BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The loss and fragmentation of natural habitats by human activities are pervasive phenomena in terrestrial ecosystems across the Earth and the main driving forces behind current biodiversity loss. Animal-mediated pollination is a key process for the sexual reproduction of most extant flowering plants, and the one most consistently studied in the context of habitat fragmentation. By means of a meta-analysis we quantitatively reviewed the results from independent fragmentation studies throughout the last two decades, with the aim of testing whether pollination and reproduction of plant species may be differentially susceptible to habitat fragmentation depending on certain reproductive traits that typify the relationship with and the degree of dependence on their pollinators. We found an overall large and negative effect of fragmentation on pollination and on plant reproduction. The compatibility system of plants, which reflects the degree of dependence on pollinator mutualism, was the only reproductive trait that explained the differences among the species' effect sizes. Furthermore, a highly significant correlation between the effect sizes of fragmentation on pollination and reproductive success suggests that the most proximate cause of reproductive impairment in fragmented habitats may be pollination limitation. We discuss the conservation implications of these findings and give some suggestions for future research into this area.

背景与目标： : 人类活动造成的自然栖息地的丧失和破碎是地球上陆地生态系统中普遍存在的现象，也是当前生物多样性丧失的主要驱动力。动物介导的授粉是大多数现存开花植物有性繁殖的关键过程，也是在栖息地破碎化的背景下研究最一致的过程。通过荟萃分析，我们定量回顾了过去二十年来独立破碎化研究的结果，目的是测试植物物种的授粉和繁殖是否可能对栖息地破碎化有不同的敏感性，这取决于某些生殖特征，这些特征代表了与传粉者的关系和对传粉者的依赖程度。我们发现碎片化对授粉和植物繁殖的总体影响很大。植物的相容性系统反映了对传粉媒介互惠关系的依赖程度，是解释物种效应大小差异的唯一繁殖性状。此外，碎片化对授粉的影响大小与生殖成功之间的高度显着相关性表明，碎片化生境中生殖障碍的最直接原因可能是授粉限制。我们讨论了这些发现的保护意义，并为该领域的未来研究提供了一些建议。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Wound infections are an infrequent but serious complication of total knee arthroplasty. Between January 1984 and November 1987, 20 of 243 (8.2%) patients at two affiliated hospitals developed surgical wound infections following 259 total knee arthroplasty procedures performed in clean-air operating rooms. Eighteen (90%) of the patients had deep infections; nine required removal of the prosthesis. A single surgeon (surgeon X) was associated with 18 of the procedures that had subsequent infection (risk ratio (RR) = 9.4, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.2-39), and an investigation was carried out in an effort to explain the difference in infection rates between surgeon X and other surgeons. In a cohort study, stratified analyses identified a preoperative American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status class greater than or equal to 3, surgeon X, and early postoperative use of a continuous passive motion device as risk factors associated with surgical wound infection following total knee arthroplasty procedures. Logistic regression analyses identified being a patient operated on by surgeon X with an ASA class greater than or equal to 3 as the only significant independent risk factor for total knee arthroplasty-associated surgical wound infections (RR = 9.3, 95% CI 2.8-31). The effect due to surgeon X could not be explained by receipt or timeliness of administration of antimicrobial prophylaxis, type of prosthesis inserted, duration of operation, postoperative use of continuous passive motion, or underlying etiology of joint disease. The authors conclude that surgical technique and patient's severity of illness were the primary determinants of surgical wound infection after total knee arthroplasty. This study demonstrates the complexity of epidemiologic investigation of surgical wound infections and the importance of considering patient severity of illness when interpreting surgeon-specific infection rates.

背景与目标： : 伤口感染是全膝关节置换术的罕见但严重的并发症。在1984年1月和1987年11月之间，两家附属医院的243名患者中有20名 (8.2% 名) 在清洁空气手术室中进行了259次全膝关节置换术后发生了手术伤口感染。18 (90%) 名患者患有深部感染; 9名需要移除假体。单个外科医生 (外科医生X) 与18例随后感染的手术相关 (风险比 (RR) = 9.4，95% 置信区间 (CI) 2.2-39)，并进行了一项调查，以解释外科医生X与其他外科医生之间感染率的差异。在一项队列研究中，分层分析确定术前美国麻醉医师协会 (ASA) 的身体状况等级大于或等于3，外科医生X，以及术后早期使用连续被动运动装置是与全膝关节置换术后手术伤口感染相关的危险因素。Logistic回归分析确定是由ASA等级大于或等于3的外科医生X手术的患者，是全膝关节置换相关手术伤口感染的唯一重要独立危险因素 (RR = 9.3，95% CI 2.8-31)。不能通过接受或及时施用抗菌药物，插入的假体类型，手术持续时间，术后使用连续被动运动或关节疾病的潜在病因来解释外科医生X的作用。作者得出结论，手术技术和患者的疾病严重程度是全膝关节置换术后手术伤口感染的主要决定因素。这项研究证明了外科伤口感染的流行病学调查的复杂性，以及在解释外科医生特定的感染率时考虑患者疾病严重程度的重要性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE:The incidence of poor ovarian response in controlled ovarian stimulation (COH) has been reported in 9-24 % of IVF-ET cycles. Growth hormone augments the effect of gonadotropin on granulosa and theca cells, and plays an essential role in ovarian function, including follicular development, estrogen synthesis and oocyte maturation. The aim of this study was to assess IVF-ET cycle outcome after the addition of growth hormone in antagonist protocol in poor responders. MATERIALS AND METHODS:Eighty-two poor responder patients selected for ART enrolled the study and were randomly divided into two groups. Group I (GH/HMG/GnRHant group, n = 40) received growth hormone/gonadotropin/GnRH antagonist protocol and group II (HMG/GnRHant group, n = 42) received gonadotropin/GnRH antagonist protocol. RESULTS:The number of retrieved oocytes was significantly higher in GH/HMG/GnRHant group than HMG/GnRHant group, 6.10 ± 2.90 vs. 4.80 ± 2.40 (p = 0.035) and the number of obtained embryos was also significantly higher in GH/HMG/GnRHant group than HMG/GnRHant group, 3.7 ± 2.89 as compared to 2.7 ± 1.29 (p = 0.018). There were no significant differences between groups regarding implantation, and chemical and clinical pregnancy rates. CONCLUSION:Our study showed that co-treatment with growth hormone in antagonist protocol in patients with a history of poor response in previous IVF-ET cycles did not increase pregnancy rates.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A 57-year-old woman showed frequent premature ventricular complexes (PVCs) originating from the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT), and some of the PVCs triggered polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (PVT). Structural heart diseases were ruled out by conventional cardiac examinations. Radiofrequency catheter ablation was successful in eliminating the PVCs and subsequent PVT. However, epinephrine infusion unmasked her prolonged QT interval, and a genetic analysis revealed a KCNH2 mutation (R694H) as the cause of latent type-2 long QT syndrome (LQTS). This case suggests that latent LQTS may work as an arrhythmogenic substrate of PVT triggered by a benign form of RVOT-PVCs in patients with a structurally normal heart.

背景与目标： : 一名57岁的女性表现出频繁的源自右心室流出道 (RVOT) 的室性早搏 (pvc)，其中一些pvc触发了多形性室性心动过速 (PVT)。常规心脏检查排除了结构性心脏病。射频导管消融成功消除了pvc和随后的PVT。然而，肾上腺素输注揭示了她延长的QT间期，基因分析显示KCNH2突变 (R694H) 是潜伏性2型长QT综合征 (LQTS) 的原因。这种情况表明，在结构正常的心脏患者中，潜在的LQTS可能是由良性形式的rvot-pvc触发的PVT的致心律失常底物。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:The outcome of sclerotherapy for bleeding oesophageal varices may be influenced by injection technique. In a previous study at our institution, sclerotherapy was associated with a high re-bleeding rate and oesophageal ulceration. Embolisation of the injection tract was introduced in an attempt to reduce injection-related complications. METHODS:To determine the outcome and effectiveness of injection tract embolisation in reducing injection-related complications, we retrospectively reviewed a series of 59 children who underwent injection sclerotherapy for oesophageal varices (29 for extrahepatic portal vein obstruction (EHPVO) and 30 for intrahepatic disease) in our centre. RESULTS:Sclerotherapy resulted in variceal eradication in only 11.8% of the children (mean follow-up duration: 38.4 months). Variceal eradication with sclerotherapy alone was achieved in 20.7% and 3.3% of EHPVO and intrahepatic disease patients, respectively. Injection tract embolisation was successful in reducing the number of complications and re-bleeding rates. Complications that arose included: transient pyrexia (16.7%); deep oesophageal ulcers (6.7%); stricture formation (3.3%); and re-bleeding before variceal sclerosis (23%). CONCLUSION:Injection sclerotherapy did not eradicate oesophageal varices in most children. Injection tract embolisation by sclerosant was associated with fewer complications and reduced re-bleeding rates.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVES:The precise role for intraventricular (IVT) antimicrobials in combination with systemic antibiotics in management of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) diversion device-associated infections is uncertain. We evaluated our current practice, comparing dual therapy against systemic antimicrobials alone. METHODS:All adult patients with at least two consecutive CSF isolates who were treated for CSF diversion device-related infection over a 5-year period (2005-2010) were identified retrospectively. Clinical and laboratory parameters, microbiology, surgical and antimicrobial management, and treatment outcomes were analysed. RESULTS:Forty-eight patients were identified - 25 received IVT and systemic antibiotics (group A), and 23 systemic antibiotics alone (group B). Clinical features were similar between groups, as were causative organisms. CSF leucocyte counts differed slightly (A > B, p = 0.067) but no laboratory parameters differed significantly. Infected devices were generally revised (A = 92%, B = 91%). Mean times to CSF sterilisation and normalisation of CSF microscopy were significantly shorter for group A (p < 0.05 and p < 0.005 respectively), as was duration of hospital stay (p < 0.002) and required length of systemic antimicrobial therapy (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS:Our findings indicate that IVT antibiotics enhance clinical and microbiological recovery and should therefore be considered for patients with CSF infection associated with a CSF diversion device. We recommend further evaluation of this approach in a prospective, randomised, controlled trial.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Over an 8 year period, 170 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and 134 healthy controls were assessed at monthly intervals in order to ascertain environmental factors which might be important in producing exacerbation or progression of the illness, and to compare the frequency of common viral infections in the two groups. During cumulative periods designated "at risk" (2 weeks before the onset of infection until 5 weeks afterwards) annual exacerbation rates were almost 3-fold greater than those during periods not at risk. Approximately 9% of infections were temporally related to exacerbations, whereas 27% of exacerbations were related to infections. Frequency of common infections was approximately 20-50% less in MS patients than controls; it was progressively less in those with greater disability. Even in minimally disabled patients with similar potential for infectious contacts, the infection rate was significantly less than in controls, suggesting that MS patients could have superior immune defences against common viruses.

背景与目标： : 在8年的时间里，每月对170名多发性硬化症 (MS) 患者和134名健康对照者进行评估，以确定可能对疾病恶化或进展很重要的环境因素，并比较两组中常见病毒感染的频率。在指定为 “处于危险中” 的累积期间 (感染发作前2周至之后5周)，年恶化率几乎是无危险期间的3倍。大约9% 的感染在时间上与恶化有关，而27% 的恶化与感染有关。MS患者的常见感染频率比对照组低约20-50%; 残疾程度较高的患者逐渐减少。即使在具有类似感染接触潜力的最小残疾患者中，感染率也明显低于对照组，这表明MS患者可以对普通病毒具有出色的免疫防御能力。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Mees' lines, or transverse striate leukonychia, are classically associated with arsenic poisoning, but have been described in other cases of acute or chronic illness. Their pathogenesis is thought to be a disruption of nail plate keratinization secondary to systemic stress. Mees' lines are observed in a patient with helminthic and amebic infections and no history of arsenic exposure. This case demonstrates another clinical setting in which Mees' lines can appear, providing further evidence that Mees' lines may chronicle systemic disease.

背景与目标： Mees线或横纹白斑病通常与砷中毒有关，但在其他急性或慢性疾病病例中也有描述。它们的发病机理被认为是继发于全身压力的指甲板角质化的破坏。在患有蠕虫和阿米巴感染且没有砷暴露史的患者中观察到mees的行。该病例展示了另一种可能出现Mees' 线的临床环境，提供了进一步的证据表明Mees' 线可能会记录全身性疾病。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:Our purpose was to determine whether the incidence of postoperative endometritis and wound infection is associated with the method of placental removal at the time of cesarean section.

STUDY DESIGN:Parturients undergoing cesarean delivery were prospectively randomized to have the placenta removed manually or spontaneously. Patients were excluded from participation if they had received intrapartum prophylactic antibiotics or had been determined to have chorioamnionitis. After delivery of the infant women in the manual group had the placenta extracted by the primary surgeon, whereas women in the spontaneous group had the placenta delivered by gentle traction on the umbilical cord. All study subjects received perioperative prophylactic antibiotics. The primary outcome variable was a postcesarean infection, defined as postecsarean endometritis or wound cellulitis requiring drainage and antibiotic therapy.

RESULTS:A total of 333 women were enrolled in the investigation, with 165 assigned to the manual removal group and 168 allocated to have spontaneous removal. There were no statistically significant differences in mean gestational age, frequency or duration of ruptured membranes, frequency or duration of labor, or mean number of vaginal examinations between the two study groups. Postoperative infections occurred in 25 of 168 (15%) women in the spontaneous delivery group compared with 44 of 165 (27%) women in which the placenta was manually extracted (relative risk 0.6, 95% confidence interval 0.4 to 0.9, p = 0.01). Subset analysis of patients delivered with ruptured membranes similarly demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in the incidence of postoperative infections with spontaneous placental removal compared with manual extraction (20% vs. 38%, relative risk 0.5, 95% confidence interval 0.3 to 0.9, p = 0.02). There was a similar trend toward a reduction in postdelivery infections associated with spontaneous placental removal in women with intact membranes; however, this difference did not attain statistical significance.

CONCLUSIONS:Spontaneous delivery of the placenta after cesarean delivery is associated with a decrease in the incidence of postcesarean infections.

背景与目标： 目的 : 我们的目的是确定术后子宫内膜炎和伤口感染的发生率是否与剖宫产时胎盘摘除的方法有关。
研究设计 : 进行剖宫产的产妇被随机分配给人工或自发摘除胎盘。如果患者接受了产时预防性抗生素治疗或已确定患有绒毛膜羊膜炎，则被排除在参与治疗之外。分娩后，手动组的婴儿妇女由初级外科医生提取胎盘，而自发组的妇女则通过脐带上的轻柔牵引来递送胎盘。所有研究对象均接受围手术期预防性抗生素治疗。主要结局变量是剖宫产后感染，定义为剖宫产后子宫内膜炎或需要引流和抗生素治疗的伤口蜂窝织炎。
结果 : 共有333名妇女参加了调查，将165分配给手动移除组，并将168分配为具有自发移除。两个研究组之间的平均胎龄，破裂的频率或持续时间，分娩的频率或持续时间或阴道检查的平均数量没有统计学上的显着差异。自发分娩组168例 (15% 例) 妇女中有25例发生术后感染，而人工提取胎盘的165例 (27% 例) 妇女中有44例发生术后感染 (相对危险0.6，95% 置信区间0.4至0.9，p = 0.01)。类似地，对患有破裂膜的患者进行的子集分析表明，与手动拔除相比，自发胎盘的术后感染发生率在统计学上显着降低 (20% 与38%，相对风险0.5，95% 置信区间0.3 0.9，p = 0.02)。在具有完整膜的女性中，与自发胎盘摘除相关的分娩后感染减少的趋势相似; 但是，这种差异没有统计学意义。
结论 : 剖宫产后胎盘的自发分娩与剖宫产后感染的发生率降低有关。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Mice which have recovered from Babesia microti infection lose their parasitaemia as soon as three weeks after recovery and become solidly immune. This sterile immunity is not affected by splenectomy and may last for the life of the mouse. Mice which have recovered from B. hylomysci infection continue to harbour parasites at a subpatent level and spontaneous relapses were common after recovery. Hence the type of immunity which developed against this parasite is premunition and may last for life. Such immunity was not absolute and considerable parasitaemias developed after challenge. Cross-protection occurred between the two species of parasite.

背景与目标： 从Babesia microti感染中康复的小鼠在康复后三周就会失去寄生虫血症，并增强免疫力。这种无菌免疫不受脾切除术的影响，可能会持续小鼠的生命。从hylomysci B感染中康复的小鼠继续以亚专利水平携带寄生虫，并且在康复后自发复发很常见。因此，针对这种寄生虫的免疫类型是弹药，可能会终身存在。这种免疫力不是绝对的，挑战后会产生大量的寄生虫。两种寄生虫之间发生了交叉保护。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Among the complications of hydatid liver disease, spontaneous cyst rupture into the biliary tract is unusual, occurring in 3.2-17% of cases. Its endoscopic management has been reported rarely, and corresponding complete photodocumentation is unique. Such a case is described and comprehensively illustrated in a 48-year-old immunocompromised man, presenting with upper abdominal pain, obstructive jaundice, and fever. Impaction of hydatid material into the common bile duct and the papilla of Vater was relieved endoscopically, and the patient was consecutively treated with two courses of mebendazole. This management resulted in complete clinical resolution of hepatic hydatosis after 8 months of follow-up. Complications of overt cyst perforation may be allergic, obstructive, secondary infectious, or metastatic. Ultrasound and computed tomography are complementary tools for diagnosis of hepatic echinococcosis, with endoscopic retrograde cholangiography being the "gold standard" in confirming rupture into the biliary system. Laboratory results are usually non-specific. While surgical excision is the treatment of choice, selected patients may primarily be managed endoscopically, followed by anthelminthic therapy.

背景与目标： 在包虫肝病的并发症中，自发性囊肿破裂进入胆道是罕见的，发生在3.2-17% 的病例中。它的内窥镜管理很少有报道，相应的完整照片记录是独一无二的。在一名48岁的免疫功能低下的男子中描述并全面说明了这种情况，该男子表现为上腹痛，阻塞性黄疸发热。内镜下减轻了包虫物质进入胆总管和Vater乳头的影响，并连续接受了两个疗程的甲苯咪唑治疗。经过8个月的随访，这种治疗可使肝囊肿的临床完全消退。显性囊肿穿孔的并发症可能是过敏性，阻塞性，继发性感染或转移性。超声和计算机断层扫描是诊断肝包虫病的补充工具，内窥镜逆行胆管造影是确认胆道系统破裂的 “金标准”。实验室结果通常是非特异性的。虽然手术切除是首选的治疗方法，但选定的患者可能主要是内镜治疗，然后是驱虫疗法。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: As the importance of laparoscopic surgery for benign diseases of the gastrointestinal tract continues to grow, the application of this approach in cases of malignancy remains controversial. Although the concept of cancer recurrence in the area of surgical wounds is not new, the incidence of port site recurrence is the most obvious concern. Indications and contraindications for surgery as well as a standardized nomenclature describing the type of laparoscopic procedures being performed are some other issues that need to be clarified. Complete laparoscopic procedures or the combination of laparoscopy with open techniques can offer advantages and disadvantages that surgeons will have to take into consideration when making decisions. The skill of the operating team and the extent of disease define the boundaries of laparoscopic surgery possible. The continued research as well as development of intelligent instruments and standardized techniques might give laparoscopy a clear role in the treatment of abdominal malignancies.

背景与目标： 随着腹腔镜手术对胃肠道良性疾病的重要性不断提高，这种方法在恶性肿瘤中的应用仍然存在争议。尽管手术伤口区域癌症复发的概念并不新，但港口部位复发的发生率是最明显的担忧。手术的适应症和禁忌症以及描述正在进行的腹腔镜手术类型的标准化术语是需要澄清的其他一些问题。完整的腹腔镜手术或腹腔镜与开放技术的结合可以提供外科医生在做出决定时必须考虑的优点和缺点。手术团队的技能和疾病程度定义了腹腔镜手术的界限。智能仪器和标准化技术的持续研究以及开发可能使腹腔镜检查在腹部恶性肿瘤的治疗中发挥明显作用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Community-acquired Clostridium difficile infection (CA-CDI) is a growing concern. CA-CDI differs from hospital-acquired C. difficile infection (HA-CDI) in its epidemiology, risk factors, severity, and outcomes. In this study, we investigated C. difficile infections in a tertiary care hospital in Seoul, Korea, and compared the CA-CDI and HA-CDI cases diagnosed in the same period. Total 593 cases were confirmed as CDI in 2014, of which CA-CDI accounted for 68 (11.5%) of the total CDI cases. Compared with HA-CDI, the mean age of CA-CDI cases was lower than that of HA-CDI (42.7 vs 60.4). In CA-CDI, antibiotic and proton pump inhibitor (PPI) use in the 12 preceding weeks and concurrent chemotherapy and tube feeding were less frequent compared with HA-CDI. In most cases (63/68, 92.6%), patients with CA-CDI recovered without any complications or recurrence. The most prevalent C. difficile type in CA-CDI cases was PCR-ribotype 012, accounting for 18.3% of the total, followed by PCR-ribotype 018 (16.7%).

背景与目标： : 社区获得性艰难梭菌感染 (ca-cdi) 日益受到关注。Ca-cdi与医院获得性艰难梭菌感染 (ha-cdi) 的流行病学、危险因素、严重程度和结局不同。在这项研究中，我们调查了韩国首尔一家三级医院的艰难梭菌感染，并比较了同期诊断的ca-cdi和ha-cdi病例。共593例确诊为CDI 2014年，其中ca-cdi占CDI病例总数的68 (11.5%)。与ha-cdi相比，ca-cdi病例的平均年龄低于ha-cdi (42.7 vs 60.4)。在ca-cdi中，与ha-cdi相比，前12周使用抗生素和质子泵抑制剂 (PPI) 以及同时进行化疗和管饲的频率较低。在大多数情况下 (63/68，92.6%)，CA-CDI患者恢复无任何并发症或复发。CA-CDI病例中最普遍的艰难梭菌类型是PCR核型012，占总数的18.3%，其次是PCR核型018 (16.7%)。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the most common type of hospital-acquired infection, and most are associated with indwelling urinary catheters, that is, catheter-associated UTIs (CAUTIs). Our goal was to reduce the CAUTI rate. DESIGN: SETTING: INTERVENTIONS:We retrospectively examined the feasibility and cost-effectiveness of a bundle of four evidence-based interventions upon the incidence rate (IR) of CAUTIs in a community hospital. The first intervention was the exclusive use of silver alloy catheters in the hospital's acute care areas. The second intervention was a securing device to limit the movement of the catheter after insertion. The third intervention was repositioning of the catheter tubing if it was found to be touching the floor. The fourth intervention was removal of the indwelling urinary catheter on postoperative Day 1 or 2, for most surgical patients. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE:Rates of CAUTI per 1000 catheter days were estimated and compared using the generalized estimating equations Poisson regression analysis. RESULTS:During the study period, 33 of the 2228 patients were diagnosed with a CAUTI. The CAUTI IR for the pre-intervention period was 5.2/1000. For the 7 months following the implementation of the fourth intervention, the IR was 1.5/1000 catheter days, a significant reduction relative to the pre-intervention period (P = 0.03). The annualized projection for the cost of implementing this bundle of four interventions is $23 924. CONCLUSION:A bundle of four evidence-based interventions reduced the incidence of CAUTIs in a community hospital. It is relatively simple, appears to be cost-effective and might be sustainable and adaptable by other hospitals.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Urinary tract infections are a real public health problem. They are a frequent reason for consultation as they entail a significant and sometimes inappropriate prescription of antibiotics. This is a retrospective study which involved 1,334 patients between October 2007 and February 2011. Enterobacteriaceae accounted for 85% of isolated bacteria, predominantly Escherichia coli (60%). Gram-positive bacteria account for only 11%. The highest rate of acquired resistance of Escherichia coli was observed with ampicillin (70%). This study give an idea on the rates of antibiotic resistance of the main bacteria involved in urinary tract infections and illustrate the importance of the proper use of antibiotics coupled to surveillance in order to control the spread of these resistances.

背景与目标： : 尿路感染是一个真正的公共卫生问题。它们是经常进行咨询的原因，因为它们需要大量且有时不适当的抗生素处方。这是一项回顾性研究，涉及2007年10月和2011年2月之间的1,334名患者。肠杆菌科占分离细菌的85%，主要是大肠杆菌 (60%)。革兰氏阳性细菌仅占11%。氨苄西林 (70%) 对大肠杆菌的获得性耐药率最高。这项研究对涉及尿路感染的主要细菌的抗生素耐药率进行了了解，并说明了正确使用抗生素并进行监测以控制这些耐药性传播的重要性。