BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The present work investigated the effects of hydrothermal treatment (HTT) of Tamarix ramosissima by determination of sugar and inhibitor formation in the liquid fraction, and chemical and morphological changes of the pretreated solid material coupled with an evaluation of enzymatic hydrolysis. HTT was carried out in a batch reactor system at a maximal temperature (TMAX 180-240 °C) and evaluated for severities logRo ranging from 2.40 to 4.17. The liquid fractions were analyzed by HPLC, GPC, and GC-MS. The morphology and composition of the solid residues were characterized using an array of techniques, such as SEM, XRD, BET surface area, and CP/MAS (13)C NMR. Using a variety of tools, we have developed a better understanding of how HTT process affects biomass structure and cellulose properties that impact on its digestibility. These results provided new insights into the factors limiting enzymatic digestibility and mechanism of biomass deconstruction during hydrothermal process.

背景与目标： ：本工作通过确定糖和液体部分中抑制剂的形成，预处理固体物质的化学和形态变化以及酶水解的评估，研究了Ta柳的水热处理（HTT）的效果。 HTT在最高温度（TMAX 180-240°C）的间歇反应器系统中进行，评估的严重度logRo在2.40至4.17范围内。通过HPLC，GPC和GC-MS分析液体级分。使用一系列技术（例如SEM，XRD，BET表面积和CP / MAS（13）C NMR）表征固体残留物的形态和组成。通过使用多种工具，我们对HTT工艺如何影响生物质结构和影响其消化率的纤维素特性有了更好的了解。这些结果为限制酶消化率的因素和水热过程中生物质解构的机理提供了新的见解。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We describe a rapid particle-enhanced turbidimetric immunoassay for albumin in urine. Intra- and interassay CVs were less than 5% and less than 10%, respectively, the detection limit is 2 mg/L, and the working range extends to 200 mg/L. Mean analytical recovery of albumin added to centrifuged urines was 100% (SD 10.6%), and, when results were compared with those by the Pharmacia RIA, the correlation coefficient was 0.99. The working reagents are stable for at least six months; thus this assay is suited for both batch and urgent analysis.

背景与目标： ：我们描述了尿中白蛋白的快速颗粒增强比浊免疫测定法。批内和批间CV分别小于5％和小于10％，检出限为2 mg / L，工作范围扩展至200 mg / L。添加到离心尿液中的白蛋白的平均分析回收率为100％（标准差为10.6％），当将结果与Pharmacia RIA的结果进行比较时，相关系数为0.99。工作试剂稳定至少六个月；因此，该分析方法适合批量分析和紧急分析。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In cementless total hip arthroplasty, long-term implant stability is achieved by bone ingrowth. The strength of the new bond gradually increases in time, due to bone maturation and progression of ingrowth. In finite element simulations, osseointegration generally is implemented as an instant change in the mechanical behavior of the implant-bone interface, although this is a simplified interpretation of the bone ingrowth process. The aim of the present study was to build on previous bone ingrowth simulations and propose a new methodology to simulate bone ingrowth as a time-dependent process. We developed an algorithm to calculate the strength of the local implant-bone bond based of the magnitude of interface micromotions and gaps in time. Our algorithm was subsequently tested in multiple hip reconstructions in which the bone quality and implant-bone contact area were varied. The results of the simulations showed that in the ideal situation (good bone quality and no interface gaps), 91% of implant area could achieve ingrowth, while in the worst case only 17% of implant area showed ingrowth. The initial contact area had a significant effect on ingrowth, overruling the effect of variations in bone quality. The progression of ingrowth had a stabilizing effect on adjacent regions, especially in the high contact area cases. Further development and validation of the presented algorithm requires more information on the nature of the relation between the ingrowth rate and the magnitude of micromotions and gap.

背景与目标： ：在非骨水泥全髋关节置换术中，骨向内生长可实现长期的植入物稳定性。由于骨骼成熟和向内生长，新结合的强度会随着时间逐渐增加。在有限元模拟中，骨整合通常是植入物-骨界面机械行为的即时变化，尽管这是对骨长入过程的简化解释。本研究的目的是在以前的骨骼长入模拟的基础上，提出一种新的方法来模拟骨骼长入作为一个与时间有关的过程。我们开发了一种算法，可以根据界面微运动的大小和时间间隔来计算局部植入物-骨结合的强度。我们的算法随后在多种髋关节重建术中进行了测试，在这些重建术中，骨骼质量和植入物与骨的接触面积均发生了变化。仿真结果表明，在理想情况下（良好的骨骼质量和无界面间隙），91％的植入物区域可以实现向内生长，而在最坏的情况下，只有17％的植入物区域可以向内生长。最初的接触面积对内生长有显着影响，但不影响骨质变化的影响。向内生长对邻近区域具有稳定作用，尤其是在高接触面​​积的情况下。所提出算法的进一步开发和验证需要关于长入率与微动和间隙大小之间关系的性质的更多信息。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Families must make decisions about organ donation for a loved one during intensely emotional circumstances in the hospital, where support from others is crucial to their coping. Research about families' experiences during the decision-making process regarding donating their loved ones' organs has shown that quality of hospital care and receiving psychosocial support are important factors influencing their decision. Typically, a donation coordinator from the local organ procurement organization approaches the family about the option of donation, whereas the role of medical and nursing staff is to convey diagnostic and prognostic information to the family. Currently, no requirement is in place for training of professional staff in communication skills for approaching and interacting with families about organ donation. This article discusses a simulated training method in empathic communication used for supporting families who are approached about organ donation. This innovative method can be adapted to and should be tested with professional audiences.

背景与目标： ：在医院情绪激动的情况下，家庭必须为亲人做出器官捐赠的决策，在这种情况下，他人的支持对他们的应对至关重要。有关家庭决策过程中有关捐赠亲人器官的经验的研究表明，医院护理质量和接受社会心理支持是影响其决策的重要因素。通常，当地器官采购组织的捐赠协调员会向家庭询问捐赠的选择，而医护人员的作用是向家庭传达诊断和预后信息。目前，没有要求对专业人员进行有关与器官捐赠有关的沟通技巧的培训，以使其与家人接触和互动。本文讨论了一种用于移情交流的模拟训练方法，该方法用于支持那些接受器官捐赠的家庭。这种创新方法可以适应专业观众，并应经过专业观众的测试。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: AIM:To develop a simple and accurate method for quantifying 8-isoprostane in plasma by employing a combination of two-step solid-phase extraction of samples and a commercially available ELISA kit, and by this method to examine the effects of drinking and smoking habits against the levels of plasma 8-isoprostane in healthy Japanese volunteers. METHODS:Plasma 8-isoprostane was extracted with ODS gel suspension followed by NH(2) Sep-Pak column. The 8-isoprostane fractions were assayed using a commercially available ELISA kit. We measured plasma 8-isoprostane levels in 157 healthy Japanese volunteers divided into three groups (64 non-habitual drinkers, 56 moderate drinkers and 37 habitual drinkers) according to their alcohol consumption per week. Genotypes of aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) were also determined to investigate the plasma 8-isoprostane levels with reference to drinking habits. In addition, the plasma 8-isoprostane levels of 96 non-smokers and 61 smokers from the same subjects were compared. RESULTS:Our method fulfilled all the requirements for use in routine clinical assays with respect to sensitivity, intra- and inter-assay reproducibility, accuracy and dynamic assay range. Significant increases of plasma 8-isoprostane levels were observed in female habitual drinkers when compared with those of non-habitual drinkers (t = 5.494, P<0.0001) as well as moderate drinkers (t = 3.542, P<0.005), and 8-isoprostane levels were also significantly different between ALDH2*2/1 and ALDH2*1/1 in the female habitual drinkers (t = 6.930, P<0.0001), suggesting that excessive drinking of alcohol may increase oxidization stress, especially in females. On the contrary, no significant difference of the plasma 8-isoprostane levels was observed between non-smokers and smokers. CONCLUSION:Our present method was proved to be a simple and accurate tool for measuring plasma 8-isoprostane. However, the clinical utility of plasma 8-isoprostane for drinking and smoking habits was limited since elevated 8-isoprostane levels were observed in female heavy drinkers, and no association was found between smokers and nonsmokers.

背景与目标： 目的：通过结合两步固相萃取样品和市售ELISA试剂盒，开发一种简单而准确的定量血浆中8-异前列腺素的方法，并以此方法检查饮酒和吸烟习惯的影响健康的日本志愿者中血浆8-异前列腺素水平的变化。
方法：用ODS凝胶悬浮液，然后用NH（2）Sep-Pak柱提取血浆8-异前列腺素。使用市售ELISA试剂盒测定8-异前列腺素级分。我们根据每周的酒精摄入量，对157名健康的日本志愿者的血浆8-异前列腺素水平进行了测量，这些志愿者分为三组（64名非习惯性饮酒者，56名中度饮酒者和37名习惯性饮酒者）。还确定了醛脱氢酶2（ALDH2）的基因型，以参考饮酒习惯研究血浆8-异前列腺素水平。此外，比较了来自同一受试者的96名非吸烟者和61名吸烟者的血浆8-异前列腺素水平。
结果：我们的方法满足了常规临床测定中灵敏度，测定内和测定间重现性，准确性和动态测定范围的所有要求。与非惯常饮酒者（t = 5.494，P <0.0001）和中度饮酒者（t = 3.542，P <0.005）和8-习惯饮酒者相比，女性惯常饮酒者血浆8-异前列腺素水平显着增加。在女性习惯性饮酒者中，ALDH2 * 2/1和ALDH2 * 1/1之间的异前列腺素水平也存在显着差异（t = 6.930，P <0.0001），这表明过量饮酒可能会增加氧化应激，尤其是女性。相反，在非吸烟者和吸烟者之间未观察到血浆8-异前列腺素水平的显着差异。
结论：我们的现有方法被证明是一种简单而准确的测量血浆8-异前列腺素的工具。但是，血浆8-异前列腺素在饮酒和吸烟习惯中的临床应用受到限制，因为在女性大量饮酒者中观察到8-异前列腺素水平升高，并且在吸烟者和不吸烟者之间未发现关联。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Individuals with HIV disease often must adhere to complex medication regimens. To date, regimen complexity has not been examined in the literature using standardized procedures incorporating all important elements of antiretroviral (ARV) regimens. OBJECTIVE:This article presents a novel method of quantifying regimen complexity using objective criteria addressing the factors that may complicate adherence to ARV regimens. METHODS:Part 1 of this article describes the development of the Antiretroviral Regimen Complexity (ARC) Index scoring system. Based on input from pediatric and adult patients, caregivers of pediatric patients, and health care professionals, this comprehensive system includes the number of medications, dosing schedules, administration methods, special instructions, and required preparations associated with ARV regimens. Weights are applied for each of these factors to produce an overall score representing the regimen's level of complexity. Part 2 of this article presents reliability and validity data for the system. RESULTS:The ARC Index demonstrates excellent test-retest and interrater reliability as well as strong construct and discriminant validity. An on-line version of this system minimizes computation errors. CONCLUSIONS:Although modifications may be necessary for patients requiring nonstandard dosing instructions, preliminary evidence supports the utility of this measure as a reliable and valid indicator of the complexity of antiretroviral treatment regimens.

背景与目标： 背景：艾滋病毒感染者通常必须遵守复杂的药物治疗方案。迄今为止，文献中尚未使用纳入抗逆转录病毒（ARV）方案所有重要要素的标准化程序来检查方案的复杂性。
目的：本文提出了一种新的量化方案复杂性的方法，该方法使用客观标准解决了可能使遵守ARV方案复杂化的因素。
方法：本文的第1部分描述了抗逆转录病毒药物复杂性（ARC）指数评分系统的开发。基于小儿和成年患者，小儿患者的看护者以及医疗保健专业人员的输入，此综合系统包括药物数量，给药方案，给药方法，特殊说明以及与抗逆转录病毒疗法相关的所需制剂。将权重应用于这些因素中的每一个，以产生代表方案复杂程度的总分。本文的第2部分介绍了系统的可靠性和有效性数据。
结果：ARC指数显示出优异的重测性和跨度可靠性，以及强大的构造和判别效度。该系统的在线版本最大程度地减少了计算错误。
结论：尽管对于需要非标准剂量指导的患者可能需要进行修改，但初步证据支持该措施可作为抗逆转录病毒治疗方案复杂性的可靠且有效的指标。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:Our purpose was to determine whether the incidence of postoperative endometritis and wound infection is associated with the method of placental removal at the time of cesarean section.

STUDY DESIGN:Parturients undergoing cesarean delivery were prospectively randomized to have the placenta removed manually or spontaneously. Patients were excluded from participation if they had received intrapartum prophylactic antibiotics or had been determined to have chorioamnionitis. After delivery of the infant women in the manual group had the placenta extracted by the primary surgeon, whereas women in the spontaneous group had the placenta delivered by gentle traction on the umbilical cord. All study subjects received perioperative prophylactic antibiotics. The primary outcome variable was a postcesarean infection, defined as postecsarean endometritis or wound cellulitis requiring drainage and antibiotic therapy.

RESULTS:A total of 333 women were enrolled in the investigation, with 165 assigned to the manual removal group and 168 allocated to have spontaneous removal. There were no statistically significant differences in mean gestational age, frequency or duration of ruptured membranes, frequency or duration of labor, or mean number of vaginal examinations between the two study groups. Postoperative infections occurred in 25 of 168 (15%) women in the spontaneous delivery group compared with 44 of 165 (27%) women in which the placenta was manually extracted (relative risk 0.6, 95% confidence interval 0.4 to 0.9, p = 0.01). Subset analysis of patients delivered with ruptured membranes similarly demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in the incidence of postoperative infections with spontaneous placental removal compared with manual extraction (20% vs. 38%, relative risk 0.5, 95% confidence interval 0.3 to 0.9, p = 0.02). There was a similar trend toward a reduction in postdelivery infections associated with spontaneous placental removal in women with intact membranes; however, this difference did not attain statistical significance.

CONCLUSIONS:Spontaneous delivery of the placenta after cesarean delivery is associated with a decrease in the incidence of postcesarean infections.

背景与目标： 目的：我们的目的是确定剖宫产时子宫内膜炎和伤口感染的发生率是否与胎盘切除方法有关。

研究设计< / strong>：接受剖腹产的产妇前瞻性随机分组，以手动或自发去除胎盘。如果患者接受了产前预防性抗生素或已确定患有绒膜羊膜炎，则将其排除在研究对象之外。婴儿分娩后，手工组的妇女由主治医师取出胎盘，而自发组的妇女则通过在脐带上轻轻牵引而分娩了胎盘。所有研究对象均接受围手术期预防性抗生素治疗。主要结局变量为剖宫产后感染，定义为剖宫产后子宫内膜炎或伤口蜂窝织炎，需要引流和抗生素治疗。

结果：该研究共纳入333名妇女，其中165名分配给手动删除组，并分配168个自发删除。在两个研究组之间，平均胎龄，胎膜破裂的频率或持续时间，分娩的频率或持续时间，或阴道检查的平均次数在统计学上没有显着差异。自发分娩组中168名女性中有25名（15％）发生了术后感染，而人工抽取胎盘的165名女性中有44名（27％）发生了术后感染（相对危险度0.6，95％置信区间0.4至0.9，p = 0.01 ）。与手工提取相比，对膜破裂患者的亚组分析显示，自发性胎盘切除术术后感染的发生率有统计学意义的降低（20％比38％，相对危险度0.5，95％置信区间0.3到0.9，p = 0.02）。具有完好的胎膜的妇女，自发去除胎盘相关的分娩后感染也有类似的趋势。但是，这种差异没有统计学意义。

结论：剖宫产后胎盘的自然分娩与剖宫产后感染的发生率降低有关。

>