BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Severe iodine deficiency is characterized by goiter, preferential synthesis, and secretion of T(3) in thyroids, hypothyroxinemia in plasma and tissues, normal or low plasma T(3), and slightly increased plasma TSH. We studied changes in deiodinase activities and mRNA in several tissues of rats maintained on low-iodine diets (LIDs) or LIDs supplemented with iodine (LID+I). T(4) and T(3) concentrations decreased in plasma, tissues, and thyroids of LID rats, and T(4) decreased more than T(3) (50%). The highest type 1 iodothyronine deiodinase (D1) activities were found in the thyroid, kidney, and the liver; pituitary, lung, and ovary had lower D1 activities; but the lowest levels were found in the heart and skeletal muscle. D1 activity decreased in all tissues of LID rats (10-40% of LID+I rats), except for ovary and thyroids, which D1 activity increased 2.5-fold. Maximal type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase (D2) activities were found in thyroid, brown adipose tissue, and pituitary, increasing 6.5-fold in thyroids of LID rats and about 20-fold in the whole gland. D2 always increased in response to LID, and maximal increases were found in the cerebral cortex (19-fold), thyroid, brown adipose tissue, and pituitary (6-fold). Lower D2 activities were found in the ovary, heart, and adrenal gland, which increased in LID. Type 3 iodothyronine deiodinase activity was undetectable. Thyroidal Dio1 and Dio2 mRNA increased in the LID rats, and Dio1 decreased in the lung, with no changes in mRNA expression in other tissues. Our data indicate that LID induces changes in deiodinase activities, especially in the thyroid, to counteract the low T(4) synthesis and secretion, contributing to maintain the local T(3) concentrations in the tissues with D2 activity.

背景与目标： : 严重缺碘的特征是甲状腺肿大，甲状腺优先合成和分泌T(3)，血浆和组织中的低甲状腺素血症，正常或低血浆T(3) 和血浆TSH略有升高。我们研究了低碘饮食 (LID) 或补充碘的LID (LID I) 维持的大鼠几个组织中脱碘酶活性和mRNA的变化。LID大鼠血浆，组织和甲状腺中T(4) 和T(3) 的浓度降低，T(4) 的降低幅度大于T(3) (50%)。在甲状腺，肾脏和肝脏中发现最高的1型碘甲状腺原氨酸脱碘酶 (D1) 活性; 垂体，肺和卵巢的D1活性较低; 但在心脏和骨骼肌中发现最低水平。除卵巢和甲状腺外，LID大鼠的所有组织 (LID I大鼠的10-40%) 中的D1活性均降低，D1活性增加了2.5倍。在甲状腺，棕色脂肪组织和垂体中发现最大的2型碘甲状腺原氨酸脱碘酶 (D2) 活性，在LID大鼠的甲状腺中增加6.5倍，在整个腺体中约增加20倍。D2总是响应LID而增加，并且在大脑皮层 (19倍)，甲状腺，棕色脂肪组织和垂体 (6倍) 中发现最大增加。在卵巢，心脏和肾上腺中发现较低的D2活性，在LID中增加。无法检测到3型碘甲状腺原氨酸脱碘酶活性。LID大鼠甲状腺Dio1和Dio2 mRNA增加，肺中Dio1降低，其他组织中mRNA表达无变化。我们的数据表明，LID诱导脱碘酶活性的变化，尤其是在甲状腺中，以抵消低T(4) 的合成和分泌，有助于维持具有D2活性的组织中的局部T(3) 浓度。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Hemorrhage is the most preventable cause of posttraumatic death. Many cases are potentially anatomically salvageable, yet remain lethal without logistics or trained personnel to deliver diagnosis or resuscitative surgery in austere environments. Revolutions in technology for remote mentoring of ultrasound and surgery may enhance capabilities to utilize the skill sets of non-physicians. Thus, our research collaborative explored remote mentoring to empower non-physicians to address junctional and torso hemorrhage control in austere environments. Major studies involved using remote-telementored ultrasound (RTMUS) to identify torso and junctional exsanguination, remotely mentoring resuscitative surgery for torso hemorrhage control, understanding and mitigating physiological stress during such tasks, and the technical practicalities of conducting damage control surgery (DCS) in austere environments. Iterative projects involved randomized guiding of firefighters to identify torso (RCT) and junctional (pilot) hemorrhage using RTMUS, randomized remote mentoring of MedTechs conducting resuscitative surgery for torso exsanguination in an anatomically realistic surgical trainer ("Cut Suit") including physiological monitoring, and trained surgeons conducting a comparative randomized study for torso hemorrhage control in normal (1g) versus weightlessness (0g). This work demonstrated that firefighters could be remotely mentored to perform just-in-time torso RTMUS on a simulator. Both firefighters and mentors were confident in their abilities, the ultrasounds being 97% accurate. An ultrasound-naive firefighter in Memphis could also be remotely mentored from Hawaii to identify and subsequently tamponade an arterial junctional hemorrhage using RTMUS in a live tissue model. Thereafter, both mentored and unmentored MedTechs and trained surgeons completed resuscitative surgery for hemorrhage control on the Cut-Suit, demonstrating practicality for all involved. While remote mentoring did not decrease blood loss among MedTechs, it increased procedural confidence and decreased physiologic stress. Therefore, remote mentoring may increase the feasibility of non-physicians conducting a psychologically daunting task. Finally, DCS in weightlessness was feasible without fundamental differences from 1g. Overall, the collective evidence suggests that remote mentoring supports diagnosis, noninvasive therapy, and ultimately resuscitative surgery to potentially rescue those exsanguinating in austere environments and should be more rigorously studied.

背景与目标： : 出血是创伤后死亡最可预防的原因。许多病例在解剖学上可能是可挽救的，但如果没有后勤人员或训练有素的人员在严峻的环境中进行诊断或复苏手术，则仍然致命。超声波和外科手术远程指导技术的革命可能会增强利用非医生技能的能力。因此，我们的研究合作探索了远程指导，以使非医生能够在严峻的环境中解决交界处和躯干出血控制问题。主要研究包括使用远程远程超声 (RTMUS) 识别躯干和交界性放血，远程指导复苏手术以控制躯干出血，理解和减轻此类任务期间的生理压力，以及在严峻环境中进行损伤控制手术 (DCS) 的技术实用性。迭代项目包括随机指导消防员使用RTMUS识别躯干 (RCT) 和交界 (pilot) 出血，随机远程指导MedTechs在解剖学上逼真的外科训练器 (“切割服”) 中进行躯干放血的复苏手术，包括生理监测，和训练有素的外科医生进行了一项比较随机研究，以正常 (1g) 与失重 (0g) 的躯干出血控制。这项工作表明，可以远程指导消防员在模拟器上执行及时的躯干RTMUS。消防员和导师都对自己的能力充满信心，超声波97% 准确。孟菲斯的一名未经超声检查的消防员也可以从夏威夷进行远程指导，以识别并随后在活组织模型中使用RTMUS填塞动脉交界性出血。此后，经过指导和未经指导的MedTechs和训练有素的外科医生都完成了复苏手术，以控制剪裁服上的出血，这证明了所有参与者的实用性。虽然远程指导并没有减少MedTechs的失血，但它增加了程序信心并减少了生理压力。因此，远程指导可能会增加非医生执行心理艰巨任务的可行性。最后，失重的dc是可行的，与1g没有根本差异。总体而言，集体证据表明，远程指导支持诊断，无创治疗以及最终的复苏手术，以潜在地挽救那些在严峻环境中放血的人，因此应进行更严格的研究。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The transection of the inferior alveolar nerve (IANx) produces allodynia in the whisker pad (V2 division) of rats. Ectopic discharges from injured trigeminal ganglion (TG) neurons and thalamocortical reorganization are possible contributors to the sensitization of uninjured V2 primary and CNS neurons. To test which factor is more important, TG and ventroposterior medial nucleus (VPM) neurons were longitudinally followed before, during, and after IANx for up to 80 d. Spontaneous discharges and mechanical stimulation-evoked responses were recorded in conscious and in anesthetized states. Results show (1) a sequential increase in spontaneous activities, first in the injured TG neurons of the IAN (2-30 d), followed by uninjured V2 ganglion neurons (6-30 d), and then VPM V2 neurons (7-30 d) after IANx; (2) ectopic discharges included burst and regular firing patterns in the IAN and V2 branches of the TG neurons; and (3) the receptive field expanded, the modality shifted, and long-lasting after-discharges occurred only in VPM V2 neurons. All of these changes appeared in the late or maintenance phase (7-30 d) and disappeared during the recovery phase (40-60 d). These observations suggest that ectopic barrages in the injured IAN contribute more to the development of sensitization, whereas the modality shift and evoked after-discharges in the VPM thalamic neurons contribute more to the maintenance phase of allodynia by redirecting tactile information to the cortex as nociceptive.

背景与目标： : 下牙槽神经 (IANx) 的横切在大鼠的晶须垫 (V2分区) 中产生异常性疼痛。受损的三叉神经节 (TG) 神经元的异位放电和丘脑皮层重组可能是未受损的V2初级和CNS神经元致敏的原因。为了测试哪个因素更重要，在IANx之前，期间和之后纵向跟踪TG和腹后内侧核 (VPM) 神经元长达80 d。在有意识和麻醉状态下记录自发放电和机械刺激诱发反应。结果表明 (1) 自发活动依次增加，首先是IAN损伤的TG神经元 (2-30 d)，其次是未损伤的V2神经节神经元 (6-30 d)，然后是VPM V2神经元 (7-30 d)。IANx后的d); (2) 异位放电包括TG神经元的IAN和V2分支中的爆发和规则放电模式; (3) 感受野扩大，模态改变，并且仅在VPM V2神经元中发生持久的放电。所有这些变化都出现在后期或维护阶段 (7-30 d)，并在恢复阶段 (40-60 d) 消失。这些观察结果表明，受伤的IAN的异位幕对敏化的发展有更大的贡献，而VPM丘脑神经元的模态变化和诱发的放电后放电通过将触觉信息重定向到皮层作为伤害性，对异常性疼痛的维持阶段有更大的贡献。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Bemisiatabaci is an important vector of numerous plant viruses, including the emergent semi-persistently transmitted crinivirus Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV). Its vector feeding behaviour is complex, with important implications for virus transmission, epidemiology and control. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the role of the stylet penetration activities of B. tabaci in the inoculation of ToCV in tomatoes by using the electrical penetration graph (EPG) technique. EPG recordings were classified into six categories depending on the waveforms observed. The results showed that ToCV inoculation is mainly associated with stylet activities in phloem sieve elements (E1 waveform), as there was a significant increase in the rate of transmission when whiteflies performed waveform E1. The precise stylet activities - either salivation or egestion - associated with virion release, presumably from retention sites in the foregut, need further investigation.

背景与目标： : Bemisiatabaci是许多植物病毒的重要载体，包括新兴的半持续传播的crini病毒番茄萎黄病病毒 (ToCV)。它的媒介喂养行为很复杂，对病毒传播，流行病学和控制具有重要意义。因此，本研究的目的是通过使用电渗透图 (EPG) 技术研究烟粉虱的探针渗透活性在番茄中ToCV接种中的作用。根据观察到的波形，EPG记录分为六类。结果表明，ToCV接种主要与韧皮部筛子元素 (E1波形) 中的管针活性有关，因为当粉虱进行波形E1时，传播速率显着增加。与病毒体释放相关的精确的管心针活动-流涎或分泌-可能来自前肠的保留部位，需要进一步研究。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In our screening program for antihypertensive plant constituents extracts of the leaves and bark of Badula barthesia showed strong in vitro inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE). Rapanone (1), 2,5-dihydroxy-3-tridecyl-1,4-benzoquinone, was isolated as an active constituent of the leaves. The IC(50) values of rapanone and three 3-alkyl-2,5-dihydroxybenzoquinones, (2)-(4), (Z)-2,5-dihydroxy-3-(pentadec-8-enyl)-1,4-benzoquinone, (Z,Z)-2,5-dihydroxy-3-(heptadeca-8,11-dienyl)-1,4-benzoqui-none and (Z)-2,5-dihydroxy-3-(heptadec-8-enyl)-1,4-benzoquinone recently isolated from Embelia angustifolia were determined. The following IC(50) ± S.D. values have been obtained (1) 36 ± 4.6 μM, (2) 19 ± 6.2 μM, (3) 19 ± 8.7 μM and (4) 16 ± 3.0 μ.M. The IC(50) value for the reference compound Captopril was determined to 12 ± 2.6 nM. The antimicrobial activity of the four compounds was determined by thin layer chromatography agar overlay technique as minimum growth inhibitory amount in μg. One yeast, Candida albicans, and four bacteria, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus were used as test organisms.

背景与目标： : 在我们的抗高血压植物成分筛选程序中，巴杜拉 (Badula) 的叶片和树皮的提取物显示出对血管紧张素转化酶 (ACE) 的强烈体外抑制作用。分离出雷帕酮 (1)，2,5-二羟基-3-三癸基-1,4-苯醌作为叶片的活性成分。雷帕酮和三种3-烷基-2,5-二羟基苯醌，(2)-(4)，(Z)-2,5-二羟基-3-(pentadec-8-enyl)-1,4-苯醌，(Z，Z)-2,5-二羟基-3-(heptadeca-8，11-二烯基)-1，测定了最近从angustifolia中分离出的4-苯醌-none和 (Z)-2,5-二羟基-3-(heptadec-8-enyl)-1,4-苯醌。已获得以下IC(50) ± S.D. 值 (1) 36 ± 4.6微米，(2) 19 ± 6.2微米，(3) 19 ± 8.7微米和 (4) 16 ± 3.0微米。参考化合物卡托普利的IC(50) 值确定为12 ± 2.6 nM。通过薄层色谱琼脂覆盖技术确定四种化合物的抗菌活性为最小生长抑制量 (μ g)。以1个酵母菌、白色念珠菌和4个细菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、大肠杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌和金黄色葡萄球菌为试验生物。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Most work sites engage in some form of health promotion programming designed to improve worker health and reduce health care costs. Although these programs have typically been delivered through combinations of seminars and print materials, workplace health promotion programs are increasingly being delivered through the Internet. OBJECTIVE:The purpose of this research was to evaluate the effectiveness of a Web-based multimedia health promotion program for the workplace, designed to improve dietary practices, reduce stress, and increase physical activity. METHODS:Using a randomized controlled trial design with pretest-posttest comparisons within each group, 419 employees of a human resources company were randomly assigned to the Web-based condition or to a condition that provided print materials on the same topics. All subjects were assessed at pretest and posttest through an online questionnaire containing multiple measures of health behavior and attitudes. The test period was 3 months. Questionnaire data were analyzed mainly by analysis of covariance and t tests. RESULTS:Retention rates were good for both groups-85% for the Web-based group and 87% for the print group. Subjects using the Web-based program performed significantly better than the print group on Attitudes Toward a Healthful Diet (F(1,415) = 7.104, P = .008) and Dietary Stage of Change (F(1,408) = 6.487, P = .01), but there were no significant group differences on the five other dietary measures. Both groups also showed improvement from pretest to posttest on most dietary measures, as indicated by significant t tests. Within the Web-based group, dosage analyses showed significant effects of the number of times the subject accessed the program on measures of Dietary Self-Efficacy (F(2,203) = 5.270, P = .003), Attitudes Toward a Healthful Diet (F(2,204) = 2.585, P = .045), and Dietary Stage of Change (F(2,200) = 4.627, P = .005). No significant differences were found between the two groups on measures of stress or physical activity, although t tests of pretest-posttest changes indicated that both groups improved on several of these measures. The Web-based group gave significantly higher ratings to the program materials than the print group on all health topics and in their overall evaluation (F(1,410) = 9.808, P = .002). CONCLUSIONS:The Web-based program was more effective than print materials in producing improvements in the areas of diet and nutrition but was not more effective in reducing stress or increasing physical activity. The higher ratings given to the Web-based program suggest that workers preferred it to the print materials. Both groups showed numerous pretest-posttest improvements in all health topics, although such improvements might be attributable in part to a Hawthorne effect. Results suggest that a multimedia Web-based program can be a promising means of delivering health promotion material to the workforce, particularly in the area of diet and nutrition.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We developed a novel multifaceted psychosocial intervention program which involves screening for psychological distress and comprehensive support including individually tailored psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy provided by mental health professionals. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the feasibility of the intervention program and its preliminary usefulness for reducing clinical psychological distress experienced by patients with recurrent breast cancer. The subjects who participated in the 3 months intervention program completed psychiatric diagnostic interview and several self-reported measures regarding psychological distress, traumatic stress, and quality of life. The assessments were conducted before the intervention (T1), after the intervention (T2), and 3 months after the intervention (T3). A total of 50 patients participated in the study. The rates of participation in and adherence to the intervention program were 85 and 86%, respectively. While the proportion of psychiatric disorders at T2 (11.6%) was not significantly different from that at T1 (22.0%) (p = 0.15), the proportion of that at T3 (7.7%) had significantly decreased compared with that at T1 (p = 0.005). The novel intervention program is feasible, is a promising strategy for reducing clinically manifested psychological distress and further controlled studies are warranted.

背景与目标： : 我们开发了一种新颖的多方面的社会心理干预计划，其中包括筛查心理困扰和全面支持，包括由精神卫生专业人员提供的个性化心理治疗和药物疗法。本研究的目的是研究干预计划的可行性及其对减少复发性乳腺癌患者遭受的临床心理困扰的初步作用。参加3个月干预计划的受试者完成了精神病学诊断访谈，并完成了一些有关心理困扰，创伤压力和生活质量的自我报告措施。评估在干预前 (T1)，干预后 (T2) 和干预后3个月 (T3) 进行。共有50名患者参加了这项研究。参与和遵守干预计划的比率分别为85和86%。尽管T2 (11.6%) 的精神疾病比例与T1 (22.0%) 无显着差异 (p = 0.15)，但与T1 (p = 0.005) 相比，T3 (7.7%) 的精神疾病比例显着降低)。新的干预计划是可行的，是减少临床表现的心理困扰的有前途的策略，需要进一步的对照研究。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The lack of substantial research in the area of clinical teaching would suggest that this 'heart' of the nursing student's professional education has long been neglected. Employing a qualitative descriptive methodology, this study explored the teaching activities that nine clinical instructors said they implemented during the direct client care period and the teaching activities that these nine clinical instructors said they would implement in response to a specific scenario of a clinical teaching event. The unstructured interviews revealed that clinical instructors: (a) noted role modelling the greatest number of times as a teaching activity but implemented it less frequently; (b) used verbalizations in the form of telling, asking, saying, discussing or talking as the primary teaching activity in the clinical area and in response to the specific scenario; (c) do not have opportunities to see other clinical instructors teaching in the clinical area; (d) have difficulty separating teaching activities and evaluation activities; (e) are eclectic in their use of learning theories; and (f) find articulating teaching activities that they implement during the direct client care period to be a complex task.

背景与目标： : 在临床教学领域缺乏实质性的研究表明，长期以来一直忽略了护生专业教育的 “心脏”。本研究采用定性描述性方法，探讨了九名临床讲师表示他们在直接客户护理期间实施的教学活动，以及这九名临床讲师表示他们将针对临床教学事件的特定场景实施的教学活动。非结构化访谈显示，临床讲师 :( a) 注意到角色建模作为教学活动的次数最多，但实施频率较低; (b) 以讲述，询问，说，讨论或谈话作为临床领域的主要教学活动，并针对具体情况; (c) 没有机会看到临床领域的其他临床讲师教学; (d) 难以分离教学活动和评估活动; (e) 在学习理论的使用上不拘一格; (f) 发现他们在直接服务客户期间实施的明确教学活动是一项复杂的任务。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE:Long-term evaluation of an empirically based program for the treatment of morbidly obese, low-income, minority adolescents. METHODS:In the first year, 150 participants received cognitive-behavior therapy, nutritional education, medical monitoring, and structured exercise training. Weights and heights were collected at follow-up. Successful and Less Successful groups were delineated based on change in body mass index z-scores. Medical record review provided weight and height data one year before treatment for a subset of participants (comparison group). Analyses of variance examined differences between groups. Discriminant function analyses examined predictors of success in the domains of socioeconomic status, individual factors and psychological functioning, family factors, and prior weight loss behaviors. Correlates of success were explored. RESULTS:Eighty-three adolescents participated in the follow-up, on average 23 months (SD = 3.8) after initial assessment. Nineteen (23%) participants achieved clinically meaningful weight change (-.70 z-scores or better). Discriminant function analyses, correlations, and direct comparisons showed that the Successful group, compared with the Less Successful group, on average, attended 50% more sessions over 84% more weeks, were heavier initially, had somewhat better critical weight control skills (e.g., self-monitoring) before and during the program, and were somewhat more psychologically and intellectually challenged before treatment. CONCLUSION:Although some of these very high risk adolescents made clinically significant progress, more intensive treatments, like long-term residential treatments and bariatric surgery, may produce even more favorable outcomes.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Accurate measurement of physical activity patterns can be used to identify sedentary behaviour and may facilitate interventions aimed at reducing inactivity. OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the activPAL physical activity monitor as a measure of posture and motion in everyday activities using observational analysis as the criterion standard. METHODS:Wearing three activPAL monitors, 10 healthy participants performed a range of randomly assigned everyday tasks incorporating walking, standing and sitting. Each trial was captured on a digital camera and the recordings were synchronised with the activPAL. The time spent in different postures was visually classified and this was compared with the activPAL output. RESULTS:Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC 2,1) for interdevice reliability ranged from 0.79 to 0.99. Using the Bland and Altman method, the mean percentage difference between the activPAL monitor and observation for total time spent sitting was 0.19% (limits of agreement -0.68% to 1.06%) and for total time spent upright was -0.27% (limits of agreement -1.38% to 0.84%). The mean difference for total time spent standing was 1.4% (limits of agreement -6.2% to 9.1%) and for total time spent walking was -2.0% (limits of agreement -16.1% to 12.1%). A second-by-second analysis between observer and monitor found an overall agreement of 95.9%. CONCLUSION:The activPAL activity monitor is a valid and reliable measure of posture and motion during everyday physical activities.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE:There has been little radiation oncologist (RO)-specific research in continuing medical education (CME) or quality improvement (QI) program efficacy. Our aim was to evaluate a CME/QI program for changes in RO behavior, performance, and adherence to department protocols/studies over the first 12 months of the program. METHODS AND MATERIALS:The CME/QI program combined chart audit with feedback (C-AWF), simulation review AWF (SR-AWF), reminder checklists, and targeted CME tutorials. Between April 2003 and March 2004, management of 75 patients was evaluated by chart audit with feedback (C-AWF) and 178 patients via simulation review audit (SR-AWF) using a validated instrument. Scores were presented, and case management was discussed with individualized educational feedback. RO behavior and performance was compared over the first year of the program. RESULTS:Comparing the first and second 6 months, there was a significant improvement in mean behavior (12.7-13.6 of 14, p = 0.0005) and RO performance (7.6-7.9 of 8, p = 0.018) scores. Protocol/study adherence significantly improved from 90.3% to 96.6% (p = 0.005). A total of 50 actions were generated, including the identification of learning needs to direct CME tutorials, the systematic change of suboptimal RO practice, and the alteration of deficient management of 3% of patients audited during the program. CONCLUSION:An integrated CME/QI program combining C-AWF, SR-AWF, QI reminders, and targeted CME tutorials effectively improved targeted RO behavior and performance over a 12-month period. There was a corresponding increase in departmental protocol and study adherence.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The present study was designed to investigate the roles of P2X3 receptors in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons in colonic hypersensitivity and the effects of alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) on P2X3 receptor activity and colonic hypersensitivity of diabetic rats. Streptozotocin (STZ) was used to induce diabetic model. Abdominal withdrawal reflex (AWR) responding to colorectal distention (CRD) was recorded as colonic sensitivity. ATP-induced current density of colon-specific DRG (T13-L2 DRGs) neurons was measured with whole-cell patch clamp. The expression of P2X3Rs of T13-L2 DRGs was measured by western blot analysis. The results showed that AWR scores significantly increased after STZ injection. P2X3R expression and ATP current density of T13-L2 DRG neurons were enhanced in diabetic rats. Intraperitoneal injection with ALA once a day for 1 week remarkably reduced P2X3R expression and ATP current density in diabetic rats. Importantly, ALA treatment attenuated colonic hypersensitivity in diabetic rats. Our data suggest that STZ injection increases expression and function of P2X3 receptors of colon-specific DRG neurons, thus contributing to colonic hypersensitivity in diabetic rats. Administration of ALA attenuates diabetic colonic hypersensitivity, which is most likely mediated by suppressing expression and function of P2X3 receptors in DRGs of diabetic rats.

背景与目标： 本研究旨在研究背根神经节 (DRG) 神经元中P2X3受体在结肠超敏反应中的作用以及 α-硫辛酸 (ALA) 对糖尿病大鼠P2X3受体活性和结肠超敏反应的影响。链脲佐菌素 (STZ) 用于诱导糖尿病模型。对结直肠扩张 (CRD) 反应的腹部撤药反射 (AWR) 被记录为结肠敏感性。用全细胞膜片钳测量ATP诱导的结肠特异性DRG (T13-L2 DRGs) 神经元的电流密度。通过蛋白质印迹分析测量T13-L2 DRGs中P2X3Rs的表达。结果显示，注射STZ后AWR评分明显升高。糖尿病大鼠T13-L2 DRG神经元P2X3R表达和ATP电流密度增强。每天一次腹腔注射ALA，持续1周，可显着降低糖尿病大鼠的P2X3R表达和ATP电流密度。重要的是，ALA治疗可减轻糖尿病大鼠的结肠超敏反应。我们的数据表明，STZ注射可增加结肠特异性DRG神经元的P2X3受体的表达和功能，从而导致糖尿病大鼠的结肠超敏反应。ALA的给药可减轻糖尿病结肠超敏反应，这很可能是通过抑制糖尿病大鼠DRGs中P2X3受体的表达和功能来介导的。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A recently released report of the Exploring Accreditation Project affirmatively answered the questions regarding the desirability and feasibility of establishing a national voluntary public health accreditation program. The report's recommendations were made after 10 months of inquiry from public health experts, elected officials, the general public health workforce, academicians, and other interested parties, more than 650 public health professionals in all. Recommendations regarding how such a program might be implemented insofar as its governance, principles for standards development, financing and incentives, and evaluation were included. The report provides a blueprint for establishing a national voluntary public health accreditation program. This article describes key aspects of the Steering Committee recommendations, with limited linkage to implementation strategies where relevant, in the four areas in which the project was designed. Details are provided in the final reports of the Steering Committee (www.exploringaccreditation.org) and in other articles in this issue.

背景与目标： : 最近发布的 “探索认证项目” 报告肯定地回答了有关建立国家自愿公共卫生认证计划的可取性和可行性的问题。该报告的建议是在公共卫生专家，民选官员，一般公共卫生工作人员，院士和其他有关方面，共有650多名公共卫生专业人员进行了10个月的调查后提出的。包括了关于如何实施此类计划的建议，包括其治理，标准制定原则，融资和激励措施以及评估。该报告提供了建立国家自愿公共卫生认证计划的蓝图。本文介绍了指导委员会建议的关键方面，在设计项目的四个领域中，与相关实施战略的联系有限。指导委员会的最终报告 (www.exploringaccreditation.org) 和本期的其他文章提供了详细信息。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In their reductionist approach in unraveling phenomena inside the cell, scientists in recent times have focused attention to mitochondria. An organelle with peculiar evolutionary history and organization, it is turning out to be an important cell survival switch. Besides controlling bioenergetics of a cell it also has its own genetic machinery which codes 37 genes. It is a major source of generation of reactive oxygen species, acts as a safety device against toxic increases of cytosolic Ca2+ and its membrane permeability transition is a critical control point in cell death. Redox status of mitochondria is important in combating oxidative stress and maintaining membrane permeability. Importance of mitochondria in deciding the response of cell to multiplicity of physiological and genetic stresses, inter-organelle communication, and ultimate cell survival is constantly being unraveled and discussed in this review. Mitochondrial events involved in apoptosis and necrotic cell death, such as activation of Bcl-2 family proteins, formation of permeability transition pore, release of cytochrome c and apoptosis inducing factors, activation of caspase cascade, and ultimate cell death is the focus of attention not only for cell biologists, but also for toxicologists in unraveling stress responses. Mutations caused by ROS to mitochondrial DNA, its inability to repair it completely and creation of a vicious cycle of mutations along with role of Bcl-2 family genes and proteins has been implicated in many diseases where mitochondrial dysfunctions play a key role. New therapeutic approaches toward targeting low molecular weight compounds to mitochondria, including antioxidants is a step toward nipping the stress in the bud.

背景与目标： : 在揭示细胞内现象的还原论方法中，科学家们最近将注意力集中在线粒体上。细胞器具有独特的进化史和组织，被证明是重要的细胞存活开关。除了控制细胞的生物能学外，它还具有自己的遗传机制，可编码37个基因。它是产生活性氧的主要来源，可作为防止胞质Ca2毒性增加的安全装置，其膜通透性转变是细胞死亡的关键控制点。线粒体的氧化还原状态对于对抗氧化应激和维持膜通透性很重要。线粒体在决定细胞对多种生理和遗传压力，细胞器间通讯以及最终细胞存活的反应中的重要性一直在本文中讨论和讨论。参与细胞凋亡和坏死细胞死亡的线粒体事件，如Bcl-2家族蛋白的激活、通透性转换孔的形成、细胞色素c和凋亡诱导因子的释放、半胱天冬酶级联的激活以及最终的细胞死亡等不仅是细胞生物学家关注的焦点，但也适用于毒理学家揭示应激反应。由ROS引起的线粒体DNA突变，其无法完全修复以及突变的恶性循环以及Bcl-2家族基因和蛋白质的作用已与许多疾病有关，其中线粒体功能障碍起着关键作用。将低分子量化合物 (包括抗氧化剂) 靶向线粒体的新治疗方法是将压力抑制在芽中的一步。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A novel withanolide glucoside, plantagiolide I (1), a new withanolide glucoside, plantagiolide J (2), and six known compounds (3-8) were isolated from the whole plant of Tacca plantaginea. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic and chemical methods. Compound 3 significantly inhibited tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα)-induced nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) transcriptional activity in HepG2 cells in a dose-dependent manner, with IC(50) values of 9.0 µM. Compounds 1-8 enhanced the transcriptional activity of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) in a dose-dependent manner, with EC(50) values ranging from 1.6 to 49.7 µM. In addition, the transactivational effects of compounds 1-8 on three individual PPAR subtypes, including PPARα, β(δ), and γ were evaluated. Compounds 1-8 significantly activated the transcriptional activity of PPARβ(δ), with EC(50) values in a ranging from 4.1 to 29.6 µM. These results provide scientific support for the use of T. plantaginea and its components for the prevention and treatment of inflammatory and metabolic diseases.

背景与目标： : 从Tacca plantaginea的整个植物中分离出一种新的withanolide葡萄糖苷，plantagiolide I (1)，一种新的withanolide葡萄糖苷，plantagiolide J (2) 和六种已知化合物 (3-8)。它们的结构通过光谱和化学方法确定。化合物3以剂量依赖性方式显著抑制肿瘤坏死因子 α (tnf α) 诱导的HepG2细胞核因子 κ b (NF-κ b) 转录活性，IC(50) 值为9.0 µm µ m。化合物1-8以剂量依赖性方式增强过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体 (ppar) 的转录活性，EC(50) 值范围为1.6至49.7 µm µ m。此外，还评估了化合物1-8对三种单独的PPAR亚型 (包括PPAR α，β(δ) 和 γ) 的反式激活作用。化合物1-8显著激活ppar β(δ) 的转录活性，EC(50) 值范围为4.1至29.6  µ m。这些结果为使用车前草及其成分预防和治疗炎症和代谢性疾病提供了科学支持。