：97％的人认为课程组织得很好，100％的人认为老师的教学始终如一，90％的人认为老师鼓励自我思考，100％的人认为老师使用了澄清的例子，91％认为教具对学习过程有帮助，有97％的人认为教学方法对学习过程有所帮助。在线课程的平均使用时间为4：10h，而传统课程为14学时（10:30 h）。还遵循了课件的日常使用习惯，这表明大多数学习发生在12 PM和1 AM之间，在5 PM和7 PM之间达到峰值，在3 AM和10 AM之间下降。
结论：与传统的面对面课程相比，在线课程的效率更高。干预组的主观反馈证明对在线学习非常满意。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Board certification is a means of demonstrating expertise above the minimum licensing standards. For many health care professionals, this credential is a necessity. As pharmacists become involved in more advanced patient care services, board certification becomes an essential component to ensuring quality care. The prevalence of United States pharmacy practice faculty members who are board certified, however, is unknown. In addition, to our knowledge, factors that serve to motivate or discourage faculty from obtaining board certification have not been previously described; thus, 900 pharmacy practice faculty members listed in the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy (AACP) online directory were invited to complete an online survey regarding motivators and barriers for board certification. In addition, a list of board-certified pharmacists, obtained from the Board of Pharmacy Specialties, was used to check the board certification status of all pharmacy practice faculty members listed in the AACP directory. In 2011, the prevalence of board certification among the 2867 pharmacy practice faculty members was 37% (1063 pharmacists), with the highest prevalence found among assistant professors (39.4%). A total of 322 faculty members (36% response rate) completed the survey; of these, 308 self-identified as pharmacy practice faculty, and their responses were included in the analysis. Current board certification in pharmacy specialties was reported by 163 respondents (52.9%); 14 (4.5%) were previously certified. Among the 308 respondents, the most common perceived reason why pharmacy practice faculty become board certified was the desire to be recognized as an expert in the field (71.5%). Those who were currently board certified indicated personal growth as the most important reason (60.1%). Those previously certified indicated no perceived benefit as the most common reason for not recertifying (71.4%). Among those never certified, no perceived need (52.0%) or benefit (44.8%) were the most common reasons for not becoming certified; however, a majority of those never certified (68%) stated that they would become board certified if there was no associated cost and they were confident they would pass. To increase the prevalence of board certification in pharmacy practice faculty at U.S. schools and colleges of pharmacy, the benefits of this credential must be addressed at each institution. Steps should be taken to assist and encourage board certification.

背景与目标： ：董事会认证是一种展示最低许可标准之上的专业知识的方式。对于许多医疗保健专业人员而言，此证书是必不可少的。随着药剂师参与更高级的患者护理服务，董事会认证已成为确保高质量护理的重要组成部分。但是，尚不知道获得董事会认证的美国药学实践教职人员的患病率。此外，据我们所知，以前没有描述过用来激励或劝​​阻教师获得董事会认证的因素；因此，邀请了美国药学院联合会（AACP）在线目录中列出的900名药学实践教师完成了有关董事会认证激励因素和障碍的在线调查。此外，还使用了从药房专业委员会获得的经董事会认证的药剂师名单，以检查ACPCP目录中列出的所有药学执业教职人员的董事会认证状态。 2011年，在2867名药学实践教师中，董事会认证的患病率为37％（1063位药剂师），在助理教授中患病率最高（39.4％）。共有322名教职员工（36％的回应率）完成了调查；其中，有308位自称药学专业的教师，他们的回答也包括在分析中。 163名受访者报告了当前的药学专业委员会认证（52.9％）； 14（4.5％）位先前得到认证。在308名受访者中，药房实践教师获得董事会认证的最常见原因是希望被认可为该领域的专家（71.5％）。目前获得董事会认证的人指出，个人成长是最重要的原因（60.1％）。那些先前获得认证的人表示，没有被认可的利益是不进行重新认证的最普遍原因（71.4％）。在那些从未获得认证的人中，没有被认可的需求（52.0％）或收益（44.8％）是未获得认证的最常见原因；但是，大多数从未认证的人（68％）表示，如果没有相关成本，他们将成为董事会认证的人，他们有信心会通过。为了提高美国药学院和药学院药房实践教师的董事会认证普及率，必须在每个机构中都使用此证书的好处。应该采取步骤来协助和鼓励董事会认证。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To provide an updated estimate of the extent and manner in which palliative care is incorporated in the curricula of U.S. medical schools. METHODS:Data were obtained from two sources: a 40-item written survey sent directly to deans of all 128 medical schools and corresponding information was obtained from the Curriculum Management and Information Tool (CurrMIT) national database of the Association of American Medical Colleges. RESULTS:Information was obtained from 47 of 128 (37%) medical schools; 30 through the survey and 17 through the CurrMIT database. "Palliative and Hospice Care" is a required course in 30% (n = 14) of responding medical schools and a required rotation in 19% (n = 9); 15% (n = 7) offer an elective course and 29% (n = 14) an elective rotation; and 53% (n = 25) integrate this subject into a required course. Of responding schools, 49% (n = 23) believe medical students should be evaluated in the care patients with advanced, incurable conditions during the clerkships; 30% (14) currently do so. CONCLUSIONS:A minority of U.S. medical schools from which information was obtained requires training in palliative care and evaluates students in their care of patients with advanced, incurable conditions. Most medical schools have chosen to include palliative care topics within existing courses. AAMC's existing database does not assess the scope or extent of coursework and rotations in palliative care. Guidelines are needed that address palliative care education and training of medical students.

背景与目标： 目的：提供有关在美国医学院校中纳入姑息治疗的程度和方式的最新估计。
方法：数据来自两个来源：直接向所有128所医学院的院长发送的40项书面调查，相应的信息是从美国医学院协会的国家课程管理和信息工具（CurrMIT）国家数据库中获得的。
结果：信息是从128所医学院中的47所（37％）获得的； 30个通过调查，17个通过CurrMIT数据库。 “缓解和临终关怀”是30％（n = 14）的响应医学院的必修课程，而轮换19％（n = 9）的必修课程； 15％（n = 7）提供选修课程，29％（n = 14）提供选修课程； 53％（n = 25）将此科目纳入必修课程。在回应学校中，有49％（n = 23）认为应在文职期间对病情晚期，无法治愈的护理患者进行医学学生评估；目前有30％（14）这样做。
结论：从中获得信息的美国医学院的一小部分需要接受姑息治疗方面的培训，并评估学生对晚期，无法治愈的患者的护理情况。大多数医学院选择在现有课程中纳入姑息治疗主题。 AAMC的现有数据库无法评估姑息治疗课程和轮换的范围或程度。需要制定指导方针，以解决医学生的姑息治疗教育和培训。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The purpose of this article is to describe access to information for the dual-degree dental scientist training programs (D.D.S.-D.M.D./Ph.D.) currently available for predoctoral students at U.S. dental schools. Given the ongoing shortage of dental faculty and the progressive emphasis on evidence-based dentistry, these programs will be instrumental in training future dental faculty. A comprehensive review of the institutional websites for all fifty-six U.S. dental schools was undertaken in January 2006. After identification of advertised dual-degree programs, a follow-up survey was sent to twenty-two dental schools that described the existence of a dual-degree dental scientist training program. The results of the survey and website review indicate that there are a number of programs in operation, but it is difficult to determine even basic features of these programs including curriculum structure, financial aid, and infrastructure support for students. Several current dental scientist trainee students were also contacted to discuss their programs in more detail. The insights derived from this investigation may assist dental school applicants, current predoctoral dental students, and administrators seeking to design or promote their existing dental scientist training programs.

背景与目标： ：本文的目的是描述目前为美国牙科学校的博士前学生提供的双学位牙科科学家培训计划（D.D.S.-D.M.D./Ph.D。）的信息访问方式。鉴于牙科教师的持续短缺以及对循证牙科的日益重视，这些计划将有助于培训未来的牙科教师。 2006年1月，对美国所有56所牙科学校的机构网站进行了全面审查。在确定了广告化的双学位课程之后，对22所牙科学校进行了跟踪调查，描述了存在双学位的情况。学位的牙科科学家培训计划。调查和网站审查的结果表明，有许多程序正在运行，但是很难确定这些程序的基本功能，包括课程结构，经济援助和对学生的基础设施支持。还与数位当前的牙科科学家实习生进行了联系，以更详细地讨论他们的计划。从这项调查中得出的见解可以为寻求设计或推广其现有牙科科学家培训计划的牙科学校申请人，当前的博士前牙科学生以及管理人员提供帮助。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:The aim of this research was to evaluate the effectiveness of a school-based intervention designed to enhance young people's motivations to breastfeed. DESIGN:A cluster randomized controlled trial was conducted involving 50 post-primary schools from across Northern Ireland. However, dropout and exclusion criteria utilized for the current study resulted in an effective sample size of 42 schools. METHODS:The intervention was delivered in two 35-min classroom sessions targeting those beliefs identified by the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) as significant in predicting motivation to breastfeed. Questionnaires incorporating the key components of the TPB were administered to all intervention and control schools at baseline, 1 and 6 months post-intervention. Multi-level modelling was used to analyse the data. RESULTS:Findings suggest that the intervention was effective in that it increased females' intentions to breastfeed, expanded their knowledge and led to more favourable attitudes and perceptions of subjective norms. Notably, females' knowledge increased more in secondary schools than in grammar schools irrespective of whether they were control or intervention schools. CONCLUSION:The research has provided evidence to support the use of the TPB in the design and evaluation of an intervention to increase females' intentions to breastfeed.

背景与目标： 目的：本研究的目的是评估旨在增强年轻人的母乳喂养动机的基于学校的干预措施的有效性。
设计：进行了一项整群随机对照试验，涉及来自北爱尔兰各地的50所小学。但是，当前研究采用的辍学和排除标准导致42所学校的有效样本量。
方法：干预是在两个为时35分钟的课堂中进行的，针对的是计划行为理论（TPB）所确定的对预测母乳喂养动机具有重要意义的信念。在干预后1个月和6个月，对所有干预和对照学校进行了包含城规会关键组成部分的问卷调查。使用多级建模来分析数据。
结果：研究结果表明干预措施是有效的，因为它增加了女性的母乳喂养意愿，扩大了她们的知识水平并导致了对主观规范的更有利的态度和看法。值得注意的是，无论是控制学校还是干预学校，中学中女性的知识要比文法学校更多。
结论：该研究提供了证据支持TPB在设计和评估增加女性母乳喂养意图的干预措施中的使用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The authors examine the role of grades in the admission decisions at a group of 19 highly selective medical schools by analyzing over 8,000 applications from Cornell University students for the entering medical school classes of 1982 through 1989. The results illustrate the great influence of the grade-point average (GPA) on the admission decision. Between the GPA levels of 3.0 and 3.8, the chance of acceptance increased by a factor of about two for each increment of .2 in the GPA. For a subset of the nine most selective of the 19 institutions, the chance of acceptance increased by a factor of five for each increment of .2. At these nine schools, of 1,157 applications with a GPA of less than 3.4, only four were approved. The authors suggest the evidence indicates that students often receive encouragement to continue the application process even though the chances of eventual acceptance are negligible.

背景与目标： ：作者通过分析康奈尔大学1982年至1989年入学的8,000多名学生的申请，分析了19个高选择性医学院校中成绩在入学决定中的作用。结果说明了该成绩的巨大影响入学决定的平均分（GPA）。在GPA 3.0和3.8之间，GPA每增加0.2，接受机会增加大约2倍。对于19个机构中选择最多的9个机构的子集，接受的机会每增加2，就增加5倍。在这9所学校中，GPA低于3.4的1,157份申请中，只有4份被批准。作者认为证据表明，即使最终接受的机会微不足道，学生也经常会受到鼓励继续进行申请过程。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The research grant awards data for 2003 published by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) were analyzed to obtain a snapshot of the current state of diagnostic radiology research in US medical schools. By considering awards to diagnostic radiology departments only, the authors show that NIH departmental rankings that combine diagnostic and therapeutic radiology departments together are deceptive for researchers interested primarily in diagnostic radiology. For each diagnostic radiology grant analyzed, the authors examined the source of funding, the primary modality involved in the research, the activity classification of the grant, and the degree of the associated principal investigator. Furthermore, the authors followed the funding for medical school radiology departments over the past several years to see if it kept up with the overall NIH budget. The data show that radiology research has exceeded the growth in academic medical research in general and highlight some areas of underfunded research.

背景与目标： ：分析了美国国立卫生研究院（NIH）发布的2003年研究补助金数据，以简要了解美国医学院校放射诊断学研究的现状。通过仅考虑授予放射诊断学部门的奖项，作者表明将诊断放射学部门和治疗放射学部门结合在一起的NIH部门排名对主要对放射诊断学感兴趣的研究人员具有欺骗性。对于所分析的每项放射诊断学补助金，作者检查了资金来源，研究涉及的主要方式，补助金的活动分类以及相关主要研究人员的程度。此外，作者跟踪了过去几年为医学院放射科提供的资金，以了解其是否与NIH的总体预算保持一致。数据表明，放射学研究总体上已经超过了学术医学研究的增长，并突显了一些资金不足的研究领域。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The levels of stochastic health effects following exposure to low doses of ionising radiation are not well known. A consequence of the uncertainty is that any radiation exposure is met with deep concern-both by the public and by scientists who disagree about how the partly conflicting results from low-dose studies should be interpreted. The concern is not limited to ionising radiation but is inherent to other areas of modern technologies such as biotechnology or electromagnetic fields. The everyday presence of advanced technologies confronts people with the necessity to take decisions and there is an ongoing debate regarding both the nature and magnitude of potential risks and how education efforts may empower peoples´ decision-making. In the field of radiation research there are different opinions regarding the optimal education methods, spanning from the idea that peoples' fears will be eliminated by introducing dose thresholds below which the risk is assumed to be zero, to suggestions of concentrating research efforts in an attempt to eliminate all uncertainties regarding the effects of low doses. The aim of this paper was to present our approach which is based on developing an education program at the secondary school level where students learn to understand the role of science in society. Teaching about radiation risk as a socio-scientific issue is not based on presenting facts but on showing risks in a broader perspective aiming at developing students' competency in making decisions based on informed assessment. We hope to stimulate and encourage other researchers to pursue similar approaches.

背景与目标： ：暴露于低剂量的电离辐射后的随机健康影响水平尚不清楚。不确定性的结果是，公众和科学家对任何辐射暴露都会受到深切关注，他们不同意应如何解释低剂量研究的部分矛盾结果。所关注的不仅限于电离辐射，还存在于诸如生物技术或电磁场等现代技术的其他领域。每天都有先进的技术使人们不得不做出决定，而关于潜在风险的性质和严重程度以及教育工作如何赋予人们决策权的争论一直在进行。在辐射研究领域，关于最佳教育方法存在不同的意见，包括通过引入剂量阈值（假定风险为零）来消除人们的恐惧的想法，以及集中研究尝试的建议。消除有关低剂量影响的所有不确定性。本文的目的是介绍我们的方法，该方法基于在中学阶段制定一项教育计划，让学生学习理解科学在社会中的作用。关于辐射风险作为社会科学问题的教学，不是基于陈述事实，而是基于从更广阔的角度展示风险，旨在发展学生在知情评估的基础上做出决策的能力。我们希望刺激和鼓励其他研究人员采用类似的方法。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :OBJECTIVES. To characterize the use of high-fidelity mannequins and standardized patients in US pharmacy colleges and schools. METHODS. A survey instrument was sent to 105 doctor of pharmacy (PharmD) programs to collect data on the use of simulation and to identify barriers to using simulation-based teaching methods. RESULTS. Eighty-eight colleges and schools completed the survey instrument (response rate 84%). Of these, 14 did not use high-fidelity mannequins or standardized patients within the curriculum. Top barriers were logistical constraints and high resource cost. Twenty-three colleges and schools used simulation for introductory pharmacy practice experiences (IPPEs), 34 for interprofessional education, and 68 for evaluation of at least 1 core competency prior to advanced pharmacy practice experiences (APPEs). CONCLUSIONS. Although the majority of US colleges and schools of pharmacy use simulation-based teaching methodologies to some extent in the pharmacy curricula, the role of simulation in IPPEs, interprofessional education, and assessment of competency-based skills could be expanded.

背景与目标： 目标在美国药学院和学校中表征高保真人体模特和标准化患者的使用。方法。将调查工具发送给105个药学博士（PharmD）计划，以收集有关使用模拟的数据并确定使用基于模拟的教学方法的障碍。结果。八十八所高校完成了问卷调查（答复率为84％）。其中，有14名未在课程内使用高保真人体模特或标准化患者。最大的障碍是后勤限制和高昂的资源成本。有23所大学和学校将模拟用于介绍药学实践入门（IPPE），34个用于跨专业教育，68个评估高级药学实践（APPE）之前的至少一项核心能力。结论。尽管美国大多数药学院和学院在药房课程中都使用了基于模拟的教学方法，但是模拟在IPPE，专业间教育和基于能力的技能评估中的作用仍可以扩大。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Tuberculosis (TB) prevalence is high among Tibetan refugees in India, with almost half of cases occurring in congregate facilities, including schools. A comprehensive program of TB case finding and treatment of TB infection (TBI) was undertaken in schools for Tibetan refugee children. METHODS:Schoolchildren and staff in Tibetan schools in Himachal Pradesh, India, were screened for TB with an algorithm using symptoms, chest radiography, molecular diagnostics, and tuberculin skin testing. Individuals with active TB were treated and those with TBI were offered isoniazid-rifampicin preventive therapy for 3 months. RESULTS:From April 2017 to March 2018, we screened 5391 schoolchildren (median age, 13 years) and 786 staff in 11 Tibetan schools. Forty-six TB cases, including 1 with multidrug resistance, were found in schoolchildren, for a prevalence of 853 per 100 000. Extensively drug-resistant TB was diagnosed in 1 staff member. The majority of cases (66%) were subclinical. TBI was detected in 930 of 5234 (18%) schoolchildren and 334 of 634 (53%) staff who completed testing. Children in boarding schools had a higher prevalence of TBI than children in day schools (915/5020 [18%] vs 15/371 [4%]; P < .01). Preventive therapy was provided to 799 of 888 (90%) schoolchildren and 101 of 332 (30%) staff with TBI; 857 (95%) people successfully completed therapy. CONCLUSIONS:TB prevalence is extremely high among Tibetan schoolchildren. Effective active case finding and a high uptake and completion of preventive therapy for children were achieved. With leadership and community mobilization, TB control is implementable on a population level.

背景与目标： 背景：在印度的藏族难民中，结核病的发病率很高，几乎一半的病例发生在包括学校在内的聚集场所中。在针对藏族难民儿童的学校中，开展了一项全面的结核病病例发现和结核病感染治疗方案（TBI）。
方法：采用症状，胸部X线照相，分子诊断和结核菌素皮肤测试等算法，对印度喜马al尔邦藏族学校的学童和工作人员进行了结核病筛查。对患有活动性结核病的患者进行了治疗，对患有TBI的患者进行了异烟肼-利福平的预防治疗，为期3个月。
结果：从2017年4月到2018年3月，我们在11所藏族学校中筛选了5391名学龄儿童（中位年龄13岁）和786名教职员工。在小学生中发现了46例TB病例，包括1例具有多药耐药性，患病率为每10万人853人。在1名工作人员中诊断出广泛耐药的TB。大多数病例（66％）是亚临床的。在完成测试的5234名学童中，有930名（18％）和634名（53％）工作人员中有334名检测到TBI。寄宿学校的儿童患TBI的比例高于日间学校的儿童（915/5020 [18％]对15/371 [4％]； P <.01）。为888名TBI学生中的799名（90％）和332名（30％）工作人员中的101名提供了预防性治疗； 857（95％）人成功完成了治疗。
结论：藏族学童的结核病患病率极高。实现了有效的主动病例发现以及对儿童的高度吸收并完成了预防性治疗。通过领导和社区动员，结核病控制可在人群水平上实施。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In the field of medical education, it is possible to consider that the acquisition of professional competences can gain new contours when considering the use of active methodologies. It is important to analyze the perception of the students about the use of them in medical courses, as well as to reflect on their challenges and potentials. In the present study, a semistructured questionnaire of student perception was applied immediately after the execution of different types of active methodologies in the discipline of physiology in two medical courses. The results suggest a highly positive evaluation of the use of active methodologies by the student body of the two institutions. The students evaluated positively the application of the method (94.6%) and the perception about the learning (84.1%). On the other hand, when questioned about the substitution of the traditional expository method by the active methodologies, there was a tendency to the centrality of the answers, with 84.0% of the responses concentrated at positions 2, 3, and 4 on a scale of 1 (minimum) to 5 (maximum) on the Likert scale. There were no statistically significant differences when comparing variables of age, sex, and previous graduation. Although there was no consensus regarding the full replacement of traditional for active methodologies, one can conclude that the students' perception about the introduction of said methodologies in the teaching of physiology in medical courses is positive, regardless of the subgroups evaluated. These results encourage the insertion of these and other methodologies into medical courses.

背景与目标： ：在医学教育领域，考虑使用主动方法时，可以考虑获得专业能力可以获得新的轮廓。重要的是要分析学生对他们在医学课程中的使用情况的看法，并反思他们的挑战和潜力。在本研究中，在两门医学课程的生理学学科中执行了不同类型的主动方法之后，立即应用了一个半结构化的学生知觉调查表。结果表明，这两家机构的学生团体对积极方法的使用给予了高度肯定的评价。学生对方法的应用（94.6％）和对学习的看法（84.1％）给予积极评价。另一方面，当被主动方法取代传统说明方法时，存在答案趋于集中的趋势，其中84.0％的回答集中在位置2、3和4上。在李克特量表上为1（最小）至5（最大）。比较年龄，性别和以前毕业的变量时，没有统计学上的显着差异。尽管对于将传统方法完全替代主动方法尚无共识，但可以得出结论，无论所评估的亚组如何，学生对医学课程中的生理学教学中引入所述方法的看法都是肯定的。这些结果鼓励将这些方法和其他方法插入医学课程。