BACKGROUND & AIMS: :While the bulk of research into neural substrates of behavior and psychopathology has focused on cognitive, memory and executive functions, there has been a recent surge of interest in emotion processing and social cognition, manifested in designating Social Cognition as a major RDoC domain. We describe the origins of this field's influence on cognitive neuroscience and highlight the most salient findings leading to the characterization of the "social brain" and the establishments of parameters that quantify normative and aberrant behaviors. Such parameters of behavior and neurobiology are required for a potentially successful RDoC construct, especially if heritability is established, because of the need to link with genomic systems. We proceed to illustrate how a social cognition measure can be used within the RDoC framework by presenting a task of facial emotion identification. We show that performance is sensitive to normative individual differences related to age and sex and to deficits associated with schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. Neuroimaging studies with this task demonstrate that it recruits limbic and frontal regulatory activation in healthy samples as well as abnormalities in psychiatric populations. Evidence for its heritability was documented in genomic family studies and in patients with the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Measures that meet such criteria can help build translational bridges between cellular molecular mechanisms and behavior that elucidate aberrations related to psychopathology. Such links will transcend current diagnostic classifications and ultimately lead to a mechanistically based diagnostic nomenclature. Establishing such bridges will provide the elements necessary for early detection and scientifically grounded intervention.

背景与目标： : 尽管对行为和精神病理学的神经基础的大部分研究都集中在认知，记忆和执行功能上，但最近对情绪处理和社会认知的兴趣激增，表现为将社会认知指定为主要的RDoC领域。我们描述了该领域对认知神经科学的影响的起源，并强调了最显着的发现，这些发现导致 “社交大脑” 的特征以及量化规范和异常行为的参数的建立。这种行为和神经生物学参数是潜在成功的RDoC构建体所必需的，尤其是在遗传力得以确立的情况下，因为需要与基因组系统联系。我们通过提出面部情感识别任务来说明如何在RDoC框架内使用社会认知度量。我们表明，表现对与年龄和性别相关的规范性个体差异以及与精神分裂症和其他精神病相关的缺陷敏感。这项任务的神经影像学研究表明，它会在健康样本中招募边缘和额叶调节激活，以及精神科人群的异常。基因组家族研究和22q11.2缺失综合征患者记录了其遗传力的证据。满足此类标准的措施可以帮助在细胞分子机制和行为之间建立翻译桥梁，以阐明与精神病理学有关的畸变。这样的链接将超越当前的诊断分类，并最终导致基于机械的诊断命名法。建立这样的桥梁将为早期发现和科学地进行干预提供必要的要素。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) initiative of the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) established a dimensional framework for understanding psychiatric constructs. Initial Responsiveness to Reward Attainment (IRRA) was identified as a dimensional construct relevant to several psychiatric disorders. The current study aimed to (1) examine IRRA as a predictor of psychopathology and impairment in children and their parents, and (2) examine the potential effects of sex and ancestry on the relationship between IRRA and psychopathology. Participants included 1127 children ages 6 to 12, and 1018 of their parents. Parents and children completed self-report measures of IRRA. Psychopathology and impairment were measured using self-report for adults, and parent-report and semi-structured interview for children. In adults, IRRA was significantly, but modestly, related to adaptive functioning. In children, IRRA was significantly, but modestly, related to overall, school, spare time, home, and peer functioning. Findings suggest IRRA may be a helpful construct for understanding adaptive functioning in adults and children, however it may be less helpful for understanding specific dimensions of psychopathology. Additionally, ancestry should be taken into consideration when examining how IRRA relates to psychopathology and functioning.

背景与目标： 美国国家精神卫生研究所 (NIMH) 的研究领域标准 (RDoC) 倡议建立了一个理解精神病学结构的维度框架。对奖励达到的初始反应 (IRRA) 被确定为与几种精神疾病相关的维度结构。当前的研究旨在 (1) 检查IRRA作为儿童及其父母心理病理学和损害的预测指标，以及 (2) 检查性别和血统对IRRA与心理病理学之间关系的潜在影响。参与者包括1127名6至12岁的儿童及其父母的1018。父母和孩子完成了IRRA的自我报告措施。使用成人的自我报告，父母报告和儿童的半结构化访谈来测量精神病理学和障碍。在成年人中，IRRA与适应性功能显着但适度相关。在儿童中，IRRA与整体，学校，业余时间，家庭和同伴的功能有关，但适度。研究结果表明，IRRA可能是理解成人和儿童适应性功能的有用结构，但是对于理解精神病理学的特定维度可能没有帮助。此外，在检查IRRA与心理病理学和功能之间的关系时，应考虑祖先。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:The Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) project was initiated to develop, for research purposes, new ways of classifying mental disorders based on dimensions of observable behavior and neurobiological measures. This article reviews the rationale behind the RDoC program, its goals, and central tenets; discusses application of an RDoC framework to research with maltreated children; and highlights some clinical implications of this work. METHOD:Published RDoC papers were reviewed, together with relevant preclinical and clinical studies that guide our work on risk and resilience in maltreated children. RESULTS:The ultimate long-term goal of the RDoC initiative is precision medicine in psychiatry. In the interim, the RDoC initiative provides a framework to organize research to help develop the database required to derive a new psychiatric nomenclature that can appropriately match treatments to patients. The primary focus of RDoC is on neural circuitry, with levels of analyses that span from molecules to behavior. There has been some concern that the RDoC framework is reductionist, with an overemphasis on neural circuits and genetics; however, the briefly reviewed, burgeoning literature on neuroplasticity and epigenetics highlights that this concern is unwarranted, as one cannot study neural circuits and genetics without considering experience. CONCLUSION:The study of maltreated children has a number of advantages for the RDoC project, including the following: study of a subset of patients who are often not responsive to standard interventions; examination of a relatively homogenous sample with onset of psychopathology proposed to be associated with stress-related mechanisms; and well-established, relevant animal models to facilitate translational research.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The NIMH Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) initiative aims to describe key dimensional constructs underlying mental function across multiple units of analysis-from genes to observable behaviors-in order to better understand psychopathology. The acute threat ("fear") construct of the RDoC Negative Valence System has been studied extensively from a translational perspective, and is highly pertinent to numerous psychiatric conditions, including anxiety and trauma-related disorders. We examined genetic contributions to the construct of acute threat at two units of analysis within the RDoC framework: (1) neural circuits and (2) physiology. Specifically, we focused on genetic influences on activation patterns of frontolimbic neural circuitry and on startle, skin conductance, and heart rate responses. Research on the heritability of activation in threat-related frontolimbic neural circuitry is lacking, but physiological indicators of acute threat have been found to be moderately heritable (35-50%). Genetic studies of the neural circuitry and physiology of acute threat have almost exclusively relied on the candidate gene method and, as in the broader psychiatric genetics literature, most findings have failed to replicate. The most robust support has been demonstrated for associations between variation in the serotonin transporter (SLC6A4) and catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) genes with threat-related neural activation and physiological responses. However, unbiased genome-wide approaches using very large samples are needed for gene discovery, and these can be accomplished with collaborative consortium-based research efforts, such as those of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC) and Enhancing Neuro Imaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis (ENIGMA) Consortium.

背景与目标： : NIMH研究领域标准 (RDoC) 计划旨在描述跨多个分析单位 (从基因到可观察到的行为) 的心理功能的关键维度构建，以便更好地了解心理病理学。RDoC负价系统的急性威胁 (“恐惧”) 结构已从翻译的角度进行了广泛研究，并且与许多精神疾病 (包括焦虑和创伤相关疾病) 高度相关。我们在RDoC框架内的两个分析单位检查了对急性威胁构建的遗传贡献 :( 1) 神经回路和 (2) 生理学。具体来说，我们专注于遗传对额边缘神经回路激活模式以及惊吓，皮肤电导和心率反应的影响。缺乏对威胁相关的额边缘神经回路中激活的遗传力的研究，但已发现急性威胁的生理指标具有中等遗传性 (35-50%)。对急性威胁的神经回路和生理学的遗传研究几乎完全依赖于候选基因方法，并且与更广泛的精神病学遗传学文献一样，大多数发现都无法复制。5-羟色胺转运蛋白 (SLC6A4) 和儿茶酚-O-甲基转移酶 (COMT) 基因的变异与威胁相关的神经激活和生理反应之间的关联已得到最有力的支持。然而，基因发现需要使用非常大样本的无偏全基因组方法，这些方法可以通过基于合作联盟的研究工作来实现，例如精神病学基因组学联盟 (PGC) 的研究工作，并通过荟萃分析 (ENIGMA) 联盟来增强神经成像遗传学。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) initiative promoted by the National Institute of Mental Health emphasizes a dimensional approach to psychopathology that is agnostic to DSM diagnosis. The RDoC project offers exciting possibilities for advancing research aimed at preventing psychopathology. However, prevention has historically been defined using diagnostic status, requiring the field to redefine what constitutes prevention using an RDoC approach. This article outlines new criteria for prevention in the RDoC context and provides guidance for implementing these criteria. We also describe the role of prevention-mechanism trials that examine whether preventive interventions change proximal etiological mechanisms known to be associated with psychopathology. We hope that these modified criteria and recommendations will stimulate new possibilities for prevention research that will advance the field.

背景与目标： : 由美国国家精神卫生研究所推动的研究领域标准 (RDoC) 倡议强调了一种与DSM诊断无关的心理病理学维度方法。RDoC项目为推进旨在预防精神病理学的研究提供了令人兴奋的可能性。但是，历史上使用诊断状态定义了预防，要求该领域使用RDoC方法重新定义构成预防的内容。本文概述了RDoC背景下的新预防标准，并为实施这些标准提供了指导。我们还描述了预防机制试验的作用，该试验检查了预防干预措施是否改变了已知与精神病理学相关的近端病因机制。我们希望，这些经修改的标准和建议将激发预防研究的新可能性，从而推动这一领域的发展。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Offering a new framework for understanding and studying basic dimensions of normal and abnormal human functioning and mental disorders, the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) has initiated the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) project in which a series of higher order domains, representing major systems of emotion, cognition, motivation, and social behavior, and their constituent operationally defined constructs serve as organizing templates for further research and inquiry, eg, to discover validated biomarkers and endophenotypes. Cutting across traditional DSM diagnoses, the domains are defined as Negative Valence Systems, Positive Valence Systems, Cognitive Systems, Systems for Social Processes, and Arousal/Regulatory Systems. To inform educators, trainees, and practitioners about RDoC, alert them to potential practical applications, and encourage their broad exploration in clinical settings, this article reviews the RDoC domains and their subsystem constructs with regard to potential current clinical considerations and applications. We describe ways in which the RDoC domains and constructs offer transdiagnostic frameworks for complementing traditional practice; suggest clinical questions to help elucidate salient information; and, translating RDoC domains and constructs headings into clinically friendly language, offer a template for the psychiatric review of systems that can serve in clinical notes.

背景与目标： : 为理解和研究正常和异常的人类功能和精神障碍的基本维度提供了一个新的框架，美国国家精神卫生研究所 (NIMH) 发起了研究领域标准 (RDoC) 项目，其中一系列高阶领域代表了情绪、认知、动机、和社会行为，以及它们的组成操作定义的构建体作为进一步研究和调查的组织模板，例如，发现经过验证的生物标志物和内表型。跨越传统的DSM诊断，这些领域被定义为负价系统，正价系统，认知系统，社会过程系统和唤醒/调节系统。为了让教育工作者、受训者和从业人员了解RDoC，提醒他们潜在的实际应用，并鼓励他们在临床环境中进行广泛的探索，本文回顾了RDoC领域及其子系统结构，涉及当前潜在的临床考虑和应用。我们描述了RDoC领域和结构提供跨诊断框架以补充传统实践的方式; 提出临床问题以帮助阐明重要信息; 并且，将RDoC领域和构建标题转换为临床友好的语言，为可以在临床笔记中使用的系统的精神病学审查提供了模板。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Thought disorder is a pernicious and nonspecific aspect of numerous serious mental illnesses (SMIs) and related conditions. Despite decades of empirical research on thought disorder, our present understanding of it is poor, our clinical assessments focus on a limited set of extreme behaviors, and treatments are palliative at best. Applying a Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) framework to thought disorder research offers advantages to explicate its phenotype; isolate its mechanisms; and develop more effective assessments, treatments, and potential cures. In this commentary, we discuss ways in which thought disorder can be understood within the RDoC framework. We propose operationalizing thought disorder within the RDoC construct of language using psycholinguistic sciences, to help objectify and quantify language within individuals; technologically sophisticated paradigms, to allow naturalistic behavioral sampling techniques with unprecedented ecological validity; and computational modeling, to account for a network of interconnected and dynamic linguistic, cognitive, affective, and social functions. We also highlight challenges for understanding thought disorder within an RDoC framework. Thought disorder likely does not occur as an isomorphic dysfunction in a single RDoC construct, but rather, as multiple potential dysfunctions in a network of RDoC constructs. Moreover, thought disorder is dynamic over time and context within individuals. In sum, RDoC is a useful framework to integrate multidisciplinary research efforts aimed at operationalizing, understanding, and ameliorating thought disorder.

背景与目标： : 思想障碍是许多严重精神疾病 (smm) 和相关疾病的有害和非特异性方面。尽管对思想障碍进行了数十年的实证研究，但我们目前对思想障碍的理解很差，我们的临床评估集中在有限的极端行为上，而治疗充其量只是姑息性的。将研究领域标准 (RDoC) 框架应用于思想障碍研究可以提供优势来阐明其表型; 分离其机制; 并开发更有效的评估，治疗和潜在的治疗方法。在本评论中，我们讨论了在RDoC框架内理解思维障碍的方式。我们建议使用心理语言学科学在RDoC语言结构中操作思维障碍，以帮助客观化和量化个人中的语言; 技术复杂的范式，以允许具有前所未有的生态有效性的自然主义行为采样技术; 和计算建模，以解决相互联系和动态的语言，认知，情感，和社会功能。我们还强调了在RDoC框架内理解思维障碍的挑战。思维障碍可能不是在单个RDoC构建体中作为同构功能障碍而发生的，而是在RDoC构建体网络中作为多种潜在功能障碍而发生的。此外，思维障碍在个体内部随着时间和背景的变化是动态的。总而言之，RDoC是一个有用的框架，可以整合旨在实施，理解和改善思想障碍的多学科研究工作。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:The CEGS N-GRID 2016 Shared Task in Clinical Natural Language Processing (NLP) provided a set of 1000 neuropsychiatric notes to participants as part of a competition to predict psychiatric symptom severity scores. This paper summarizes our methods, results, and experiences based on our participation in the second track of the shared task. OBJECTIVE:Classical methods of text classification usually fall into one of three problem types: binary, multi-class, and multi-label classification. In this effort, we study ordinal regression problems with text data where misclassifications are penalized differently based on how far apart the ground truth and model predictions are on the ordinal scale. Specifically, we present our entries (methods and results) in the N-GRID shared task in predicting research domain criteria (RDoC) positive valence ordinal symptom severity scores (absent, mild, moderate, and severe) from psychiatric notes. METHODS:We propose a novel convolutional neural network (CNN) model designed to handle ordinal regression tasks on psychiatric notes. Broadly speaking, our model combines an ordinal loss function, a CNN, and conventional feature engineering (wide features) into a single model which is learned end-to-end. Given interpretability is an important concern with nonlinear models, we apply a recent approach called locally interpretable model-agnostic explanation (LIME) to identify important words that lead to instance specific predictions. RESULTS:Our best model entered into the shared task placed third among 24 teams and scored a macro mean absolute error (MMAE) based normalized score (100·(1-MMAE)) of 83.86. Since the competition, we improved our score (using basic ensembling) to 85.55, comparable with the winning shared task entry. Applying LIME to model predictions, we demonstrate the feasibility of instance specific prediction interpretation by identifying words that led to a particular decision. CONCLUSION:In this paper, we present a method that successfully uses wide features and an ordinal loss function applied to convolutional neural networks for ordinal text classification specifically in predicting psychiatric symptom severity scores. Our approach leads to excellent performance on the N-GRID shared task and is also amenable to interpretability using existing model-agnostic approaches.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) reflects a paradigm shift in mental health research aimed at establishing a science of psychopathology that is grounded in neuroscience. In many ways, the RDoC approach to research has been utilized for decades by psychophysiologists who have leveraged a range of biological measures to study variability in psychological processes as a function of individual differences. We highlight the critical role of psychophysiology in the era of RDoC, and briefly review the 13 papers and commentary that form the current special issue.

背景与目标： : 研究领域标准 (RDoC) 反映了精神卫生研究的范式转变，旨在建立基于神经科学的精神病理学。在许多方面，RDoC研究方法已被心理生理学家使用了数十年，他们利用了一系列生物学措施来研究心理过程中个体差异的变化。我们强调了心理生理学在RDoC时代的关键作用，并简要回顾了构成当前特刊的13篇论文和评论。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: -2

背景与目标： -2

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The thesis of multiple realisation that Borsboom et al. are relying on should not be taken for granted. In dissolving the apparent multiple realisation, the reductionist research strategies in psychopathology research (the Research Domain Criteria [RDoC] framework, in particular) are bound to lead to eliminativism rather than reductionism. Therefore, Borsboom et al. seem to be aiming at a wrong target.

背景与目标： : Borsboom等人所依赖的多重认识的论点不应该被认为是理所当然的。在消除明显的多重认识时，精神病理学研究中的还原论研究策略 (尤其是研究领域标准 [RDoC] 框架) 必将导致消除主义而不是还原主义。因此，Borsboom等人似乎瞄准了一个错误的目标。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Studies have shown that specific networks (default mode network [DMN] and task positive network [TPN]) activate in an anticorrelated manner when sustaining attention. Related EEG studies are scarce and often lack behavioral validation. We performed independent component analysis (ICA) across different frequencies (source-level), using eLORETA-ICA, to extract brain-network activity during resting-state and sustained attention. We applied ICA to the voxel domain, similar to functional magnetic resonance imaging methods of analyses. The obtained components were contrasted and correlated to attentional performance (omission errors) in a large sample of healthy subjects (N = 1397). We identified one component that robustly correlated with inattention and reflected an anticorrelation of delta activity in the anterior cingulate and precuneus, and delta and theta activity in the medial prefrontal cortex and with alpha and gamma activity in medial frontal regions. We then compared this component between optimal and suboptimal attentional performers. For the latter group, we observed a greater change in component loading between resting-state and sustained attention than for the optimal performers. Following the National Institute of Mental Health Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) approach, we prospectively replicated and validated these findings in subjects with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Our results provide further support for the "default mode interference hypothesis."

背景与目标： : 研究表明，特定网络 (默认模式网络 [DMN] 和任务正向网络 [TPN]) 在保持注意力时以反相关的方式激活。相关的脑电图研究很少，而且往往缺乏行为验证。我们使用eLORETA-ICA进行了不同频率 (源级) 的独立成分分析 (ICA)，以提取静息状态和持续注意力期间的脑网络活动。我们将ICA应用于体素域，类似于功能磁共振成像分析方法。在健康受试者的大样本 (N = 1397) 中，对获得的组分进行对比并与注意表现 (遗漏误差) 相关。我们确定了一个与注意力不集中密切相关的成分，并反映了前扣带回和前神经的delta活动以及内侧前额叶皮层的delta和theta活动以及内侧额叶区域的alpha和gamma活动的反相关性。然后，我们比较了最佳注意力执行者和次优注意力执行者之间的这一分量。对于后一组，我们观察到静息状态和持续注意力之间的组件负荷变化比最佳表演者更大。遵循美国国家精神卫生研究所研究领域标准 (RDoC) 方法，我们前瞻性地在注意力缺陷/多动障碍患者中复制并验证了这些发现。我们的结果为 “默认模式干扰假设” 提供了进一步的支持。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The National Institute of Mental Health's (NIMH) Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) initiative seeks to establish new dimensional conceptions of mental health problems, through the investigation of clinically relevant "process" constructs that have neurobiological as well as psychological referents. This special issue provides a detailed overview of the RDoC framework by NIMH officials Michael Kozak and Bruce Cuthbert, and spotlights RDoC-oriented investigative efforts by leading psychophysiological research groups as examples of how clinical science might be reshaped through application of RDoC principles. Accompanying commentaries highlight key aspects of the work by each group, and discuss reported methods/findings in relation to promises and challenges of the RDoC initiative more broadly.

背景与目标： : 美国国家精神卫生研究所 (NIMH) 研究领域标准 (RDoC) 计划旨在通过研究具有神经生物学和心理学参考对象的临床相关 “过程” 结构来建立精神卫生问题的新维度概念。本期特刊详细概述了NIMH官员Michael Kozak和Bruce Cuthbert的RDoC框架，并重点介绍了领先的心理生理研究小组面向RDoC的调查工作，以此作为如何通过应用RDoC原理重塑临床科学的示例。随附的评论强调了每个小组工作的关键方面，并更广泛地讨论了与RDoC计划的承诺和挑战有关的报告方法/发现。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This article gives a synthesis and overview of the history, methodological principles and scientific and media reception of the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) Project launched in 2009 by the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). It is shown how the RDoC project opposes on several points the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of mental disorders (DSM), but most particularly by focusing on the normal functioning of the brain with data from genetics, cognitive neuroscience and behavioral sciences. It is argued that this project is a bet on the future and that its success largely depends on the adhesion of the American researchers to the new framework it offers. However, paradoxically, this framework is still to be built.

背景与目标： : 本文对美国国家精神卫生研究所 (NIMH) 2009年启动的研究领域标准 (RDoC) 项目的历史，方法论原理以及科学和媒体接受情况进行了综合和概述。显示了RDoC项目如何在几个方面反对精神障碍诊断和统计手册 (DSM)，但最重要的是通过关注来自遗传学，认知神经科学和行为科学的数据来关注大脑的正常功能。有人认为，该项目是对未来的押注，其成功在很大程度上取决于美国研究人员对它提供的新框架的坚持。然而，矛盾的是，这一框架仍有待建立。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) initiative endeavors to foster a science of psychopathology based around dimensions of brain-behavior relationships as opposed to subjectively based diagnostic categories. A rapidly accumulating array of transdiagnostic commonalities, across multiple objective and subjective measures, underscores the clear potential of this initiative. At the same time, a road map for guiding future RDoC research efforts is needed that draws upon the wealth of extant disorder-specific findings. In this issue, Hamm and colleagues provide an example of conceptualizing within-disorder processes in terms of dimensional brain-behavior relationships that advances the understanding of panic disorder with agoraphobia beyond the conventional nosological framework. Their findings and conceptual model are reviewed and discussed in terms of broader transdiagnostic implications.

背景与目标： : 研究领域标准 (RDoC) 计划致力于建立基于脑行为关系维度的心理病理学科学，而不是基于主观的诊断类别。跨多个客观和主观指标快速积累的跨诊断共性，突显了这一举措的明显潜力。同时，需要一份路线图来指导未来的RDoC研究工作，以借鉴现有的针对特定疾病的大量发现。在本期中，Hamm及其同事提供了一个示例，该示例根据维度的大脑行为关系来概念化疾病内部过程，从而使人们对恐慌症的理解超出了传统的疾病学框架。他们的发现和概念模型将根据更广泛的跨诊断含义进行审查和讨论。